AII受容体拮抗薬のすべて　第3版

出版社： 先端医学社
著者：
発行日： 2004-03-31
分野： 薬学  >  薬物学
ISBN： 4884071220
電子書籍版： 2004-03-31 （第3版第1刷）
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本書は、現時点におけるレニン・アンジオテンシン系と高血圧、そして脳、心、腎、糖尿病など高血圧の関連合併症に関するup to dateな情報が詳細に解説されており、A?受容体拮抗薬に関わりある循環器専門家はもとより、研修医、医学生にも必携の書。

目次

  • AII受容体拮抗薬のすべて 第3版

    ―目次―

    Part1●臨床におけるＡ?受容体拮抗薬の今日的意義をみる
    Part2●臨床薬理からＡ?受容体拮抗薬の臨床的有用性をみる
    Part3●EBMからみたＡ?受容体拮抗薬の臨床的位置づけと
    　　　 治療戦略を知る
    Part4●Ａ?受容体拮抗薬による治療戦略をみる
    Part5●Ａ?受容体拮抗薬の服薬コンプライアンスをみる
    Part6●Ａ?受容体拮抗薬の有効使用のための注意点を知る
    Part7●大規模臨床試験からみたＡ?受容体拮抗薬の
    臨床的有用性を知る
    Part8●レニン・アンジオテンシン系の可能性をみる

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参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

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Part 1 ● 臨床におけるAII受容体拮抗薬の今日的意義をみる

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8) Viberti G, Wheeldon NM:Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation 106:672-678, 2002
PubMed
9) Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N et al:Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 348:383-393, 2003
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P.71 掲載の参考文献
1) The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
PubMed
2) Oparil S, Weber MA:Hypertension, a comparison to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2000, p 602, 631
 
3) Wing LMH, Reid CM, Ryan P et al:A comparison of outcomes with Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitors and Diuretics for Hypertension in the Elderly. N Engl M Med 348:583-592, 2003
 
4) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomised trial of a perindopril-based bloodpressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001.
PubMed
5) Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J et al:Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 342:145-153, 2000
PubMed
6) Eguchi K, Kario K, Shimada K:Effects of long-acting ACE inhibitor (temocapril) and long-acting Ca channel blocker (amlodipine) on 24-h ambulatory BP in elderly hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 15:643-648, 2001
 
7) Burnier M:Angiotensin II type l receptor blockers. Circulation 103:904-912, 2001
 
8) Eguchi K, Kario K, Shimada K:Comparison of candesartan and lisinopril on ambulatory blood pressure and morning surge in patients with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 92:621-624, 2003
PubMed
9) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
PubMed
10) Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy:a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 288:1491-1498, 2002
PubMed
11) Zanchetti A, Omboni S:Comparison of candesartan versus enalapril in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 14:129-134, 2001
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12) Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y et al:Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovasculardisease in the elderly hypertensives:a prospective study. Circulation 107:1401-1406, 2003
 
13) Karlberg BE, Lins LE, Hermansson K:Efficacy and safety of telmisartan, a selective AT 1 receptor antagonist, compared with enalapril in elderly patients with primary hypertension. TEES Study Group. J Hypertens 17:293-302, 1999
 
14) Cuspidi C, Muiesan ML, Valagussa L et al:Comparative effects of candesartan and enalapril on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension:the candesartan assessment in the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy (CATCH) study. J Hypertens 20:2293-2300, 2002
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15) Forclaz A, Maillard M, Nussberger J et al:Angiotensin II receptor blockade:Is there truly a benefit of adding an ACE inhibitor? Hypertension 41:31-36, 2003.
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P.78 掲載の参考文献
1) Ohnish H, Saitoh S, Ura N et al:Relationship between insulin resistance and accumulation of coronary risk factors. Diabetes Obes Metab 4:388-393, 2002
 
2) Shimamoto K, Hirata A, Fukuoka M et al:Insulin sensitivity and the effects of insulin on renal sodium handling and pressor systems in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertension 23 (Suppl I):129-133, 1994
 
3) Kamide K, Hori MT, Zhu JH et al:Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes angiotensinogen production and growth in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Hypertens 18:1051-1056, 2000
 
4) Nickenig G, Roling J, Strehlow K et al:Insulin induces upregulation of vascular AT 1 receptor gene expression by posttran-scriptional mechanisms. Circulation 98:2453-2460, 1998
 
5) Lyer SN, Raizada MK, Katovich MJ et al:AT 1 receptor density changes during development of hypertension in hyperinsulinemic rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 18:793-810, 1996
 
6) Kamide K, Rakugi H, Higaki J et al:The renin-angiotensin and adrenergic nervous system in cardiac hypertrophy in fructose-fed rats. Am J Hypertens 15:66-71, 2002
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7) Velloso LA, Filli F, Sun XJ et al:Cross-talk between the insulin and angiotensin signaling systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93:12490-12495, 1996
 
8) Folli F, Kahn CR, Hansen H et al:Angiotensin II inhibits insulin signaling in aortic smooth muscle cells at multiple levels-a potential role for serine phosphorylation in insulin/angiotensin II crosstalk. J Clin In vest 100:2158-5169, 1997
 
9) Higashiura K, Ura N, Takada T et al:The effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist on insulin resistance in fructosefed rats. Am J Hyertens 13:290-297, 2000
 
10) Togashi N, Ura N, Higashura K et al:The effect of TNF-α-converting enzyme inhibitor on insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats. Hypertension 39:578-580, 2002
 
11) Togashi N, Ura N, Higashiura K et al:The contribution of skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor-α to insulin resistance and hypertension in fructose-fed rats. J Hypertens 18:1605-1610, 2000
 
12) Furuhashi M, Ura N, Higashiura K et al:Blockade of the rennin-angiotensin system increases adiponectin concentrations in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 42:76-81, 2003
 
13) Janke J, Engeli S, Gorzelniak K et al:Mature adipocytes inhibit in vitro differentiation of human preadipocytes via angiotensintype 1 receptors. Diabetes 51:1699-1707, 2002
 
14) Dresner A, Laurent D, Marcucci M et al:Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. J Clin Invest 103:253-259, 1999
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Part 2 ● 臨床薬理からAII受容体拮抗薬の臨床的有用性をみる

P.87 掲載の参考文献
1) 宮崎瑞夫:アンジオテンシン受容体拮抗薬. アンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬. 心臓 32:611-618, 2000
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2) 宮崎瑞夫:薬理学的にみたAII受容体拮抗薬スペシャルガイド第3回血管内腔狭窄抑制作用. 血圧 9:1081-1083, 2002
 
3) Takai S, Miyazaki M:A novel therapeutic strategy against vascular disorders with chymase inhibitor. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 1:217-224, 2003
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4) Miyazaki M, Takai S:Local Angiotensin II generating system in vascular tissues:the roles of chymase. Hypertens Res 24:189-193, 2001
PubMed
5) Jin D, Takai S, Shiota N et al:Roles of vascular angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive hamsters. J Hypertens 16:657-664, 1998
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6) 高井真司, 宮崎瑞夫:アンジオテンシンIIアンタゴニストの抗動脈硬化作用. Hypertension Frontier 4:50-57, 2001
 
7) Miyazaki M, Wada T, Shiota N et al:Effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonist, candesartan cilexetil, on canine intima hypertension after balloon injury. J Hypertens 13 (Suppl 1):S 21-S 25, 1999
 
8) Nishimoto M, Takai S, Kim S et al:Significance of chymase-dependent angiotensin II-forming pathways in the development of vascular proliferation. Circulation 104:1274-1279, 2001
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9) Nishimoto M, Takai S, Fukumoto H et al:Increased local angiotensin II formation in anueurysmal aorta. Life Sci 71:2195-2205, 2002
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10) Tsunemi K, Takai S, Nishimoto M et al:Possible roles of angiotensin II-forming enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase-like enzyme, in the human aneurysmal aorta. Hypertens Res 25:817-822, 2002
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11) Okamoto K, Takai S, Sasaki S et al:Trandolapril reduces infarction area after middle Cerenral artery occlusion in rats. Hypertens Res 25:583-588, 2002
 
12) 金 徳男, 高井真司, 阪口眞人ほか:心筋梗塞後の病態生理におけるキマーゼの役割. 血管 26:53-58, 2003
 
13) 高井真司, 金 徳男, 阪口眞人ほか:キマーゼ阻害薬による心臓線維化抑制効果-Transforming growth factor-β活性化酵素としてのキマーゼ-. 血圧 10:251-255, 2003
Medical*Online
P.92 掲載の参考文献
1) 山口武典, 大坪亮一, 豊田一則:特殊な高血圧患者の診療のポイント:脳血管疾患. Practitioners 1:65-67, 1992
 
2) 河野雄平, 山口武典:脳血管障害を伴った高血圧とアンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬. 心血管疾患とレニン・アンジオテンシン系, (荻原俊男, 猿田享男, 永井良三ほか編), 先端医学社, 東京, 2000, pp 173-178
 
3) Rigaud AS, Saux ML, Staessen JA et al:Cerebral complications of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 14:605-616, 2000
 
4) Vraamark T, Waldemar G, Strandgaard S et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist CV-11974 and cerebral blood flow autoregulation. J Hypertens 13:755-761, 1995
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5) Kawano Y, Yoshida K, Matsuoka H et al:Chronic effects of central and systemic administration of losartan on blood pressure reflex in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 7:536-542, 1994
PubMed
6) von Lutterotti N, Camargo MJ, Campbell WG Jr et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist delays renal damage and stroke in salt-loaded Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens 10:949-957, 1992
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7) Vacher E, Richer C, Giudicelli JF:Effects of losartan on cerebral arteries in stroke-pronespontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 14:1341-1348, 1996
 
8) 1nada Y, Wada T, Ojima M et al:Protective effects of candesartan cilexetil (TCV-116) against stroke, kidney dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 19:1079-1099, 1997
 
9) Nishimura Y, Ito T, Saavedra JM:Angiotensin II ATI blockade normalizes cerebrovascular autoregulation and reduces cerebralischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 31:2478-2486, 2000
 
10) Gueyffier F, Boissel JP, Boutitie F et al:Effect of antihypertensive treatment inpatients having already suffered from stroke. Gathering the evidence. The INDANA (Individual Data Analysis of Antihypertensivetrials) Project Collaborators. Stroke 28:2557-2562, 1997
 
11) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transientischemis attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001
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12) Neal B, Mac Mahon S, Chapman N et al:Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs:results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 356:1955-1964, 2000
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13) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial:Mojor outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
PubMed
14) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
PubMed
15) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003
 
16) Schrader J, Luders S, Kulshewski A et al:The ACCESS study:evaluation of acute candesartan cilexetil therapy in stroke survivors. Stroke 34:1699-1703, 2003
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P.100 掲載の参考文献
1) Paul M, Bachmann J, Ganten D:The tissue renin-angiotensin systems in cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2:94-99, 1992
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2) The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group:Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS) . N Engl J Med 316:1429-1435, 1987
 
3) The SOLVED Investigators:Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325:293-302, 1991
 
4) The AIRE Investigation:Effect of Ramipril on mortality of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 343:821-823, 1993
 
5) Urata H, Healy B, Stewart RW et al:Angiotensin II forming pathway in normal and failing human hearts. Circ Res 66:883-890, 1990
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6) Ihara M, Urata H, Kinoshita A et al:Increased chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in human atherosclerotic aorta. Hypertension 33:1399-1405, 1999
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7) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
PubMed
8) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kleldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endopoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
 
9) Cohn JN, Tognori G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2002
 
10) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMMAL randomized trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002
 
11) Gohlke P, Pee C, Unger T:AT 2 receptor stimulation increases aortic cyclic GMP in SHRSP by a kinin-dependent mechanism. Hypertension 31:349-355, 1998
 
12) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtypes 2 (AT 2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 100:264-369, 1997
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13) Jalowy A, Schulz R, Dorge H et al:Infarct size reduction by AT 1-receptor blockade through a signal cascade of AT 2-receptor activation, bradykinin and prostaglandins in pigs. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:1787-1796, 1998
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14) Xu J, Carretero OA, Liu YH et al:Role of AT 2 receptors in the cardioprotective effect of AT 1 antagonists in mice. Hypertension 40:244-250, 2002
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15) Serneri GG, Boddi M, Cecioni I et al:Cardiac angiotensin II formation in the clinical course of heart failure and its relationship with left ventricular function. Circ Res 88:961-968, 2001
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16) Griendling KK, Sorescu D, Ushio-Fukai M:NAD (P) H Oxidase:role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ Res 86:494-501, 2000
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17) Pueyo ME, Gonzalez W, Nicoletti A et al:Angiotensin II stimulates endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 via nuclear factor-kappaB activation induced by intracellular oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:645-651, 2000
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18) Suzuki J, Matsubara H, Urakami M et al:Rat angiotensin II (type 1 A) receptor mRNA regulation and subtype expression in myocardial growth and hypertrophy. Circ Res 73:439-447, 1993
 
19) Nio Y, Matsubara H, Murasawa S et al:Regulation of gene transcription of angiotenin II receptor subtypes in myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 95:46-54, 1995
 
20) Nozawa Y, Haruno A, Oda N et al:Angiotensin II receptor subtypes in bovine and human ventricular myocardium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:566-571, 1994
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21) Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S et al:Angiotensin II partly mediates mechanical stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 77:258, 1995
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22) Kim S, Ohta K, Hamaguchi A et al:An-giotensin II induces cardiac phenotypic modulation and remodeling in vivo in rats. Hypertension 25:1252-1259, 1995
 
23) Levy D, Garison RJ, Savage DD et al:Prognostic implication of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham heart study. N Engl J Med 322:1561-1566, 1990
 
24) Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al:Adverse prognosis significance of concentric remodeling of the Ieft ventricule in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:871-878, 1995
 
25) Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L:Reversal ofleft ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. A metaanalysis of 109 treatment studies. Am J Hpyertens 5:95-110, 1992
 
26) Thurmann PA, Kenedi P, Schmidt A et al:Influence of the angiotensin II antagonist valsartan on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 98:2037-2042, 1998
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27) Rosa ML, Rossi M, Baiano A et al:Comparative effects of chronic ACE inhibition and AT 1 receptor blocked losartan on cardiac hypertrophy and renal function in hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 16:133-140, 2002 J
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28) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
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29) Harada K, Sugaya T, Murakami K et al:Angiotensin II type 1 A receptor knockout mice display less left ventricular remodeling and improved survival after myocardialinfarction. Circulation 100:2093-2099, 1999
 
30) Akishita M, Iwai M, Wu L et al:Inhibitory effect of angiotensin II type 2 receptor on coronary arterial remodeling after aortic banding in mice. Circulation 102:1684-1689, 2000
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31) Liu YH, Xu J, Yang XP et al:Effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists on endothelial NO synthetase knockout mice with heart failure. Hypertension 39:375-381, 2002
 
32) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomized trial the Losartan Heart Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
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33) Maggiono AP, Anabd I, Gottlieb SO et al:Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1414-1421, 2002
 
34) Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ et al:The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl Med 341:709-717, 1999
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35) Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F et al:Eplerenone, a Selective Aldosterone Blocker, in Patients with Left Ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 348:1309-1321, 2003
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36) Grossman E, Peleg E, Carroll J et al:Hemodynamic and humoral effects of the angiotensin II antagonist Losartan in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 7:1041-1044, 1994
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37) Harada E, Yoshimura M, Yasue H et al:Aldosterone induces angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene expression in cultured neonatal rat cardiocytes. Circulation 104:137-139, 2001
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P.108 掲載の参考文献
1) Perneger TV, Nieto J, Whelton PK et al:A prospective study of blood pressure and serum creatinine. Results from the`Clue' study and the ARIC study. JAMA 269:488-493, 1993
 
2) Lazarus JM, Bourgoignie JJ, Buckalew VM et al:Achievement and safety of a low blood pressure goal in chronic renal disease. The modification of diet in renal disease study group. Hypertension 29:641-650, 1997
 
3) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group:Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reduction risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Br Med J 317:713-720, 1998
 
4) The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia):Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 349:1857-1863, 1997
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5) Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G et al:Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril:REIN follow-up trial. Lancet 352:1252-1256, 1998
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6) Jafar TH, Schmit CH, Landa M et al:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann In tern Med 135:73-78, 2001
 
7) Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I et al:Long-term stabilizing effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Int Med 118:577-581, 1993
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8) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP et al:The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibiton on diabetic nephropathy. (The Collaborative Study Group) . N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993
 
9) Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G et al:Effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in progressive renal insufficiency study group. N Engl J. Med 334:939-945, 1996
 
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11) Cortes P, Riser BL, Zhao X et al:Glomerular volume expansion and mesangial cell mechanical strain:mediators of glomerular pressure injury. Kidney Int 45:S11-S16, 1994
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13) Remuzzi G, Bertani T:Pathophysiology and progressive nephropathies. N Engl J Med 339:1448-1456, 1998
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14) Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM et al:Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med 123:754-762, 1995
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15) Ichikawa I, Harris R:Angiotensin-actions in the kidney:renewed insight into the old hormone. Kidney lnt 40:583-596, 1991
 
16) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869. 2001
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17) Keane WF, Brenner BM, De Zeew D et al:The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy:the RENAAL study. Kidney Int 63:1499-1507, 2003
 
18) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
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19) Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H et al:Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE):a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361:117-124, 2003
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20) Bakris GL, Siomos M, Richardson D et al:ACE inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade:impact on potassium in renal failure. VAL-K Study Group. Kidney Int 58:2084-2092, 2000
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21) Toto R, Shultz P, Raji L et al:Efficacy and tolerability of losartan in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. Collaborative Group. Hypertension 31:684-689, 1998
 
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24) Apperloo AJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE:A short-term antihypertensive treatment-induced fall in glomerular filtration rate predicts long-term stability of renal function. Kidney Int 51:793-797, 1997
 

Part 3 ● EBMからみたAII受容体拮抗薬の臨床的位置づけをみる

P.116 掲載の参考文献
1) The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group:Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure:results of the cooperative North Scandinavian enalapril survival study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 316:1429-1435, 1987
 
2) Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA et al:Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction:Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med 327:669-677, 1992
 
3) Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN et al:The effects of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 334:1349-1355, 1996
PubMed
4) The Rales investigators:Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure (the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study[RALES]) . Am J Cardiol 78:902-907, 1996
 
5) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomised trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITEII. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
 
6) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure:randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999
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7) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002
 
8) Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2001
 
9) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
PubMed
10) Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J et al:The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001
PubMed
11) The ALLHAT officers and coordinators for the ALLHAT collaborative research group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2003
 
12) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
PubMed
13) Lithell H, Hanssson L, Skiig I et al:The study on cogintion and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003
 
14) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-Pressure lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001
PubMed
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Part 4 ● AII受容体拮抗薬による治療戦略をみる

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9) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
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10) Dahlof B, Devereuz RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For End point reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):A randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
 
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12) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skogg I et al:The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE):Principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003
 
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Part 5 ● AII受容体拮抗薬の服薬コンプライアンスをみる

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Part 6 ● AII受容体拮抗薬の有効使用のための注意点を知る

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Part 7 ● 大規模臨床試験からみたAII受容体拮抗薬の臨床的有用性を知る

P.336 掲載の参考文献
1) Lever AF, Hole D, Gillis CR et al:Do inhibitors of angiotensin-1-converting enzyme protect against risk of cancer? Lancet 352:179-184, 1998
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2) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al:Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999
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3) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
PubMed
4) Strawn WB, Chappell MC, Dean RH et al:Inhibition of early atherogenesis by losartan in monkeys with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 101:1586-1593, 2000
PubMed
5) Kramer C, Sunkomat JS, Witte J et al:Angiotensin II receptor-independent antiinflammatory properties of losartan:role of the active metabolite EXP 3179. Circ Res 90:770-776, 2002
 
6) Schffrin EL, Park JB, Intengan HD et al:Correction of arterial structure and endothelial dysfunction in human essential hypertension by the angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan. Circulation 101:1653-1659, 2000
 
7) Diez J, Querejeta R, Lopez B et al:Losartan-dependent regression of myocardial fibrosis is associated with reduction of left ventricular chamber stiffness in hypertensive patients. Circulation 105:2512-2517, 2002
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8) Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy:a losartan intervention for endpoint reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 288:1491-1498, 2002
PubMed
9) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The study on cognition and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003
 
10) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
PubMed
11) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
PubMed
12) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomised trial-the losartan heart failure survival study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
PubMed
13) Dickstein K, Kjekhus J:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002
 
14) Cohn JN, Tognoni G:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2001
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P.342 掲載の参考文献
1) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L et al:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 353:611-616, 1999
 
2) Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J et al:Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients:the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342:145-153, 2000
 
3) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al:Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999
PubMed
4) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomised trial the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
PubMed
5) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001
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6) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al:The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289:2560-2572, 2003
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7) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
PubMed
8) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003
 
9) Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Brunner H et al:Characteristics of 15, 314 hypertensive patients at high coronary risk. The VALUE trial. The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation. Blood,Press 10:83-91, 2001
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10) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002
 
11) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
PubMed
12) Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2001
 
13) Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al:Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 356:359-365, 2000
PubMed
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3) Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L et al:Randomized double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 350:757-764, 1997
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4) Liu L, Wang JG, Gong L et al:Comparison of active treatment and placebo in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Collaborative Group. J Hypertens 16:1823-1829, 1998
 
5) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind interventional trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003
 
6) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
PubMed
7) Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Reboldi G et al:Left ventricular hypertrophy as an independent predictor of acute cerebrovascular events in essential hypertension. Circulation 104:2039-2044, 2001
PubMed
8) Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Effects of Losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy:a Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) Substudy. JAMA 288:1491-1498, 2002
PubMed
9) Blood pressure lowering treatment trialists collaboration:Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood pressure lowering drugs:results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 355:1955-1964, 2000
 
P.352 掲載の参考文献
1) Kannel WB, Wilson PW, Zhang TJ:The epidemiology of impaired glucose tolerance and hypertension. Am Heart J 121:1268-1273, 1991
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2) Gress TW, Nieto FJ, Shahar E et al:Hypertension and antihypertensive therapy as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. N Engl J Med 342:905-912, 2000
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3) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group:Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes:UKPDS 38. BMI 317:703-713, 1998
 
4) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
PubMed
5) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
PubMed
6) American Diabetes Association:Treatment of hypertension In adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 25 (Suppl 1):71 S-73 S, 2002
 
7) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group:Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes:UKPDS 39. BMJ 317:713-720, 1998
Medical*Online
8) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Borch-Johnsen K et al:Risk of new-onset diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For End point reduction inhypertension study. J Hypertens 20:1879-1886, 2002
 
9) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L et al:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 353:611-616, 1999
 
10) Yusuf S, Gerstein H, Hoogwerf B et al:Ramipril and the development of diabetes. J JAMA 4286:1882-1885, 2001
 
P.357 掲載の参考文献
1) Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2001
 
2) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomised trial-the losartan heart failure survival study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
PubMed
3) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002
 
4) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (evaluation of losartan in the elderly study, ELITE) . Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
PubMed
5) The RESOLVD investigators:Effects of metoprolol CR in patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy:the randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction pilot study. Circulation 101:378-384, 2000
 
6) Mc Murray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K et al:Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-coverting-enzyme inhibitor:the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 362:767-771, 2003
 
P.362 掲載の参考文献
1) Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR et al:The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. N Engl J Med 338:645-652, 1998
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2) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group:Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complication in type 2 diabetes:UKPDS 38. Br Med J 317:703-712, 1998
 
3) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP et al:The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993
 
4) 竹内和久:ACE阻害薬と腎臓. 日常診療での留意点, 1:REIN研究, アンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬と臓器保護 (伊藤貞嘉, 堀正二編), 医薬ジャーナル社, 大阪, 2001, pp 47-60
 
5) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, De Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
PubMed
6) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effects of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
PubMed
7) Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J et al:The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001
PubMed
8) Viberti G, Wheeldon NM, MicroAlbuminuria Reduction With VALsartan (MARVAL) Study Investigators:Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:a blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation 106:672-678, 2002
 
9) 黒川 清, 伊藤貞嘉:糖尿病を合併した高血圧患者の治療はどうあるべきか (対談) . 医薬ジャーナル 38:156-163, 2002
 
P.368 掲載の参考文献
1) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J:Comparison of the effects of losartan and captopril on mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL trial design. Optimal Therapy in Myocardial Infarction with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Am J Cardiol 83:477-481, 1999
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2) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Trial Steering Committee and Investigators. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan:Comparison of baseline data, initial course, and management:losartan versus captopril following acute myocardial infarction (The OPTIMAAL Trial) . OPTIMAAL Trial Steering Committee and Investigators. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Am J Cardiol 87:766-772, 2001
 
3) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002
 
4) Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye La et al:Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 327:669-677, 1992
 
5) The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators:Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 342:812-828, 1993
 
6) Kober I, Torp-Pederson C, Carlsen JE et al:A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 333:1670-1676, 1995
 
7) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure randomised trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
PubMed
8) Cohn N, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Hailure Trial Investigators:A randomised trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2001
 
9) Maggioni AP, Anand I, Gottlieb SO et al:Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1414-1421, 2002
 
10) Dahof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
 
11) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:for RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
 
12) Pfeffer MA, McMurray J, Leizorovicz A et al:Valsartan in acute myocardial infarction trial (VALIANT):rationale and design. Am Heart J 140:727-734, 2000
PubMed

Part 8 ● レニン・アンジオテンシン系の可能性をみる

P.380 掲載の参考文献
1) 奥西秀樹・翻訳, Jackson E著:レニンとアンジオテンシン. (第31章) グッドマン・ギルマン薬理書 (上) 薬物治療の基礎と臨床, 第10版, (高折・福田・赤池監訳,) 廣川書店, 東京 2003, pp. 1031-1071
 
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6) Suzuki Y, Riz-Ortega M, Lorenzo O et al:Inflammation and angiotensin II. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 35:881-900, 2003
 
7) Wolf G, Ziyad FN, Thaiss F et al:Angiotensin II stimulates expression of the chemokine RANTES in rat glomerular endothelial cells. Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor. J Clin Invest 100:1047-1058, 1997
 
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10) Ruiz-Ortega M, Lorenzo O, Ruperez M et al:Angiotensin II activates nuclear transcription factor κB through AT 1 and AT 2 in vascular smooth muscle cells:molecular mechanisms. Circ Res 86:1266-1272, 2000
 
11) Liu J, Yang F, Yang XP et al:NAD (P) H oxidase mediates angiotensin II-induced vascular macrophage infiltration and medial hypertrophy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:776-782, 2003
 
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13) Sadoshima J:Novel ATI receptor-independent functions of losartan. Circ Res 90:754-756, 2002
 
14) Kramer C, Sunkomat J, Witte J et al:Angiotensin II receptor-independent antiinflammatory and antiaggregatory properties of losartan:role of the active metabolite EXP 3179. Circ Res 90:770-776, 2002
 
P.387 掲載の参考文献
1) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group:Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes:UKPDS 38. BMI 38:703-713, 1998
 
2) Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L et al:Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes:a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis 36:646-661, 2000
 
3) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
PubMed
4) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients2. 糖尿病におけるAII受容体拮抗薬の役割 with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
 
5) Schwartz RS:Paul Ehrlich:s Receptor Immunology:The Magnificent Obsession. N Engl J Med 346:870-871, 2001
 
6) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:The losartan renal protection study-rationale, study design and baseline characteristics of RENAAL (Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan) . J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 1:328-335, 2000
PubMed
7) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
PubMed
8) Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy:a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 288:1491-1498, 2002
PubMed
9) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
PubMed
10) Lindholm LH, Dahlof B, Edelman JM et al:Effect of losartan on sudden cardiac death in people with diabetes:data from the LIFE study. Lancet 362:1004-1010, 2003
 
11) The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blocker vs Diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALL-HAT) . IAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
 

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