日本臨牀　65/増刊2　新感染症学　上

出版社： 日本臨牀社
発行日： 2007-02-28
分野： 臨床医学：一般  >  雑誌
雑誌名：
特集： 新感染症学　上　−新時代の基礎・臨床研究−
電子書籍版： 2007-02-28 （初版第1刷）
書籍・雑誌
≪全国送料無料でお届け≫
取寄せ目安：8～14営業日

15,840 円(税込)

購入する
電子書籍
章別単位での購入はできません
ブラウザ、アプリ閲覧

15,840 円(税込)

購入する

目次

  • 日本臨牀　65/増刊2　新感染症学　上

    ―目次―

    特集　新感染症学　上　−新時代の基礎・臨床研究−

    感染症学総論
    I． 概論 　 　
    　1 我が国および世界の死亡および患者統計からみた
    　　　感染症の疫学　
    　2 新興再興感染症　
    　3 海外旅行者感染症 　
    　4 動物由来感染症　
    　5 バイオテロリズムに使用され得る微生物の種類と特性 　
    　6 インターネットから得られる有用な感染症関連情報　
    II． 感染症発症のメカニズム 　 　
    　1 概論 　
    　2 病原体認識とToll様受容体 　
    　3 細菌の付着−インフルエンザ菌を中心に−　
    　4 緑膿菌の上皮細胞への侵入　
    　5 表面レセプター
    　　　−熱帯熱と三日熱マラリアの病態差に関連して−　
    　6 細菌のトランスロケーション　
    　7 NOによる病原体遺伝子変異と感染制御異常 　
    III． 感染防御機構 　 　
    　1 概論 　
    　2 口腔内における感染防御機構 　
    　3 気道における感染防御機構 　
    　4 消化管粘膜における感染防御機構 　
    　5 感染防御機構における自然記憶リンパ球の役割 　
    IV． 慢性化，潜伏化，再発再燃の機序 　 　
    　1 下気道感染症の慢性化と再発再燃の機序　
    　2 バイオフィルム形成と尿路感染症の慢性化　
    　3 結核菌の潜伏感染と内因性再燃の分子機構 　
    　4 性器ヘルペスウイルス感染症の再発　
    　5 サイトメガロウイルス感染症 　
    V． 感染症の診断 　 　
    　1 問診・検査 　 　
    　2 原因微生物の検索 　 　
    　3 画像診断の進歩と有用性 　 　 　
    VI． 感染症の治療 　 　
    　1 感染症治療のあるべき姿と課題　
    　2 EBMと感染症治療 　 　
    　3 治療指針・ガイドライン 　 　
    VII． 抗菌薬 　 　
    　1 概論 　 　
    　2 各論 　 　
    　3 薬剤耐性化と対策 　 　
    　4 抗菌薬，治療法の功罪 　 　
    　5 呼吸器感染症に対する無作為比較試験
    　　　(randomized controlled trial：RCT) 　 　
    　6 副作用，安全性 　 　
    VIII． 感染症の予防 　 　
    　1 ワクチン 　 　
    　2 病院内感染対策 　 　
    IX． 特論 　 　
    　1 自然界における微生物の位置づけと分類学，
    　　　バイオセーフティーレベル 　
    　2 抗生物質生産菌の自己防衛機構 　
    　3 VNC（viable but nonculturable）の意味 　
    　4 マクロライドの新展開−ウイルス感染抑制作用− 　

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

感染症学総論

P.12 掲載の参考文献
1) World Health Organization : World Health Statistics 2006, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2006. (http://www.who.int/whosis/en/)
 
2) World Health Organization : Core Health Indicators : WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS). (http://www3.who.int/whosis/core/core_select.cfm)
 
3) 厚生労働省 : 人口動態統計年報主要統計表・最近公表の統計資料. 厚生労働省ホームページ (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/index.html)
 
4) 国立感染症研究所感染症情報センター : インフルエンザ・肺炎死亡における超過死亡について. (http://idsc,nih.go.jp/disease/influenza/inf-rpd/16abst.html)
 
5) World Health Organization : Estimates of disease burden and cost-effectiveness : Immunization surveillance, assessment and monitoring. (http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/burden/estimates_burden/en/index.html)
 
6) World Health Organization : Global Immunization Coverage 12 October 2006 : Immunization surveillance, assessment and monitoring. (http://www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/Global_imm_data_October2006.pdf)
 
7) World Health Organization : Performance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and incidence of poliomyelitis, 2006. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81 (46) : 440-444, 2006. (http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8146.pdf)
 
8) 国立感染症研究所感染症情報センター : サーベイランス年別一覧表. (http://idsc.nih.go.jp/idwr/ydata/report-J.html)
 
9) 国立感染症研究所感染症情報センター : 麻疹の現状と今後の麻疹対策について (平成14年10月). (http://idsc.nih.go.jp/disease/measles/report2002/measles-top.html)
 
10) 国立感染症研究所感染症情報センター : 2002年度麻疹血清疫学調査ならびにワクチン接種率調査. (http://idsc.nih.go.jp/iasr/25/289/dj289a.html)
 
11) World Health Organization : International Health Regulations (IHR). (http://www.who.int/csr/ihr/en/)
 
12) World Health Organization : Epidemic alert and verification : summary report 2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81 (38) : 357-362, 2006. (http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8138.pdf)
 
P.20 掲載の参考文献
1) The World Health Report 1996 : Fighting diseases, fostering development. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, 1996.
 
2) 山口恵三 : 新興再興感染症, 日本医事新報社, 1997.
 
3) 国立感染症研究所感染症情報センターホームページ, 2006 http://idsc.nih.go.jp/disease.html
 
4) Peiris JS, et al : The severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 349 : 2431-2441, 2003.
PubMed
5) Ksiazek TG, et al : A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 348 : 1953-1966, 2003.
PubMed
6) 河岡義裕 : インフルエンザ危機 (クライシス), 集英社, 2006.
 
7) ウエストナイル熱の診断・治療ガイドライン. 日本医師会ホームページ, 2001 http://www.med.or.jp/kansen/wnguide.html
 
8) 岡部信彦, 森田公一 : ニパウイルスによるアウトブレイク. ウイルス 50 (1) : 27-33, 2000.
 
9) 岡部信彦 : ニパウイルス感染症. 国立感染症研究所感染症情報センターホームページ http://idsc.nih.go.jp/idwr/kansen/k05/k05_03/k05_03.html
 
10) 速報 : バンコマイシン耐性腸球菌感染症1999年4月-2004年. IDWR第21号, 国立感染症研究所, 2005.
 
11) HIV/AIDS最新情報 (2005年末現在), 財団法人日本エイズ予防財団, 2005.
 
12) 石川信克 : 「結核の統計2005年度版」を読む, 結核予防会, 2005.
 
P.26 掲載の参考文献
1) World Tourism Organization : Facts and Figures. Madrid, World Tourism Organization, http://www.world-tourismorg/facts/menu.html (2006年9月18日現在).
 
2) Hughes JM : Introduction. In : Textbook of Travel Medicine and Health, 2nd ed (ed by DuPont HL, Steffen R), p xiii-xiv, BC Decker, London, 2001.
 
3) Lee N, et al : A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 348 : 1986-1994, 2003.
 
4) Kozarsky PE, Keystone JS : Introduction to travel medicine. In : Travel Medicine (ed by Keystone JS, et al), p 1-3, Mosby Elsevier, London, 2004.
 
5) Reid D, et al : Health risks abroad : General consideration. In : Textbook of Travel Medicine and Health, 2nd ed (ed by DuPont HL, Steffen R), p 3-10, BC Decker, London, 2001.
 
6) Prociv P : Deaths of Australian travellers overseas. Med J Aust 163 : 27-30, 1995.
PubMed
7) Immunization Guide for Travelers, Aventis Pasteur, Swiftwater, 2002.
 
8) WHO : Infectious diseases of potential risk for travellers. In : International travel and health, p 46-49, WHO, Geneva, 2005.
 
9) 感染症予防に関する基礎知識. 感染症予防必携, 第2版 (山崎修道ほか編), p450-478, (財) 日本公衆衛生協会, 2005.
 
10) マラリア予防専門家会議 (編) : 日本の旅行者のためのマラリア予防ガイドライン, p10-35, フリープレス, 2005.
 
11) 狩野繁之 : マラリア. 感染症予防必携, 第2版 (山崎修道ほか編), p371-376, (財) 日本公衆衛生協会, 2005.
 
12) 岩崎恵美子 : 検疫所における対応. モダンフィジシャン 25 : 492-497, 2005.
 
13) 多屋馨子 : 日本から輸出している感染症. モダンフィジシャン 25 : 621-625, 2005.
 
P.32 掲載の参考文献
1) Second Report of the Joint WHO/FAO Expert Committee on Zoonoses. WHO Technical Report Series No. 169, WHO, Geneva, 1959.
 
2) Schwabe CW : Veterinary Medicine and Human Health, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1964.
 
3) <特集> 感染症法改正. 病原体検出情報 25 : 1-3, 2004.
 
4) 八木欣平ほか : 2002年, 北海道クリプトスポリジウム症集団発生事例報告. 病原体検出情報 26 : 171-172, 2005.
 
5) 一戸貞人ほか : プールを介したクリプトスポリジウム症の二次感染集団事例-千葉県. 病原体検出情報 26 : 169-170, 2005.
 
6) 横井一ほか : 千葉市内スポーツクラブの水泳合宿に係るクリプトスポリジウム症集団発生 (長野県集団感染事例における関連報告). 病原体検出情報 26 : 168-169, 2005.
 
7) 鳥海宏ほか : 長野県におけるクリプトスポリジウム症集団感染の一例. 病原体検出情報 26 : 167-168, 2005.
 
8) オウム病1999年4月～2006年第12週 (2006年3月31日現在). IDWR (感染症発生動向調査週報) 第16週号 : 12-15, 2006.
 
9) 丸山絢ほか : ウエストナイル熱患者の国内初報告事例について. IDWR (感染症発生動向調査週報) 第40週号 : 13-14, 2005.
 
10) 日本獣医師会 : 人獣共通伝染病の実態調査結果. 日本獣医師会雑誌 37 : 546-549, 1984.
 
11) Hirai K, et al : Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in imported psittacine birds from 1981 to 1983. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 46 : 929-931, 1984.
PubMed
12) Roush S, et al : Mandatory reporting of diseases and conditions by health care professionals and laboratories. JAMA 282 : 164-170, 1999.
PubMed
13) Zoonoses Report, United Kingdom 2004, p 1-80, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (defra), London, 2005.
 
14) Danuser J, et al : Swiss Zoonoses Report 2004, p 1-40, SFVO Magazine, Swiss Federal Veterinary Office (SFVO), Schwarzenburgstrasse, 2004.
 
15) Garner JS : Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17 : 53-80, 1996.
PubMed
16) WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies, WHO Technical Report Series 931, WHO, Geneva, 2005.
 
P.39 掲載の参考文献
1) 山内一也, 三瀬勝利 : 忍び寄るバイオテロ, 日本放送出版協会, 2003.
 
2) ウェンディ・バーナビー : 世界生物兵器地図, 日本放送出版協会, 2002.
 
3) 浦島充佳 : NBCテロリズム, 角川書店, 2002.
 
4) 三瀬勝利 : バイオテロに使用される微生物の分類と特性. 臨床検査 48 : 11-17, 2004.
 
5) ケン・アリベック : バイオハザード, 二見書房, 1999.
 
P.44 掲載の参考文献
1) 財団法人インターネット協会 : インターネット白書 2006, インプレスR&D, 2006.
 
2) Madoff LC : ProMED-mail : an early warning system for emerging diseases. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 227-232, 2004.
PubMed
3) 神谷信行ほか : 地方感染症情報センターネットワークの構築 (感染症発生動向調査情報の活用と情報連携). 厚生労働科学研究費補助金新興・再興感染症研究事業効果的な感染症発生動向調査のための国及び県の発生動向調査の方法論の開発に関する研究, 平成15-17年度総合研究報告書, 2006.
 
P.51 掲載の参考文献
1) 神谷茂 : 感染の成立と生体防御. 臨床検査 42 : 1188-1211, 1998.
 
2) 神谷茂 : 微生物の感染のメカニズム : 総論. 化学療法の領域 21 : 649-656, 2005.
 
3) McDaniel TK, et al : A genetic locus of enterocyte effacement conserved among diverse enterbacterial pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 : 1664-1668, 1995.
 
4) 鈴木敏彦 : 赤痢菌のアクチン重合に基づく細胞間感染機構の研究. 日細菌誌 57 : 443-452, 2002.
Medical*Online
5) Schwimmbeck PL, et al : Autoantibodies to HLA B27 in the sera of HLA B27 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome. J Exp Med 166 : 173-181, 1987.
PubMed
6) Yuki N, et al : Association of Campytobacter jejuni serotype with antiganglioside antibody in Guillain-Barre syndrome and Fisher's syndrome. Ann Neurol 42 : 28-33, 1997.
PubMed
7) Kale JB, et al : Epitopes of streptococcal M proteins shared with cardiac myosin. J Exp Med 162 : 583-591, 1985.
 
8) Kaufmann SH, et al : T-cells, stress proteins, and pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 155 : 125-141, 1990.
PubMed
9) Yamaguchi H, et al : Induction of secretion of interleukin-8 from human gastric epithelial cells by heat-shock protein 60 homologue of Helicobacter pylori. J Med Microbiol 48 : 927-933, 1999.
PubMed
10) Bergonzelli GE, et al : GroEL of, Lactobacillus johnsonii Lal (NCC 533) is cell surface associated : potential role in interactions with the host and the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 74 : 425-434, 2006.
 
11) Koster M, et al : Protein secretion mechanisms in Gram-negative baceria. Int J Med Microbiol 290 : 325-331, 2000.
 
12) Costerton JW, et al : Bacterial biofilms : a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284 : 1318-1322, 1999.
PubMed
13) 狩山玲子, 公文裕己 : バイオフィルム感染症. 日本臨牀 61 (増刊号3) : 266-271, 2003.
 
14) Hastings JW, Nealson KH : Bacterial bioluminescence. Annu Rev Microbiol 31 : 549-595, 1977.
PubMed
15) Solomon JM, et al : Purification and characterization of an extracellular peptide factor that affects two different developmental pathways in Bacillus subtilis. Genes Dev 10 : 2014-2024, 1996.
PubMed
16) Parsek MR, Greenberg EP : Quorum sensing signals in development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Methods Enzymol 310 : 43-55, 1999.
PubMed
17) Sperandio V, et al : Quorum sensing is a global regulatory mechanism in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7. J Bacteriol 183 : 5187-5197, 2001.
PubMed
18) Stroeher UH, et al : Mutation of luxS of Streptococcus pneumoniae affects virulence in a mouse model. Infect Immun 71 : 3206-3212, 2003.
 
19) Osaki T, et al : Mutation of luxS affects motility and infectivity of Helicobacter pylori i n gastric mucosa of Mongolian gerbil model. J Med Microbiol : 55 : 1477-1485, 2006.
 
20) 竹内理, 審良静男 : Toll-like receptorの生体防御における役割とそのシグナル伝達機構日細菌誌 59 : 523-529, 2004.
 
21) Wilson Kr, et al : Helicobacter pylori stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in a murine macrophage cell line. Gastroenterology 111 : 1524-1533, 1996.
 
P.57 掲載の参考文献
1) Akira S, Takeda K : Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 4 : 499-511, 2004.
PubMed
2) Akira S, et al : Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 124 : 783-801, 2006.
PubMed
3) Uematsu S, et al : Detection of pathogenic intestinal bacteria by Toll-like receptor 5 on intestinal CD11c + lamina propria cells. Nat Immunol 7 (8) : 868-874, 2006.
PubMed
4) Kawai T, et al : Unresponsiveness of MyD88-deficient mice to endotoxin. Immunity 11 (1) : 115-122, 1999.
PubMed
5) Yamamoto M, et al : Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signaling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4. Nature 420 : 324-329, 2002.
PubMed
6) Yamamoto M, et al : TRAM is specifically involved in the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated MyD88-independent signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 4 : 1144-1150, 2003.
PubMed
7) Yamamoto M, et al : Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science 301 : 640-643, 2003.
PubMed
8) Kawai T, et al : Interferon-alpha induction through Toll-like receptors involves a direct interaction of IRF7 with MyD88 and TRAF6. Nat Immunol 5 : 1061-1068, 2004.
PubMed
9) Uematsu S, et al : Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 plays an essential role for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7-and TLR9-mediated interferon-｛alpha｝induction. J Exp Med 201 : 915-923, 2005.
PubMed
10) Akira S, et al : Toll-like receptors : critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol 2 (8) : 675-680, 2001.
PubMed
P.61 掲載の参考文献
1) St Geme JW III : Molecular and cellular determinants of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae adherence and invasion. Cell Microbiol 4 : 191-200, 2002.
 
2) Kubiet M, et al : Pilus-mediated adherence of Haemophilus inflaenzae to human respiratory mucins. Infect Immun 68 : 3362-3367, 2000.
PubMed
3) Geluk F, et al : The fimbria gene cluster of nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 66 : 406-417, 1998.
PubMed
4) Hendrixon DR, et al : Structural determinants of processing and secretion of Haemophilus influenzae Hap protein. Mol Microbiol 26 : 505-518, 1997.
 
5) Barenkamp SJ, et al : Identification of a second family of high-molecular-weight adhesion proteins expressed by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae. Mol Microbiol 19 : 1215-1223, 1996.
 
6) Reddy MS, et al : Binding between outer membrane proteins of nontypable Haemophitus influenzae and human nasopharyngeal mucin. Infect Immun 64 : 1477-1479, 1996.
 
7) Virji M, et al : Carcinoembryonic antigens are targeted by diverse strains of typable and non-typable Haemophilus influenzae. Mol Microbiol 36 : 784-795, 2000.
PubMed
8) Avadhanula V, et al : Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae adheres to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on respiratory epithelial cells and upregulates ICAM-1 expression. Infect Immun 74 : 830-838, 2006.
PubMed
9) Swords WE, et al : Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae adhere to and invade human bronchial epithelial cells via an interaction of lipooligosaccharide with the PAF receptor. Mol Microbiol 37 : 13-27, 2000.
PubMed
10) Kawakami K, et al : Attachment of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae to human pharyngeal epithelial cells mediated by ganglioside receptor. Microbiol Immunol 42 : 697-702, 1998.
PubMed
11) Ahmed K, et al : Asialo-GM1 and asialo GM2 are putative adhesion molecules for Moraxella catarrhalis. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 191 : 5-10, 2002.
PubMed
12) Ketterer MR, et al : Infection of primary human bronchial epithelial cells by Haemophilus influenzae : macropinocytosis as a mechanism of airway epithelial cell entry. Infect Immun 67 : 4161-4170, 1999.
PubMed
13) Ahren IL, et al : The importance of a i? -glucan receptor in the nonopsonic entry of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae into human monocytic and epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 184 : 150-158, 2001.
PubMed
14) van Schilfgaarde M, et al : Cloning of genes of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae involved in penetration between human lung epithelial cells. Infect Immun 68 : 4616-4623, 2000.
PubMed
15) Clemans DL, et al : Induction of proinflammatory cytokines from human respiratory epithelial cells after stimulation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 68 : 4430-4440, 2000.
PubMed
P.67 掲載の参考文献
1) Finlay BB, et al : Penetration of Salmonelta through a polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cell monolayer. J Cell Biol 107 : 221-230, 1998.
 
2) Hirakata Y, et al : Penetration of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through MDCK epithelial cell monolayer. J Infect Dis 181 : 765-769, 2000.
PubMed
3) Hirakata Y, et al : Adherence to and penetration of human intestinal Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 66 : 1748-1751, 1998.
PubMed
4) Fink-Barbancon V, et al : ExoU expression by, Pseudomonas aeruginosa correlates with acute cytotoxicity and epithelial injury. Mol Microbiol 25 : 547-557, 1997.
 
5) Hirakata Y : Invasiveness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its role in diversity of pseudomonal infectious diseases. Acta Med Nagasaki 47 : 89-96, 2002.
 
6) Hirakata Y, et al : Multidrug efflux systems play an important role in the invasiveness of Pseudomonas aeuginosa. J Exp Med 196 : 97-108, 2002.
 
7) Li XZ, et al : β-lactamase inhibitors are substrates for the multidrug efflux pumps of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 : 399-403, 1998.
 
8) Hirakata Y, et al : Efficacy of erythromycin lactobionate in treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36 : 1198-1203, 1992.
PubMed
P.72 掲載の参考文献
1) Bannister L, Mitchell G : The ins, outs and roundabouts of malaria. Trends Parasitol 19 : 209-213, 2003.
 
2) Chitnis CE, Blackman MJ : Host cell invasion by malaria parasites. Parasitol Today 16 : 411-415, 2000.
PubMed
3) 神原廣二 : Duffy血流型システムと三日熱マラリア原虫. 臨床と微生物 32 : 223-226, 2005.
 
4) Cooke B, et al : Falciparum malaria : Sticking up, standing out and out-standing. Parasitol Today 16 : 416-420, 2000.
PubMed
5) Smith JD, et al : Decoding the language of var genes and Plasmodium falciparum sequestration. Trends Parasitol 17 : 538-545, 2001.
PubMed
6) Deitsh KW, HViid L : Variant Surface antigens, virulence genes and the pathogenesis of malaria. Trends Parasitol 20 : 562-566, 2004.
 
P.77 掲載の参考文献
1) Clark E, et al : Interferon gamma induces translocation of commensal Escherichia coli across gut epithelial cells via a lipid raft-mediated process. Gastroenterology 128 : 1258-1267, 2005.
 
2) Bailey MT, et al : Stress induces the translocation of cutaneous and gastrointestinal microflora to secondary lymphoid organs of C57BL/6 mice. J Neuroimmunol 171 : 29-37, 2006.
PubMed
3) 山口恵三ほか : 白血球減少マウスをモデルとした敗血症の誘因と発症機序についての検討 (1) 敗血症の成立に及ぼす抗生剤の影響. 感染症誌 63 : 195-202, 1989.
 
4) Matsumoto T, et al : Effect of antiflagellar human monoclonal antibody on gut-derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6 : 537-541, 1999.
PubMed
5) 朝野和典 : 免疫抑制状態に発症する敗血症の発症機序と予防 (第1報) 免疫抑制マウス敗血症発症機序の解明. 感染症誌 63 : 479-488, 1989.
 
6) Furuchi K, et al : Bacterial translocation : a potential source for infection in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 8 : 551-558, 1993.
 
7) Hirakata Y, et al : Role of bacterial association with Kupffer cells in occurrence of endogenous systemic bacteremia. Infect Immun 59 : 289-294, 1991.
PubMed
8) Funlya N, et al : Mortality rates amongst mice with endogenous septicaemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from various clinical sources. J Med Microbiol 39 : 141-146, 1993.
 
9) Tancrede CH, Andremont AO : Bacterial translocation and gram-negative bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies. J Infect Dis 152 : 99-103, 1985.
PubMed
10) Berg RD, et al : Immunosuppression and intestinal bacterial overgrowth synergistically promote bacterial translocation. Arch Surg 123 : 1359-1364, 1988.
PubMed
11) Alverdy JC, et al : Total parenteral nutrition promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surgery 104 : 185-190, 1988.
PubMed
12) Alverdy JC, et al : Effect of commercially available chemically defined liquid diets on the intestinal microflora and bacterial translocation from the gut. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14 : 1-6, 1990.
PubMed
13) Burke DJ, et al : Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves gut immune function. Arch Surg 124 : 1396-1399, 1989.
PubMed
14) Isaji S, et al : Role of bacterial infection in diet-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Int J Pancreatol 11 : 49-57, 1992.
PubMed
15) Hatano K, et al : Bacterial translocation of intestinal Pseudomonas aerzaginosa post-burn infection of mice. J Infect Chemother 1 : 193-196, 1996.
PubMed
P.83 掲載の参考文献
1) Akaike T : Mechanisms of biological S-nitrosation and its measurement. Free Radic Res 33 : 461-469, 2000.
PubMed
2) Okamoto T, et al : Activation of matrix metalloproteinases by peroxynitrite-induced protein S-glutathiolation via disuhide S-oxide formation. J Biol Chem 276 : 29596-29602, 2001.
PubMed
3) Sawa T, et al : Tyrosine nitration by peroxynitrite formed from nitric oxide and superoXide generated by xanthine oxidase. J Biol Chem 275 : 32467-32474, 2000.
PubMed
4) Akaike T : Role of free radicals in viral pathogenesis and mutation. Rev Med Virol 11 : 87-101, 2001.
PubMed
5) Akaike T, et al : 8-nitroguanosine formation in Viral pneumonia and its implication for pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 : 685-690, 2003.
PubMed
6) Beck MA, et al : Rapid genomic evolution of a non-virulent coxsackievinls B3 in selenium-deficient mice results in selection of identical virulent isolates. Nat Med 1 : 433-436, 1995.
PubMed
7) Akaike T, et al : Pathogenesis of influenza vinls-induced pneumonia : involvement of both nitric oxide and oxygen radicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 : 2448-2453, 1996.
PubMed
8) Akaike T, Maeda H : Nitric oXide and virus infection. Immunology 101 : 300-308, 2000.
PubMed
9) Fujii S, et al : Role of nitric oxide in pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in rats. Virology 256 : 203-212, 1999.
PubMed
10) Akaike T, et al : Viral mutation accelerated by nitric oxide production during infection in vivo. FASEB J 14 : 1447-1454, 2000.
PubMed
11) Yoshitake J, et al : Nitric oxide as an endogenous mutagen for Sendai Virus without antiviral activity. J Virol 78 : 8709-8719, 2004.
PubMed
12) WeitZman SA, Stossel TP : Mutation caused by human phagocytes. Science 212 : 546-547, 1981.
PubMed
13) Kuwahara H, et al : Antioxidative and antimutagenic activities of 4-vinyl-2, 6-dimethoxyphenol (canolol) isolated from canola oil. J Agric Food Chem 52 : 4380-4387, 2004.
PubMed
14) Kuwahara H, et al : Helicobacter pylori urease suppresses bactericidal activity of peroxynitrite via carbon dioxide production. Infect Immun 68 : 4378-4383, 2000.
PubMed
15) Terasaki Y, et al : Guanine nitration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and its implication for carcinogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 : 665-673, 2006.
PubMed
16) Sawa T, et al : Analysis of urinary 8-nitroguanine, a marker of nitrative nucleic acid damage, by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection coupled with immunoaffinity purification : association with cigarette smoking. Free Radic Biol Med 40 : 711-720, 2006.
PubMed
17) Pinlaor S, et al : Repeated infection with Opisthorchis viverrini induces accumulation of 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine in the bile duct of hamsters via inducible nitric oxide synthase. Carcinogenesis 25 : 1535-1542, 2004.
PubMed
18) Sawa T, et al : Superoxide generation mediated by 8-nitroguanosine, a highly redox-active nucleic acid derivative. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 311 : 300-306, 2003.
PubMed
19) Alam MS, et al : Role of nitric oxide in host defense in murine salmonellosis as a function of its antibacterial and antiapoptotic activities. Infect Immun 70 : 3130-3142, 2002.
PubMed
P.91 掲載の参考文献
1) 斧康雄 : 細菌感染症と生体防御機構. 日本臨床微生物学雑誌 16 : 61-66, 2006.
 
2) Densen P : Complement. In : Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed (ed by Mandell D, et al), P 69-93, Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, 2005.
 
3) Charo IF, Ransohoff RM : The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N Engl J Med 354 : 610-621, 2006.
PubMed
4) Wade JC : Epidemiology and prevention of infection in the compromised host. In : Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host, 3rd ed (ed by Rubin RH, Young LS), p 5-31, Plenum, New York, 1994.
 
5) Hughes WT, et al : 2002 Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 34 : 730-751, 2002.
PubMed
6) Engelich G, et al : Acquired disorders of phagocyte function complicating medical and surgical illnesses. Clin Infect Dis 33 : 2040-2048, 2001.
PubMed
7) Aldra S, et al : Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 124 : 783-801, 2006.
 
8) Hayashi F, et al : Toll-like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function. Blood 102 : 2660-2669, 2003.
PubMed
9) Selvatici R, et al : Signal transduction pathways triggered by selective formylpeptide analogues in human neutrophils. Eur J Pharmacol 534 : 1-11, 2006.
PubMed
10) 水上令子ほか : 食細胞による微生物の取り込みと殺菌. 蛋白質核酸酵素 51 : 109-117, 2006.
Medical*Online
11) Taylor PR, et al : The β-glucan receptor, Dectin-1, is predominantly expressed on the surface of cells of monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil lineages. J Immunol 169 : 3876-3882, 2002.
 
12) Brown GD : Dectin-1 : a signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor. Nat Rev Immunol 6 : 33-43, 2006.
PubMed
13) Kobayashi SD, et al : Bacterial pathogens modulate an apoptosis differentiation program in human neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 : 10948-10953, 2003.
PubMed
14) Birdsall HL : Antibodies. In : Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed (ed by Mandell D, et al), p 52-68, Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, 2005.
 
15) 光山正雄 (編) : 感染防御機構. 微生物感染学初版, p62-72, 南山堂, 2005.
 
P.96 掲載の参考文献
1) Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, et al : Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 93 : 97-108, 2004.
PubMed
2) 口腔粘膜の特徴. これからの口腔粘膜病変 (山本美朗編), p1-15, 学研書院, 1998.
 
3) 口腔粘膜の発生と微細構造. カラーアトラスロ腔組織発生学 (川崎堅三ほか編), p90-107, わかば出版, 2004.
 
4) Amerongen AV, Veerman EC : Salivary glands and saliva. Saliva-the defender of the oral cavity. Oral Dis 8 : 12-22, 2002.
 
5) 三宅洋一郎, 細川育子 : β-defensinと口腔内感染. 臨床と微生物 32 : 269-273, 2005.
Medical*Online
P.100 掲載の参考文献
1) Afzelius BA : Cilia-related diseases. J Pathol 204 : 470-477, 2004.
PubMed
2) Mackowiak P : The normal microbial flora. N Engl J Med 307 : 83-93, 1982.
 
3) 玉田勉, 佐々木司 : 気道粘膜防御機構における気道粘膜下腺の役割. 日呼吸会誌 39 : 157-165, 2001.
Medical*Online
4) Rogan MP, et al : Antimicrobial proteins and polypeptides in pulmonary innate defence. Respir Res 7 : 29, 2006.
PubMed
5) Medzhitov R, et al : A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 388 : 394 -397, 1997.
 
6) Xu B, et al : Lymphocyte homing to bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is mediated by L-selectin/PNAd, alpha4betal integrin/VCAM-1 and LFA-1 adhesion pathways. J Exp Med 197 : 1255-1267, 2003.
PubMed
7) Biragyn A, et al : Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of dendritic cells by β-defensin 2. Science 298 : 1025-1029, 2002.
 
8) Kiyono H, Fukuyama S : NALT-versus Peyer's-patch-mediated mucosal immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 4 : 699-710, 2004.
PubMed
9) Widdicombe J : Relationships among the composition of mucus, epithelial lining liquid, and adhesion of microorganisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 : 2088-2092, 1995.
PubMed
10) Nelson S, Rummer WR : Innate immunity, cytokines, and pulmonary host defense. Infect Dis Clin North Am 12 : 555-567, 1998.
 
P.107 掲載の参考文献
1) 粘膜免疫 (清野宏ほか編), 中山書店, 2001.
 
2) 粘膜免疫と経口免疫寛容. 標準免疫学 (谷口克, 宮坂昌之編), p316-326, 医学書院, 2002.
 
3) 岩崎明子, 高橋一郎 : 粘膜ワクチンは21世紀の感染症の救世主になりうるか? アレルギー・免疫 7 (12) : 92-102, 2000.
 
4) 石川博通 : 腸管粘膜の生体防御を考える. 粘膜免疫 (清野宏ほか編), p31, 中山書店, 2001.
 
5) Cheroutre H : IELs : enforcing law and order in the court of the intestinal epithelium. Immunol Rev 206 : 114-131, 2005.
PubMed
6) Lambolez F, et al : The thymus exports long-lived fully committed T cell precursors that can colonize primary lymphoid organ. Nat Immunol 7 : 76-82, 2006.
PubMed
7) Groh V, et al : Recognition of stress-induced MHC molecules by intestinal epithelial γδ T cells. Science 279 : 1737-1740, 1998.
 
8) Bauer S, et al : Activation of NK cells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress-inducible MICA. Science 285 : 727-732, 1999.
 
9) Diefenbach A, et al : Ligands for the murine NKG2D receptor : expression by tumor cells and activation of NK cells and macrophages. Nat Immunol 1 : 119-126, 2000.
PubMed
10) Cerwenka A, et al : Retinoic acid early inducible genes define a ligand family for the activating NKG2D receptor in mice. Immunity 12 : 721-727, 2000.
PubMed
11) Diefenbach A, et al : Rae1 and H60 ligands of the NKG2D receptor stimulate tumor immunity. Nature 413 : 165-171, 2001.
PubMed
12) Park EJ, et al : Clonal expansion of double-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes by MHC class I-related chain A expressed in mouse small intestinal epithelium. J Immunol 171 : 4131-4139, 2003.
PubMed
13) Poussier P, et al : A unique subset of self-specific intraintestinal T cells maintains gut integrity. J Exp Med l95 : 1491-1497, 2002.
 
14) 高橋一郎 : 消化管の意外な働きと経口ワクチン. 粘膜免疫 (清野宏ほか編), p224-239, 中山書店, 2001.
 
P.112 掲載の参考文献
1) Van Kaer L, Joyce S : Innate immunity : NKT cells in the spotlight. Curr Biol 15 (11) : R429-431, 2005.
PubMed
2) Kronenberg M : Toward an understanding of NKT cell biology : progress and paradoxes. Annu Rev Immunol 23 : 877-900, 2005.
PubMed
3) Shimizu H, et al : Toll-like receptor 2 contributes to liver injury induced by Salmonella infection through Fas ligand expression on NKT cells in mice. Gastroenterology 123 : 1265-1277, 2002.
PubMed
4) Born WK, et al : The function of gammadelta T cells in innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 18 (1) : 31-38, 2006.
PubMed
5) Lewis JM, et al : Selection of the cutaneous intraepithelial gammadelta (+) T cell repertoire by a thymic stromal determinant. Nat Immunol 7 (8) : 843-850, 2006.
PubMed
6) Tagawa T, et al : Vdeltal + gammadelta T cells producing CC chemokines may bridge a gap between neutrophils and macrophages in innate immunity during Escherichia coli infection in mice. J Immunol 173 : 5156-5164, 2004.
 
7) Wong P, Pamer EG : CD8 T cell responses to infectious pathogens. Annu Rev Immunol 21 : 29-70, 2003.
PubMed
8) Cheroutre H : Starting at the beginning : new perspectives on the biology of mucosal T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 22 : 217-246, 2004.
PubMed
9) Guy-Grand D, Vassalli P : Immunology. Tracing an orphan'sgenealogy. Science 305 (5681) : 185-187, 2004.
PubMed
10) Silverman GJ, Goodyear CS : Confounding B-cell defences : lessons from a staphylococcal superantigen. Nat Rev Immunol 6 (6) : 465-475, 2006.
PubMed
P.123 掲載の参考文献
1) Ghannoum M, O'Toole GA (ed) : Microbial Biofilms, ASM Press, Washington DC, 2004.
 
2) Hall-Stoodley L, et al : Bacterial biofilms : from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2 : 95-108, 2004.
PubMed
3) Donlan RM, Costerton JW : Biofilms : survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 : 167-193, 2002.
PubMed
4) Davey ME, O'Toole GA : Microbial biofilms : from ecology to molecular genetics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64 : 847-867, 2000.
PubMed
5) Kumon H : Pathogenesis and management of bacterial biofilms in the urinary tract. J Infect Chemother 2 : 18-28, 1996.
 
6) 公文裕巳 : 細菌のバイオフィルム形成と感染症. 日本醫事新報 3953 : 8-13, 65-68, 2000.
 
7) 門田晃一, 公文裕巳 : 尿路バイオフィルム感染症の課題と展望. Jpn J Chemother 51 : 426-430, 2003.
 
8) 門田晃一 : 泌尿器科領域におけるBiofilm感染症. Bacterial Adherence & Biofilm 17 : 73-78, 2003.
 
9) Pace JL, et al (ed) : Biofilms, Infection, and Antimicrobial Therapy, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, 2006.
 
10) Wilson M, Devine D (ed) : Medical lmplications of Biofilms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.
 
11) Costerton JW, Stewart PS : Battling biofilms. Sci Am 285 : 74-81, 2001.
PubMed
12) 上原慎也ほか : 尿路感染症由来緑膿菌のバイオフィルム形成能と臨床的因子および薬剤感受性に関する検討. Bacterial Adherence & Biofilm 18 : 1-5, 2004.
 
13) Ando E, et al : Biofilm formation among methicillin-resistant Staphytococcus aureus isolates from patients with urinary tract infection. Acta Med Okayama 58 : 207-214, 2004.
 
14) Seno Y, et al : Clinical implications of biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis in the urinary tract. Acta Med Okayama 59 : 79-87, 2005.
PubMed
15) Suga H, Smith KM : Molecular mechanisms of bacterial quorum sensing as a new drug target. Curr Opin Chem Biol 7 : 586-591, 2003.
PubMed
P.127 掲載の参考文献
1) Bishai WR : Rekindling old controversy on elusive lair of latent tuberculosis. Lancet 356 : 2113, 2000.
PubMed
2) Hemandez-Pando R, et al : Persistence of DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in superficially normal lung tissue during latent infection. Lancet 356 : 2133, 2000.
 
3) Wayne LG, Sohaskey CD : Nonreplicating persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Annu Rev Microbiol 55 : 139, 2001.
PubMed
4) McCune RM Jr, et al : The fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mouse tissues as determined by the microbial enumeration technique. II. The conversion of tuberculous infection to the latent state by the admillistration of pyrazinamide and a companion drug. J Exp Med 104 : 763, 1956.
 
5) McCune RM Jr, Tompsett R : Fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mouse tissues as determined by the microbial enumeration technique. I. The persistence of drug-susceptible tubercle bacilli in the tissues despite prolonged antimicrobial therapy. J Exp Med 104 : 737, 1956.
PubMed
6) Flynn JL, et al : Effects of aminogtianidine on latent murine tuberculosis. J Immunol 160 : 1796, 1998.
PubMed
7) Scanga CA, et al : Depletion of CD4 (+) Tcells causes reactivation of murine persistent tuberculosis despite continued expression of interferon gamma and nitric oxide synthase 2. J Exp Med 192 : 347, 2000.
 
8) Voskuil MI, et al : Inhibition of respiration by nitric oxide induces a Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy program. J Exp Med 198 : 705, 2003.
 
9) Shi L, et al : Expression of Th1-mediated immunity in mouse lungs induces a Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcription pattern characteristic of nonreplicating persistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 : 241, 2003.
PubMed
10) Boon C, Dick T : Mycobacterium bovis BCG response regulator essential for hypoxic dormancy. J Bacteriol 184 : 6760, 2002.
PubMed
11) Matsumoto S, et al : The gene encoding mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1) transformed rapidly growing bacteria to slowly growing bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 182 : 297, 2000.
PubMed
12) Matsumoto S, et al : DNA augments antigenicity of mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 and confers protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. J Immunol 175 : 441, 2005.
PubMed
13) Aoki K, et al : Extracellular mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 participates in Mycobacterium-lung epithelial cell interaction through hyaluronic acid. J Biol Chem 279 : 39798, 2004.
PubMed
14) Tufariello JM, et al : Deletion of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis resuscitation-promoting factor Rv1009 gene results in delayed reactivation from chronic tuberculosis. Infect Immun 74 : 2985, 2006.
PubMed
15) Cohen-Gonsaud M, et al : The structure of a resuscitation-promoting factor domain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows homology to lysozymes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 12 : 270, 2005.
PubMed
P.135 掲載の参考文献
1) Kawana T, et al : Clinical and virologic studies on female genital herpes. Obstet Gynecol 60 : 456-461, 1982.
PubMed
2) Patel R, et al : Impact of suppressive antiviral therapy on the health related quality of life of patients with recurrent genital herpes infection. Sex Transm Infect 75 : 398-402, 1999.
PubMed
3) 永井宏ほか : 皮膚科における外陰ヘルペスの現況と多因子的解析. 日性感染症誌 9 : 78-81, 1998.
 
4) Benedetti J, et al : Recurrence rates in genital herpes after symptomatic first-episode infection. Ann Intern Med 121 (11) : 847-854, 1994.
PubMed
5) Benedetti JK, et al : Clinical reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus infection decreases in frequency over time. Ann Intern Med 131 (1) : 14-20, 1999.
PubMed
6) Lafferty WE, et al : Recurrences after oral and genital herpes simplex virus infection. Influence of site of infection and viral type. N Engl J Med 316 (23) : 1444-1449, 1987.
 
7) Lekstrom-Himes JA, et al : The quantity of latent viral DNA correlates with the relative rates at which herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 cause recurrent genital herpes outbreaks. J Virol 72 (4) : 2760-2764, 1998.
PubMed
8) Coyle PV, et al : Emergence of herpes simplex type 1 as the main cause of recurrent genital ulcerative disease in women in Northern Ireland. J Clin Virol 27 (1) : 22-29, 2003.
PubMed
9) Cohen F, et al : Persistent stress as a predictor of genital herpes recurrence. Arch Intern Med 159 (20) : 2430-2436, 1999.
PubMed
10) Guinan ME, et al : The course of untreated recurrent genital herpes simplex infection in 27 women. N Engl J Med 304 (13) : 759-763, 1981.
PubMed
11) Vonrver LA, et al : Clinical course and diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infection and evaluation of topical surfactant therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133 (5) : 548-554, 1979.
 
12) Kaushic C, et al : Progesterone increases susceptibility and decreases immune responses to genital herpes infection. J Virol 77 (8) : 4558-4565, 2003.
PubMed
13) Koelle DM, et al : Asymptomatic reactivation of herpes simplex virus in women after the first episode of genital herpes. Ann Intern Med 116 : 433-437, 1992.
PubMed
14) 奥田智子ほか : 単純ヘルペスウイルスの母子感染の解析2. 第46回日本臨床ウイルス学会抄録, 2005年6月, 博多.
 
15) Obara Y, et al : Distribution of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 genomes in human spinal ganglia studied by PCR and in situ hybridization. J Med Virol 52 : 136-142, 1997.
PubMed
16) Hosken NA : Development of a therapeutic vaccine for HSV-2. Vaccine 23 : 2395-2398, 2005.
PubMed
P.140 掲載の参考文献
1) 干場勉ほか : βヘルペスウイルスの抗体保有率. 日本臨牀 64 (増刊号3) : 451-454, 2006.
Medical*Online
2) Pass RF : Cytomegalovirus. In : Fields Virology, 4th ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001.
 
3) Chee MS, et al : Analysis of the protein-coding content of the sequence of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 154 : 125-169, 1990.
PubMed
4) Dolan A, et al : Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus. J Gen Virol 85 : 1301-1312, 2004.
PubMed
5) Wang X, et al : Epidermal growth factor receptor is a cellular receptor for human cytomegalovirus. Nature 424 : 456-461, 2003.
PubMed
6) Wang X, et al : Integrin alphavbeta3 is a coreceptor for human cytomegalovirus. Nat Med 11 : 515-521, 2005.
PubMed
7) Kondo K, et al : Human cytomegalovirus latent gene expression in granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in culture and in seropositive individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 : 11137-11142, 1996.
PubMed
8) Arvin AM, et al ; National Vaccine Advisory Committee : Vaccine development to prevent cytomegalovirus disease : report from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 233-239, 2004.
PubMed
9) Theiler RN, et al : Umbilical cord blood screening for cytomegalovirus DNA by quantitative PCR. J Clin Virol 37 : 313-316, 2006.
PubMed
10) Yamagishi Y, et al : CMV DNA detection in dried blood spots for diagnosing congenital CMV infection in Japan. J Med Virol 78 : 923-925, 2006.
PubMed
11) Koyano S, et al : Retrospective diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection using dried umbilical cords. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23 : 481-482, 2004.
PubMed
12) Notomi T, et al : Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 28 : E63, 2000.
PubMed
13) Suzuki R, et al : Development of the loop-mediated isothermal amplhication method for rapid detection of cytomegalovirus DNA. J Virol Methods 132 : 216-221, 2006.
 
14) Kuzushima K, et al : Efficient identification of HLA-A*2402-restricted cytomegalovirus-specific CD8 (+) T-cell epitopes by a computer algorithm and an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Blood 98 : 1872-1881, 2001.
 
15) Kimberlin DW, et al ; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group : Effect of ganciclovir therapy on hearing in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease involving the central nervous system : a randomized, controlled trial. J Pediatr 143 : 16-25, 2003.
 
P.150 掲載の参考文献
1) Durack DT : Fever of unknown origin. In : Fever. Basic Mechanisms and Management, 2nd ed (ed by Mackowiak PA), p 237-249, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1997.
 
2) 日本呼吸器学会 : 成人市中肺炎診療ガイドライン, 杏林社, 2005.
 
P.157 掲載の参考文献
1) Kollef MH, et al : Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections : arisk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 115 : 462-474, 1999.
 
2) Bodey GP, et al : Pseudomonas bacteremia. Retrospective analysis of 410 episodes. Arch Intern Med 145 : 1621-1629, 1985.
PubMed
3) 一山智 : 細菌感染症の診断と治療. 日内会誌 95 : 138-145, 2006.
 
4) 満田年宏 (編) : 細菌検査の第一歩は検査材料の採取から. 感染症診療・感染対策に役立つ臨床微生物検査の基礎知識, p6-8, 国際医学出版, 2004.
 
P.162 掲載の参考文献
1) 藤本卓司 : 感染症レジデントマニュアル. グラム染色アトラスp2-15, 医学書院, 2004.
 
2) 藤本卓司 : 市中肺炎の診療におけるグラム染色の意義. EBMジャーナル 5 : 640-645, 2004.
Medical*Online
3) Gleckman R, et al : Sputum gram stain assessment in community-acquired bacteremic pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 26 : 846-849, 1988.
PubMed
4) Roson B, et al : Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Infect Dis 31 : 869-874, 2000.
PubMed
5) 佐藤匡ほか : 市中肺炎診療における喀痰グラム染色の有用性. 日呼吸会誌 40 : 558-563, 2002.
Medical*Online
6) Musher DM, et al : Diagnostic value of microscopic examination of Gram-stained sputUm and sputum cultures in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 165-169, 2004.
PubMed
7) van der Eerden MM, et al : Value of intensive diagnostic microbiological investigation in low-and high-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24 : 241-249, 2005.
PubMed
8) Blot F, et al : Value of Gram stain examination of lower respiratory tract secretions for early diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 : 1731-1737, 2000.
PubMed
9) Fartoukh GL, et al : Diagnosing pneumonia during mechanical ventilation : the clinical pulmonary infection score revisited. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 : 173-179, 2003.
 
10) Wiwanitkit V, et al : Diagnostic value and cost utility analysis for urine Gram stain and urine microscopic examination as screening tests for urinary tract infection. Urol Res 33 : 220-222, 2005.
PubMed
11) Aygun G, et al : The value of Gram staining of catheter segments for rapid detection of peripheral venous catheter infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 54 : 165-167, 2006.
PubMed
12) Moonens F, et al : Usefulness of gram staining of blood collected from total parenteral nutrition catheter for rapid diagnosis of catheter-related sepsis. J Clin Microbiol 32 : 1578-1579, 1994.
PubMed
13) Cooper GL, et al : Rapid diagnosis of intravascular catheter-associated infection by direct Gram staining of catheter segments. N Engl J Med 312 : 1142-1147, 1985.
PubMed
14) Tunkel AR, et al : Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 1267-1284, 2004.
PubMed
15) Bartlett JG, et al : Decline in microbial studies for patients with pulmonary infections. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 165-169, 2004.
 
P.168 掲載の参考文献
1) York MK : Gram stain. In : Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, 2nd ed (Vol 1) (ed by Isenberg HD), p 3.2.1.1-3.2.1.23, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, 2004.
 
2) 森伴雄 : 細菌の同定法. 臨床微生物検査ハンドブック (第2版) (小栗豊子編), p68-102, 三輪書店, 2000.
 
3) 小栗豊子 : 包括医療のもとでの嫌気性菌検査のあり方-コスト, 採算性を考えた嫌気性菌検査. 日本嫌気性菌感染症研究 34 : 39-47, 2005.
 
4) 渡辺邦友 : 嫌気性菌の分類学-特に菌名について. 日本嫌気性菌感染症研究 35 : 9-27, 2005.
 
5) 小栗豊子 (企画) : 特集. 細菌検査用自動機器の特徴と実際. 臨床と微生物 33 : 1-54, 2006.
 
P.172 掲載の参考文献
1) 深在性真菌症のガイドライン作成委員会 (委員長 : 河野茂, 顧問 : 山口英世, 委員 : 荒木恒敏ほか) : 深在性真菌症の診断・治療ガイドライン, 第1版, 医歯薬出版, 2003.
 
2) 深在性真菌症のガイドライン作成委員会 (委員長 : 河野茂, 顧問 : 山口英世, 委員 : 荒木恒敏ほか) : 各領域における深在性真菌症の診断・治療-ガイドライン理解のために-, 医歯薬出版, 2004.
 
3) 槙村浩一 : 主として院内感染で問題となる耐性菌・真菌 (基礎編). 臨床検査 50 (7) : 813-817, 2006.
 
4) DHラローン (著), 山口英世 (監), 末柄信夫 (監訳) : 医真菌-同定の手引き, シュプリンガー・フェアラーク東京株式会社, 1996.
 
5) Yeo SF, Wbng B : Current status of nonculture methods for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 : 465-484, 2002.
 
6) 厚生労働省科学研究費補助金 (新興・再興感染症研究事業) 輸入真菌症等真菌症の診断・治療法の開発と発生動向に関する研究班 : 輸入真菌症ハンドブック, 国立感染症研究所, 生物活性物質部, 2002.
 
7) 吉田耕一郎ほか : 血中 (1-3) -β-D-グルカン測定法の非特異反応検出に関する検討. 感染症誌 79 : 329-340, 2005.
 
8) Murashige N, et al : False-positive results of Aspergillus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for apatient with gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease taking a nutrient containing soybean protein. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2) : 333-334, 2005.
 
9) Kawazu M, et al : Prospective comparison of the diagnostic potential of real-time PCR, double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for galactomannan, and a (1→3) -beta-D-glucan test in weekly screening for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological disorders. J Clin Microbiol 42 : 2733-2741, 2004.
 
10) Makimura K, et al : Fungal flora on board Mir-space station, identification by morphological features and ribosomal DNA sequences. Microbiol Immunol 45 (5) : 357-363, 2001.
PubMed
11) Makimura K, et al : Phylogenetic classification and species identification of dermatophyte strains based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions. J Clin Microbiol 37 : 920-924, 1999.
PubMed
12) Makimura K, et al : Detection of a wide range of medically important fungi by the polymerase chain reaction. J Med Microbiol 40 (5) : 358 -364, 1994.
 
13) Kami M, et al : Use of real-time PCR on blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 33 : 1504-1512, 2001.
PubMed
14) Wakefield AE, et al : Detection of Pneumocystis carinii with DNA amplification. Lancet 336 (8713) : 451-453, 1990.
PubMed
P.179 掲載の参考文献
1) Piersimoni C, Scarparo C : Relevance of commercial amplification methods for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 41 : 5355-5365, 2003.
 
2) 日本結核病学会抗酸菌検査法検討委員会 : 新結核菌検査指針, 財団法人結核予防会, 2000.
 
3) American Thoracic Society : Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161 : 1376-1395, 2000.
PubMed
4) Abe C, et al : Simple and rapid identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by immunochromatographic assay using anti-MPB64 monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 37 : 3693-3697, 1999.
PubMed
5) Piersimoni C, et al : Current perspectives on drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex : the automated nonradiometric systems. J Clin Microbiol 44 : 20-28, 2006.
PubMed
6) Pai M, et al : Interferon-gamma assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis : asystematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 4 : 761-776, 2004.
 
7) Harada N, et al : Screening for tuberculosis infection using whole-blood interferon-gamma and Mantoux testing among Japanese healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27 : 442-448, 2006.
PubMed
8) Ishiguro T, et al : Intercalation activating fluorescence DNA probe and its application to homogeneous quanthication of a target sequence by isothermal sequence amplhication in a closed vessel. Anal Biochem 314 : 77-86, 2003.
 
9) Morgan M, et al : A commercial line probe assay for the rapid detection of rifampicin resisntance in Mycobacterium tubercutosis : a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 5 : 62, 2005.
 
10) Malik AN, Godfrey-Faussett P : Effects of genetic variability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains on the presentation of disease. Lancet Infect Dis 5 : 174-183, 2005.
PubMed
11) 松本智成 : 結核菌の分子疫学. 化学療法の領域 21 : 37-46, 2005.
 
12) Fujita Y, et al : Diverse humoral immune responses and changes in IgG antibody levels against mycobacterial lipid antigens in active tuberculosis. Microbiology 151 : 2065-2074, 2005.
PubMed
13) Pai M, et al : Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis : a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 4 : 6, 2004.
PubMed
14) Perez-Rodriguez E, Jimenez Castro D : The use of adenosine deaminase and adenosine deaminase isoenzymes in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 6 : 259-266, 2000.
PubMed
15) Elkington PTG, Friedland JS : Matrix metalloproteinases in destructive pulmonary pathology. Thorax 61 : 259-266, 2006.
PubMed
P.187 掲載の参考文献
1) 大黒学 : ウイルス感染症関連検査. 日本臨牀 63 (増刊号7) : 404-407, 2005.
 
2) Notomi T, et al : Loop-mediated isothermal amplhication of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 28 : e63, 2000.
PubMed
3) Zeuzem S, et al : Clinical evaluation of a new polymerase chain reaction assay (Amplicor HCV) for detection of hepatitis C virus. Z Gastroenterol 32 : 342 -347, 1994.
 
4) 渡邊王志, 西村秀一 : ウイルス検査法. 綜合臨牀 52 (増刊) : 1365-1374, 2003.
Medical*Online
5) 栗村敬 : ウイルス感染症の疫学と臨床ウイルス学. 病原ウイルス学, 改訂2版 (加藤四郎, 岸田綱太郎編), p131-140, 金芳堂, 1997.
 
6) 津田文男 : ウイルス感染症関連検査. 日本臨牀 63 (増刊号7) : 427-429, 2005.
 
7) 片山和彦 : 胃腸炎関連ウイルス (ノロウイルス, サポウイルス) 総論. 病原微生物検出情報 24 : 312-314, 2003.
 
P.192 掲載の参考文献
1) 小栗豊子 : 患者検体の品質管理. 臨床と微生物 27 (増刊号) : 583-588, 2000.
 
2) 山中喜代治 : 病原微生物検査の進め方. 第2回過渡的特別措置指定講習会テキスト (熊坂一成編), p17-33, 日本臨床微生物学会, 2002.
 
3) 中村良子 : 迅速検査 (病原体検査) の利用法. 臨床病理レビュー 121 : 83-91, 2002.
Medical*Online
4) 川上由行 : 生化学的性状試験での細菌, 真菌同定. 臨床病理レビュー 105 : 22-30, 1997.
 
P.198 掲載の参考文献
1) 川上千春ほか : 免疫クロマトグラフ法によるA, B型インフルエンザウイルス迅速診断キットの検討. 感染症誌 75 : 792-799, 2001.
 
2) 清水英明ほか : イムノクロマトグラフィーを用いたロタウイルスとアデノウイルスの迅速診断キットの検討. 感染症誌 75 : 1040-1046, 2001.
 
3) Abe C, et al : Simple and rapid identhication of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by immunochromatographic assay using anti-MPB64 monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 37 : 3693-3697, 1999.
PubMed
4) Bronstein I, et al : 1, 2-dioxetanes : novel chemiluminescent enzyme substrates. Applications to immunoassays. J Biolumin Chemilumin 4 : 99-111, 1989.
PubMed
5) Tanaka E, et al : Evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen with clinical sensitivity approximating that of genomic amplification of HCV RNA. Hepatology 32 : 388-393, 2000.
PubMed
6) Aoyagi K, et al : Development of a simple and highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis C virus core antigen. J Clin Microbiol 37 : 1802-1808, 1999.
PubMed
7) 片山恵子ほか : HCVコア抗原定量試薬の基礎的検討. 医学と薬学 46 : 1023-1029, 2001.
Medical*Online
8) 田中栄司ほか : HCVコア抗原定量試薬 (CLEIA法) の臨床的有用性. 医学と薬学 46 : 391-397, 2001.
Medical*Online
9) Mori T, et al : Spechic detection of tuberculosis infection : an interferon-gamma-based assay using new antigens. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (1) : 59-64, 2004.
PubMed
10) Ferrara G, et al : Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis : a prospective study. Lancet 367 (9519) : 1328-1334, 2006.
PubMed
P.207 掲載の参考文献
1) 江崎孝行, 李韻 : 遺伝子学的検査法. 日本臨牀 61 (増刊号3) : 373-378, 2003.
 
2) Wittwer CT, Kusukawa N : Real-time PCR. In : Molecular Microbiology-Diagnostic Principles and Practice (ed by Persing DH, et al), p 71-84, ASM Press, Washington DC, 2004.
 
3) 大楠清文ほか : ゲノムベースの細菌検査の基礎. 化学療法の領域 21 : 323-332, 2005.
 
4) 大楠清文 : PCR法を使った臨床微生物検査の導入時の障害と改善策. 感染症診療のコツと落とし穴 (斎藤厚編), p28-29, 中山書店, 2004.
 
5) Cockerill FR, Uhl JR : Application and challenges of real-time PCR for the clinical microbiology laboratory. In : Rapid Cycle Real-Time PCR : Methods and Application (ed by Reichl U, et al), p 3-27, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002.
 
6) Markoulatos P, et al : Multiplex polymerase chain reaction : a practical approach. J Clin Lab Anal 16 : 47-51, 2002.
PubMed
7) Jalava K, et al : Direct amplhication of rRNA genes in diagnosis of bacterial infections. J Clin Microbiol 38 : 32-39, 2000.
 
8) Brouqui P, Raoult D : New insight into the diagnosis of fastidious bacterial endocarditis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 47 : 1-13, 2006.
PubMed
9) Fredricks DN, Relman DA : Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens : a reconsideration of Koch's postulates. Clin Micorbiol Rev 9 : 18-33, 1996.
 
10) 大楠清文, 江崎孝行 : 新しい遺伝子増幅法 : NASBA法. Medical Technology 33 : 894-896, 2005.
Medical*Online
11) 池戸正成 : 新規遺伝子増幅法 : LAMP法. 日本臨床微生物学雑誌 15 : 1-8, 2005.
 
12) 福岡麻美ほか : 疣贅の遺伝子解析により起炎菌が同定できた急性感染性心内膜炎の1例. 感染症誌 80 : 321, 2006.
 
13) Fukazawa C, et al : A mixed bacterial infection of a bronchogenic lung cyst diagnosed by PCR. J Med Microbiol 55 : 791-794, 2006.
 
14) 杉原進ほか : 羊水PCR法により診断がついた先天梅毒の1例. 日児誌 110 : 981-982, 2006.
 
15) 石和田稔彦ほか : 血球貧食症候群を合併した新生児単純ヘルペスウイルス感染症の1例. 感染症誌 80 (臨増) : 244, 2006.
 
16) 遠藤真美子ほか : A群β溶連菌およびEBウイルスの重複感染と考えられた頸部化膿性リンパ節の1例. 第55回日本感染症学会東日本地方会総会プログラム・抄録集, p100, 2006.
 
P.214 掲載の参考文献
1) Mahesh M : Imaging & Therapeutic Technology. The AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents. Search for isotropic resolution in CT from conventional through multiple-row detector. Radiographics 22 : 949-962, 2002.
 
2) Takahara T, et al : Diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS) : technical improvement using free breathing, STIR and high resolution 3 D display. Radiat Med 22 : 275-282, 2004.
 
3) Harisinghani MG, et al : CT-guided transgluteal drainage of deep pelvic abscesses : Indications, technique, procedure-related complications, and clinical outcome. Radiographics 22 : 1353-1367, 2002.
PubMed
4) Maher MM, et al : Management of visceral interventional radiology catheters : Atroubleshooting guide for interventional radiologists. Radiographics 22 : 305 -322, 2002.
 
5) Samei E, et al : Imaging & Therapeutic Technology. AAPM/RSNA Tutorial on Equipment Selection : PACS Equipment Overview. General guidelines for purchasing and acceptance testing of PACS equipment. Radiographics 24 : 313-334, 2004.
 
6) Berington de Gonzales A, Darby S : Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-ray : estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet 363 : 345-351, 2004.
 
7) McNitt-Gray MF : Imaging&Therapeutic Technology. AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents. Topics in CT. Radiation dose in CT. Radiographics 22 : 1541-1553, 2002.
 
8) Brenner DJ, et al : Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176 : 289-296, 2001.
 
9) Lucaya J, et al : Low-dose high-resolution CT of the chest in children and young adults. Dose, cooperation, artifact incidence, and image quality. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175 : 985-992, 2000.
 
10) Sider L, et al : Pattern recognition of the pulmonary manifestations of AIDS on CT scans. Radiographics 13 : 771-784, 1993.
 
11) Brecher CW, et al : CT and radiography of bacterial respiratory infections in AIDS patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180 : 1203-1209, 2003.
PubMed
12) Edinburgh KJ, et al : Multiple pulmonary nodules in AIDS : Usefulness of CT in distinguishing among potential causes. Radiology 214 : 427-432, 2000.
PubMed
13) Leung AN : Pulmonary tuberculosis : The essentials. Radiology 210 : 307-322, 1999.
PubMed
P.218 掲載の参考文献
1) Kamei S, Takasu T : Nationwide survey of the annual prevalence of viral and other neurological infections in Japanese inpatients. Intern Med 39 : 894-900, 2000.
PubMed
2) 亀井聡 : 髄膜炎・脳炎. 神経疾患最新の治療2006-2008 (小林祥泰, 水澤英洋編), p112-117, 南江堂, 2006.
 
3) Saez-Llorens X, McCracken GH Jr : Bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet 361 (9375) : 2139-2148, 2003.
PubMed
4) Corless CE, et al : Simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in suspected cases of meningitis and septicemia using real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 39 : 1553-1558, 2001.
PubMed
5) Thwaites G, et al : Tuberculous meningitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68 (3) : 289-299, 2000.
PubMed
6) Schutte CM, et al : Significance of cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase isoenzymes in tuberculous (TB) meningitis. J Clin Lab Anal 15 (5) : 236-238, 2001.
PubMed
7) Luo G, Mitchell TG : Rapid identification of pathogenic fungi directly from cultures by using multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 40 (8) : 2860-2865, 2002.
PubMed
8) Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ : Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis : application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. J Infect Dis 171 (4) : 857-863, 1995.
 
9) Cinque P, et al : The role of laboratory investigation in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis : aconsensus report. The EU Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61 (4) : 339-345, 1996.
 
10) Kamei S, et al : Comparative study between chemiluminescence assay and two different sensitive polymerase chain reactions on the diagnosis of serial herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67 (5) : 596-601, 1999.
PubMed
11) Tunkel AR, et al : Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 39 (9) : 1267-1284, 2004.
PubMed
12) Begg N, et al : Consensus statement on diagnosis, investigation, treatment and prevention of acute bacterial meningitis in immunocompetent adults. British Infection Society Working Party. J Infect 39 : 1-15, 1999.
 
13) 亀井聡 : 細菌性髄膜炎成人例における起炎菌の検索と治療の進め方. 日本医事新報 4236 : 12-16, 2005.
Medical*Online
14) McCullers JA, et al : Isolation and characterization of vancomycin-tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient who developed recrudescent meningitis. J Infect Dis 181 : 369-373, 2000.
PubMed
15) Perez Mato S, et al : Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium meningitis successfully treated with chloramphenicol. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18 : 483-484, 1999.
PubMed
16) Novak R, et al : Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nature 399 : 590-593, 1999.
PubMed
17) Kamei S, et al : Evaluation of combination therapy using both aciclovir and corticosteroid in adult patients with herpes simplex encephaUtis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 (11) : 1544-1549, 2005.
PubMed
P.224 掲載の参考文献
1) Durack DT, et al : New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis : utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med 96 : 200-209, 1994.
PubMed
P.230 掲載の参考文献
1) 林邦昭, 中田肇 : 新版胸部X線診断, p52, 秀潤社, 2000.
 
2) 岩崎龍郎 : 改訂 結核の病理, p52-55, 日経印刷, 1997.
 
3) Aschoff L : Lectures on Pathology, p 42-43, 53-57, Hoeber, New York, 1924.
 
4) Reitner P, et al : Pneumonia : high-resolution CT findings in 114 patients. Eur Radiol 13 : 515-521, 2003.
 
5) Kohn HN : Zur Histologie der Indurirenden Fibrinosen Pneumonie. Munch Med Wochenschr 40 : 42-45, 1893.
 
6) Loosli CG : Interalveolar communications in normal and in pathologic mammalian lungs. Review of the literature. Arch Pathol 24 : 773-776, 1937.
 
7) Lambert MW : Accessory bronchiole-alveolar communications. J Pathol Bacteriol 70 : 311-314, 1955.
 
8) 「呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン」成人市中肺炎診療の基本的考え方, 日本呼吸器学会, 2000.
 
9) Fujita J, et al : Pathological and radiological changes in resected lung specimens in patients with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex disease. Eur Respir J 13 : 535-540, 1999.
PubMed
10) Poey C, et al : High resolution chest CT in tuberculosis : evolutive patterns and signs of activity. J Comput Assist Tomogr 21 : 601-607, 1997.
PubMed
11) Hatipoglu ON, et al : High resolution computed tomographic findings in pulmonary tuberculosis. Thorax 51 : 397-402, 1996.
PubMed
P.234 掲載の参考文献
1) Herold CJ, Sailer JG : Community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. Eur Radiol 14 : E2 -20, 2004.
 
2) Katz DS, Leung AN : Radiology of pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 20 : 549-562, 1999.
PubMed
3) Franquet T : Imaging of pneumonia : trends and algorithms. Eur Respir J 18 : 196-208, 2001.
PubMed
4) Fraser RG, et al : Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest, 4th ed, WB Saunders. Philadelphia, 1999.
 
5) 日本呼吸器学会呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会 (編) : 成人市中肺炎診療ガイドライン. 日本呼吸器学会「呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン」, 2005.
 
6) Hershey CO, Panaro V : Round pneumonia in adults. Arch Intern Med 148 : 1155-1157, 1988.
PubMed
7) Kuhlman JE, et al : Pulmonary septic emboli : diagnosis with CT. Radiology 174 : 211-213, 1990.
PubMed
8) Rollins S, et al : Open lung biopsy in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110 : 34-41, 1986.
PubMed
9) Tanaka N, et al : High resolution CT findings in community-acquired pneumonia. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20 : 600-608, 1996.
PubMed
10) Nambu A, et al : Chlamydia pneumoniae : comparison with findings of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae at thin-section CT. Radiology 238 : 330-338, 2006.
PubMed
11) Sopena N, et al : Comparative study of the clinical presentation of Legionella pneumonia and other community-acquired pneumonias. Chest 113 : 1195-1200, 1998.
PubMed
12) Heussel CP, et al : Pneumonia in neutropenic patients. Eur Radiol 14 : 256-271, 2004.
PubMed
13) Moon WK, et al : Complications of Klebsiella pneumonia : CT evaluation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19 : 176-181, 1995.
 
14) 芦澤和人ほか : 肺クリプトコッカス症のCT所見 60症例の解析. 臨床放射線 51 : 91-95, 2006.
 
15) Ikezoe J, et al : CT appearance of pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic and immunocompromised patients : comparison with patients who had no underlying disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159 : 1175-1179, 1992.
PubMed
P.238 掲載の参考文献
1) Terranova W, et al : 1974 outbreak of Legionnaires' disease diagnosed in 1977. Clinical and epidemiological features. Lancet 2 (8081) : 122-124, 1978.
PubMed
2) Pedro-Botet ML, et al : Nosocomial and community-acquired Legionella pneumonia : clinical comparative analysis. Eur Respir J 8 : 1929-1933, 1995.
PubMed
3) Fiore AE, et al : Epidemic Legionnaires' disease two decades later : old sources, new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 26 : 426-433, 1998.
PubMed
4) Helms CM, et al : Sporadic Legionnaires' disease : clinical observations on 87 nosocomial and community-acquired cases. Am J Med Sci 288 : 2-12, 1984.
PubMed
5) Kirby BD, et al : Legionnaires' disease : clinical features of 24 cases. Ann Intern Med 89 : 297-309, 1978.
PubMed
6) Conces DJ Jr : Bacterial pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. J Thorac Imaging 13 : 261-270, 1998.
PubMed
7) Coletta FS, Fein AM : Radiological manifestations of Legionella/Legionella-like organisms. Semin Respir Infect 13 : 109-115, 1998.
PubMed
8) Storch GA, et al : The chest roentgenogram in sporadic cases of Legionnaires' disease. JAMA 245 : 587-590, 1981.
PubMed
9) Kirby BD, et al : Radiographic features of Legionnaires' disease. Chest 76 : 562-565, 1979.
PubMed
10) Fairbank JT, et al : Legionnaires' disease. J Thorac Imaging 6 : 6-13, 1991.
PubMed
11) Muder RR, et al : The radiologic manifestations of Legionella pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 2 : 242-254, 1987.
PubMed
12) Meenhorst PL, Mulder JD : The chest X-ray in Legionella pneumonia (Legionnaires' disease). Eur J Radiol 3 : 180-186, 1983.
PubMed
13) Macfarlane JT, et al : Comparative radiographic features of community acquired Legionnaires' disease, pneumococcal pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, and psittacosis. Thorax 39 : 28-33, 1984.
PubMed
14) Berkmen YM : Uncommon acute bacterial pneumonias. Semin Roentgenol 15 : 17-24, 1980.
PubMed
15) Evans AF, et al : Analysis of the chest radiograph in Legionnaires' disease. Clin Radiol 32 : 361-365, 1981.
PubMed
16) Fairbank JT, et al : The chest radiograph in Legionnaires' disease. Further observations. Radiology 147 : 33-34, 1983.
PubMed
17) Edelstein PH, et al : Long-term followup of two patients with pulmonary cavitation caused by Legionella pneumophila. Am Rev Respir Dis 124 : 90-93, 1981.
PubMed
18) Hodina M, et al : Imaging of cavitary necrosis in complicated childhood pneumonia. Eur Radiol 12 : 391-396, 2002.
PubMed
19) Hurter T, et al : Fibrosing alveolitis responsive to corticosteroids following Legionnaires' disease pneumonia. Chest 101 : 281-284, 1992.
PubMed
20) Lucas RS, et al : Legionella pneumonia presenting as a bulging fissure on chest roentgenogram. Chest 100 : 567-583, 1991.
PubMed
21) Yagyu H, et al : Chest CT findings and clinical features in mild Legionella pneumonia. Intern Med 42 : 477-482, 2003.
PubMed
22) Sakai F, et al : Computed tomographic features of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia in 38 cases. J Comput Assist Tomogr. (in press)
 
P.246 掲載の参考文献
1) 石田直 : 非定型肺炎と細菌性肺炎の鑑別. 日本胸部臨床 64 : 769-777, 2005.
Medical*Online
2) 田中裕士ほか : 高齢者のマイコプラズマ肺炎. Geriatr Med 40 : 1615-1618, 2002.
Medical*Online
3) Matsuoka M, et al : Characterization and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 : 4624 -4630, 2004.
 
4) Suzuki S, et al : Clinical evaluation of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 : 709-712, 2006.
PubMed
5) 宮田真人 : マイコプラズマの滑走運動, 新たな生体運動メカニズム. 蛋白質核酸酵素 50 : 239-245, 2005.
Medical*Online
6) Piboonpocanun S, et al : Surfactant protein A binds Mycoplasma pneumoniae with high affinity and attenuates its growth by recognition of disaturated phosphatidylglycerols. J Biol Chem 280 : 9-17, 2005.
PubMed
7) 田中裕士ほか : マイコプラズマ. 日本胸部臨床 63 (増刊号) : S93-S100, 2004.
 
8) Tanaka H, et al : Effects of interleukin-2 and cyclosporin A on pathologic features in mycoplasma pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154 : 1908-1912, 1996.
PubMed
9) 田中裕士ほか : マイコプラズマ肺炎の画像診断-特にCT像について. 日本マイコプラズマ学会雑誌 24 : 85-87, 1997.
 
10) Tanaka H, et al : Relationship between radiological pattern and cell-mediated immune response in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Eur Respir J 9 : 669-672, 1996.
PubMed
11) 泉川欣一 : 成人マイコプラズマ肺炎の臨床と劇症マイコプラズマ感染症. 臨床と微生物 30 : 53-67, 2003.
Medical*Online
12) Fonseca-Aten M, et al : Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces host-dependent pulmonary inflammation and airway obstruction in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 32 : 201-210, 2005.
PubMed
13) Tanaka H, et al : Role of interleukin-18 and T-helper type 1 cytokines in the development of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults. Chest 121 : 1493-1497, 2002.
 
14) Narita M, et al : Close association between pulmonary disease manifestation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and enhanced local production of interleukin-18 in the lung, independent of gamma interferon. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7 : 909-914, 2000.
PubMed
P.250 掲載の参考文献
1) 相楽裕子 : 腸管感染症. 専門医を目指すケース・メソッド・アプローチ感染症, 第4版 (山口恵三編), p 190 -196, 日本医事新報社, 2006.
 
2) 島田長人 : 腹部感染症の画像診断-感染性腸炎とその周辺疾患. 専門医を目指すケース・メソッド・アプローチ感染症, 第4版 (山口恵三編), p228-244, 日本医事新報社, 2006.
 
3) Macari M, Balthazar EJ : CT of bowel wall thickening : significance and pitfalls of interpretation. Am J Roentgenol 176 : 1105-1116, 2001.
 
4) 堀木紀行ほか : 感染性腸炎のCT検査所見. 日消誌 99 : 925-934, 2002.
Medical*Online
5) 藤沼澄夫, 酒井義浩 : 細菌による感染性腸炎. 日本大腸肛門病会誌 54 : 939-944, 2001.
 
6) 清水誠治ほか : 細菌感染と腸炎 (3) 病原性大腸菌腸炎. 臨牀消化器内科 19 : 1123-1128, 2004.
 
7) 林繁和ほか : 感染性腸炎. 胃と腸 40 : 631-637, 2005.
 
8) 中村昌太郎ほか : サルモネラ腸炎の臨床像-X線および内視鏡検査を中心に-. 胃と腸 37 : 352-358, 2002.
 
9) 熊本悦明 : この性感染症流行の現状を直視して欲しい. 治療 84 : 1889-1896, 2002.
Medical*Online
10) Lopes-Zeno JA, et al : The Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome revisited. Changing perspectives after half acentury. J Reprod Med 30 : 567-582, 1985.
 
11) 島田長人ほか : クラミジア・トラコマティスによるFitz-Hugh-Curtis症候群の3例-USとCT所見の検討-. 日臨外会誌 66 : 135-139, 2005.
 
12) Tsubuku M, et al : Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome : Linear contrast enhancement of the surface of the liver on CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26 : 456-458, 2002.
 
13) 島田長人ほか : クラミジア・トラコマティスによる腹腔内感染症の画像診断. 感染症 36 : 59-62, 72-77, 2006.
 
14) 吉武忠正ほか : Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome : CT所見の検討. 日本医放会誌 63 : 303-307, 2003.
 
15) Nishie A, et al : Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. Radiologic manifestation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 27 : 786-791, 2003.
PubMed
P.256 掲載の参考文献
1) 日本感染症学会/日本化学療法学会 (編) : 抗菌薬使用のガイドライン, 協和企画, 2005.
 
2) 日本呼吸器学会 : 「呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン」成人市中肺炎診療の基本的考え方 (日本呼吸器学会市中肺炎診療ガイドライン作成委員会編), 2000.
 
3) 日本性感染症学会 (編) : 性感染症診断・治療ガイドライン, (財) 性の健康医学財団, 2002.
 
4) 木村哲 : 感染症学の再興をめざして. 感染症誌 74 : 737-738, 2000.
 
5) Niederman MS, et al ; American Thoracic Society : Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 : 1730-1754, 2001.
PubMed
6) American Thoracic Society : Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults : diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statement, American Thoracic Society, November 1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 : 1711-1725, 1996.
PubMed
7) Warren JW, et al : Guidelmes for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial Cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Clin Infect Dis 29 : 745-758, 1999.
 
8) Naber KG, et al : EAU guidelines for the management of urinary and male genital tract infections. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Working Group of the Health Care Office (HCO) of the European Association of Urology (EAU). Eur Urol 40 : 576-588, 2001.
 
9) Jonathan DC Ross, et al : National guideline for the management of pelVic infection and penhepatitis. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association for Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). Sex Transm Infect 75 (Suppl 1) : S54-56, 1999.
 
10) CDC guidelines on sexually transmitted diseases. MMWR 47 : RR-02, 1998.
 
11) Mangram AJ, et al : Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 20 : 247-277, 1999.
 
12) Guideline for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock Intensive Care Med 27 (Suppl 1) : S1-S134, 2001.
 
13) Mermel LA, et al : Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. J Intraven Nurs 24 : 180-205, 2001.
PubMed
14) DHHS : Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. AIDS info. (http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov), May 4th, 2006.
 
15) 中村哲也ほか : 抗HIV治療ガイドライン (厚生労働科学研究費補助金エイズ対策研究事業「HIV感染症の医療体制の整備に関する研究」班 (主任研究者 木村哲) 編), 2006.
 
P.263 掲載の参考文献
1) Jones RN, et al : Evaluation of the contemporary occurrence rates of matallo-beta lactamases in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in Japan : report from SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-2002). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 49 : 289-294, 2004.
 
2) Fritsche TR, et al : Emerging metallo-beta-lactamase-mediated resistances : asummary report from the worldwide SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Clin Infect Dis 41 : S276-278, 2005.
 
3) Walsh TR, et al : Metallo-beta-lactamases : the quiet before the storm? Clin Microbiol Rev 18 : 306-325, 2005.
PubMed
4) 満田年宏 : 世界における耐性菌の動向-耐性菌サーベーランスの現状と各国の分離状況. INFECTION CONTROL 13 : 1031-1047, 2004.
 
5) 橋本章司, 朝野和典 : 多剤耐性緑膿菌. INFECTION CONTROL 15 : 144-150, 2006.
Medical*Online
6) Cao B, et al : Risk factors and clinical outcomes of nosocomial multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. J Hosp Infect 57 : 112-118, 2004.
PubMed
7) 古川恵一 : 院内の抗菌薬使用と耐性菌. medicina 41 : 902-908, 2004.
 
8) 古川恵一 : 聖路加国際病院における抗菌薬適正使用のためのコントロール. INFECTION CONTROL 14 : 992-997, 2005.
Medical*Online
9) 荒川宜親 : 多剤耐性緑膿菌. IDWR 4 (17) : 9-13, 2002.
 
P.268 掲載の参考文献
1) 炭山嘉伸ほか : 胃癌術後合併症としてのメチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌による細菌性腸炎について. 腹部救急診療の進歩 8 : 1045-1049, 1988.
 
2) 伊藤昌男 : 日米欧における抗菌剤の使用と開発状況. 最新医学 44 : 2458-2465, 1989.
 
3) 炭山嘉伸, 横山隆 : 消化器外科における抗生剤の使用法をめぐって. 日消外会誌 27 : 2358-2367, 1994.
 
4) 草地信也ほか : 消化器外科病棟におけるMRSA感染の拡がり. 日環誌 4 : 39-44, 1989.
 
5) Sackett DL, et al : Evidence based medicine : what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 312 : 71-72, 1996.
PubMed
6) 名郷直樹 : EBM実践ワークブック, 南江堂, 1999.
 
7) 炭山嘉伸, 有馬陽一 : 消化器外科周術期感染症. 臨床と微生物 26 : 63-69, 1999.
Medical*Online
8) 炭山嘉伸, 竹末芳生 : 消化器外科領域における術後感染予防抗菌薬使用の現状-外科医3,823名に対するアンケート調査-. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 52 : 474-485, 2004.
 
9) Mangram AJ, et al ; Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee : Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 20 : 250-278, 1999.
PubMed
10) 炭山嘉伸 : 周術期における抗菌薬. 日外感染症誌 1 : 7-15, 2004.
 
11) 日本感染症学会, 日本化学療法学会 (編) : 抗菌薬使用の手引き, 協和企画, 2001.
 
12) 日本感染症学会, 日本化学療法学会 (編) : 抗菌薬使用のガイドライン, 協和企画, 2005.
 
13) 炭山嘉伸, 吉田祐一 : 6. 感染症. 消化器外科学レビュー 2006-最新主要文献と解説-, p230-234, 総合医学社, 2006.
 
P.272 掲載の参考文献
1) Yoshioka K, et al : Clmical features and treatment of children With hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infection : experience of an outbreak in Sakai City, 1996. Pediatr Int 41 : 223-227, 1999.
 
2) 里村憲一ほか ; 日本小児腎臓病学会 : 学術委員会 : 溶血性尿毒症症候群全国調査研究. 溶血性尿毒症症候群全国調査研究報告書, p1-18, 有光社, 2005.
 
3) Garg AX, et al : Long-term renal prognosis of diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome : a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA 290 : 1360-1370, 2003.
PubMed
4) Steinbom M, et al : CT and MRI in hemolytic uraemic syndrome with central nervous system involvement : distribution of lesions and prognostic value of imaging findings. Pediatr Radiol 34 : 805-810, 2004.
 
5) Takeda T, et al : Early use of fosfomycin for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 0157 : H7 infection reduces the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome. In : Escherich ia coli O157 : H7 and Other Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli Strains (ed by Kaper JB, O'Brien AD), p 385-387, ASM Press, Washington, DC, 1998.
 
6) Wong CS, et al : The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections. N Engl J Med 342 : 1930-1936, 2000.
PubMed
7) Safdar N, et al : Risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 enteritis : a meta-anlysis. JAMA 288 : 996-1001, 2002.
 
8) Van Dyck M, Proesmans W : Renoprotection by ACE inhibitors after severe hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 19 : 688-690, 2004.
 
9) Caletti MG, et al : Two different therapeutic regimes in patients with sequelae of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 19 : 1148-1152, 2004.
 
10) Ferraris JR, et al : Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome : absence of recurrence after renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 17 : 809-814, 2002.
PubMed
11) Trachtman H, et al : Effect of an oral Shiga-toxin-binding agent on diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome in children : A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290 : 1337-1344, 2003.
PubMed
12) Aldyoshi DE, et al : Characterization of human monoclonal antibody against Shiga toxin 2 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Infect Immun 73 : 4054-4061, 2005.
 
13) Dowling TC, et al : Phase 1 safety and pharmacokinetic study of chimeric murine-human monoclonal antibody c-α-Stx2 administered intravenously to healthy adult volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 1808-1812, 2005.
 
P.278 掲載の参考文献
1) 厚生労働省エイズ動向委員会 : 平成17年エイズ発生動向年報, 平成18年4月28日.
 
P.282 掲載の参考文献
1) 日本呼吸器学会市中肺炎診療ガイドライン作成委員会 : 成人市中肺炎診療の基本的考え方, p1-49, 日本呼吸器学会, 2000.
 
2) 日本呼吸器学会呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会 : 成人市中肺炎診療ガイドライン (ポケット版), p1-57, 日本呼吸器学会, 2005.
 
3) 松島敏春 : 抗菌薬の適正使用とそのガイドライン. 抗菌薬ガイドラインのアウトカム. 日内会誌 93 : 116-121, 2004.
 
4) 松島敏春 : 肺炎診療ガイドラインとその役割. 成人病と生活習慣病 34 : 1326-1331, 2004.
 
5) 松島敏春 : ガイドライン物語-肺炎ガイドラインはいかにして作成されたか-, p1-106, 医薬ジャーナル社, 2005.
 
6) 松島敏春監修 : 肺炎をよりよく理解いただくために～成人～, p1-10, 大正富山医薬品, 2006.
 
P.287 掲載の参考文献
1) 松島敏春 : EBMに基づく臨床データブック. 臨床医 27 : 959-965, 2000.
 
2) 日本呼吸器学会呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会 : 成人院内肺炎診療の基本的考え方, p1-68, 日本呼吸器学会, 2002.
 
3) American Thoracic Society : Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults : diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventative strategies. A consensus statement, American Thoracic Society, November 1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 : 1711-1725, 1996.
PubMed
4) 渡辺彰ほか : 全国多施設での院内肺炎の病態と初期治療抗菌薬に関する実態調査成績. 日本呼吸器学会雑誌 43 (増刊号) : 230, 2005.
 
P.292 掲載の参考文献
1) 松島敏春ほか : 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン, 成人気道感染症診療の基本的考え方, p1-51, 日本呼吸器学会, 2003.
 
2) 松島敏春ほか : 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン, 成人市中肺炎診療の基本的考え方, p1-49, 日本呼吸器学会, 2000.
 
3) 渡辺彰ほか : 呼吸器感染症診療ガイドラインのフローチャートを活用した成人市中肺炎の実態調査成績. 日本呼吸器学会雑誌 41 : 781-796, 2003.
Medical*Online
4) 松島敏春ほか : 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン, 成人市中肺炎診療ガイドライン, p1-57, 日本呼吸器学会, 2005.
 
5) 松島敏春ほか : 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン, 成人院内肺炎診療の基本的考え方, p1-68, 日本呼吸器学会, 2002.
 
6) 渡辺彰ほか : 全国多施設での院内肺炎の病態と初期治療抗菌薬に関する実態調査成績. 日本呼吸器学会雑誌 43 (増刊号) : 230, 2005.
 
7) Harper SA, et al : Prevention and control of influenza : recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 54 (RR-8) : 1-40, 2005.
 
P.298 掲載の参考文献
1) 厚生労働省エイズ動向委員会 : 平成16年エイズ動向年報, 2005.
 
2) 国立感染症研究所, 感染症情報センター.
 
3) Muratani T, et al : Outbreak of cefozopran (penicillin, oral cephems, and aztreonam) -resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 3603-3606, 2001.
PubMed
4) Matsumoto T, et al : Multiple doses of cefodizime are necessary for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae pharyngeal infection. J Infect Chemother 12 : 145-147, 2006.
PubMed
5) 今井博久 : 高校生の無症候性クラミジア感染症の大規模スクリーニング調査研究. 性感染症の効果的な蔓延防止に関する研究, 平成16年度総括研究報告書, 2005.
 
6) 日本性感染症学会 (編) : 性感染症診断・治療ガイドライン, 2004.
 
P.304 掲載の参考文献
1) Helicobacter pylori治験検討委員会 : Helicobacter pylori治験ガイドライン, 日本消化器学会, 1995.
 
2) Helicobacter pylori治験検討委員会 : Helicobacter pylori治験ガイドライン. 日消誌 96 : 199-207, 1999.
Medical*Online
3) Asaka M, et al : Guidelines in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan. Helicobacter 6 : 177-186, 2001.
PubMed
4) 日本ヘリコバクター学会ガイドライン作成委員会 : H. pylori感染の診断と治療のガイドライン2003年改訂版. 日本ヘリコバクター学会誌 4 (Suppl) : 2-16, 2003.
 
5) 科学的根拠に基づく胃潰瘍診療ガイドラインの策定に関する研究班 : EBMに基づく胃潰瘍診療ガイドライン, じほう, 2003.
 
6) 峯徹哉ほか : Helicobacter pylori除菌療法の現況 (第2報9-アンケート調査による検討). Helicobacter Research 9 : 437-445, 2005.
 
7) 間部克裕ほか : 山形県におけるHelicobacter pylori除菌療法の現況と問題点. Helicobacter Research 8 : 176-184, 2004.
 
8) 工藤欣邦ほか : わが国のH. pylori除菌療法の現在の普及度はどうか-大分県におけるアンケート調査からの検討. 臨床消化器内科 20 : 87-95, 2005.
 
9) 加藤元嗣ほか : 消化性潰瘍の発生はどのくらい減少するのか? Prog Med 20 : 1745-1749, 2000.
Medical*Online
P.310 掲載の参考文献
1) Seppala H, et al : The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland. N Engl J Med 337 : 441-446, 1997.
 
2) Campaign to prevent antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/healthcare/ha/12steps_HA.htm
 
3) 日本感染症学会, 日本化学療法学会編 : 抗菌薬使用のガイドライン, 協和企画, 2005.
 
4) Blot F, et al : Value of gram stain examination of lower respiratory tract secretions for early diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 : 1731-1737, 2000.
PubMed
5) Musher DM, et al : Diagnostic value of microscopic examination of gram-stained sputum and sputum cultures in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 165-169, 2004.
PubMed
6) 日本呼吸器学会, 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会編 : 成人市中肺炎診療ガイドライン, 2005.
 
7) 日本呼吸器学会, 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会編 : 成人院内肺炎診療の基本的考え方, 2002.
 
8) 日本呼吸器学会, 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会編 : 成人気道感染症診療の基本的考え方, 2003.
 
9) Masaoka T, et al : Evidence-based recommendations for antimicrobial use in febrile neutropenia in Japan : executive summary. Clin Infect Dis 39 (Suppl 1) : S49-52, 2004.
 
10) 急性胆道炎の診療ガイドライン作成出版委員会編 : 科学的根拠に基づく急性胆管炎・胆嚢炎の診療ガイドライン, 医学図書出版, 2006.
 
11) Dong Y, et al : Effect of fluoroquinolone concentration on selection of resistant mutants of Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Staphylococczas aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 : 1756-1758, 1999.
PubMed
12) Martinez JA, et al : Comparison of antimicrobial cycling and mixing strategies in two medical intensive care units. Crit Care Med 34 : 329-336, 2006.
PubMed
13) Raymond DP, et al : Impact of a rotating empiric antibiotic schedule on infectious mortality in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 29 : 1101-1108, 2001.
 
14) Rahal JJ, et al : Class restriction of cephalosporin use to control total cephalosporin resistance in nosocomial Kiebsiella. JAMA 280 : 1233-1237, 1998.
 
15) Gruson D, et al : Rotation and restricted use of antibiotics in a medical intensive care unit. Impact on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 : 837-843, 2000.
 
P.314 掲載の参考文献
1) 戸塚恭一 : 体内動態から見た抗菌薬の特徴と使い方. 診断と治療 90 : 2143-2151, 2002.
 
2) 戸塚恭一 : 体内動態およびPK/PDに基づいた投与計画. 化学療法の領域 19 : 523-527, 2004.
 
3) Craig WA : Re-evaluating antibiotic therapy. Respir Med 95 (Suppl A) : 12-19, 2001.
 
4) Woodnutt G, Berry V : Two pharmacodynamic models for assessing the et6cacy of amoXicillin-clavulanate against experimental respiratory tract infections caused by strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 : 29-34, 1999.
PubMed
5) Dong Y, et al : Effect of fluoroquinolone concentration on selection of resistant mutants of Mycobacterium vobis BCG and Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 : 1756-1758, 1999.
 
P.319 掲載の参考文献
1) ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee : Definition for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 101 : 1644-1655/Crit Care Med 20 : 864-874, 1992.
 
2) Levy MM, et al : 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS lnternational Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 31 : 1250-1256, 2003.
 
3) Martin GS, et al : The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 348 : 1546-1554, 2003.
PubMed
4) Bone RC : Sir Isaac Newton, sepsis, SIRS, and CARS. Crit Care Med 24 : 1125-1128, 1996.
 
5) Cupps TR, Fauci AS : Corticosteroid-mediated immunoregulation in man. Immunol Rev 65 : 133-155, 1982.
PubMed
6) Frey BM, et al : Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three different prednisolone prodrugs : effect on circulating lymphocyte subsets and function. J Immunol 133 : 2479-2487, 1984.
PubMed
7) Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP : Glucocorticoids and invasive fungal infections. Lancet 362 : 1828-1838, 2003.
PubMed
8) Cronin L, et al : Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis : acritical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med 23 : 1430-1439, 1995.
 
9) Annane D, et al : Effects of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288 : 862-871, 2002.
PubMed
10) Dellinger RP, et al : Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 32 : 858-872, 2004.
PubMed
11) Deitch EA : Multiple organ failure. Pathophysiology and potential fUture therapy. Ann Surg 216 : 117-134, 1992.
PubMed
12) Sasaki J, et al : Prior burn insult induces lethal acute lung injury in endotoxemic mice : effects of cytokine inhibition. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 284 : L270-L278, 2003.
PubMed
13) Ranieri VM, et al : Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome : a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 282 : 54-61, 1999.
PubMed
14) Cooper MS, et al : Current concepts : Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 348 : 727-734, 2003.
 
15) Annane D, et al : Effects of low doses of corticosteroids in septic shock patients with or without early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 34 : 22-30, 2006.
 
16) Stuck AE, et al : Risk of infectious complications in patients taking glucocorticosteroids. Rev Infect Dis 11 : 954-963, 1989.
PubMed
17) 大島久二 : ステロイド系薬. 綜合臨牀 51 : 2225-2228, 2002.
Medical*Online
18) 深山牧子 : 高齢者における抗真菌薬の投与とその問題点. Jpn J Med Mycol 40 : 129-133, 1999.
 
19) 牛山理, 長澤浩平 : ステロイドと感染症. 臨牀と研究 78 : 1441-1444, 2001.
Medical*Online
P.324 掲載の参考文献
1) Nagata S, et al : The chromosomal gene structure and two mRNAs for human granulocyte colony stimulating factor. EMBO J 5 : 575-581, 1986.
PubMed
2) Clark OAC, et al : Colony-stimulating factors for chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia : a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 23 : 4198-4214, 2005.
PubMed
3) Lyman GH, et al : Prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients receiving dose-intensive cancer chemotherapy : a meta analysis. Am J Med 112 : 406-411, 2002.
PubMed
4) 日本癌治療学会臨床試験委員会 : G-CSF適正使用ガイドライン. Int J Clin Oncol 6 (Suppl) : 1-24, 2001.
 
5) Hartmann LC, et al : Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in severe chemotherapy-induced afebrile neutropenia. N Engl J Med 336 : 1776-1780, 1997.
PubMed
6) Ozer H, et al : 2000 update of recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors : evidence-based, clinical practice guidehnes. American Society of Clinical Oncology Growth Factor Expert Panel. J Clin Oncol 18 : 3558-3585, 2000.
 
7) Maher DW, et al : Filgrastim in patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 121 : 492-501, 1994.
PubMed
8) Garcia-Carbonero R, et al : Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of high-risk febrile neutropenia : a multicenter randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 93 : 31-38, 2001.
 
9) Masaoka T : Evidence-based recommendations for antimicrobial use in febrile neutropenia in Japan : executive summary. Clin Infect Dis 39 : S49-52, 2004.
PubMed
10) 小林正伸ほか : G-CSF製剤のヒト好中球における生存率およびケモタキシス反応に及ぼす効果の検討. Hematology Frontier 15 : 98-103, 2005.
 
11) 石黒洋ほか : 科学的根拠に基づいた好中球減少と発熱の対処法. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 30 : 1365-1371, 2003.
 
12) Ono Y, et al : Opsonic activity assessment of human intravenous immunoglobulin preparations against drug-resistant bacteria. J Infect Chemother 10 : 234-238, 2004.
PubMed
13) Spregelberg HL, et al : The in vivo formation and fate of antigen-antibody complexes formed by fragments and polypeptide chains of rabbit gamma-G-antibodies. J Exp Med 123 : 999-1012, 1966.
 
14) 岡田隆滋ほか : 毒素産生MRSAによる新生児スーパー抗原性発疹症-新生児の血中毒素抗体価からみた免疫グロブリン製剤による治療と予防-. Medical Postgraduates 40 : 359-366, 2002.
 
15) 松村一彦 : 免疫グロブリンのしくみ. OHP News 25 : 1-8, 1983.
 
16) 重野芳輝 : ガンマグロブリン製剤の効果が期待される感染症. 感染症と抗生物質の使い方 (島田馨編), p58-64, 文光堂, 1999.
 
17) Gardulf A, et al : Subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement in patients With primary antibody deficiencies : safety and costs. Lancet 345 : 365-369, 1995.
PubMed
18) Knezevic-Maramica I, et al : Intravenous immune globulins : an update for clinicians. Transfusion 43 : 1460-1480, 2003.
PubMed
19) Cordonnier C, et al : Should immunoglobulin therapy be used in allogenic stem-cell transplantation? Ann Intern Med l38 : 8-18, 2003.
 
20) 白木和夫 : B型肝炎ウイルス母児感染予防の集大成. 内科 84 : 219-224, 1999.
 
21) Garcia-Gallo CL, et al : Is gammaglobulin anti-CMV warranted in lung transplantation? Transplant Proc 37 : 4043-4045, 2005.
PubMed
22) Bonaros NE, et al : Comparison of combined prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin plus ganciclovir versus cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin alone in high-risk heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 77 : 890-897, 2004.
PubMed
23) 正岡徹 : 免疫グロブリン療法-米国における現状と日本における今後の課題-. Pharma Medica 23 : 75-78, 2005.
 
24) 正岡徹 : 重症感染症に対する抗菌薬との併用療法における静注用ヒト免疫グロブリンの効果. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 48 : 199-217, 2000.
 
25) Darenberg J, et al : Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome : aEuropean randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 37 : 333-340, 2003.
 
26) Pildal J, et al : Polyclonal immunoglobulin for treatment of bacterial sepsis : a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 38-46, 2004.
PubMed
P.329 掲載の参考文献
1) Mandell LA, et al : Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis 37 : 1405-1433, 2003.
PubMed
2) Niederman MS, et al ; American Thoracic Society : Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 : 1730-1754, 2001.
PubMed
3) 日本呼吸器学会呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会 (編) : 成人市中肺炎診療ガイドライン, 日本呼吸器学会, 2005.
 
4) Ramirez JA : Switch therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 22 : 219-223, 1995.
PubMed
5) 内山伸ほか : 本邦における市中肺炎入院例でのSwitch Therapyの有効性. 日本呼吸器学会雑誌 41 : 261-267, 2003.
Medical*Online
6) Fine MJ, et al : A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients With community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 336 : 243-250, 1997.
PubMed
7) Nathan RV, et al : In-hospital observation after antibiotic switch in pneumonia : a national evaluation. Am J Med 119 : 512, 2006.
 
8) Davis SL, et al : Pharmacoeconomic considerations associated with the use of intravenous-to-oral moxifloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 41 (Suppl 2) : S136-143, 2005.
 
P.335 掲載の参考文献
1) McGowan Jr JE : Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organisms and its relation to antibiotic use. Rev Infect Dis 5 : 1033-1048, 1983.
 
2) Gerding DN, Larson TA : Aminoglycoside resistance in Gram-nagative bacilli during increased amikacin use. Am J Med 79 (1A) : 1-7, 1985.
 
3) Gerding DN, et al : Aminoglycoside resistance and aminoglycoside usage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 : 1284-1290, 1991.
PubMed
4) Ballow CH, Schentag JJ : Trends in antibiotic utilization and bacterial resistance : report of the National Nosocomial Resistance Surveillance Group. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 15 (S2) : 37S-42S, 1992.
 
5) CDC : Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin-United States, 1989-1993. MMWR 42 : 597-599, 1993.
PubMed
6) Fridkin SK, et al : Project Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology (ICARE) Hospitals. Surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in United States Hospitals : Project ICARE Phase 2. Clin Infect Dis 29 : 245-252, 1999.
PubMed
7) Shlaes DM, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America joint committee on the prevention of antimicrobial resistance : guidelines for the antimicrobial resistance in hospital. Clin Infect Dis 25 : 584-599, 1997.
 
8) Fridkin SK : Cycling antimicrobials in patients at risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia : A way to reduce resistance? (Concurrent session), CDC 4th Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-associated Infections, Atlanta, 2000.
 
9) Raymond DP, et al : Impact of a rotating empiric antibiotic schedule on infectious mortality in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 29 : 1101-1108, 2001.
 
10) Arikan Y, et al : Antibiotic cycling in a tertiary care intensive care unit : An observational study. abstracts no. 90, 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, 2000.
 
11) 草地信也, 炭山嘉伸 : 術後感染症におけるるサイクリング療法の可能性. 感染と抗菌薬 7 : 212-215, 2004.
 
12) 池ヶ谷諭史ほか : 血液疾患におけるFebrile neutropeniaに対する抗菌剤のサイクリング療法. 感染症誌 78 : 241-247, 2004.
 
13) 松本慶蔵 : 序言 : 耐性菌対策としてのサイクリング療法の基本的考え方. サイクリング療法の基礎と臨床 (賀来満夫編), p10-14, 医薬ジャーナル社, 2004.
 
14) 國島広之ほか : 欧米におけるサイクリング療法の現状. サイクリング療法の基礎と臨床 (賀来満夫編), p15-28, 医薬ジャーナル社, 2004.
 
15) 賀来満夫 : 臨床からみた抗菌薬サイクリング療法 : 肯定論を中心に. Prog Med 24 : 392-396, 2004.
Medical*Online
P.341 掲載の参考文献
1) Marshall WF, Blair JE : The cephalosporins. Mayo Clin Proc 74 : 187-195, 1999.
PubMed
2) Asbel LE, Levinson ME : Cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Infect Dis Clin North Am 14 : 435-447, 2000.
 
3) Singh GS : Beta-1lthe new millennium. Part-1 : monobactams and carbapenems. Mini Rev Med Chem 4 : 69-92, 2004.
PubMed
4) Singh GS : Beta-lactams in the new millennium. Part-II : cephems, oxacephems, penams and sulbactam. Mini Rev Med Chem 4 : 93-109, 2004.
PubMed
5) Martin SI, Kaye KM : Beta-lactam antibiotics : newer formulations and newer agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am l8 : 603-619, 2004.
 
6) Sadaba B, et al : Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect 10 : 990-998, 2004.
PubMed
7) Ishii Y, et al : Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics using Etest against clinical isolates from 60 medical centres in Japan. Int J Antimicrob Agents 25 : 296-301, 2005.
PubMed
8) Garau J : Role of beta-lactam agents in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24 : 83-99, 2005.
PubMed
P.347 掲載の参考文献
1) Hansen LH, et al : The macrolide-ketolide antibiotic binding site is formed by structures in domains II and V of 23S ribosomal RNA. Mol Microbiol 31 : 623-631, 1999.
PubMed
2) Felmingham D, et al : Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT surveillance study, and comparative in vitro activity of the ketolide, telithromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 50 (Suppl S1) : 25-37, 2002.
 
P.358 掲載の参考文献
1) Chang S, et al : Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N Engl J Med 348 (14) : 1342-1347, 2003.
 
2) Lin AH, et al : The oxazolidinone eperezolid binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and competes with binding of chloramphenicol and lincomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 : 2127-2131, 1997.
 
3) Murray RW, et al : Ribosomes from an oxazolidinone-resistant mutant confer resistance to eperezolid in a Staphylococcus aureus cell-free transcription-translation assay. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 : 947-950, 1998.
 
4) Jones RN, et al : Oxazolidinone susceptibmaty patterns in 2004 : report from the Zyvox Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum (ZAAPS) Program assessing isolates from 16 nations. J Antimicrob Chemother 57 (2) : 279-287, 2006.
 
5) Ford CW, et al : In vivo activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, against experimental bacterial infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 : 1508-1513, 1996.
PubMed
6) Dailey CF, et al : Efiicacy of linezolid in treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 2304-2308, 2001.
 
7) Patel R, et al : Linezolid therapy of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 621-623, 2001.
PubMed
8) Yanagihara K, et al : Efficacy of linezolid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-insensitive S. aureus in a model of hematogenous pulmonary infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 (10) : 3288-3291, 2002.
 
9) Wunderink RG, et al : Linezolid vs vancomycin : analysis of two double-blind studies of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 124 (5) : 1789-1797, 2003.
PubMed
10) Kollef MH, et al : Clinical cure and survival in Gram-positive ventilator-associated pneumonia : retrospective analysis of two double-blind studies comparing linezolid With vancomycin. Intensive Care Med 30 (3) : 388-394, 2004.
PubMed
11) Chien JW, et al : Use of linezolid, an oxazolidinone, in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Grampositive bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 30 : 146-151, 2000.
PubMed
12) 柳原克紀ほか : オキサゾリジノン系抗菌薬リネゾリドが有効であったEnterococcus faecium胆管炎の一例. 化学療法の領域 18 : 110-115, 2002.
 
13) Bishop E, et al : Good clinical outcomes but high rates of adverse reactions during linezolid therapy for serious infections : a proposed protocol for monitoring therapy in complex patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 (4) : 1599-1602, 2006.
PubMed
14) Gonzales RD, et al : Infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to linezolid. Lancet 357 : 1179, 2001.
PubMed
15) Tsiodras S, et al : Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 358 : 207-208, 2001.
 
P.366 掲載の参考文献
1) 辻明良 : 腸球菌の薬剤感受性. 臨床と微生物 23 (3) : 289-293, 1996.
Medical*Online
2) 日本医薬品集フォーラム (編) : 日本医薬品集 医療薬2006年版, じほう, 2005.
 
3) Allington DR, et al : Quinupristin/daifopristin : a therapeutic review. Clin Ther 23 (1) : 24-44, 2001.
PubMed
4) 斉藤健 : 注射用キヌプリスチン・ダルポプリスチン. 医薬ジャーナル 39 (増刊号) : 343-349, 2003.
 
5) 大野章, 山口恵三 : シナシッド. 臨床と微生物 30 (増刊号) : 535-539, 2003.
 
6) 炭山嘉伸, 田中英則 : 抗VRE抗菌薬 : ストレプトグラミン系抗菌薬, キヌプリスチン/ダルフォプリスチン. 医学のあゆみ 209 (9) : 685-687, 2004.
Medical*Online
7) 高田清武 : ストレプトグラミン系抗菌薬. 抗菌薬 臨床ハンドブック (渡辺 彰編), p97-102, ヴァンメディカル, 2006.
 
8) 日本製薬団体連合会再評価委員会 : 抗菌薬の再評価結果及び効能・効果読替えに関するご案内, 日本製薬団体連合会, 2004.
 
9) 藤村享滋ほか : 各種抗菌薬に対する2002年臨床分離好気性グラム陽性球菌および嫌気性菌の感受性サーベイランス. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 54 (4) : 330-354, 2006.
 
10) 資料 : 注射用シナシッド製品情報概要, アステラス製薬, 2005年4月.
 
11) 石川周 : グルコペプチド系抗菌薬. 抗菌薬 臨床ハンドブック (渡辺彰編), p83-91, ヴァンメディカル, 2006.
 
12) 島田馨 : 塩酸バンコマイシン点滴静注用の市販後調査の結果をふまえた最近の知見. Jpn J Antibiot 56 (4) : 259-271, 2003.
 
13) CDC : Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin-United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 : 565-567, 2002.
PubMed
14) CDC : Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Pennsylvania, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 : 902, 2002.
PubMed
15) CDC : Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-New York, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 : 322-323, 2004.
PubMed
P.373 掲載の参考文献
1) WHO : Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World, Report No. 3, 2004.
 
2) Goodhi NR, et al : Extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet 368 : 1575-1580, 2006.
 
3) CDC : Emergence of Mycobacteritcm tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs-worldwide, 2000-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 : 301-305, 2006.
PubMed
4) 土井教生 : 総説-新しい抗結核薬開発の現状. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 50 : 765-776, 2002.
 
5) Stover CK, et al : A small-molecule nitroimidazopyran drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis. Nature 405 : 962-966, 2000.
PubMed
6) Tyagi S, et al : Bactericidal activity of the nitroimidazopyran PA-824 in a murine model of tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 2289-2293, 2005.
 
7) Lounis N, et al : Effectiveness of once-weekly rifapentine and moxifloxacin regimens against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 3482-3486, 2001.
PubMed
8) Pletz MW, et al : Early bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis : a prospective, randomized study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 : 780-782, 2004.
PubMed
9) Cynamon MH, Sklaney M : GatMoxacin and ethionamide as the foundation for therapy of tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 : 2442-2444, 2003.
PubMed
10) Andries K, et al : Adiarylquinoline drug active on the ATP synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 307 : 223-227, 2005.
PubMed
11) Lounis N, et al : Combinations of R207910 with drugs used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis have the potential to shorten treatment duration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 : 3543-3547, 2006.
PubMed
12) Matsumoto M, et al : OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivatives with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice. PLoS Med 3 (11) : e466, 2006.
 
13) Falzari K, et al : In vitro and in vivo activities of macrolide derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 1447-1454, 2005.
PubMed
14) Doi N, Disratthakit A : In vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of a new generation of respiratory quinolone, DC-159a. 46th ICAAC, Poster No. F-0491, 2006.
 
15) Doi N, et al : In vivo efficacy of DC-159a, a new generation of respiratory quinolone against experimental murine tuberculosis due to multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 46th ICAAC, Poster No. F-0492, 2006.
 
P.378 掲載の参考文献
1) 久米光ほか : 白血病 (MDSを含む) 剖検例における内臓真菌症の疫学-日本病理剖検輯報 (1990, 1994, 1998, 2002年版) の解析-. 真菌誌 47 : 15-24, 2006.
 
2) Herbrecht R, et al : Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 347 : 408-415, 2002.
PubMed
3) Chandrasekar PH, Sobel JD : Micafungin : a new echinocandin. Clin Infect Dis 42 : 1171-1178, 2006.
PubMed
4) Walsh TJ, et al : Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 340 : 764-771, 1999.
PubMed
5) National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards : Methods for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testiory Standards, Wayne, Pa, 2004.
 
6) Pfaller MA, et al : Interpretive breakpoints for fiuconazole and Candida revisited : a blueprint for the future of antifungal susceptibility testing. Clin Microb Rev 19 : 435-447, 2006.
 
7) Pfaller MA, et al : Correlation of MIC With outcome for Candida species tested against voriconazole : analysis and proposal for interpretive breakpoints. J Clin Microbiol 44 : 819-826, 2006.
PubMed
8) Dodds ES, et al : Antifungal pharmacodynamics : review of the literature and clinical applications. Pharmacotherapy 20 : 1335-1355, 2000.
PubMed
9) Andes D : In vivo pharmacodynamics of antifungal drugs in treatment of candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 : 1179-1186, 2003.
PubMed
10) 深在性真菌症のガイドライン作成委員会 (編) : 深在性真菌症の診断・治療ガイドライン第1版, 医歯薬出版, 2003.
 
11) Walsh TJ, et al : Voriconazole compared with hposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. N Engl J Med 346 : 225-234, 2002.
PubMed
12) Vazquez JA : Combination ant血ngal therapy against Candida species : the new frontier-are we there yet? Med Mycol 41 : 355-368, 2003.
 
13) Johnson MD, et al : Combination antifungal therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 : 693-715, 2004.
PubMed
14) Mukheriee PK, et al : Combination treatment of invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 18 : 163-194, 2005.
 
15) Rex JH, et al : A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis 36 : 1221-1228, 2003.
PubMed
P.383 掲載の参考文献
1) 名和行文 : 熱帯病・寄生虫症に対する希少疾病治療薬の輸入・保管・治療体制の開発研究 厚生労働科学研究費補助金創薬等ヒューマンサイエンス総合研究事業「熱帯病・寄生虫症に対する希少疾病治療薬の輸入・保管・治療体制の開発研究」平成17年度研究報告書, p1, 2006.
 
2) Li GQ, et al : Clinical trials of artemisinin and its delivatives in the treatment of malaria in China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 (Suppl 1) : 5-6, 1994.
 
3) 綿矢有佑 : 薬剤の標的となる分子の探索と新規化学療法剤の開発 平成8年度-平成11年度科学研究費補助金特定領域研究 (A) 「マラリア制圧の分子論的展開」報告書, p153-160, 2002.
 
4) Socheat D, et al : Mekong malaria. II. Update of malaria, multi-drug resistance and economic development in the Mekong region of Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34 (Suppl 4) : 1-102, 2003.
 
5) Kim HS, et al : Antimalarial activity of novel 1, 2, 5, 6-tetraoxacycloalkanes and 1, 2, 5-trioxacycloalkanes. J Med Chem 8 : 1957-1961, 2003.
 
6) Hayton K, Su XZ : Genetic and biochemical aspects of drug resistance in malaria parasites. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 4 : 1-10, 2004.
PubMed
7) Mita T, et al : Recovery of chloroquine sensitivity and low prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene mutation K76T following the discontinuance of chloroquine use in Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 : 413-415, 2003.
PubMed
8) Pukrittayakamee S, et al : Therapeutic responses to antimalarial and antibacterial drugs in vivax malaria. Acta Trop 89 : 351-356, 2004.
PubMed
9) Ohnishi K, et al : Present characteristics of symptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infection in the big cities of Japan. Epidemiol Infect 132 : 57-60, 2004.
PubMed
10) 厚生科学研究費補助金創薬等ヒューマンサイエンス総合研究事業「熱帯病に対するオーファンドラッグ開発研究」班 : 寄生虫症薬物治療の手引き2003, p6-8, 2003.
 
11) Pecoul B : New drugs for neglected diseases : from pipeline to patients. PLoS Med 1 (1) : e6, 2004.
PubMed
12) Yabu Y, et al : The ethcacy of ascofUranone in a consecutive treatment on TryPanosoma brucei bracei in mice. Parasitol Int 52 : 155-164, 2003.
 
13) Suzuki T, et al : Direct evidence for cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidase (alternative oxidase) in apicomplexan parasite CryPtosPoridium Parvum : phylogenetic and therapeutic implications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 313 : 1044-1052, 2004.
PubMed
14) 大橋 (鈴木) 光子ほか : 化学療法の標的としてのTrypanosoma cruzi原虫呼吸システム解析. 第74回日本寄生虫学会大会抄録集, p89, 2005.
 
P.389 掲載の参考文献
1) Havlir DV, et al : In vivo antagonism with zidovudine plus stavudine combination therapy. J Infect Dis 182 : 321-325, 2000.
PubMed
2) Honkoop P, et al : Acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B Virus infection after withdrawal of lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 32 : 635-639, 2000.
PubMed
3) Mallal S, et al : Association between presence of HLA-B*5701, HIA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor abacavir. Lancet 359 (9308) : 727-732, 2002.
 
4) Knobel H, et al : Efficacy of a short-term prednisone regimen in nevirapine associated rash prevention : a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Results of the GESIDA O9/99 Study. Abstract L-15, 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, September 17-20, 2000.
 
5) Kikuchi Y, et al : Serious bradyarrhythmia that was possibly induced by lopinavir-ritonavir in 2 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 35 (4) : 488-490, 2002.
PubMed
6) Johnson VA, et al : Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 : Fall 2005. Top HIV Med 13 (4) : 125-131, 2005.
PubMed
7) Awni W, et al : Signhicantly reduced food effect and pharmacokinetic variability With a novel lopinavir/ritonavir tablet formulation. IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27 ; 3rd : Abstract No. WeOa0206.
 
P.394 掲載の参考文献
1) Gish RG, et al : End-of-treatment response in therapy-naive patients treated for chronic hepatitis C with viramidine in combination with pegylated interferon alpha-2a. Hepatology 40 (4-Suppl 1) : 388A, 2004.
 
2) Reesink HW, et al : Initial results of a phase 1b, multiple-dose study of VX-950, a hepatitis C protease inhibitor. Digestive Disease Week 2005, 14-19 May 2005, Chicago, IL, USA. Abstract 527.
 
3) Zeuzem S, et al : Anti-viral activity of SCH503034, a HCV protease inhibitor, administered as monotherapy in hepatitis C genotype-1 patients refractory to pegylated interferon. Hepatology 44 (4-Suppl 1), 2006.
 
4) Dienstag JL, et al : A preliminary trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B infection. N Engl J Med 333 : 1657-1661, 1995.
PubMed
5) Ling R, et al : Selection of mutations in the hepatitis B Virus polymerase during therapy of transplant recipients with lamivudine. Hepatology 24 : 711-713, 1996.
PubMed
6) Tipples GA, et al : Mutation in HBV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase confers resistance to lamivudine in vivo. Hepatology 24 : 714-717, 1996.
PubMed
7) Yuen MF, et al : Clinical outcome and virologic profiles of severe hepatitis B exacerbation due to YMDD mutations. J Hepatol 39 : 850-855, 2003.
PubMed
8) Akuta N, et al : Virological and biochemical relapse according to YMDD motif mutant type during long-term lamivudine monotherapy. J Med Virol 71 : 504-510, 2003.
PubMed
9) Chen CH, et al : Comparison of clinical outcome between patients continuing and discontinuing lamivudine therapy after biochemical breakthrough of YMDD mutants. J Hepatol 41 : 454-461, 2004.
PubMed
10) Jang JW, et al : Stopping lamivudine therapy after biochemical breakthrough may be a feasible option in selected HBeAg-positive patients. J Med Virol77 : 367-373, 2005.
 
11) Liaw YF, et al : No benefit to continue lamivudine therapy after emergence of YMDD mutations. Antivir Ther 9 : 257-262, 2004.
PubMed
12) Lok AS, et al : Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 125 : 1714-1722, 2003.
PubMed
13) Akuta N, et al : Favorable efficacy of long-term lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 75 : 491-498, 2005.
PubMed
14) Liaw YF, et al : Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 351 : 1521-1531, 2004.
PubMed
15) Bae SH, et al : Timing of lamivudine administration according to Child class in paients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 : 1527-1532, 2005.
 
16) Manolakopoulos S, et al : Clinical course of lamivudine monotherapy in patients with decompensated cirrhosis due to HBeAg negative chronic HBV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 99 : 57-63, 2004.
PubMed
17) Gilson RL et al : A placebo-controlled phase I/II study of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 6 : 387-395, 1999.
 
18) Westland C, et al : Hepatitis B virus genotypes and virologic response in 694 patients in phase III studies of adefbvir dipivoxil. Gastroenterology 125 : 107-116, 2003.
PubMed
19) Walsh KM, et al : Successful treatment with adefoVir dipivoxil in a patient with fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis and Iamivudine resistant hepatitis B virus. Gut 49 : 436-440, 2001.
 
20) Perrillo R, et al : Adefovir dipivoxil added to ongoing lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B with YMDD mutant hepatitis B virus. Gastroenterology 126 : 81-90, 2004.
PubMed
21) Angus P, et al : Resistance to adefovir dipivoxil therapy associated with the selection of a novel mutation in the HBV polymerase. Gastroenterology 125 : 292-297, 2003.
PubMed
22) Fung SK, et al : Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 44 : 283-290, 2006.
PubMed
23) De Man RA, et al : Safety and efficacy of oral entecavir given for 28 days in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 34 : 578-582, 2001.
PubMed
24) Chang TT, et al : A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 354 : 1001-1010, 2006.
 
25) Lai CL, et al : Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 354 : 1011-1020, 2006.
PubMed
26) Sherman M, et al : Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 130 : 2039-2049, 2006.
PubMed
27) Tenney DJ, et al : Clinical emergence of entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus requires additional substitutions in virus already resistant to lamivudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 : 3498-3507, 2004.
PubMed
28) Ristig MB, et al : Tenofovir disoproXi1 fUmarate therapy for chronic hepatitis B in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus-coinfected individuals for whom interferon-α and lamivudine therapy have failed. J Infect Dis l86 : 1844-1847, 2002.
 
29) Schildgen O, et al : Variant of hepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir. N Engl J Med 354 : 1807-1812, 2006.
PubMed
30) Lada O, et al : hvitro susceptibility of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus to adefovir and tenofbvir. Antivir Ther 9 : 353-363, 2004.
PubMed
31) Brunelle MN, et al : Susceptibility to antivirals of a human HBV strain with mutations conferring resistance to both lamivudine and adefovir. Hepatology 41 : 1391-1398, 2005.
PubMed
P.400 掲載の参考文献
1) Elion GB, et al : Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9- (2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74 : 5716-5720, 1977.
 
2) De Clercq E : Antiviral drugs in current clinical use. J Clin Virol 30 : 115-133, 2004.
PubMed
3) Marwick C : First "antisense" drug will treat CMV retinitis. JAMA 280 : 871, 1998.
PubMed
4) Littler E, et al : Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phosphorylates the antiviral nucleoside analogue ganciclovir. Nature 358 : 160-162, 1992.
PubMed
5) Scholz M, et al : Inhibition of cytomegalovirus immediate early gene expression : a therapeutic option? Antiviral Res 49 : 129-145, 2001.
PubMed
6) Sienaert R, et al : Specific recognition of the bicyclic pyrimidine nucleoside analogs, a new class of highly potent and selective inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), by the VZV-encoded thymidine kinase. Mol Pharmacol 61 : 249-254, 2002.
PubMed
7) Wathen WF : Non-nucleoside inhibitors of herpesviruses. Rev Med Virol 12 : 167-178, 2002.
 
8) Kleymann G : Helicase primase : targeting the Achilles heel of herpes simplex viruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 15 : 135-140, 2004.
PubMed
9) Crute JJ, et al : Herpes simplex virus helicase-primase inhibitors are active in animal models of human disease. Nat Med 8 : 386-391, 2002.
PubMed
10) Emery VC, Hassan-Walker AF : Focus on new drugs in development against human cytomegalovirus. Drugs 62 : 1853-1858, 2002.
PubMed
11) van Zeijil M, et al : Novel class of thiourea compounds that inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA cleavage and encapsidation : resistance maps to the UL6 gene. J Virol74 : 9054-9061, 2000.
 
12) Vasalli RJ, et al : Identification of small molecule compounds that selectively inhibit varicella-zoster virus replication. J Virol 77 : 2349-2358, 2003.
 
13) Biron KK, et al : Potent and selective inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by 1263W94, a benzimidazole L-riboside with a unique mode of action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 : 2365-2372, 2002.
PubMed
14) Prichard MN, et al : Human cytomegalovirus UL97 Kinase is required for the normal intranuclear distribution of pp65 and virion morphogenesis. J Virol 79 : 15494-15502, 2005.
PubMed
P.406 掲載の参考文献
1) Harper SA, et al : Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 54 : 1-40, 2005.
PubMed
2) Shiraishi K, et al : High frequency of resistant Viruses harboring different mutations in amantadine-treated children with influenza. J Infect Dis 188 : 57-61, 2003.
PubMed
3) CDC : High levels of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses and interim guidelines for use of antiviral agents-United States, 2005-06 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 : 44-46, 2006.
PubMed
4) Goverkava EA, et al : Comparison of efficacies of RWJ-270201, zanamivir, and oseltamivir against H5N1, H9N2, and other avian influenza viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 2723-2732, 2001.
 
5) Cooper NJ, et al : Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in treatment and prevention of influenza A and B : systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 326 : 1235-1239, 2003.
 
6) Aoki FY, et al : IMPACT Study Group : Early administration of oral oseltamivir increases the benefits of influenza treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 51 : 123-129, 2003.
 
7) 新庄正宜ほか : 小児病棟における, インフルエンザ接触者へのオセルタミビル予防内服効果. 感染症誌 78 : 262-269, 2004.
 
8) 三田村敬子, 菅谷憲夫 : インフルエンザの診断と治療-臨床症例のウイルス排泄からの考察-. ウイルス 56 : 109-116, 2006.
 
9) Kawai N, et al : A comparison of the effectiveness of oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza A and influenza B : a Japanese multicenter study of the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 influenza seasons. Clin Infect Dis 43 : 439-444, 2006.
 
10) Sugaya N, et al : Lower clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza B contrasted with influenza A infection in children. Clin Infect Dis 44 : 197-202, 2007.
PubMed
11) Kiso M, et al : Resistant influenza A viruses in children treated with oseltamivir : descriptive study. Lancet 364 : 759-765, 2004.
PubMed
12) WHO : Use of influenza antivirals during 2003-2004 and monitoring of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 17 : 156, 2005.
 
13) WHO rapid advice guidelines on pharmacological management of humans infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO_PSM_PAR_2006.6.pdf
 
14) de Jong MD, et al : Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med 353 (25) : 2667-2672, 2005.
PubMed
P.414 掲載の参考文献
1) 西野邦彦 : 薬剤排出蛋白質遺伝子資源の解析に関する研究. 日細菌誌 58 : 581-594, 2003.
Medical*Online
2) Nishino K, et al : Virulence and drug resistance roles of multidrug efflux systems of Satmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 59 : 126-141, 2006.
PubMed
3) Nishino K, Yamaguchi A : Analysis of a complete library of putative drug transporter genes in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 183 : 5803-5812, 2001.
PubMed
4) Nishino K : Bacterial multidrug exporters : Insights into acquisition of multidrug resistance. Science online publication : http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/prizes/ge/2004/nishino.dtl,2005.
 
5) Nishino K, et al : Roles of TolC-dependent multidrug transporters of Escherichia coli in resistance to β-lactams. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 : 3030-3033, 2003.
 
6) Kobayashi N, et al : Novel macrolide-specific ABC-type ethux transporter in Eschen'chia coli. J Bacteriol 183 : 5639-5644, 2001.
 
7) Nishino K, et al : Identification of the lipopolysaccharide modifications controlled by the Salmonella PmrA/PmrB system mediating resistance to Fe (III) and A1 (III). Mol Microbiol 61 : 645-654, 2006.
 
8) Zwir I, et al : Dissecting the PhoP regulatory network of Escherich ia coli and Salmonella enterica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 : 2862-2867, 2005.
 
9) Nishino K, Yamaguchi A : Overexpression of the response regulator evgr4 of the two-component signal transduction system modulates multidrug resistance conferred by multidrug resistance transporters. J Bacteriol 183 : 1455-1458, 2001.
PubMed
10) Nishino K, Yamaguchi A : EvgA of the two-component signal transduction system modulates production of the YhiUV multidrug transporter in Eschen'chia coli. J Bacteriol 184 : 2319-2323, 2002.
 
11) Nishino K, et al : Global analysis of genes regulated by EvgA of the two-component regulatory system in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 185 : 2667-2672, 2003.
PubMed
12) Nagakubo S, et al : The putative response regulator BaeR stimulates multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli via a novel multidrug exporter system, MdtABC. J Bacteriol 184 : 4161-4167, 2002.
 
13) Nishino K, et al : Genome-wide analyses of Escherichia coli gene expression responsive to the BaeSR two-component regulatory system. J Bacteriol 187 : 1763-1772, 2005.
 
14) Nishino K, Yamaguchi A : Role of histone-like protein H-NS in multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 186 : 1423-1429, 2004.
PubMed
15) Piddock IJ : Multidrug-resistance efflux pumps-not just for resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 4 : 629-636, 2006.
 
P.421 掲載の参考文献
1) Hiramatsu K, et al : The emergence and evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 9 : 486-493, 2001.
PubMed
2) Wu S, et al : Tracking and evolutionaly origin of the methicillin resistance gene : cloning and sequencing of a homologue of mecA from a methicillin susceptible strain of Staphylococcus sciuri. Microb Drug Resist 2 : 435-441, 1996.
 
3) Shore A, et al : Seven novel variants of the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Ireland. Antirnicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 2070-2083, 2005.
PubMed
4) Yamaguchi T, et al : Clonal association of Staphylococcus aureus causing bullous impetigo and the emergence of new methicillin-resistant clonal group in Kansai district in Japan. J Infect Dis 185 : 1511-1516, 2002.
PubMed
5) Okuma K, et al : Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community. J Clin Microbiol 40 : 4289-4294, 2002.
PubMed
6) Eady EA, Cove JH : Staphylococcal resistance revisited : community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus-an emerging problem for the management of skin and soft tissue infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 16 : 103-124, 2003.
PubMed
7) Enright MC, et al : The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-aureus (MRSA). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 : 7687-7692, 2002.
PubMed
8) Chongtrakool P, et al : Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in 11 Asian countries : a proposal for a new nomenclature for SCCmec elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 : 1001-1012, 2006.
PubMed
P.426 掲載の参考文献
1) 菊池賢 : II. 病原菌はどのように耐性を獲得したか? どのくらい蔓延しているか? 6. バンコマイシン耐性 1) VRE. 耐性菌感染症の理論と実際 改訂2版 (平松啓一編), p 64-68, 医薬ジャーナル社, 2002.
 
2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin-United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 : 565-567, 2002.
PubMed
3) Noble WC, et al : Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistant genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 72 : 195-198, 1992.
PubMed
4) Couvalin P : Vancomycin resistance in gram-positive cocci. Clin Infect Dis 42 : S25-S34, 2006.
 
5) 菊池賢, 鵜沢豊ほか : VREの検出法. 化学療法の領域 17 : 878-883, 2001.
 
6) 菊池賢 : 今, 何故, バンコマイシン耐性腸球菌 (VRE) に注目せねばならないのか. Ignazzo 1 : 3-5, 2004.
 
7) Domingo MC, et al : High prevalence of glycopeptide resistance genes vanB, vanD, and vanG not associated with enterococci in human fecal flora. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 4784-4786, 2005.
 
8) Chang S, et al : Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N Engl J Med 348 : 1342-1347, 2003.
 
9) Weigel LM, et al : Genetic analysis of a high-level vancomycin-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Science 302 : 1569-1571, 2003.
PubMed
10) Tenover FC, et al : Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient il Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 : 275-280, 2004.
 
11) Tiwari HK, Sen MR : Emergence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) from a tertiary care hospital from a northern part of India. BMC Infect Dis 6 : 1-6, 2006.
 
P.434 掲載の参考文献
1) Hanaki H, et al : Investigation of beta-lactam antibiotic-induced vancomycin-resistant MRSA (BIVR). J Infect Chemother 11 : 104-106, 2005.
PubMed
2) Hanaki H, et al : Method of detecting beta-lactam antibiotic induced vancomycin resistant MRSA (BIVR). Int J Antimicrob Agents 23 : 1-5, 2004.
PubMed
3) Hososaka Y, et al : Epidemiological investigation of beta-lactam antibiotic induced vancomycin-resistant MRSA from clinical isolated MRSA-comparison of detection rate of BIVR with or without CZX. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 78 : 717-721, 2004.
PubMed
4) Yamaguchi Y, et al : Epidemiological investigation of MRSA with antagonistic effects of beta-lactam antibiotic and vancomycin. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 77 : 661-666, 2003.
PubMed
5) Smith PF, Wilkinson BJ : Differendal methicillin susceptibilities of peptidoglycan syntheses in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 148 : 610-617, 1981.
PubMed
6) Wilkinson BJ, Nadakavukaren MJ : Methicillin-resistant septal peptidoglycan synthesis in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23 : 610-613, 1983.
 
7) Hanaki H, et al : A novel method of detecting Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to vancomycin (hetero-VRSA). Jpn J Antibiot 51 : 521-530, 1998.
PubMed
8) Hanaki H, et al : Therapeutic effects of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and cefiizoxime alone and in combination against murine systemic infection in mice caused by "beta-lactam antibiotic induced vancomycin-resistant MRSA". Kansenshogaku Zasshi 78 : 290-292, 2004.
PubMed
9) Hatano K, et al : Combined effect of vancomycin or teicoplanin plus a beta-lactam antibiotic in mouse infection models caused by beta-lactam antibiotec-induced vancomycin resistant MRSA (BIVR). Kansenshogaku Zasshi 80 : 243-250, 2006.
 
10) Haraga I, et al : Emergence of vancomycin resistance during therapy against methicillin-resistant Stapylococcus aureus in a burn patient-importance of low-level resistance to vancomycin. Int J Infect Dis 6 : 302-308, 2002.
 
11) Takayama Y, et al : Investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus showing reduced vancomycin susceptibility isolated from a patient with infective endocarditis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22 : 567-573, 2003.
PubMed
12) Jacobs C : Phamlacia Biotech & Science prize. 1997 grand prize winner. Life in the balance : cell walls and andbiodc resistance. Science 278 : 1731-1732, 1997.
PubMed
13) Hanaki H, et al : Increase in glutamine-non-amidated muropeptides in the peptidoglycan of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) strain Mu50. J Antimicrob Chemother 42 : 315-320, 1998.
PubMed
14) Cui L, et al : Cell wall thickening is a common feature of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus arureus. J Clin Microbiol 41 : 5-14, 2003.
PubMed
15) Cui L, et al : DNA microarray-based identification of genes associated with glycopeptide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 3404-3413, 2005.
PubMed
P.440 掲載の参考文献
1) Moreillon P, et al : Staphylococcus aureus (including staphylococcal toxic shock). In : Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed (ed by Mandell GL, et al), p 2321-2349, Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, 2005.
 
2) 伊藤輝代ほか : 市中感染型MRSAの遺伝子構造と診断 (最新の知見). 感染症誌 78 (6) : 459-469, 2004.
 
3) Moellering RC Jr : The growing menace of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Intern Med 144 (5) : 368-370, 2006.
PubMed
4) Yamaguchi T, et al : Clonal association of Staphylococcus aureus causing bullous impetigo and the emergence of new methicillin-resistant clonal groups in Kansai district in Japan. J Infect Dis 185 (10) : 1511-1516, 2002.
PubMed
5) Naimi TS, et al : Comparison of community-and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurezcs infection. JAMA 290 (22) : 2976-2984, 2003.
PubMed
6) King MD, et al : Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Intern Med 144 (5) : 309-317, 2006.
PubMed
7) Miller LG, et al : Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med 352 (14) : 1445-1453, 2005.
PubMed
8) Seybold U, et al : Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 genotype as a major cause of health care-associated blood stream infections. Clin Infect Dis 42 (5) : 647-656, 2006.
 
P.446 掲載の参考文献
1) National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards : Method for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility test for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard M7-A5, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa, 2000.
 
2) Dowson CG, et al : Penicillin resistant streptococci have obtained altered penicillin binding protein genes from penicillin resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 : 8842-8846, 1990.
 
3) Hotomi M, et al : High prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with mutations in pbpla, pbp2x, and pbp2b genes of penicillin-binding Proteins in the nasopharynx in children in Japan. ORL J Otorhine laryngol Relat Spec 68 : 139-145, 2006.
 
4) 小原康治 : 今日のマクロライド系抗菌薬の耐性化の傾向. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 48 : 171-179, 2000.
 
5) Farrell DJ, et al : Molecular epidemiology of multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae with both erm (B)-and mef (A) -mediated macrolide resistance. J Clin Microb 42 : 764-768, 2004.
 
6) Hotomi M, et al : Increase of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae-expressing mefE or ermB gene in the nasopharynx among children with otitis media. Laryngoscope 115 : 317-320, 2005.
PubMed
7) Tankovic J, et al : Contribution of mutations in gyrA and parC genes to fluoroquinolone resistance of mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained in vivo and in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 : 2505-2510, 1996.
PubMed
8) Nagai K, et al : Evaluation of PCR primers to screen for Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and beta-lactam resistance, and to detect common macrolide resistance determinants. J Antimicrob Chemother 48 : 915-918, 2001.
PubMed
9) Suzuki K, et al : Current status of bacterial resistance in the otolaryngological field : result from the second nationwide survey in Japan. J Infect Chemother 9 : 46-52, 2003.
 
10) Doern GV, et al : Antibiotic resistance among clmical isolates of HaemoPhilus influenzae in the United States in 1994 and 1995 and detection of β-lactamase-positive strains resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate : Results of a national multicenter surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 : 292-297, 1997.
 
11) Ubukata K, et al : Association of amino acid substitUtions in penicillin bindilg protein 3 with β-lactam resistance in β-lactamase negative ampiciUin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 1693-1699, 2001.
 
12) Hotomi M, et al : Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae isolated from the nasopharynx among Japanese children with acute otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol 126 : 130-137, 2006.
PubMed
13) 山中昇, 保富宗城 : 小児中耳炎のマネージメント, 医薬ジャーナル, 2006.
 
14) 日本耳科学会・日本小児耳鼻咽喉科学会・日本耳鼻咽喉科感染症研究会 : 小児急性中耳炎診療ガイドライン. 日本小児耳鼻咽喉科学会誌 27 : 71-107, 2006.
 
P.451 掲載の参考文献
1) Knothe H, et al : Transferable resistance to cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefamandole and cefuroxime in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens. Infection 11 : 315-317, 1983.
PubMed
2) Ambler RP : The structure of β-lactamases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 289 : 321-331, 1980.
 
3) Bush K, et al : A functional classification scheme for β-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 : 1211-1233, 1995.
 
4) Datta N, Kontomichalou P : Penicillinase synthesis controlled by infectious R factors in Enterobacteriaceae. Nature 208 : 239-241, 1965.
PubMed
5) Brun-Buisson C, et al : Transferable enzymatic resistance to third-generation cephalosporins during nosocomial outbreak of multiresistant Klebsietla pneumoniae. Lancet ii : 302-306, 1987.
 
6) Walther-Rasmussen J, Hoiby N : Cefotaximases (CTX-M-ases), an expanding family of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Can J Microbiol 50 : 137-165, 2004.
PubMed
7) Paterson DL, Bonomo RA : Extended-spectrum β-lactamases : a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev 18 : 657-686, 2005.
 
8) Walther-Rasmussen J, Hoiby N : OXA-type carbapenemases. J Antimicrob Chemother 57 : 373-383, 2006.
PubMed
9) Naas T, et al : Characterization of In53, a class l plasmid-and composite transposon-located integron of Escherichia coli which carries an unusual array of gene cassettes. J Bacteriol 183 : 235-249, 2001.
 
10) Poirel L, et al : Molecular and biochemical characterization of VEB-1, a novel class A extendedspectrum β-lactamase encoded by an Escherichia coli integron gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 : 573-581, 1999.
 
11) Poirel L, et al : Association of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance with extended-spectrum β-lactamase VEB-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 3091-3094, 2005.
 
12) Jacoby GA, et al : Broad-spectrum, transmissible β-lactamases. N Engl J Med 319 : 723-724, 1988.
 
13) Matsumoto Y, et al : Novel plasmid-mediated β-lactamase from Escherichia coli that inactivates oxyimino-cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32 : 1243-1246, 1988.
 
14) Ishii Y, et al : Cloning and sequence of the gene encoding a cefotaxime-hydrolyzing class A β-lactamase isolated from Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 : 2269-2275, 1995.
 
15) Kojima A, et al : Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from farm animals from 1999 to 2002 : report from the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 3533-3537, 2005.
 
16) Shiraki Y, et al : Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-2 β-lactamase in cattle, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 10 : 69-75, 2004.
 
17) Ishii Y, et al : Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of β-lactam antibiotics using Etest against clinical isolates from 60 medical centres in Japan. Int J Antimicrob Agents 25 : 296-301, 2005.
 
18) Jacoby GA, Munoz-Price LS : The new β-lactamases. N Engl J Med 352 : 380-391, 2005.
 
P.456 掲載の参考文献
1) Ambler RP : The structure of beta-lactamases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 289 (1036) : 321-331, 1980.
PubMed
2) Hirakata Y, et al : Rapid detection and evaluation of clinical characteristics of emerging multiple-drug-resistant gram-negative rods carrying the metallo-β-lactamase gene blaiMp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 : 2006-2011, 1998.
 
3) Watanabe M, et al : Transferable imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 : 147-151, 1991.
PubMed
4) Osano E, et al : Molecular characterization of an enterobacterial metallo-β-lactamase found in a clinical isolate of Serratia marcescens that shows imipenem resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38 : 71-78, 1994.
 
5) Walsh TR, et al : Metallo-β-lactamases : the quiet before the storm? Clin Microbiol Rev 18 : 306-325, 2005.
 
6) Nishio H, et al : Metallo-β-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli : laboratory-based surveillance in cooperation with 13 clinical laboratories in the Knki region of Japan. J Clin Microbiol 42 : 5256-5263, 2004.
 
7) 石井良和 : メタロβ-ラクタマーゼ産生カルバペネム耐性菌. 感染制御 2 : 144-149, 2006.
 
8) Kurokawa H, et al : Worldwide proliferation of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Lancet 354 (11) : 955, 1999.
 
9) Tascini C, et al : Microbiological activity and clinical efficacy of a colistin and rifampin combination in multidrug-resistant, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. J Chemother 16 : 282-287, 2004.
PubMed
10) Nagano R, et al : In vitro antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of J-111, 225, a novel β-methylcarbapenem, against transferable IMP-1 metallo-β-lactamase producers. J Antimicrob Chemother 45 : 271-276, 2000.
 
P.462 掲載の参考文献
1) 山根一和, 荒川宜親 : アミノ配糖体耐性. 化学療法の領域 21 : 1255-1263, 2005.
 
2) 後藤直正 : 薬剤耐性緑膿菌. 日本臨牀 61 (増刊号3) : 196-201, 2003.
Medical*Online
3) 後藤直正 : 透過障害と能動的排出を含めた抗菌薬耐性機構総論. 化学療法の領域 21 : 1226-1234, 2005.
 
4) Kohler T, et al : Carbapenem activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa : respective contributions of OprD and efflux systems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 : 424-427, 1999.
PubMed
5) Walsh TR, et al : Metallo-beta-lactamases : the quiet before the storm? Clin Microbiol Rev 18 : 306-325, 2005.
PubMed
6) Juan C, et al : Molecular mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance mediated by AmpC hyperproduction in, Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 4733-4738, 2005.
PubMed
7) Akasaka T, et al : Type II topoisomerase mutations in fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in 1998 and 1999 : role of target enzyme in mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 2263-2268, 2001.
PubMed
8) Lee JK, et al : Alterations in the GyrA and GyrB subunits of topoisomerase II and the ParC and ParE subunits of topoisomerase IV in ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Antimicrob Agents 25 : 290-295, 2005.
PubMed
9) 後藤直正 : 細菌のマルチコンポーネント型RND異物排出システム群の機能-抗菌薬耐性機構研究から病原因子産生制御機構研究へのプロローグ. 蛋白質核酸酵素 50 : 6-12, 2005.
 
10) Katayama Y, et al : Jumping the barrier to beta-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 18 : 5465-5472, 2003.
PubMed
11) Oliver A, et al : High frequency of hypermutable, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infection. Science 288 : 1251-1253, 2000.
PubMed
12) Macia MD, et al : Hypermutation is a key factor in development of multiple-antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains causing chronic lung infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 3382-3386, 2005.
PubMed
P.465 掲載の参考文献
1) 結核療法研究協議会 : 入院時薬剤耐性に関する研究. 平成16年度結核療法研究協議会研究報告書, p1-13, 結核療法研究協議会, 2005.
 
2) 鈴木定彦ほか : 薬剤耐性結核菌のDNAマイクロアレイ検出. 化学療法の領域 21 : 334-342, 2005.
 
3) David HL, Newman CM : Some observations on the genetics of isoniazid resistance in the tubercle bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis 104 : 508-515, 1971.
PubMed
4) Iseman MD : Chapter 11, Drug-resistant tuberculosis. In : A Clinisian's Guide to Tuberculosis, p323-353, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2000.
 
5) 厚生労働省 : 平成12年度結核緊急実態調査報告書, p1-189, 厚生労働省, 2001年3月.
 
P.469 掲載の参考文献
1) Carrillo-Munoz AJ, et al : Antifungal agents : Mode of action in yeasts cells. Rev Esp Quimioter 19 : 130-139, 2006.
 
2) White TC, et al : Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 11 : 382-402, 1998.
PubMed
3) 槙村浩一 : 真菌症の診断. 血液・腫瘍科 53 : 244-250, 2006.
 
4) White TC : Increased mRNA levels of ERG16, CDR, and MDR1 correlate with increases in azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 : 1482-1487, 1997.
PubMed
5) Vanden Bossche H, et al : Characterization of an azole-resistant Candida glabrata isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36 : 2602-2610, 1992.
PubMed
6) Sanglard D, et al : Amino acid substitutions in the cytochrome P-450 lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51A1) from azole-resistant Candida albicans clinical isolates contribute to resistance to azole antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 : 241-253, 1998.
PubMed
7) Nolte FS, et al : Isolation and characterization of fluconazole and amphotericin B-resistant Candida albicans from blood of two patients with leukemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 : 196-199, 1997.
 
8) Hitchcock CA, et al : The lipid composition of azole-sensitive and azole-resistant strains of Candida atbicans. J Gen Microbiol 132 : 2421-2431, 1986.
PubMed
9) Fling MF, et al : Analysis of a Candida albicans gene that encodes a novel mechanism for resistance to benomyl and methotrexate. Mol Gen Genet 227 : 318-329, 1995.
 
10) Prasad R, et al : Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel gene of Candida albicans, CDR1, conferring multiple resistance to drugs and antifungals. Curr Genet 27 : 320-329, 1995.
PubMed
11) Sanglard D, et al : Cloning of Candida albicans genes conferring resistance to azole antifungal agents : characterization of CDR2, a new multidrug ABC transporter gene. Microbiology 14 : 405-416, 1997.
 
12) Polak A, et al : Antifungal chemotherapy-are we winning? Prog Drug Res 37 : 181-269, 1991.
PubMed
13) Kerridge D : Polyene macrolide antibiotics. In : Aspergillus and Aspergillosis (ed by Vanden Bossche H, et al), p 147-160, Plenum Press, New York, 1998.
 
14) Medoff G : The mechanism of action of amphotericin. In : Aspergillus and Aspergillosis (ed by Vanden Bossche H, et al), p 161-164, Plenum Press, New York, 1998.
 
15) Pierce AM, et al : Lipid composition and polyene antibiotic resistance of Candida atbicans. Can J Biochem 56 : 135-142, 1978.
PubMed
P.474 掲載の参考文献
1) Pinto LH, Lamb RA : The M2 proton channels of influenza A and B viruses. J Biol Chem 281 : 8997-9000, 2006.
 
2) Saito R, et al : Detection of amantadine-resistant influenza A strains in nursing homes by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorPhism analysis with nasopharyngeal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 40 : 84-88, 2002.
PubMed
3) Astrahan P, et al : A novel method of resistance for influenza against a channel-blocking antiviral drug. Proteins 55 : 251-257, 2004.
PubMed
4) Suzuki H, et al : Emergence of amantadine-resistant influenza A viruses : epidemiological study. J Infect Chemother 9 : 195-200, 2003.
PubMed
5) Harper SA, et al : Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 54 : 1-40, 2005.
PubMed
6) Bright RA, et al : Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005 : a cause for concern. Lancet 366 : 1175-1181, 2005.
PubMed
7) Bright RA, et al : Adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated early during the 2005-2006 infiuenza season in the United States. JAMA 295 : 891-894, 2006.
PubMed
8) Saito R, et al : An off-seasonal amantadine resistant H3N2 influenza outbreak in Japan. Tohoku J Exp Med 210 : 21-27, 2006.
PubMed
9) von Itzstein M, et al : Rational design of potent sialidase-based inhibitors of influenza virus replication. Nature 363 : 418-423, 1993.
PubMed
10) Gubareva LV : Molecular mechanisms of influenza virus resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors. Virus Res 103 : 199-203, 2004.
PubMed
11) Moscona A : Oseltamivir resistance-disabling our influenza defenses. N Engl J Med 353 : 2633-2636, 2005.
PubMed
12) Monto AS, et al : Detection of influenza viruses resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors in global surveillance during the first 3 years of their use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 : 2395-2402, 2006.
PubMed
13) Ferraris O, et al : Evolution of the susceptibility to antiviral drugs of A/H3N2 influenza viruses isolated in France from 2002 to 2005. Vaccine 24 : 6656-6659, 2006.
PubMed
14) Ward P, et al : Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and its potential for use in the event of an influenza pandemic. J Antimicrob Chemother 55 (Suppl 1) : i5-i21, 2005.
 
15) Kiso M, et al : Resistant influenza A viruses in children treated with oseltamivir : descriptive study. Lancet 364 : 759-765, 2004.
PubMed
P.479 掲載の参考文献
1) Littler E, et al : Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phosphorylates the antiviral nucleoside analogue ganciclovir. Nature 358 : 160-162, 1992.
PubMed
2) Sullivan V, et al : A protein kinase homologue controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in human cytomegaloVirus-infected cells. Nature 358 : 162-164, 1992.
PubMed
3) Erice A : Resistance of human cytomegalovirus to antiviral drugs. Clin Microbiol Rev 12 : 286-297, 1999.
PubMed
4) Ijichi O, et al : GCV resistance due to the mutation A594P in the cytomegalovirus protein UL97 is partially reconstituted by a second mutation at D605E. Antiviral Res 53 : 135-142, 2002.
 
5) Cihlar T, et al : Characterization of drug resistance-associated mutations in the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase gene by using recombinant mutant viruses generated from overlapping DNA fragments. J Virol 72 : 5927-5936, 1998.
PubMed
6) Gilbert C, Boivin G : Human cytomegalovirus resistance to antiviral drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 873-883, 2005.
PubMed
7) Smith IL, et al : High-level resistance of cytomegalovirus to ganciclovir is associated with alterations in both the UL97 and DNA polymerase genes. J Infect Dis 176 : 69-77, 1997.
 
8) Baldanti F, et al : Clinical and biologic aspects of human cytomegalovirus resistance to antiviral drugs. Hum Immunol 65 : 403-409, 2004.
PubMed
9) Iiniaye AP, et al : High incidence of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegaloVirus infection among lung transplant recipients receiving preemptive therapy. J Infect Dis 185 : 20-27, 2002.
 
10) Wolf DG, et al : Early emergence of ganciclovir-resistant human cytomegalovirus strains in children with primary combined immunodeficiency. J Infect Dis 178 : 535-538, 1998.
PubMed
11) Biron KK : Antiviral drugs for cytomegaloVirus diseases. Antiviral Res 71 : 154-163, 2006.
PubMed
P.486 掲載の参考文献
1) Elion GB, et al : Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9- (2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74 : 5716-5720, 1977.
 
2) 白木公康 : 水痘帯状疱疹ウイルス. 日本病院薬剤師会誌 39 : 949-952, 2003.
 
3) Sawtell NM, et al : Early intervention with high-dose acyclovir treatment during primary herpes simplex virus infection reduces latency and subsequent reactivation in the nervous system in vivo. J Infect Dis 184 : 964-971, 2001.
PubMed
4) 白木公康, 山西弘一 : 新しい抗ウイルス薬Famciclovir. 新薬と臨牀 48 : 1534-1549, 1999.
Medical*Online
5) Hasegawa T, et al : Susceptibility to acyclovir of herpes simplex virus isolates obtained between 1977 and 1996 in Japan. J Med Virol 63 : 57-63, 2001.
PubMed
6) Honda M, et al : Effect of long-tem, low-dose acyclovir suppressive therapy on susceptibility to acyclovir and frequency of acyclovir resistance of herpes simplex virus type 2. Antivir Chem Chemother 12 : 233-239, 2001.
 
7) Ozaki T, et al : Susceptibilities to aciclovir in viral isolates from children with varicella. Arch Dis Child 78 : 95, 1998.
PubMed
8) Reyes M, et al : Acyclovir-resistant genital herpes among persons attending sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus clinics. Arch Intern Med 163 : 76-80, 2003.
PubMed
9) Sasadeusz JJ, et al : Homopolymer mutational hot spots mediate herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir. J Virol 71 : 3872-3878, 1997.
PubMed
10) Kamiyama T, et al : Characterization of the DNA polymerase gene of varicella-zoster viruses resistant to acyclovir. J Gen Virol 82 : 2761-2765, 2001.
PubMed
11) Okuda T, et al : Suppression of generation and replication of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus by a sensitive virus. J Med Virol 72 : 112-120, 2004.
PubMed
12) Safrin S, et al : Foscarnet therapy for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in 26 AIDS patients : preliminary data. J Infect Dis 161 : 1078-1084, 1990.
PubMed
13) Ida M, et al : Emergence of resistance to acyclovir and penciclovir in varicella-zoster virus and genetic analysis of acyclovir-resistant variants. Antiviral Res 40 : 155-166, 1999.
PubMed
14) Kost RG, et al : Brief report : recurrent acyclovir-resistant genital herpes in an immunocompetent patient. N Engl J Med 329 : 1777-1782, 1993.
 
15) Asano Y, et al : Postexposure prophylaxis of varicella in family contact by oral acyclovir. Pediatrics 92 : 219-222, 1993.
PubMed
P.492 掲載の参考文献
1) Johnson V, et al : Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 : Fall 2005. Top HIV Med 13 : 125-131, 2005.
PubMed
2) Meyer PR, et al : Unblocking of chain-terminated primer by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase through a nucleotide-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 : 13471-13476, 1998.
PubMed
3) Nikolenko G, et al : Mechanism for nucleoside analog-mediated abrogation of HIV-1 replication : balance between RNase H activity and nucleotide excision. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 : 2093-2098, 2005.
PubMed
4) Parikh U, et al : The K65R mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase exhibits bidirectional phenotypic antagonism with thymidine analog mutations. J Virol 80 : 4971-4977, 2006.
PubMed
5) Haubrich R, et al : The clinical relevance of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor hypersusceptibility : a prospective cohort analysis. AIDS 16 : F33-40, 2002.
PubMed
6) Balzarini J, et al : Differential antiherpesvirus and antiretrovirus effects of the (S) and (R) enantiomers of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates : potent and selective in vitro and in vivo antiretrovirus activities of (R) -9- (2-phosphonomethoxypropyl) -2, 6-diaminopurine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 : 332-338, 1993.
 
7) Grossman Z, et al : Genotypic variation of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease : comparative analysis of clade C and clade B. AIDS 15 : 1453-1460, 2001.
 
8) Ariyoshi K, et al : Patterns of point mutations associated with antiretroviral drug treatment failure in CRF01_AE (subtype E) infection differ from subtype B infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 33 : 336-342, 2003.
PubMed
9) Gomes P, et al : Different pathway to nelfinavir genotypic resistance in HIV-1 subtype B and G. 9th CROI, 2002.
 
10) Brenner B, et al : A V106M mutation in HIV-1 clade C viruses exposed to efavirenz confers cross-resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. AIDS 17 : F1-5, 2003.
 
11) Kantor R, et al : Impact of HrV-1 subtype and antiretroviral therapy on protease and reverse transcriptase genotype : results of a global collaboration. PLoS Med 2 : e112, 2005.
 
P.495 掲載の参考文献
1) Brunetto MR, et al : Hepatitis B virus unable to secrete e antigen and response to interferon in chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 105 : 845-850, 1993.
PubMed
2) Lok AS, et al : Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 125 : 1714-1722, 2003.
PubMed
3) Akuta N, et al : Favorable efficacy of long-term lamivudine therapy in patients With chronic hepatitis B : an 8-year follow-up study. J Med Virol 75 : 491-498, 2005.
PubMed
4) Suzuki F, et al : Clinical and virological features of non-breakthrough and severe exacerbadon due to lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus mutants. J Med Virol 78 : 341-352, 2006.
PubMed
5) Yatsuji H, et al : Emergence of a novel lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus variant with a substitution outside the YMDD motif. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 : 3867-3874, 2006.
PubMed
6) Hadziyannis SJ, et al ; Adefovir Dipivoxil 438 Study Group : Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 352 : 2673-2681, 2005.
 
7) Shaw T, Locamini S : Entecavir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2 : 853 -871, 2004.
 
8) Lee YS, et al : Increased risk of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy. Hepatology 43 : 1385-1391, 2006.
PubMed
9) Schildgen O, et al : Variant of hepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir. N Engl J Med 354 : 1807-1812, 2006.
PubMed
10) Sherman M, et al ; AI463026 BEHoLD Study Group : Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 130 (7) : 2039-2049, 2006.
 
11) Tenney DJ, et al : Clinical emergence of entecaVir-resistant hepatitis B virus requires additional substitutions in virus already resistant to Lamivudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 : 3498-3507, 2004.
PubMed
12) 鈴木文孝ほか : Lamivudine耐性ウイルスに対してEntecavirを投与したB型慢性肝炎例から検出された新たなEntecavir耐性ウイルス. 肝臓 46 : 523, 2005.
 
13) Enomoto N, et al : Mutations in the nonstructural protein 5A gene and response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus 1b infection. N Engl J Med 334 : 77-81, 1996.
PubMed
14) Kurosaki M, et al : Analysis of genotypes and amino acid residues 2209 to 2248 of the NSsA region of hepatitis C virus in relation to the response to interferon-beta therapy. Hepatology 25 : 750-753, 1997.
 
15) Chayama K, et al : Pretreatment virus load and multiple amino acid substitutions in the interferon sensitivity-determining region predict the outcome of interferon treatment in patients with chronic genotype lb hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 25 : 745-749, 1997.
 
16) Young KC, et al : Identification of a ribavirin-resistant NS5B mutation of hepatitis C virus during ribavirin monotherapy. Hepatology 38 : 869-878, 2003.
PubMed
17) Pfeitifer JK, Kirkegaard K : Ribavirin resistance in hepatitis C virus replicon-containing cell lines conferred by changes in the cell line or mutations in the replicon RNA. J Virol 79 : 2346-2355, 2005.
PubMed
P.500 掲載の参考文献
1) WHO, UNICEF : Global malaria situation. In : World Malaria Report 2005 (ed by RBM, WHO, UNICEF), p 5-17, WHO, Geneva, 2005.
 
2) WHO : Therapeutic efficacy test, in vitro test, molecular markers. In : Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to Antimalarial Drugs, Report on Global Monitoring 1996-2004 (ed by Ringwald P), p6-24, WHO, Geneva, 2005.
 
3) Dondorp AM, et al : Fake antimalarials in Southeast Asia are a major impediment to malaria control : multinational cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of fake antimalarials. Trop Med Int Health 9 : 1241-1246, 2004.
 
4) Uhlemann AC, et al : Mechanisms of antimalarial drug action and resistance. In : Molecular Approach to Malaria (ed by Sherman IW), p 429-461, ASM Press, Washington DC, 2005.
 
5) Wang P, et al : Utilization of exogenous folate in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and its critical role in antifolate drug synergy. Mol Microbiol 32 : 1254-1262, 1999.
PubMed
6) Sirawaraporn W, et al : Antifolate-resistant mutants of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 : 1124-1129, 1997.
PubMed
7) Thaithong S, et al : Plasmodium falciparum : gene mutations and amplification of dihydrofolate reductase genes in parasites grown in vitro in presence of pyrimethamine. Exp Parasitol 98 : 59-70, 2001.
PubMed
8) Wang P, et al : Sulfadoxine resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is determined by mutations in dihydropteroate synthetase and an additional factor associated with folate utilization. Mol Microbiol 23 : 979-986, 1997.
 
9) Fidock DA, et al : Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6 : 861-871, 2000.
 
10) Johnson DJ, et al : Evidence for a central role for PfCRT in conferring」Plasmodium falciparum resistance to diverse antimalarial agents. Mol Cell 15 : 867-877, 2004.
 
11) Price RN, et al : Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdrl gene copy number. Lancet 364 : 438-447, 2004.
 
12) Korsinczky M, et al : Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome b that are associated with atovaquone resistance are located at a putative drug-binding site. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 : 2100-2108, 2000.
 
13) Wichmann O, et al : Malarone treatment failure not associated with previously described mutations in the cytochrome b gene. Malar J 3 : 14, 2004.
PubMed
14) WHO : Treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. In : Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria (ed by Olumese P), p 16-40, WHO, Geneva, 2006.
 
15) Bohannon J : Arata Kochi profile. Fighting words from WHO's new malaria chief. Science 311 : 599, 2006.
 
P.506 掲載の参考文献
1) Felmingham D, et al : Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT surveillance study, and compatative in vitro activity of the ketolide, telithromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 50 (S1) : 25-37, 2002.
 
2) Ubukata K : Problems associated with high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients with community-acquired infections. J Infect Chemother 9 : 285-291, 2003.
PubMed
3) Oishi K, et al : Drug-resistant genes and serotypes of pneumococcal strains of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Japan. Respirology 11 : 429-436, 2006.
PubMed
4) Hoban D, Felmingham D : The PROTEKr surveillance study : antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from community-acquired respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 50 : S49-59, 2002.
 
5) Marco F, et al : Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1730 Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Spain in 1998-1999. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 3226-3228, 2001.
 
6) Dabernat H, et al : Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae strains identified in 2001 in France, and assessment of their susceptibility to beta-lactams. Med Mal Infect 34 : 97-101, 2004.
PubMed
7) Fluit AC, et al : Susceptibility of European β-lactamase-positive and-negative Haemophilus influenzae isolates from the periods 1997/1998 and 2002/2003. J Antimicrob Chemother 56 : 133-138, 2005.
 
8) Okazaki N, et al : Characteristics of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains isolated from patients and induced with erythromycin in vivo. Microbiol Immunol 45 : 617-620, 2001.
 
9) 生方公子 : 呼吸器感染症原因微生物の質的変化による薬剤耐性化. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 54 : 69-92, 2006.
 
10) Tsuji A, et al : An epidemiological study of the susceptibility and frequency of multiple-drug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated at medical institutes nationwide in Japan. J Infect Chemother 11 : 64-70, 2005.
PubMed
11) Karlowsky JA, et al : Stable antimicrobial susceptibility rates for clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the 2001-2003 tracking resistance in the United States today surveillance studies. Clin Infect Dis 40 : s89-98, 2005.
PubMed
12) Grossman RF : Guidelines for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 112 : 310S-313S, 1997.
PubMed
13) 綿貫祐司ほか : 喀痰より分離されたインフルエンザ菌のβ-ラクタム系薬耐性化と患者背景との関係. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 49 : 489-495, 2001.
 
14) 綿貫祐司ほか : 慢性呼吸器疾患患者における肺炎球菌ワクチンの短期効果. 日呼吸会誌 44 : 305-311, 2006.
Medical*Online
15) Kang C, et al : Risk factors for antimicrobial resistance and influence of resistance on mortality in patients with bloodstream infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microb Drug Resist 11 : 68-74, 2005.
PubMed
P.512 掲載の参考文献
1) NNIS system : National nosocomial infections surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control 32 : 470-485, 2004.
PubMed
2) Aldridge KE, et al : Bacteremia due to Bacteroides fragilis group : distribution of species, beta-lactamase production, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 : 148-153, 2003.
PubMed
3) Snydman DR, et al : National survey on the susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group : report and analysis of trends for 1997-2000. Clin Infect Dis 35 (Suppl 1) : S126-S134, 2002.
 
4) Solomikin JS, et al : Guidelines for the selection of anti-infective agents for complicated intra-abdominal infections. Clin Infect Dis 37 : 997-1005, 2003.
 
5) Okii K, et al : Molecular epidemiology of enteritis-causing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 62 : 37-43, 2006.
PubMed
6) Garner JS : Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17 : 53-80, 1996.
PubMed
7) Perl TM, et al : Intranasal mupirocin to prevent postoperative Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 34 : 1871-1877, 2002.
 
8) West TE, et al : Effect of targeted surveillance for control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a community hospital system. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27 : 233-238, 2006.
 
9) Lam AP, Wunderink RG : Methicillin-resistant S. aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia : Strategies to prevent and treat. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 27 : 92-103, 2006.
PubMed
10) Kasiakou SK, et al : Combination therapy With intravenous colistin for management of infections due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in patients without cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 : 3136-3146, 2005.
PubMed
11) Sasaki M, et al : Clinical surveillance of surgical imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a Japanese hospital. J Hosp Infect 56 : 111-118, 2004.
 
12) Takesue Y, et al : Effect of antibiotic heterogeneity on the development of infections With antibiotic-resistant gram-negative organisms in a non-intensive care unit surgical ward. World J Surg 30 : 1269-1276, 2006.
 
13) Chow JW, et al : In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide : The 2002 study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART). Surg Infect (Larchmt) 6 : 439-448, 2006.
 
14) Tellado JM : The need for antimicrobials for intra-abdominal infections (IAI) : defining the forthcoming scenario. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 7 : 1-4, 2006.
PubMed
15) Paterson DL, et al : Antibiotic therapy for Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia : Implications of production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 31-37, 2004.
PubMed
16) Brook I : The clinical importance of all members of the Bacteroides fragilis group. J Antimicrob Chemother 25 : 473-474, 1990.
 
17) Aldridge KE, O'Brien M : In vitro susceptibilities of the Bacteroides fragilis group species : change in isolation rates signhicantly affects overall susceptibility data. J Clin Microbiol 40 : 4349-4352, 2002.
 
P.523 掲載の参考文献
1) Kahlmeter G : The ECO. SENS Project : aprospective, multinational, multicentre epidemiological survey of the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of urinary tract pathogens-interim report. J Antimicrob Chemother 46 (Suppl 1) : 15-22 ; discussion 63-65, 2000.
 
2) Lee SJ, et al : Antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens causing acute uncomplicated cystitis in female outpatients in South Korea : a multicentre study in 2002. Int J Antimicrob Agents 24 (Suppl 1) : S61-64, 2004.
 
3) Warren JW, et al : Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Clin Infect Dis 29 : 745-758, 1999.
 
4) Arslan H, et al ; Urinary Tract Infection Study Group : Risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Turkey. J Antimicrob Chemother 56 : 914-918, 2005.
 
5) Muratani T, Matsumoto T : Urinary tract infection caused by fluoroquinolone-and cephem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 28 (Suppl 1) : 10-13, 2006.
 
6) Ono S, et al : Mechanisms of resistance to imipenem and ampicillin in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 (7) : 2954 -2958, 2005.
 
7) 日本化学療法学会臨床評価法制定委員会泌尿器系委員会 : UTI薬効評価基準 (第4版暫定案). 日本化学療法学会雑誌 45 : 204-247, 1997.
 
8) Milo G, et al : Duration of antibacterial treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Apr 18 ; (2) : CD004682, 2005.
PubMed
P.530 掲載の参考文献
1) Pegues DA, et al : Salmonella species including Salmonelta Typhi. In : Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (ed by Mandell GL, et al), p 2636-2654, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, 2005.
 
2) NARMS : Human isolates final report 2003.
 
3) Yamaguchi K, et al : Investigation of the susceptibility trends in Japan to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial agents in a nationwide collection of clinical isolates : a longitudinal analysis from 1994 to 2002. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 52 : 135-143, 2005.
 
4) Casin I, et al : Multidrug-resistant human and animal Salmonella typhimurium isolates in France belong predominantly to a DT104 clone with the chromosome and integron-encoded β-lactamase PSE-1. J Infect Dis 179 : 1173-1182, 1999.
 
5) European communicable disease bulletin : Eurosurveillance 8, 2003.
 
6) Niyogi SK : Shigellosis. J Microbiol 43 : 133-143, 2005.
PubMed
7) Jain SK, et al : Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella sonnei : limited antimicrobial treatment options for children and challenges of interpreting in Vitro azithromycin susceptibility. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24 : 494-497, 2005.
PubMed
8) Sivapalasingam S, et al : High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Shigella isolates in the United States tested by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 : 49-54, 2006.
PubMed
9) Threlfall EJ : Resistant gut bacteria. In : Manson's Tropical Diseases (ed by Cook GC, Zumla A), p 951 -961, Elsevier Science, London, 2003.
 
10) 松下秀ほか : 我が国で分離されたVibrio cholerae O1及びnon-O1における薬剤耐性菌の出現状況. 感染症誌 77 : 195-201, 2003.
 
11) Garg P, et al : Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor among hospitalized patients with cholera in Calcutta, India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 1605-1606, 2001.
PubMed
12) Saha D, et al : Single-dose azithromycin for the treatment of cholera in adults. N Engl J Med 354 : 2452-2462, 2006.
PubMed
13) Streit JM, et al : Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among gastroenteritis-causing pathogens recovered in Europe and Latin America and Salmonella isolates recovered from bloodstream infections in North America and Latin America : report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2003). Int J Antimicrob Agents 27 : 367-375, 2006.
PubMed
14) Moore JE, et al : The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter. Microbes Infect 8 : 1-12, 2006.
 
15) Engberg J, et al : Quinolone and macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C coli : Resistance mechanisms and trends in human isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 7 : 24-34, 2001.
 
16) Endtz HP, et al : Quinolone resistance in campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veteinary medicile. J Antimicrob Chemother 27 : 199-208, 1991.
 
17) Hakanen AJ, et al : Multidrug resistance in Campylobacter jejuni strains collected from Finnish patients during 1995-2000. J Antimicrob Chemother 52 : 1035-1039, 2003.
PubMed
18) 伊藤武 : ヒトおよび各種動物から分離されたCampylobacter jejuniおよびCampylobacter coliの抗生物質感受性の比較. 感染症誌 58 : 1206-1218, 1984.
 
19) Sagara H, et al : Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with special reference to plasmid profiles of Japanese clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31 : 713-719, 1987.
PubMed
20) 只野敬子ほか : 下痢患者由来Campylobacter jejuniのニューキノロン薬に対する薬剤感受性の年次推移. 感染症誌 70 : 1227-1233, 1996.
 
21) 小花光夫ほか : 「感染性腸炎の最近の動向」-1996-2000年における感染性腸炎研究会の調査成績より-. 感染症誌 76 : 355-367, 2002.
 
22) 大西健児 : カンピロバクター感染症. 日本臨牀 61 (増刊号2) : 413-417, 2003.
Medical*Online
P.533 掲載の参考文献
1) 日本呼吸器学会呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会 : 成人市中肺炎ガイドライン. 日本呼吸器学会, 2005.
 
2) Felmingham D, et al : Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT surveillance study, and compatative in vitro activity of the ketolide, telithromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 50 (Suppl S1) : 25-37, 2002.
 
3) Shefet D, et al : Empirical atypical coverage for inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia : systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 165 : 1992-2000, 2005.
PubMed
4) 日本呼吸器学会呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会 : 成人院内肺炎診療の考え方, 日本呼吸器学会, 2002.
 
5) 日本呼吸器学会呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会 : 成人院内気道感染症診療の考え方, 日本呼吸器学会, 2003.
 
P.537 掲載の参考文献
1) 青木洋介 : IT重視型の細菌検査システムは耐性菌を抑制できるか. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 52 (Supple A) : 61, 2004.
 
2) 永沢善三ほか : 院内感染予防のトータルシステム. 日本臨床検査自動化学会会誌 31 : 153-161, 2006.
Medical*Online
3) 永沢善三ほか : 感染制御対策の試み-微生物検査室からのアプローチ. 感染症誌 74 : 501-510, 2000.
 
4) 永沢善三 : 画像処理システムの進歩と検査の自動化-微生物検査室-. 日本臨床検査自動化学会会誌 29 : 95-98, 2004.
 
5) Levy SB, O'Brien TF ; Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics : Global antimicrobial resistance alerts and implications. Clin Infect Dis 41 (Suppl 4) : S219-220, 2005.
 
6) 森野光雅 : 院内感染制御と病院環境 ; 感染制御支援システム. 臨床検査 49 : 637-643, 2005.
 
7) Yokoyama S, Mori T : Data mining software "ICONS Miner" for medical data analysis. Proc CME, p 335 -340, 2005.
 
8) 荒川宜親 (主任研究者) : 薬剤耐性菌の発生動向のネットワークに関する研究 (H15-新興-10). 厚生労働省科学研究費補助金-新興・再興感染症研究事業. 平成17年度総括分担研究報告書.
 
9) Harbarth S, Emonet S : Navigating the world wide web in search of resources on antimicrobial resistance. Clin Infect Dis 43 : 72-78, 2006.
PubMed
10) Koeth LM, Miller LA : Evolving concepts of pharmaceutical company-sponsored surveillance studies. Clin Infect Dis 41 (Suppl 4) : S279-282, 2005.
 
11) Poupard J, et al : Methods for data mining from large multinational surveillance studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 : 2409-2419, 2002.
PubMed
12) O'Brien TF, et al : Using internet discussion of antimicrobial susceptibility databases for continuous quality improvement of the testing and management of antimicrobial resistance. Clin Infect Dis 33 (Suppl 3) : S118-123, 2001.
 
13) Drucker PF : ネクスト・ソサエティ-Managing the Next Society- (上田惇生訳), ダイアモンド社, 2002.
 
P.540 掲載の参考文献
1) Shlaes DM, et al : Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance : guidelines for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 18 : 275-291, 1997.
 
2) Neil Fishman : Antimicrobial Stewardship. Am J Med 119 (Suppl 1) : S53-S61, 2006.
 
3) McGrowam JE : Do intensive hospital antibiotic control programs prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 15 : 478-483, 1994.
 
4) Bamberger DM, Dahl SL : Impact of voluntary vs enforced compliance of third-generation cephalosporin use in a teaching hospital. Arch Intern Med 152 : 554-557, 1992.
 
5) Stratton CW rV, et al : Focused microbiologic surveillance by specific hospital unit : practical application and clinical utility. Clin Ther 15 (Suppl A) : 12-20, 1993.
 
6) Hammond JM, et al : Influence of amikacin as the primary aminoglycoside on bacterial isolates in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 18 : 607-610, 1990.
PubMed
7) Friedland IR, et al : Increased resistance to amikacin in a neonatal unit following intensive amikacin usage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36 : 1596-1600, 1992.
 
8) Hirschman SZ, et al : Use of antimicrobial agents in a university teaching hospital. Evolution of a comprehensive control program. Arch Intern Med 148 : 2001-2007, 1988.
 
9) Sturm AW : Effects of a restrictive antibiotic policy on clinical efficacy of antibiotics and susceptibility patterns of organisms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 9 : 381-389, 1990.
PubMed
10) Gonzales R, et al : Excessive antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 33 : 757-762, 2001.
PubMed
11) Paskovaty A, et al : A multidisciplinary approach to antimicrobial stewardship : evolution into the 21st century. Int J Antimicrob Agents 25 : 1-10, 2005.
PubMed
12) Coleman RW, et al : Cost-effectiveness of prospective and continuous parenteral antibiotic control : experience at the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center from 1987 to 1989. Am J Med 90 : 439-444, 1991.
 
13) Frank MO, et al : Decrease in expenditures and selected nosocomial infections following implementation of an antimicrobial-prescribing improvement program. Clin Perform Qual Health Care 5 : 180-188, 1997,
PubMed
14) 内山伸 : 抗菌薬管理プログラム-院内耐性菌抑制の試み. 感染と抗菌薬 8 : 119-124, 2005.
 
15) Evans RS, et al : Evaluation of a computer-assisted antibiotic-dose monitor. Ann Pharmacother 33 : 1026-1031, 1999.
PubMed
P.548 掲載の参考文献
1) 村岡宏明ほか : ニューキノロン系抗菌薬プルリフロキサシンの臨床薬理. 化学療法の領域 19 : 78-88, 2003.
 
2) 阿部教行ほか : Pseudomonas aeruginosaに対する各種抗菌薬の抗菌力の評価-特に新規に上梓されたPrulifloxacin, PazufloxacinおよびBiapenemの評価-. Jpn J Antibiot 58 : 445-451, 2005.
 
3) 佐藤弓枝ほか : 2003年以降に分離された各種臨床分離株に対するtosufloxacinの抗菌活性. 日化療会誌 53 : 364-370, 2005.
 
4) 芝崎茂樹, 小宮泉 : 動物の脳脊髄液移行性を用いたキノロン系抗菌薬のヒト脳脊髄液濃度の予測. 医療薬学 31 : 255-260, 2005.
Medical*Online
5) Bauernfeind A : Comparison of the antibacterial activities of the quinolones Bay 12-8039, gatifioxacin (AM 1155), trovafloxacin, clinafloxacin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 40 : 639-651, 1997.
 
6) Saravolatz L, et al : Antimicrobial activity of moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin and six fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 47 : 875-877, 2001.
PubMed
7) Blondeau JM, et al : Comparative in vitro activity of gatifloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin against 4151 Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. Int J Antimicrob Agents 14 : 45-50, 2000.
PubMed
8) Culley CM, et al : Moxifloxacin : clinical efficacy and safety. Am J Health Syst Pharm 58 : 379-388, 2001.
PubMed
9) Jacobs MR : Optimisation of antimicrobial therapy using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Clin Microbiol Infect 7 : 589-596, 2001.
PubMed
10) Kumarasighe G, et al : The emergence of resistance to levofloxacin before clinical use in a university hospital in Singapore. J Antimicrob Chemother 46 : 862-863, 2000.
 
11) Yokota S, et al : Fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains occur frequently in elderly patients in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 : 3311-3315, 2002.
PubMed
12) 松島敏春ほか, 日本呼吸器学会 : 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン, 成人市中肺炎診療の基本的考え方, 日本呼吸器学会, 2000.
 
13) American Thoracic Society : Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 : 1730-1754, 2001.
PubMed
14) Mandell LA, et al : Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis 37 : 1405-1433, 2003.
PubMed
15) 松島敏春ほか, 日本呼吸器学会 : 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン, 成人市中肺炎診療ガイドライン, 日本呼吸器学会, 2005.
 
P.553 掲載の参考文献
1) 品川長夫 : 外科常用抗菌薬. 抗菌薬の選択と使い方-外科領域- (改訂4版), p12-29, 医薬ジャーナル社, 2006.
 
2) 品川長夫 : 術後感染予防-MRSAにどう対処するか-. 日本医事新報 3563 : 3-7, 1992.
 
3) 品川長夫ほか : 消化器外科における術後感染症治療上の問題点 : 特に第三世代セフェム系抗生剤を感染予防として用いた場合について. Chemotherapy 35 : 768-773, 1987.
 
4) 品川長夫 : 周術期抗菌薬投与の基本的な考え方. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 50 : 313-318, 2002.
 
5) 日本感染症学会, 日本化学療法学会編 : 抗菌薬使用の前に考えるべきこと・行うべきこと. 抗菌薬使用のガイドライン, p2-5, 協和企画, 2005.
 
P.558 掲載の参考文献
1) 工藤翔二ほか : びまん性汎細気管支炎にたいするマクロライド系抗生剤の少量長期投与の臨床効果. 日胸疾会誌 22 (増) : 254, 1984.
 
2) 中田紘一郎, 稲富恵子 : 病理組織学的にびまん性汎細気管支炎と診断された症例に関する検討, 予後・治療. 厚生省特定疾患間質性肺疾患調査研究班, 昭和56年度研究報告書, p25-28, 1982.
 
3) 工藤翔二ほか : びまん性汎細気管支炎にたいするエリスロマイシン少量長期投与の臨床効果-4年間の治療成績. 日胸疾会誌 25 : 632, 1987.
 
4) 山本正彦ほか : DPBに対するエリスロマイシンの治療効果-二重盲検による検討. 厚生省特定疾患びまん性肺疾患調査研究班, 平成2年度研究報告書, p18, 1991.
 
5) Kudoh S, et al : Improvement of survival in patients with diffUse panbronchiolitis treated with low-dose erythromycin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 : 1829-1832, 1998.
PubMed
6) 洲崎春海 : エリスロマイシンはなぜびまん性汎細気管支炎に効くのか-びまん性汎細気管支炎に併発する慢性副鼻腔炎に対する効果. Ther Res 11 : 29-31, 1990.
 
7) Goswami SK, et al : Erythromycin inhibits respiratory glycoconjugate secretion from human airways in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 141 : 72-78, 1990.
PubMed
8) Tamaoki J, et al : Erythromycin inhibits Cl secretion across canine tracheal epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 5 : 234-238, 1992.
PubMed
9) Kadota J, et al : A mechanism of erythromycin treatment in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 147 : 153-159, 1993.
PubMed
10) Takizawa H, et al : Erythromycin modulates IL-8 expression in normal and inflamed human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156 : 266-271, 1997.
PubMed
11) Desaki M, et al : Erythromycin suppresses nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 activation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267 : 124-128, 2000.
PubMed
12) 小林宏行 : 宿題報告 "びまん性汎細気管支炎に対するマクロライドの作用機序". Chemotherapy 43 : 96-101, 1995.
 
13) Tateda K, et al : Azithromycin inhibits quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 : 1930-1933, 2001.
PubMed
14) Saiman L, et al ; Macrolide Study Group : Azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa : a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290 : 1749-1756, 2003.
 
15) Li Y, et al : Fourteen-membered ring macrolides inhibit vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 messenger RNA induction and leukocyte migration : role in preventing lung injury and fibrosis in bleomycin-challenged mice. Chest 122 : 2137-2145, 2002.
PubMed
16) Suzuki T, et al : Erythromycin and common colds in COPD. Chest 120 : 730-733, 2001.
PubMed
17) Suzuki T, et al : Erythromycin inhibits rhinoVirus infection in cultured human tracheal epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 : 1113-1118, 2002.
PubMed
18) Sato K, et al : Therapeutic effect of erythromycin on influenza virus-induced lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 : 853-857, 1998.
PubMed
19) Li YJ, et al : EM703 improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by the inhibition of TGF-beta signaling in lung fibroblasts. Respir Res 7 : 16, 2006.
PubMed
P.563 掲載の参考文献
1) Krogsgaard K, et al : The long-term effect of treatment with interferon-α2a in chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 5 : 389-397, 1998.
 
2) Yuen MF, et al : Long-term follow-up of interferon alfa treatment in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology 34 : 139-145, 2001.
PubMed
3) Flink HJ, et al : Treatment with peg-interferon α-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol 101 : 297-303, 2006.
 
4) 飯野四郎ほか : B型慢性肝炎に対するインターフェロンアルファ-2aの非盲検3投与期間別群間比較試験. 肝胆膵 38 : 869-886, 1999.
 
5) 金井弘一ほか : B型慢性肝炎に対するIFN 24週間投与. 肝臓 39 : 62-67, 1998.
 
6) 本多敬和ほか : B型慢性肝炎に対するインターフェロン24週間投与の治療効果. 日消誌 99 : 1213-1219, 2002.
Medical*Online
7) Suzuki F, et al : Efficacy of 6-month interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B Virus infection in Japan. J Gastroenterol 39 : 969-974, 2004.
PubMed
8) 金井弘一ほか : B型慢性肝炎に対するIFN 50週投与. 肝臓 41 : 254-261, 2000.
 
9) Arase Y, et al : Randomized, controlled trial of natural interferon-α therapy for e-antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients. Hepatol Res 23 : 98-104, 2002.
 
10) 熊田博光 : 厚生労働省科学研究費補助金, B型およびC型肝炎ウイルスの感染者に対する治療の標準化に関する臨床的研究. 平成17年度研究報告書, p7-9, 2006.
 
11) Cooksley WG, et al : Peginterferon α-2a (40kDa) : an advance in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 10 : 298-305, 2003.
 
12) Hui CK, et al : 48 weeks pegylated interferon alpha-2a is superior to 24 weeks of pegylated interferon alpha-2b in achieving hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 : 1171-1178, 2006.
PubMed
13) Lau GK, et al : Peginterferon alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 352 : 2682-2695, 2005.
PubMed
14) Janssen HL, et al : Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Lancet 365 : 123-129, 2005.
 
15) Marcellin P, et al : Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 351 : 1206-1217, 2004.
PubMed
16) Gerlach JT, et al : Acute hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 125 : 80-88, 2003.
PubMed
17) Santantorio T, et al : Efficacy of a 24-week course of PEG-interferon α-2b monotherapy in patients with acute hepatitis C after failure of spontaneous clearance. J Hepatol 42 : 329-333, 2005.
 
18) Wiegand J, et al : Early monotherapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2b for acute hepatitis C interferon. Hepatology 43 : 250-256, 2006.
PubMed
19) Kamal SM, et al : Peginterferon alfa-2b therapy in acute hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 130 : 632-638, 2006.
PubMed
20) Ogata K, et al : Timing of interferon therapy and sources of infection in patients with acute hepatitis C. Hepatol Res 34 : 35-40, 2006.
PubMed
21) 飯野四郎ほか : Genotype 1かつ高ウイルス量のC型慢性肝炎に対するPEG-インターフェロンα-2bとリバビリン48週併用投与の有効性. 肝胆膵 49 : 1099-1121, 2004.
 
22) 熊田博光ほか : Genotype 1かつ低ウイルス量, あるいはgenotype 2のC型慢性肝炎に対するPEG-インターフェロンα-2bとリバビリン24週間併用療法の有効性. 肝胆膵 52 : 645-663, 2006.
 
23) Drusano GL, et al : A 48-week duration of therapy with pagylated interferon α2b plus ribavirin may be too short to maximize long-term response among patients infected with genotype l hepatitis C virus, J Infect Dis 189 : 964-970, 2004.
 
24) Berg T, et al : Extended treatment duration for hepatitis C virus type 1. Gastroenterology 130 : 1086-1097, 2006.
PubMed
25) 飯野四郎 : C型肝炎Q&A, 医薬ジャーナル社, 2005.
 
26) 豊田成司ほか : リバビリンの全身クリアランス (CL/F) は貧血に伴う減量・中止に対する最も感度の高い因子である. 肝臓 46 : 107-118, 2005.
 
P.567 掲載の参考文献
1) Cappelletty DM : Critical pathways or treatment algorithms in infectious diseases : do they really work? Pharmacotherapy 19 : 672-674, 1999.
PubMed
2) Marrie TJ, et al : A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia : CAPITAL study investigator. JAMA 283 : 749-755, 2000.
PubMed
3) Feagan BG : A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treating community-acquired pneumonia : the CAPITAL study. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin. Pharmacotherapy 21 : 89S-94S, 2001.
PubMed
4) Hauck LD, et al : Clinical pathway care improves outcomes among patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Epidemiol 14 : 669-675, 2004.
PubMed
5) Loeb M, et al : Effect of a clinical pathway to reduce hospitalizations in nursing home residents with pneumonia : a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295 : 2503-2510, 2006.
PubMed
6) 青島正大ほか : 市中肺炎のクリニカルパスの経済的効果と教育的効果 : クリニカルパスを用いた診療と従来の診療との比較介入研究. 日呼吸会誌 40 : 644-652, 2002.
 
7) 日本呼吸器学会呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン作成委員会 : 成人市中肺炎診療ガイドライン-ポケット版, 日本呼吸器学会, 2005.
 
8) Ishida T, et al : A 3-year prospective study of a urinary antigen-detection test for Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia : utility and clinical impact on the reported etiology. J Infect Chemother 10 : 359-363, 2004.
 
9) Niederman MS, et al ; American Thoracic Society : Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 : 1730-1754, 2001.
PubMed
10) Tachibana H, et al : A prospective evaluation of a new critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in Japan : including a criterion for the selection of antibiotics, emphasizes urinary antigen tests. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173 : A148, 2006.
 
P.572 掲載の参考文献
1) 抗菌薬使用の手引き (日本感染症学会, 日本化学療法学会編), p196, 協和企画, 2001.
 
2) 古川恵一 : 抗菌薬の適正使用のための病院としてのコントロール. Medical Practice 20 (臨時増刊号) : 86-92, 2003.
 
3) 感染症の診断・治療ガイドライン2004 (感染症の診断・治療ガイドライン編集委員会編), p407, 日本医師会, 2004.
 
4) 東京都感染症マニュアル改訂版 (第3刷) (東京都福祉保健局健康安全室感染症対策課編), 東京都生活文化局広報広聴部広聴管理課, 2005年8月.
 
5) ビジュアル抗菌薬治療マニュアル第3版 (清水喜八郎, 山口恵三編), p340, 日本臨牀社, 1998.
 
6) 竹末芳生, 大毛宏喜 : SSIの術中における予防と対策. 臨床外科 60 (4) : 441-444, 2005.
 
7) Classen DC, et al : The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 326 : 281-286, 1992.
PubMed
8) 外科クリニカルパスの実際, 導入から評価まで (小西敏郎, 武藤正樹編), p274, 金原出版, 2002.
 
9) 笠原善郎 : 予防的抗菌薬投与とクリニカルパス. 救急医学 26 (8) : 971-974, 2002.
 
10) 財団法人日本医療機能評価機構 : 病院機能評価 評価体系 (Ver. 5.0) の評価項目について, 2005. (http://jcqhc.or.jp/html/assessment.htm)
 
11) 渡辺彰 : 病院採用抗菌薬品目数絞込みは是か非か? 耐性菌制御の観点から. 感染と抗菌薬 7 (2) : 206-211, 2004.
 
P.576 掲載の参考文献
1) Gonzales R, et al : Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults : background, specific aims, and methods. Ann Intern Med 134 (6) : 479-486, 2001.
PubMed
2) Snow V, et al : Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults. Ann Intern Med 134 (6) : 487-489, 2001.
PubMed
3) Snow V, et al : Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute sinusitis in adults. Ann Intern Med 134 (6) : 495-497, 2001.
PubMed
4) Snow V, et al : Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults. Ann Intern Med 134 (6) : 506-508, 2001.
PubMed
5) Snow V, et al : Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute bronchitis in adults. Ann Intern Med 134 (6) : 518-520, 2001.
PubMed
6) 日本呼吸器学会 : 呼吸器感染症に関するガイドライン : 成人気道感染症診療の基本的考え方, p1-51, 日本呼吸器学会, 2003.
 
7) 日本感染症学会, 日本化学療法学会 : 抗菌薬使用のガイドライン, p100-105, p204-207, 協和企画, 2005.
 
8) 草刈章ほか : 小児上気道炎および関連疾患に対する抗菌薬使用ガイドライン. 外来小児科 8 (2) : 146-173, 2005.
 
9) Arroll B, Kenealy T : Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Data-base Syst Rev, 2005 (3) : CD000247, 2005.
 
10) Williams JW Jr, et al : Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitits. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2003 (2) : CDOOO243, 2003.
PubMed
11) Del Mar CB GP, Spinks AB : Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004 (2) : CD000023, 2004.
 
12) Smucny J, et al : Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004 (4) : CD000245, 2004.
PubMed
13) http://www.chnicalevidence.org/
 
14) De Sutter AI, et al : Does amoxicillin improve outcomes in padents with purulent rhinorrhea? A pragmatic randomized double-blind controlled trial in family practice. J Fam Pract 51 (4) : 317-323, 2002.
 
P.586 掲載の参考文献
1) 橋本公二 : 平成13年度厚生科学研究班「Stevens-Johnson症候群 (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) とhypersensitivity syndrome (HS) の診断基準および治療指針の研究」の概説. MB Derma 86 : 8-12, 2004.
 
2) 池澤善郎, 猪又直子 : アスピリン誘発蕁麻疹・血管性浮腫. アレルギー科 21 (2) : 163-172, 2006.
 
3) 池澤善郎 : 薬疹の免疫学, p1-130, 田辺シンテックス, 1988.
 
4) 中村和子ほか : 本邦におけるDrug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome 94症例の臨床的検討 HHV-6陽性例と陰性例の比較検討. 日皮会誌 115 (12) : 1779-1790, 2005.
 
5) Allday EJ, Barnes J : Toxic effects of diaminodiphenylsulfone in treatment of leprosy. Lancet ii : 205-206, 1951.
 
6) Saito S, et al : A case of the dapsone syndrome. Clin Exp Dermato1 19 : 152-156, 1994.
 
7) 森原潔 : AGEPに一致したDIHS (2), 特集DIHS (薬剤誘発性過敏症症候群). Visual Dermatology 10 (4) : 992-993, 2005.
 
8) 前田学 : HHV-6の再活性化がみられたStevens-Johnson症候群移行型TENの男子例, 特集DIHS (薬剤誘発性過敏症症候群). Visual Dermatology 10 (4) : 1026-1028, 2005.
 
9) Aihara M, et al : Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome associated with reactivation of cytomegalovirus. Br J Dermatol 144 (6) : 1231-1234, 2001.
PubMed
10) 正木太朗, 堀川達弥 : 髄膜炎を伴い随液中にHHV-6DNAを確認したDIHS, 特集DIHS (薬剤誘発性過敏症症候群). Visual Dermatology 10 (4) : 1018-1019, 2005.
 
11) 花田美穂ほか : HHV-6によるヘルペス脳炎を伴った急性移植片対宿主病の2例. 日本皮膚アレルギー学会雑誌 12 (2) : 75-80, 2004.
Medical*Online
12) 池澤善郎 : ディベート : DIHSの発症機序について私はこう考える (2), 特集DIHS (薬剤誘発性過敏症症候群). Visual Dermatology 10 (4) : 1052-1056, 2005.
 
13) 近藤直美ほか : 最近経験した伝染性単核症について-Epstein-Barrウイルスに関する抗体測定の意義-. 小児科診療 46 (1) : 123-126, 1983.
 
14) Roujeau JC, et al : Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Analysis of 63 cases. Arch Dermatol 127 (3) : 1333-1338, 1991.
 
15) 池澤善郎 : 平成17年度日本皮膚科学会西部支部企画研修講習会テキスト「重症薬疹とその対応」, 日皮専門委員会, 2005.
 
16) 池澤善郎 : 薬疹の発症機序. 皮膚科診断治療大系・補遺5, 特集「薬疹と皮膚」, p121-126, 講談社, 1999.
 
17) Posadas SJ, et al : Delayed reactions to drugs show levels of perforin, granzyme B, and Fas-L to be related to disease severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109 (1) : 155-161, 2002.
 
18) Abe R, et al : Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are induced by soluble Fas ligand. Am J Pathol 162 (5) : 1515-1520, 2003.
PubMed
19) Nassif A, et al : Evaluation of the potential role of cytokines in toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol 123 (5) : 850-855, 2004.
PubMed
20) Azukizawa H, et al : Prevention of toxic epidermal necrolysis by regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 35 (6) : 1722-1730, 2005.
PubMed
21) 宮内洋子ほか : Quinolone系抗菌剤の光感作能に関する動物実験. 日皮会誌 103 (3) : 426, 1993.
 
P.595 掲載の参考文献
1) Kucers A, et al : The Use of Antibiotics, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 1997.
 
2) 梅田悦生 : 常用医薬品の副作用 (改定第2版), 南江堂, 1999.
 
3) Jain KK : Drug-lnduced Neurological Disorders, Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, Seattle, 1996.
 
4) 堀誠治 : 副作用. 抗菌薬投与の科学 (砂川慶介, 戸塚恭一編), p58-72, 医薬ジャーナル社, 1998.
 
5) 堀誠治 : 抗菌薬の副作用とその発現機序-濃度依存的な副作用を中心に-. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 52 : 293-303, 2004.
 
6) 金光敬二, 嶋田甚五郎 : 抗菌薬. 別冊日本臨牀 神経症候群II, p 545-551, 日本臨牀社, 1999.
 
7) 田中信夫, 中村昭四郎 : 抗生物質大要 (第4版), p407-412, 東京大学出版会, 1992.
 
8) 秋吉正豊 : 聴器毒性 (耳毒性). アミノ配糖体薬 (上田泰編), p123-140, 南江堂, 1995.
 
9) 堀誠治, 景山茂 : キノロン系抗菌薬. 別冊日本臨牀 神経症候群II, p 552-557, 日本臨牀社, 1999.
 
10) 亀井千晃ほか : Cefazolin痙攣に対する2, 3抗痙攣薬の抑制作用について. 最新医学 38 : 1876-1881, 1983.
 
11) Calandra G, et al : Factors predisposing to seizures in seriously ill infected patients receiving antibiotics : experience with imipenem/cilastatin. Am J Med 84 : 911-918, 1988.
PubMed
12) Shimada J, et al : A comparative study on the convulsant activity of carbapenems and beta-lactmas. Drugs Exp Clin Res 18 : 377-381, 1992.
PubMed
13) 当該薬剤添付文書.
 
14) 小出彩香ほか : リン酸オセルタミビル (タミフル) 内服後に突発的な異常行動を呈した1症例. 小児科臨床 59 : 277-280, 2006.
Medical*Online
15) 山中康光 : 神経・筋ブロック作用. アミノ配糖体薬 (上田泰編), p 141-145, 南江堂, 1985.
 
16) 斉藤篤, 山路武久 : 腎毒性. アミノ配糖体薬 (上田泰編), p109-122, 南江堂, 1985.
 
17) 北本清 : アミノ配糖体薬の副作用. 医薬品の副作用3 (伊藤宗元ほか編), p39-44, 中外医学社, 1992.
 
18) 厚生省薬務局 : 医薬品副作用情報No. 81, 1986.
 
19) 堀誠治, 川村将弘 : 非ステロイド性抗炎症薬からみたキノロン系薬との薬物相互作用-Gatifloxacinとnorfloxacinの比較検討-. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 50 : 460-463, 2002.
 
20) Hori S, et al : Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on convulsant activity of quinolones : a comparative study of drug interaction between quinolones and anti-inflammatory drugs. J Infect Chemother 9 : 314-320, 2003.
PubMed
P.600 掲載の参考文献
1) Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology (ed by Greer JP, et al), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2004.
 
2) Williams Hematology (ed by Lichtman MA, et al), McGraw Hill, New York, 2006.
 
P.603 掲載の参考文献
1) 為田靭彦, 高瀬幸次郎 : 近年の本邦における薬物性肝障害. 肝胆膵 40 : 849-859, 2000.
 
2) 三藤留美ほか : 薬物性肝障害の実態と疫学. 医学のあゆみ 214 : 765-769, 2005.
Medical*Online
3) Zimmerman HJ : Drug-induced liver disease. In : Diseases of the Liver (ed by Schiff ER, et al), p 973-1064, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1999.
 
4) 滝川一 : 薬物性肝障害の診断基準をめぐって 診断基準の変遷と概要. 医学のあゆみ 214 : 773-778, 2005.
 
5) Andrade RJ, et al : Drug-induced liver injury : an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology 129 : 512-521, 2005.
 
6) Goldstein NS, et al : Minocycline as a cause of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Report of four cases and comparison with autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Clin Pathol 114 : 591-598, 2000.
PubMed
7) Rotger M, et al : Gilbert syndrome and the development of antiretroviral therapy-associated hyperbilirubinemia. J Infect Dis 192 : 1381-1386, 2005.
PubMed
8) 奥秋靖ほか : 天然型インターフェロンα投与により自己免疫性肝炎を発症し治癒したC型慢性肝炎の1例. 肝臓 42 : 676-680, 2001.
 
P.608 掲載の参考文献
1) 坂本光男, 柴孝也 : 薬物の代謝と排泄経路からみた使い方. 内科 92 : 832-835, 2003.
 
2) 坂本光男, 柴孝也 : 抗菌薬による副作用 腎障害. 日本臨牀 61 (増刊号3) : 57-61, 2003.
Medical*Online
3) Walsh TJ, et al : Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy i l patients With persistent fever and neutropenia. National lnstitute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med 340 : 764-771, 1999.
 
4) Berlana D, et al : Use of colistin in the treatment of multiple-drug-resistant gram negative infections. Am J Health Syst Pharm 62 : 39-47, 2005.
PubMed
5) 遠藤理香ほか : 多剤耐性緑膿菌による慢性気管支炎の増悪に静注用コリスチン製剤が有効であった嚢胞性線維症の1例. 感染症誌 79 : 945-950, 2005.
 
6) Deray G, et al : Foscarnet nephrotoxicity : mechanism incidence and prevention. Am J Nephrol 9 : 316-321, 1989.
PubMed
7) Cheung TW, et al : Safety of oral versus intravenous hydration during induction therapy with intravenous foscarnet in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus infections. Int J STD AIDS 11 : 640-647, 2000.
PubMed
P.614 掲載の参考文献
1) Ducharme MP, et al : Itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole serum concentrations are reduced more than tenfold by phenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 58 : 617-624, 1995.
PubMed
2) クラビット使用成績調査, 副作用・感染症自発報告.
 
P.621 掲載の参考文献
1) 厚生省 : 抗菌性物質製剤基準, 1995.
 
2) Brown BC, et al : Penicilloyl-polylysine as an intradermal test of penicillin sensitivity. JAMA 189 : 599-604, 1964.
PubMed
3) Apter AJ, et al : Represcription of penicillin after allergic-like events. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113 : 764-770, 2004.
PubMed
4) シプロキサン使用成績調査 (第6回安全性定期報告までの中間報告), バイエル薬品社内資料.
 
5) 日本化学療法学会臨床試験委員会皮内反応検討特別部会報告書. 日化療会誌 51 : 497-506, 2003.
 
P.624 掲載の参考文献
1) 斎藤厚ほか : 社団法人日本化学療法学会臨床試験委員会皮内反応検討特別委員会報告書. 日本化学療法学会雑誌 51 (8) : 497-506, 2003.
 
2) 医療水準論. 昭和57年3月30日最高裁判所第三小法廷判決, 昭和54 (オ) 第1386号, 判例時報1039号66頁.
 
3) 平成8年1月23日最高裁判所第三小法廷判決, 平成4年 (オ) 第251号, 判例時報1571号57頁.
 
4) 平成18年1月27日最高裁判所第二小法廷判決, 平成15年 (受) 第1739号, 判例時報1205号146頁.
 
5) 斎藤厚ほか : 抗菌薬投与に関するアナフィラキシー対策のガイドライン (2004年度版). 日本化学療法学会雑誌 52 (10) : 584-590, 2004.
 
6) 平成16年9月7日最高裁判所第三小法廷判決, 平成13年 (受) 第164号, 判例時報1880号64頁.
 
P.631 掲載の参考文献
1) 渡辺幸恵ほか : 重症心身障害児 (者) 施設における麻疹の施設内流行について. 日児誌 97 : 1437-1441, 1993.
 
2) Davidkin I, et al : Vaccine-induced measles virus antibodies after two dose combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine : a 12-year follow-up in two cohorts. Vaccine 16 : 2052-2057, 1998.
PubMed
3) 庵原俊昭ほか : 麻疹中和抗体価の経胎盤移行とその後の減衰の検討. 安全なワクチン確保とその接種方法に関する総合的研究, 平成14年度研究報告書, p99-101.
 
4) Caceres VM, et al : Factors determining prevalence of maternal antibody to measles virus throughout infancy : A review. Clin Infect Dis 31 : 110-119, 2000.
PubMed
5) Ohsaki M, et al : Reduced passive measles immunity in infants of mothers who have not been exposed to measles outbreaks. Scand J Infect Dis 31 : 17-19, 1999.
 
6) 堤裕幸 : 母子移行免疫の現状. 臨床と微生物 29 : 199-202, 2002.
Medical*Online
7) Piedra PA : Future directions in vaccine prevention of respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21 : 482-487, 2002.
PubMed
8) Munoz FM, et al : Saiety and immunogenicity of respiratory syncytial Virus (RSV) purified fUsion protein-2 (PFP-2) vaccine in pregnant women [Abstract 6]. Presented at the Infectious Diseases Society of America, San Francisco, October 26, 2001. Clin Infect Dis 33 : 1089, 2001.
 
9) Lennon JL, et al : Maternally derived measles immunity in era of vaccine-protected mothers. J pediatr 108 : 671-676, 1986.
PubMed
10) Pabst HF, et al : Reduced measles immunity in infants in a well-vaccinated population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11 : 525-529, 1992.
 
11) Maldonado YA, et al : Early loss of passive measles antibody in infants of measles with vaccineinduced immunity. Pediatrics 3 : 447-450, 1995.
 
P.635 掲載の参考文献
1) 清野宏ほか (編) : 粘膜免疫, 中山書店, 2001.
 
2) 清野宏 : 粘膜免疫と経口免疫寛容. 標準免疫学 (谷口克, 宮坂昌之編), p316-326, 医学書院, 2002.
 
3) 高橋一郎消化管の意外な働きと経ロワクチン. 粘膜免疫 (清野 宏ほか編), p224-239, 中山書店, 2001.
 
4) Kunisawa J, et al : Sendai virus fusion protein mediates simultaneous induction of MHC class I/II-dependent mucosal and systemic immune responses via the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue immune system. J Immunol 167 : 1406-1412, 2001.
PubMed
5) Iijima H, et al : Mucosal immune network in the gtit for the control of infectious diseases. Rev Med Virol 11 : 117-133, 2001.
 
6) 清野宏 : 粘膜ワクチンの新展開-粘膜アジュバントとしての無毒化変異毒素. Molecular Medicine 36 (臨時増刊 : 免疫 1999-2000) : 208-219, 1999.
 
7) Yuki Y, Kiyono H : New generation of mucosal adjuvants for the induction of protective immunity. Rev Med Virol 13 : 293-310, 2003.
PubMed
8) Chargelegue D, et al : Transgenic plants for vaccine production : expectations and limitations. Trends Plant Sci 6 : 495-496, 2001.
PubMed
P.643 掲載の参考文献
1) World Health Organization : Vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccines and vaccination. In : International Travel and Health ; Situation as on l January 2003, p 85-129, WHO, Geneva, 2003.
 
2) 中島夏樹, 加藤達夫 : 破傷風トキソイド. ワクチンの事典 (日本ワクチン学会編), p100-107, 朝倉書店, 2004.
 
3) 清水文七 : トラベラーズワクチン・ポリオ. 臨床と微生物 31 : 349-353, 2004.
 
4) 中島一敏 : トラベラーズワクチン・A型肝炎ワクチンとB型肝炎ワクチン. 臨床と微生物 31 : 321-325, 2004.
 
5) 岡田賢司 : ワクチンのすべて・DPTワクチン. 小児科診療 67 : 1882-1888, 2004.
 
6) 春木宏介ほか : 渡航地域別にみたトラベラーズワクチン. 臨床と微生物 31 : 299-302, 2004.
Medical*Online
7) 濱田篤郎 : 労働衛生分野における予防接種. ワクチンの事典 (日本ワクチン学会編), p291-297, 朝倉書店, 2004.
 
8) Mizuno Y, et al : Simultaneous vaccination in Japanese travelers. J Trav Med Infect Dis 6, 2006. (in press)
 
9) Jong EC : Immunizations for travelers. In : The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual, 3rd ed (ed by Jong EC, McMullen R), p 34 -51, Saunders, Philadelphia, 2003.
 
10) 狩野繁之 : 旅行者感染症とワクチン-概論. 化学療法の領域 19 : 19-23, 2003.
 
P.652 掲載の参考文献
1) CDC. GuideHne for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl-catheter-assoc.html
 
2) CDC. Guideline for isolation precaution in hospitals. http://aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov/wonder/PrevGuid/p0000419/p0000419.asp
 
3) CDC. Guideline for infection control in health care personnel. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/GUIDE/InfectControl98.pdf
 
4) CDC. Guidehne fOr prevention of surgical site infection. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/SSI/SSI.pdf
 
5) CDC. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4910.pdf
 
6) CDC. Updated U. S. Public Health Service GuideHnes for the management of occupational exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5011.pdf
 
7) CDC. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infections among chronic hemodialysis patients. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5005.pdf
 
8) CDC. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5116.pdf
 
9) CDC. Guideline for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5110.pdf
 
10) CDC. Guideline for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/enviro/Enviro_guide_03.pdf
 
11) CDC. Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5303.pdf
 
12) CDC. Prevention and control of influenza. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5408.pdf
 
13) CDC. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5412.pdf
 
14) CDC. Guidelines for the investigation of contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5415.pdf
 
15) CDC. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5417a1.htm
 
P.655 掲載の参考文献
1) Haley RW, et al : Update from the SENIC project. Hospital infection control : recent progress and opportunities under prospective payment. Am J Infect Control 13 : 97-108, 1985.
PubMed
2) Rosenthal VD, et al : Effect of education and performance feedback on rates of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in intensive care units in Argentina. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 25 : 47-50, 2004.
PubMed
3) Lai KK, et al : Impact of a program of intensive surveillance and interventions targeting ventilated patients in the reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia and its cost-effectiveness. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24 : 859-863, 2003.
PubMed
4) Balkhy HH, et al : Effect of intensive surveillance on cesarean-section wound infection rate in a Saudi Arabian hospital. Am J Infect Control 31 : 288-290, 2003.
 
5) Zuschneid I, et al : Reducing central venous catheter-associated primary bloodstream infections in intensive care units is possible : data from the German nosocomial infection surveillance system. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24 : 501-505, 2003.
PubMed
6) Venberghe A, et al : Surveillance of hospital-acquired infections in an intensive care department-the benefit of the fU11-time presence of an infection control nurse. J Hosp Infect 52 : 56-59, 2002.
 
7) Merle V, et al : Nosocomial urinary tract infections in urologic patients : assessment of a prospective surveillance program including 10,000 patients. Eur Urol 41 : 483-489, 2002.
PubMed
8) Delgado-Rodriguez M, et al : Efficacy of surveillance in nosocomial infection control in a surgical service. Arn J Infect Control 29 : 289-294, 2001.
 
9) Goetz AM, et al : Feedback to nursing staff as an intervention to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Am J Infect Control '27 : 402 -404, 1999.
 
10) Reilly JS : The effect of surveillance on surgical wound infection rates. J Tissue Viability 9 : 57-60, 1999.
PubMed
11) APIC Surveillance Initiative Working Group : Recommended practices for surveillance. Am J Infect Control 26 : 277-288, 1998.
 
12) CDC Definitions for Nosocomial Infectons (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/nnis_pubs.html).
 
13) National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/nnis_pubs.html).
 
P.660 掲載の参考文献
1) CDC. Guideline for isolation precaution in hospitals. http://aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov/wonder/PrevGuid/p0000419/p0000419.asp
 
2) CDC. Updated U. S. Public Health Service Guidehnes for the management of occupational exposures to HBV, HCV, and HrV and recommendations for postexposure prophyla) ds. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5011.pdf
 
3) CDC. Guideline for infection control in health care personnel. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/GUIDE/InfectControl98.pdf
 
4) CDC Updated U. S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HrV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5409.pdf
 
5) CDC. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacteriu〃2 tuberculosis in health-care settings. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5417.pdf
 
P.668 掲載の参考文献
1) Venter JC, et al : Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea. Science 304 : 66-74, 2004.
PubMed
2) Woese CR, et al : Towards a natural system of organisms : proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 : 4576-4579, 1990.
PubMed
3) Wayne LG, et al : Report of the ac hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37 : 463-464, 1987.
 
4) Stackebrandt E, Goebel BM : Taxonomic note ; A place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44 : 846-849, 1994.
 
5) Stackebrandt E, et al : Report of the ad hoc committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52 : 1043-1047, 2002.
 
6) Zhao Y, et al : Phylogenetic positions of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' and Spiroptasma kunkelii as inferred from multiple sets of concatenated core housekeeping proteins. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 : 2131-2141, 2005.
PubMed
7) 国立感染症研究所病原体等安全管理規程, 平成17年5月改正版, 国立感染症研究所, 2005.
 
8) 日本細菌学会バイオセーフティー委員会 : 病原細菌に関するバイオセフティー指針, 日本細菌学会, 2001.
 
9) 厚生労働省厚生科学審議会感染症分科会会議資料 (インターネット公開資料). http://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/kousei.html
 
P.673 掲載の参考文献
1) Stubbe J, Kozarich JW : Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced DNA degradation. Chem Rev 87 : 1107-1136, 1987.
 
2) Sugiyama M, et al : Characterisation by molecular cloning of two genes from Streptomyces verticillus encoding resistance to bleomycin. Gene 151 : 11-16, 1994.
PubMed
3) Sugiyama M, et al : Inactivation of bleomycin by an/V-acetyltransferase in the bleomycin-producing strain Streptomyces verticillus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 121 : 81-85, 1994.
 
4) Sugiyama M, et al : The 1.6-A crystal structure of the copper (II) -bound bleomycin complexed with the bleomycin-binding protein from bleomycin-producing Streptomyces verticillus. J Biol Chem 277 : 2311-2320, 2002.
PubMed
5) Kumagai T, et al : Characterization of the bleomycin resistance determinant encoded on the transposon Tn5. FEBS lett 442 : 34-38, 1999.
PubMed
6) Maruyama M, et al : Crystal structures of the transposon Tn5-carried bleomycin resistance determinant uncomplexed and complexed with bleomycin. J Biol Chem 276 : 9992-9999, 2001.
PubMed
7) Sheldon] PJ, et al : Characterization of a mitomycin-binding drug resistance mechanism from the producing organism, Streptomyces lavendulae. J Bacteriol 179 : 1796-1804, 1997.
PubMed
8) Danshiitsoodol N, et al : The mitomycin C (MMC) -binding protein from MMC-producing microorganisms protects from the lethal effect of bleomycin : crystallographic analysis to elucidate the binding mode of the antibiotic to the protein. J Mol Biol 360 : 398-408, 2006.
 
9) Thiara AS, Cundliffe E : Cloning and characterization of a DNA gyrase B gene from Streptomyces sphaeroides that confers resistance to novobiocin. EMBO J 7 : 2255-2259, 1988.
PubMed
10) Blanco MG, et al : Resistance in inhibitors of RNA polymerase in actinomycetes which produce them. J Gen Microbiol 130 : 2883-2891, 1984.
 
11) Kaur P, Russell J : Biochemical coupling between the DrrA and DrrB proteins of the doxorubicin efflux pump of Streptomyces peucetius. J Biol Chem 273 : 17933-17939, 1998.
PubMed
12) 杉山政則 : 微生物その光と陰-抗生物質と病原菌-, 共立出版, 1996.
 
13) Matsuo H, et al : Molecular cloning of a D-cycloserine resistance gene from D-cycloserine-producing Streptomyces garyphalus. J Antibiot 56 : 762-767, 2003.
 
14) Noda M, et al : Self-protection mechanism in D-cycloserine-producing Streptomyces lavendulae. Gene cloning, characterization, and kinetics of its alanine racemase and D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase, which are target enzymes of D-cycloserine. J Biol Chem 279 : 46143-46152, 2004.
 
15) Noda M, et al : Structural eVidence that alanine racemase from a D-cycloserine-producing microorganism exhibits resistance to its own product. J Biol Chem 279 : 46153-46161, 2004.
 
P.678 掲載の参考文献
1) クリフォード・ドーベル著, 天児和暢訳 : レーベンフックの手紙, p446, 九州大学出版会, 2004.
 
2) Venter JC, et al : Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea. Science 304 : 66-74, 2004.
PubMed
3) Simu K, Hagstr6m A : Oligotrophic bacterioplankton with a novel single-cell life strategy. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 : 2445-2451, 2004.
PubMed
4) Colwell RR, et al : Viable but non-culturable Vibrio cholerae and related pathogens in the environment : Implications for release of genetically engineered microorganisms. Bio/Technology 3 : 817-820, 1985.
 
5) Xu H-S, et al : Survival and viability of nonculturable Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae in the estuarine and marine environments. Microb Ecol 8 : 313-323, 1982.
 
6) 培養不能細菌 (木暮一啓編) (月刊海洋号外No. 33), 海洋出版, 2003.
 
7) Nystrom T : Bacterial senescence, programmed death, and premediated sterility. ASM News 71 : 363-369, 2005.
 
P.681 掲載の参考文献
1) Bowman EJ, et al : Bafilomycins : aclass of inhibitors of membrane ATPases from microorganisms, animal cells, and plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 : 7972-7976, 1988.
 
2) Perez L, Carrasco L : Entry of poliovirus into cells does not require a low-pH step. J Virol 67 : 4543-4548, 1993.
 
3) Prchla E, et al : Uncoating of human rhinovirus serotype 2 from late endosomes. J Virol 68 : 3713-3723, 1994.
 
4) Casasnovas JM, Springer TA : Pathway of rhinovirus disruption by soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) : an intermediate in which ICAM-1 is bound and RNA is released. J Virol 68 : 5882-5889, 1994.
PubMed
5) Suzuki T, et al : Erythromycin inhibits rhinoVirus infection in cultured human tracheal epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 : 1113-1118, 2002.
PubMed
6) Suzuki T, et al : Bafilomycin A1 inhibits rhinovirus infection in human airway epithelium : effects on endosome and ICAM-1. Am J Physiol 280 : L1115-L1127, 2001.
 
7) Tsurita M, et al : Early augmentation of interleukin (IL) -12 level in the airway of mice administered orally with clarithromycin or intranasally with IL-12 results in alleviation of influenza infection. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298 : 362-368, 2001.
PubMed
8) Mellmann I, et al : Acidification of the endocytic and exocytic pathways. Annu Rev Biochem 55 : 663-700, 1986.
 
9) Marshansky V, Vinay P : Proton gradient formation in early endosomes from proximal tubules. Biochim Biophys Acta 1284 : 171-180, 1996.
PubMed
10) Suzuki T, et al : Erythromycin and common cold in COPD. Chest 120 : 730-733, 2001.
PubMed

書評

最近チェックした商品履歴

Loading...