糸球体腎炎のためのKDIGO診療ガイドライン　

出版社： 東京医学社
著者：
発行日： 2013-10-15
分野： 臨床医学：内科  >  腎臓
ISBN： 9784885632266
電子書籍版： 2013-10-15 （第1版第1刷）
書籍・雑誌
≪全国送料無料でお届け≫
取寄せ目安：8～14営業日

3,300 円(税込)

購入する
電子書籍
章別単位での購入はできません
ブラウザ、アプリ閲覧

3,300 円(税込)

購入する

目次

  • 糸球体腎炎のためのKDIGO診療ガイドライン　

    ―目次―

    1章　はじめに
    2章　糸球体疾患の管理における一般原則
    3章　小児のステロイド感受性ネフローゼ症候群（SSNS）
    4章　小児のステロイド抵抗性ネフローゼ症候群（SRNS）
    5章　成人の微小変化型ネフローゼ症候群（MCD）
    6章　成人の特発性巣状分節性糸球体硬化症（FSGS）
    7章　特発性膜性腎症（IMN）
    8章　特発性膜性増殖性糸球体腎炎（IMPGN）
    9章　感染症関連糸球体腎炎（IRGN）
    10章　IgA腎症（IgAN）
    11章　Henoch-Sch?nlein紫斑病性腎炎（HSP腎炎）
    12章　ループス腎炎（LN）
    13章　Pauci-immune型巣状分節性壊死性糸球体腎炎
    14章　抗糸球体基底膜抗体型糸球体腎炎

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

References

P.138 掲載の参考文献
1. Corwin HL, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ. The importance of sample size in the interpretation of the renal biopsy. Am J Nephrol 1988 ; 8 : 85-89.
PubMed
2. Price CP, Newall RG, Boyd JC. Use of protein : creatinine ratio measurements on random urine samples for prediction of significant proteinuria : a systematic review. Clin Chern 2005 ; 51 : 1577-1586.
 
3. Fine DM, Ziegenbein M, Petri M et al. A prospective study of protein excretion using short-interval timed urine collections in patients with lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 2009 ; 76 : 1284-1288.
 
4. Branten AJ, Vervoort G, Wetzels JF. Serum creatinine is a poor marker of GFR in nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005 ; 20 : 707-711.
PubMed
5. Botev R, Mallie JP, Couchoud C et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate : Cockcroft-Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulas compared to renal inulin clearance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 899-906.
PubMed
6. Ravin BH, McKinley AM, Birmingham DJ. Can we personalize treatment for kidney diseases? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 1670-1676.
 
7. Upadhyay A, Earley A, Haynes SM et al. Systematic review : blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med 2011 ; 154 : 541-548.
PubMed
8. Agarwal A, Haddad N, Hebert LA. Progression of kidney disease : diagnosis and management. In : Molony DA, Craig JC (eds). Evidencebased Nephrology, 1st edn. John Wiley & Sons : Hoboken, NJ, 2008, pp 311-322.
 
9. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004 ; 114 (Suppl 2) : 555-576.
 
10. Wuhl E, Trivelli A, Picca 5 et al. Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med 2009 ; 361 : 1639-1650.
PubMed
11 . Ogi M, Yokoyama H, Tomosugi N et al. Risk factors for infection and immunoglobulin replacement therapy in adult nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1994 ; 24 : 427-436.
PubMed
12. Furth SL, Arbus GS, Hogg R et al. Varicella vaccination in children with nephrotic syndrome : a report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. J Pediatr 2003 ; 142 : 145-148.
 
13. Philibert D, Cattran D. Remission of proteinuria in primary glomerulonephritis : we know the goal but do we know the price? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008 ; 4 : 550-559.
PubMed
14. McKinney PA, Feltbower RG, Brocklebank JT et al. Time trends and ethnic patterns of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Yorkshire, UK. Pediatr Nephrol 2001 ; 16 : 1040-1044.
PubMed
15. A Report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Primary nephrotic syndrome in children : clinical significance of histopathologic variants of minimal change and of diffuse mesangial hypercellularity. Kidney Int 1981 ; 20 : 765-771.
 
16. Fakhouri F, Bocquet N, Taupin P et al. Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome : from childhood to adulthood. Am J Kidney Dis 2003 ; 41 : 550-557.
PubMed
17. Koskimies O, Vilska J, Rapola J et al. Long-term outcome of primary nephrotic syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1982 ; 57 : 544-548.
PubMed
18. Tarshish P, Tobin JN, Bernstein J et al. Prognostic significance of the early course of minimal change nephrotic syndrome : report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997 ; 8 : 769-776.
 
19. Arneil GC. 164 children with nephrosis. Lancet 1961 ; 2 : 1103-1110.
PubMed
20. Ruth EM, Kemper MJ, Leu mann EP et al. Children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome come of age : long-term outcome. J Pediatr 2005 ; 147 : 202-207.
 
21. Bhimma R, Coovadia HM, Adhikari M. Nephrotic syndrome in South African children : changing perspectives over 20 years. Pediatr Nephrol 1997 ; 11 : 429-434.
PubMed
22. Kim JS, Bellew CA, Silverstein DM et al. High incidence of initial and late steroid resistance in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2005 ; 68 : 1275-1281.
PubMed
23. Arneil GC. The nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 1971 ; 18 : 547-559.
PubMed
24. Alternate-day versus intermittent prednisone in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. A report of 'Arbetsgemeinschaft fur Padiatrische Nephrologie'. Lancet 1979 ; 1 : 401-403.
PubMed
25. Hodson EM, Knight JF, Willis NS et al. Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 : CD001533.
PubMed
26. Feber J, AI-Matrafi J, Farhadi E et al. Prednisone dosing per body weight or body surface area in children with nephrotic syndrome : is it equivalent? Pediatr Nephrol 2009 ; 24 : 1027-1031.
PubMed
27. The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. J Pediatr 1981 ; 98 : 561-564.
 
28. Short versus standard prednisone therapy for initial treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Padiatrische Nephrologie. Lancet 1988 ; 1 : 380-383.
PubMed
29. Alternate-day prednisone is more effective than intermittent prednisone in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. A report of 'Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Padiatrische Nephrologie'. fur J Pediatr 1981 ; 135 : 229-237.
 
30. Brayer M, Guest G, Gagnadoux MF. Growth rate in children receiving alternate-day corticosteroid treatment after kidney transplantation. J Pediatr 1992 ; 120 : 721-725.
 
31. Letavernier B, Letavernier E, Leroy S et al. Prediction of high-degree steroid dependency in pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 2221-2226.
PubMed
32. Noer MS. Predictors of relapse in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Southeast Asian J Trap Med Public Health 2005 ; 36 : 1313-1320.
 
33. Lewis MA, Baildom EM, Davis N et al. Nephrotic syndrome : from toddlers to twenties. Lancet 1989 ; 1 : 255-259.
PubMed
34. Andersen RF, Thrane N, Noergaard K et al. Early age at debut is a predictor of steroid-dependent and frequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2010 ; 25 : 1299-1304.
PubMed
35. Constantinescu AR, Shah HB, Foote EF et al. Predicting first-year relapses in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatrics 2000 ; 105 : 492-495.
PubMed
36. Abeyagunawardena AS, Trompeter RS. Increasing the dose of prednisolone during viral infections reduces the risk of relapse in nephrotic syndrome : a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 2008 ; 93 : 226-228.
PubMed
37. Gulati A, Sinha A, Sreenivas V et al. Daily corticosteroids reduce infection-associated relapses in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome : a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011 ; 6 : 63-69.
PubMed
38. Elzouki AY, Jaiswal OP. Long-term, small dose prednisone therapy in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome of childhood. Effect on remission, statural growth, obesity, and infection rate. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1988 ; 27 : 387-392.
PubMed
39. Consensus statement on management and audit potential for steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome. Report of a Workshop by the British Association for Paediatric Nephrology and Research Unit, Royal College of Physicians. Arch Dis Child 1994 ; 70 : 151-157.
 
40. Bagga A, Ali U, Banerjee S et al. Management of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome : revised guidelines. Indian Pediatr 2008 ; 45 : 203-214.
PubMed
41. Srivastava RN, Vasudev AS, Bagga A et al. Long-term, low-dose prednisolone therapy in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 1992 ; 6 : 247-250.
PubMed
42. Kyrieleis HA, Lowik MM, Prank I et al. Long-term outcome of biopsyproven, frequently relapsing minimal-change nephrotic syndrome in children. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 1593-1600.
 
43. Latta K, von Schnakenburg C, Ehrich JH. A meta-analysis of cytotoxic treatment for frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2001 ; 16 : 271-282.
PubMed
44. Niaudet P, Habib R, Tete MJ et al. Cyclosporin in the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol 1987 ; 1 : 566-573.
PubMed
45. Boyer O, Moulder JK, Grandin L et al. Short-and long-term efficacy of levamisole as adjunctive therapy in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 575-580.
 
46. Hino S, Takemura T, Okada M et al. Follow-up study of children with nephrotic syndrome treated with a long-term moderate dose of cyclosporine. Am J Kidney Dis 1998 ; 31 : 932-939.
PubMed
47. Leroy V, Baudouin V, Alberti C et al. Growth in boys with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome on long-term cyclosporin and steroid treatment. Pediatr Nephrol 2009 ; 24 : 2393-2400.
PubMed
48. Mowry JA, McCarthy ET. Cyclosporine in glomerular disease. Semin Nephrol 1996 ; 16 : 548-554.
PubMed
49. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Non-corticosteroid treatment for nephrotic syndrome in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 : CD002290.
 
50. Kyrieleis HA, Levtchenko EN, Wetzels JF. Long-term outcome after cyclophosphamide treatment in children with steroid-dependent and frequently relapsing minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2007 ; 49 : 592-597.
PubMed
51. Azib S, Macher MA, Kwon T et al. Cyclophosphamide in steroiddependent nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2011 ; 26 : 927-932.
PubMed
52. Cyclophosphamide treatment of steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome : comparison of eight week with 12 week course. Report of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Padiatrische Nephrologie. Arch Dis Child 1987 ; 62 : 1102-1106.
PubMed
53. Williams SA, Makker SP, lngelfinger JR et al. Long-term evaluation of chlorambucil plus prednisone in the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood. N Engl J Med 1980 ; 302 : 929-933.
 
54. Wetzels JF. Cyclophosphamide-induced gonadal toxicity : a treatment dilemma in patients with lupus nephritis? Neth J Med 2004 ; 62 : 347-352.
PubMed
55. Miller DG. Alkylating agents and human spermatogenesis. JAMA 1971 ; 217 : 1662-1665.
PubMed
56. Weiss R. Randomized double-blind placebo controlled, multi-center trial of levamisole for children with frequently relapsing/steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 1993 ; 4 : 289.
 
57. Fu LS, Shien CY, Chi CS. Levamisole in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome children with frequent relapses and/or steroid dependency : comparison of daily and every-other-day usage. Nephron Clin Pract 2004 ; 97 : c137-c141.
PubMed
58. Hafeez F, Ahmed TM, Samina U. Levamisole in steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2006 ; 16 : 35-37.
PubMed
59. Kemper MJ, Amon 0, Timmermann K et al. [The treatment with levamisole of frequently recurring steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1998 ; 123 : 239-243.
 
60. Palcoux JB, Niaudet P, Goumy P. Side effects of levamisole in children with nephrosis. Pediatr Nephrol 1994 ; 8 : 263-264.
PubMed
61. Niaudet P. Comparison of cyclosporin and chlorambucil in the treatment of steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome : a multicentre randomized controlled trial. The French Society of Paediatric Nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol 1992 ; 6 : 1-3.
PubMed
62. Ponticelli C. Edefonti A, Ghio L et al. Cyclosporin versus cyclophosphamide for patients with steroid-dependent and frequently relapsing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome : a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993 ; 8 : 1326-1332.
PubMed
63. Yoshioka K, Ohashi Y, Sakai T et al. A multicenter trial of mizoribine compared with placebo in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2000 ; 58 : 317-324.
PubMed
64. EI-Husseini A, EI-Basuony F, Mahmoud I et al. Long-term effects of cyclosporine in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome : a single-centre experience. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005 ; 20 : 2433-2438.
 
65. Hulton SA, Neuhaus TJ, Dillon MJ et al. Long-term cyclosporin A treatment of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome of childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 1994 ; 8 : 401-403.
PubMed
66. Niaudet P, Broyer M, Habib R. Treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with cyclosporin A in children. Clin Nephrol 1991 ; 35 (Suppl 1) : S31-536.
 
67. lshikura K, Ikeda M, Hattori 5 et al. Effective and safe treatment with cyclosporine in nephrotic children : a prospective, randomized multicenter trial. Kidney Int 2008 ; 73 : 1167-1173.
 
68. Filler G. How should microemulsified Cyclosporine A (Neoral) therapy in patients with nephrotic syndrome be monitored? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005 ; 20 : 1032-1034.
PubMed
69. Sinha MD, Macleod R, Rigby E et al. Treatment of severe steroiddependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) in children with tacrolimus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006 ; 21 : 1848-1854.
PubMed
70. Dotsch J, Dittrich K, Plank C et al. Is tacrolimus for childhood steroiddependent nephrotic syndrome better than ciclosporin A? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006 ; 21 : 1761-1763.
PubMed
71. lijima K, Hamahira K, Tanaka R et al. Risk factors for cyclosporine-induced tubulointerstitial lesions in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Kidney tnt 2002 ; 61 : 1801-1805.
 
72. Kranz B, Vester U, Buscher R et al. Cyclosporine-A-induced nephrotoxicity in children with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome : long-term treatment up to 10 years. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 581-586.
PubMed
73. EI-Husseini A, EI-Basuony F, Mahmoud I et al. Impact of the cyclosporineketoconazole interaction in children with steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Clin Pharmacal 2006 ; 62 : 3-8.
 
74. Dorresteijn EM, Kist-van Holthe JE, Levtchenko EN et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine for remission maintenance in nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 2013-2020.
PubMed
75. Hogg RJ, Fitzgibbons L, Bruick J et al. Clinical trial of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for frequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome in children (abstract). Pediatr Nephrol 2004 ; 19 : C66.
 
76. Afzal K, Bagga A, Menon 5 et al. Treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone for steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2007 ; 22 : 2059-2065.
PubMed
77. Barletta GM, Smoyer WE, Bunch man TE et al. Use of mycophenolate mofetil in steroid-dependent and-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2003 ; 18 : 833-837.
 
78. Ettenger R, Bartosh 5, Choi L et al. Pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in stable pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2005 ; 9 : 780-787.
PubMed
79. Ravani P, Magnasco A, Edefonti A et al. Short-term effects of rituximab in children with steroid-and calcineurin-dependent nephrotic syndrome : a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011 ; 6 : 1308-1315.
PubMed
80. Guigonis V, Dallocchio A, Baudouin V et al. Rituximab treatment for severe steroid-or cyclosporine-dependent nephrotic syndrome : a multicentric series of 22 cases. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 1269-1279.
PubMed
81. Prytula A, lijima K, Kamei K et al. Rituximab in refractory nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2010 ; 25 : 461-468.
 
82. Chaumais MC. Garnier A, Chalard F et al. Fatal pulmonary fibrosis after rituximab administration. Pediatr Nephrol 2009 ; 24 : 1753-1755.
PubMed
83. Gulati S, Sharma AP, Sharma RK et al. Do current recommendations for kidney biopsy in nephrotic syndrome need modifications? Pediatr Nephrol 2002 ; 17 : 404-408.
PubMed
84. Gulati S, Sural S, Sharma RK et al. Spectrum of adolescent-onset nephrotic syndrome in Indian children. Pediatr Nephrol 2001 ; 16 : 1045-1048.
PubMed
85. Baqi N, Singh A, Balachandra 5 et al. The paucity of minimal change disease in adolescents with primary nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 1998 ; 12 : 105-107.
PubMed
86. Gipson DS, Chin H, Presler TP et al. Differential risk of remission and ESRD in childhood FSGS. Pediatr Nephrol 2006 ; 21 : 344-349.
PubMed
87. Gorensek MJ, Lebel MH, Nelson JD. Peritonitis in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatrics 1988 ; 81 : 849-856.
PubMed
88. Ulinski T, Leroy S, Dubrel M et al. High serological response to pneumococcal vaccine in nephrotic children at disease onset on highdose prednisone. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 1107-1113.
PubMed
89. Aoun B, Wannous H, Azema C et al. Polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination of nephrotic children at disease onset-long-term data. Pediatr Nephrol 2010 ; 25 : 1773-1774.
PubMed
90. The Australian immunisation handbook. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, Office of Health Protection : Woden, ACT, 2008.
 
91. American Academy of Pediatrics. Section 1 : Active and passive immunization. In : Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long 55, McMillan JA (eds). Red Book : 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 27th edn. Elk Grove Village, IL, 2006, pp 1-103.
 
92. Trachtman H, Fine R, Friedman A et al. Quality of life in children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis : baseline findings. Report of the FSGS clinical trial (CT) (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 20 : 147A.
 
93. Kerlin BA, Blatt NB, Fuh B et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for thromboembolic complications of childhood nephrotic syndrome : a Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium (MWPNC) study. J Pediatr 2009 ; 155 : 105-110, 110 e101.
 
94. Soeiro EM, Koch VH, Fujimura MD et al. Influence of nephrotic state on the infectious profile in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Rev Hasp Clin Foe Med Sao Paulo 2004 ; 59 : 273-278.
 
95. Uncu N, Bulbul M, Yildiz N et al. Primary peritonitis in children with nephrotic syndrome : results of a 5-year multicenter study. Eur J Pediatr 2010 ; 169 : 73-76.
PubMed
96. USRDS 2003. Annual data report : Atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. US Renal Data System, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases : Bethesda, MD, 2003.
 
97. Prospective, controlled trial of cyclophosphamide therapy in children with nephrotic syndrome. Report of the International study of Kidney Disease in Children. Lancet 1974 ; 2 : 423-427.
 
98. Tarshish P, Tobin JN, Bernstein J et al. Cyclophosphamide does not benefit patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Pediatr Nephrol 1996 ; 10 : 590-593.
PubMed
99. Gipson DS, Massengill SF, Yao L et al. Management of childhood onset nephrotic syndrome. Pediatrics 2009 ; 124 : 747-757.
PubMed
100. Abrantes MM, Cardoso LS, Lima EM et al. Predictive factors of chronic kidney disease in primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2006 ; 21 : 1003-1012.
PubMed
101. Chitalia VC, Wells JE, Robson RA et al. Predicting renal survival in primary focal glomerulosclerosis from the time of presentation. Kidney Int 1999 ; 56 : 2236-2242.
PubMed
102. Cosio FG, Hernandez RA. Favorable prognostic significance of raised serum C3 concentration in patients with idiopathic focal glomerulosclerosis. Clin Nephrol 1996 ; 45 : 146-152.
PubMed
103. Troyanov S, Wall CA, Miller JA et al. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis : definition and relevance of a partial remission. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 ; 16 : 1061-1068.
PubMed
104. Hogg RJ, Furth S, Lemley KV et al. National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease in children and ddolescents : evaluation, classification, and stratification. Pediatrics 2003 ; 111 : 1416-1421.
 
105. Chernin G, Heeringa SF, Gbadegesin R et al. Low prevalence of NPHS2 mutations in African American children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 1455-1460.
PubMed
106. Karle SM, Uetz B, Ronner Vet al. Novel mutations in NPHS2 detected in both familial and sporadic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002 ; 13 : 388-393.
 
107. Faul C, Donnelly M, Merscher-Gomez S et al. The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A. Nat Med 2008 ; 14 : 931-938.
PubMed
108. Garin EH, Orak JK, Hiott KL et al. Cyclosporine therapy for steroidresistant nephrotic syndrome. A controlled study. Am J Dis Child 1988 ; 142 : 985-988.
PubMed
109. Lieberman KV, Tejani A. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of cyclosporine in steroid-resistant idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996 ; 7 : 56-63.
 
110. Ponticelli C, Rizzoni G, Edefonti A et al. A randomized trial of cyclosporine in steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1993 ; 43 : 1377-1384.
PubMed
111. Gipson DS, Trachtman H, Kaskel FJ et al. Clinical trial of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children and young adults. Kidney Int 2011 ; 80 : 868-878.
 
112. Caridi G, Perfumo F, Ghiggeri GM. NPHS2 (Podocin) mutations in nephrotic syndrome. Clinical spectrum and fine mechanisms. Pediatr Res 2005 ; 57 : 54R-61R.
PubMed
113. Chaudhry S, Bagga A, Hari P et al. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome : a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2009 ; 53 : 760-769.
 
114. Winn MP. Not all in the family : mutations of podocin in sporadic steroidresistant nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002 ; 13 : 577-579.
PubMed
115. Bagga A, Mudigoudar BD, Hari P et al. Enalapril dosage in steroidresistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2004 ; 19 : 45-50.
 
116. Li Z, Duan C, He J et al. Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2010 ; 25 : 883-888.
PubMed
117. Hari P, Bagga A, Mantan M. Short term efficacy of intravenous dexamethasone and methylprednisolone therapy in steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. Indian Pediatr 2004 ; 41 : 993-1000.
PubMed
118. de Mello VR, Rodrigues MT, Mastrocinque TH et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in children with steroid/cyclophosphamide-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2010 ; 25 : 453-460.
PubMed
119. Hodson EM, Craig JC. Therapies for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 1391-1394.
PubMed
120. Plank C, Kalb V, Hinkes B et al. Cyclosporin A is superior to cyclophosphamide in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome-a randomized controlled multicentre trial by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Padiatrische Nephrologie. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 1483-1493.
PubMed
121. Nachman PH, Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Primary glomerular diseases. In : Brenner BM (ed). Brenner and Rector's The Kidney, 8th edn. Saunders/Elsevier : Philadelphia, PA, 2008, pp 987-1066.
 
122. Arneil GC, Lam CN. Long-term assessment of steroid therapy in childhood nephrosis. Lancet 1966 ; 2 : 819-821.
PubMed
123. Black DA, Rose G, Brewer DB. Controlled trial of prednisone in adult patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Br Med J 1970 ; 3 : 421-426.
PubMed
124. Coggins CH. Adult minimal change nephropathy : experience of the collaborative study of glomerular disease. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1986 ; 97 : 18-26.
PubMed
125. Huang JJ, Hsu SC, Chen FF et al. Adult-onset minimal change disease among Taiwanese : clinical features, therapeutic response, and prognosis. Am J Nephrol 2001 ; 21 : 28-34.
PubMed
126. Radhakrishnan J, Appel AS, Valeri A et al. The nephrotic syndrome, lipids, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1993 ; 22 : 135-142.
PubMed
127. Mcintyre P, Craig JC. Prevention of serious bacterial infection in children with nephrotic syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health 1998 ; 34 : 314-317.
PubMed
128. Mahmoodi BK, ten Kate MK, Waanders F et al. High absolute risks and predictors of venous and arterial thromboembolic events in patients with nephrotic syndrome : results from a large retrospective cohort study. Circulation 2008 ; 117 : 224-230.
PubMed
129. Mak SK, Short CD, Mallick NP. Long-term outcome of adult-onset minimal-change nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996 ; 11 : 2192-2201.
PubMed
130. Waldman M, Crew RJ, Valeri A et al. Adult minimal-change disease : clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Clin JAm Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 2 : 445-453.
 
131. Korbet SM, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ. Minimal-change glomerulopathy of adulthood. Am J Nephrol 1988 ; 8 : 291-297.
PubMed
132. Nolasco F, Cameron JS, Heywood EF et al. Adult-onset minimal change nephrotic syndrome : a long-term follow-up. Kidney Int 1986 ; 29 : 1215-1223.
PubMed
133. Tse KC, Lam MF, Yip PS et al. Idiopathic minimal change nephrotic syndrome in older adults : steroid responsiveness and pattern of relapses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003 ; 18 : 1316-1320.
PubMed
134. Appel GB, Radhakrishnan J, d'Agati V. Secondary glomerular diseases. In : Brenner BM (ed). Brenner and Rector's The Kidney, 8th edn. Saunders/Elsevier : Philadelphia, PA, 2008, pp 1067-1146.
 
135. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 : CD001533.
 
136. Palmer SC, Nand K, Strippoli GF. Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 : CD001537.
PubMed
137. Al-Khader AA, Lien JW, Aber GM. Cyclophosphamide alone in the treatment of adult patients with minimal change glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1979 ; 11 : 26-30.
PubMed
138. Uldall PR, Feest TG, Morley AR et al. Cyclophosphamide therapy in adults with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Lancet 1972 ; 1 : 1250-1253.
PubMed
139. Matsumoto H, Nakao T, Okada T et al. Favorable outcome of low-dose cyclosporine after pulse methylprednisolone in Japanese adult minimalchange nephrotic syndrome. Intern Med 2004 ; 43 : 668-673.
PubMed
140. Li X, Li H, Chen Jet al. Tacrolimus as a steroid-sparing agent for adults with steroid-dependent minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008 ; 23 : 1919-1925.
 
141. Meyrier A, Condamin MC, Broneer D. Treatment of adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with cyclosporin A : minimal-change disease and focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis. Collaborative Group of the French Society of Nephrology. Clin Nephrol 1991 ; 35 (Suppl 1) : 537-542.
 
142. Eguchi A, Takei T, Yoshida T et al. Combined cyclosporine and prednisolone therapy in adult patients with the first relapse of minimalchange nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 201 0 ; 25 : 124-129.
 
143. Meyrier A, Niaudet P, Brodehl J. Optimal use of Sandimmun in Nephrotic Syndrome. Springer : Berlin, Germany, 1993.
 
144. Meyrier A, Noel LH, Auriche P et al. Long-term renal tolerance of cyclosporin A treatment in adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Collaborative Group of the Societe de Nephrologie. Kidney Int 1994 ; 45 : 1446-1456.
 
145. Choi MJ, Eustace JA, Gimenez LF et al. Mycophenolate mofetil treatment for primary glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 2002 ; 61 : 1098-1114.
PubMed
146. Fujinaga S, Ohtomo Y, Hirano D et al. Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for childhood-onset steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome after long-term cyclosporine : extended experience in a single center. Clin Nephrol 2009 ; 72 : 268-273.
 
147. Siu YP, Tong MK, Leung K et al. The use of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in the treatment of relapsing and steroiddependent minimal change disease. J Nephrol 2008 ; 21 : 127-131.
PubMed
148. Jennette JC Falk RJ. Adult minimal change glomerulopathy with acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1990 ; 16 : 432-437.
PubMed
149. Lechner BL, Bockenhauer D, Iragorri S et al. The risk of cardiovascular disease in adults who have had childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2004 ; 19 : 744-748.
 
150. Yalavarthy R, Smith ML, Edelstein C. Acute kidney injury complicating minimal change disease : the case for careful use of diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Nephrology (Carlton) 2007 ; 12 : 529-531.
PubMed
151. Colquitt JL, Kirby J, Green C et al. The clinical effectiveness and costeffectiveness of treatments for children with idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome : a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2007 ; 11 : iii-iiv, ix-xi, 1-93.
 
152. D'Agati V. Pathologic classification of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Semin Nephrol 2003 ; 23 : 117-134.
PubMed
153. Braden GL, Mulhern JG, O'Shea MH et al. Changing incidence of glomerular diseases in adults. Am J Kidney Dis 2000 ; 35 : 878-883.
PubMed
154. Haas M, Meehan SM, Karrison TG et al. Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome : a comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976 to 1979 and 1995 to 1997. Am J Kidney Dis 1997 ; 30 : 621-631.
PubMed
155. Deegens JK, Steenbergen EJ, Wetzels JF. Review on diagnosis and treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Neth J Med 2008 ; 66 : 3-12.
PubMed
156. Deegens JK, Dijkman HB, Borm GF et al. Podocyte foot process effacement as a diagnostic tool in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2008 ; 74 : 1568-1576.
PubMed
157. Aucella F, De Bonis P, Gatta G et al. Molecular analysis of NPHS2 and ACTN4 genes in a series of 33 Italian patients affected by adult-onset nonfamilial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephron Clin Pract 2005 ; 99 : c31-c36.
 
158. Caridi G, Bertelli R, Scolari F et al. Podocin mutations in sporadic focalsegmental glomerulosclerosis occurring in adulthood. Kidney Int 2003 ; 64 : 365.
PubMed
159. Gigante M, Pontrelli P, Montemurno E et al. CD2AP mutations are associated with sporadic nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 ; 24 : 1858-1864.
PubMed
160. He N, Zahirieh A, Mei Y et al. Recessive NPHS2 (Podocin) mutations are rare in adult-onset idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 2 : 31-37.
PubMed
161. Machuca E, Hummel A, Nevo F et al. Clinical and epidemiological assessment of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome associated with the NPHS2 R229Q variant. Kidney Int 2009 ; 75 : 727-735.
PubMed
162. Santin S, Ars E, Rossetti S et al. TRPC6 mutational analysis in a large cohort of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 ; 24 : 3089-3096.
 
163. Santin S, Garcia-Maset R, Ruiz P et al. Nephrin mutations cause childhood-and adult-onset focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2009 ; 76 : 1268-1276.
PubMed
164. Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD et al. Association of trypanolytic ApoL 1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans. Science 2010 ; 329 : 841-845.
 
165. Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS et al. The long-term prognosis of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin Nephrol 1978 ; 10 : 213-218.
 
166. Korbet SM, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ. Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis : clinical course and response to therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1994 ; 23 : 773-783.
PubMed
167. Velosa JA, Donadio Jr JV, Holley KE. Focal sclerosing glomerulonephropathy : a clinicopathologic study. Mayo Clin Proc 1975 ; 50 : 121-133.
 
168. Banfi G, Moriggi M, Sabadini E et al. The impact of prolonged immunosuppression on the outcome of idiopathic focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis with nephrotic syndrome in adults. A collaborative retrospective study. Clin Nephrol 1991 ; 36 : 53-59.
PubMed
169. Cattran DC, Rao P. Long-term outcome in children and adults with classic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 1998 ; 32 : 72-79.
PubMed
170. Korbet SM. Treatment of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2002 ; 62 : 2301-2310.
PubMed
171. Rydel JJ, Korbet SM, Borok RZ et al. Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis in adults : presentation, course, and response to treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 1995 ; 25 : 534-542.
PubMed
172. Goumenos DS, Tsagalis G, El Nahas AM et al. Immunosuppressive treatment of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis : a five-year follow-up study. Nephron Clin Pract 2006 ; 104 : c75-c82.
PubMed
173. Pei Y, Cattran D, Delmore T et al. Evidence suggesting under-treatment in adults with idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Regional Glomerulonephritis Registry Study. Am J Med 1987 ; 82 : 938-944.
PubMed
174. Stirling CM, Mathieson P, Boulton-Jones JM et al. Treatment and outcome of adult patients with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in five UK renal units. QJM 2005 ; 98 : 443-449.
PubMed
175. Wehrmann M, Bohle A, Held H et al. Long-term prognosis of focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis. An analysis of 250 cases with particular regard to tubulointerstitial changes. Clin Nephrol 1990 ; 33 : 115-122.
PubMed
176. Caridi G, Gigante M, Ravani P et al. Clinical features and long-term outcome of nephrotic syndrome associated with heterozygous NPHS1 and NPHS2 mutations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 1065-1072.
PubMed
177. Beaufils H, Alphonse JC, Guedon J et al. Focal glomerulosclerosis : natural history and treatment. A report of 70 cases. Nephron 1978 ; 21 : 75-85.
PubMed
178. Praga M, Martinez MA, Andres A et al. Acute renal failure and tubular dysfunction associated with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989 ; 4 : 914-916.
PubMed
179. Deegens JK, Assmann KJ, Steenbergen EJ et al. Idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis : a favourable prognosis in untreated patients? Neth J Med 2005 ; 63 : 393-398.
PubMed
180. Gupta K, Iskandar 55, Daeihagh P et al. Distribution of pathologic findings in individuals with nephrotic proteinuria according to serum albumin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008 ; 23 : 1595-1599.
 
181. Duncan N, Dhaygude A, Owen J et al. Treatment of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults with tacrolimus monotherapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004 ; 19 : 3062-3067.
 
182. Cattran DC, Alexopoulos E, Heering P et al. Cyclosporin in idiopathic glomerular disease associated with the nephrotic syndrome : workshop recommendations. Kidney Int 2007 ; 72 : 1429-1447.
PubMed
183. Shiiki H, Nishino T, Uyama H et al. Clinical and morphological predictors of renal outcome in adult patients with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Clin Nephrol 1996 ; 46 : 362-368.
PubMed
184. Braun N, Schmutzler F, Lange C et al. Immunosuppressive treatment for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 : CD003233.
PubMed
185. Cattran DC, Appel GB, Hebert LA et al. A randomized trial of cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. North America Nephrotic Syndrome Study Group. Kidney Int 1999 ; 56 : 2220-2226.
 
186. Ghiggeri GM, Catarsi P, Scolari F et al. Cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome : an open-label, nonrandomized, retrospective study. Clin Ther 2004 ; 26 : 1411-1418.
PubMed
187. Heering P, Braun N, Mullejans R et al. Cyclosporine A and chlorambucil in the treatment of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2004 ; 43 : 10-18.
PubMed
188. lttel TH, Clasen W, Fuhs M et al. Long-term ciclosporine A treatment in adults with minimal change nephrotic syndrome or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin Nephrol 1995 ; 44 : 156-162.
PubMed
189. Melocoton TL, Kamil ES, Cohen AH et al. Long-term cyclosporine A treatment of steroid-resistant and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1991 ; 18 : 583-588.
PubMed
190. Segarra A, Vila J, Pou L et al. Combined therapy of tacrolimus and corticosteroids in cyclosporin-resistant or-dependent idiopathic focal glomerulosclerosis : a preliminary uncontrolled study with prospective follow-up. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002 ; 17 : 655-662.
PubMed
191. Abe S, Amagasaki Y, Konishi K et al. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis : aspects of geographical differences. J Clin Pathol 1986 ; 39 : 1193-1198.
PubMed
192. Cahen R, Francois B, Trolliet P et al. Aetiology of membranous glomerulonephritis : a prospective study of 82 adult patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989 ; 4 : 172-180.
PubMed
193. Schwartz MM. Membranous glomerulonephritis. In : Jennette JC, Olson JL, Schwartz MM (eds). Heptinstall's Pathology of the Kidney, 6th edn, vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins : Philadelphia, PA, 2007, pp 205-251.
 
194. Kuroki A, Shibata T, Honda H et al. Glomerular and serum IgG subclasses in diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis, membranous lupus nephritis, and idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Intern Med 2002 ; 41 : 936-942.
PubMed
195. Ohtani H, Wakui H, Komatsuda A et al. Distribution of glomerular IgG subclass deposits in malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004 ; 19 : 574-579.
 
196. Zeng CH, Chen HM, Wang RS et al. Etiology and clinical characteristics of membranous nephropathy in Chinese patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2008 ; 52 : 691-698.
PubMed
197. Honkanen E. Survival in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1986 ; 25 : 122-128.
PubMed
198. Ehrenreich T, Porush JG, Churg J et al. Treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1976 ; 295 : 741-746.
PubMed
199. Lefaucheur C, Stengel B, Nochy D et al. Membranous nephropathy and cancer : Epidemiologic evidence and determinants of high-risk cancer association. Kidney Int 2006 ; 70 : 1510-1517.
PubMed
200. Beck Jr LH, Bonegio RG, Lambeau G et al. M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2009 ; 361 : 11-21.
 
201. Glassock RJ. Secondary membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992 ; 7 (Suppl 1) : 64-71.
 
202. Gluck MC, Gallo G, Lowenstein J et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis. Evolution of clinical and pathologic features. Ann Intern Med 1973 ; 78 : 1-12.
PubMed
203. Burstein DM, Korbet SM, Schwartz MM. Membranous glomerulonephritis and malignancy. Am J Kidney Dis 1993 ; 22 : 5-10.
PubMed
204. Jha V, Ganguli A, Saha TK et al. A randomized, controlled trial of steroids and cyclophosphamide in adults with nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 18 : 1899-1904.
PubMed
205. Passerini P, Ponticelli C. Membranous nephropathy. In : Ponticelli C. Glassock R (eds). Treatment of Primary Glomerulonephritis, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press : Oxford, UK, 2009, pp 261-312.
 
206. Glassock RJ. Diagnosis and natural course of membranous nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2003 ; 23 : 324-332.
PubMed
207. Cameron JS. Membranous nephropathy and its treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992 ; 7 (Suppl 1) : 72-79.
 
208. Cattran DC. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2001 ; 59 : 1983-1994.
PubMed
209. Donadio Jr JV, Torres VE, Velosa JA et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy : the natural history of untreated patients. Kidney Int 1988 ; 33 : 708-715.
 
210. Erwin DT, Donadio Jr JV, Holley KE. The clinical course of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Mayo Clin Proc 1973 ; 48 : 697-712.
 
211. Hopper Jr J, Trew PA, Biava CG. Membranous nephropathy : its relative benignity in women. Nephron 1981 ; 29 : 18-24.
 
212. Murphy BF, Fairley KF, Kincaid-Smith PS. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis : long-term follow-up in 139 cases. Clin Nephrol 1988 ; 30 : 175-181.
PubMed
213. Row PG, Cameron JS, Turner DR et al. Membranous nephropathy. Longterm follow-up and association with neoplasia. Q J Med 1975 ; 44 : 207-239.
PubMed
214. Schieppati A, Mosconi L, Perna A et al. Prognosis of untreated patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993 ; 329 : 85-89.
PubMed
215. Polanco N, Gutierrez E, Covarsi A et al. Spontaneous remission of nephrotic syndrome in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 201 0 ; 21 : 697-704.
 
216. Cattran D. Management of membranous nephropathy : when and what for treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 ; 16 : 1188-1194.
PubMed
217. Cattran DC, Reich HN, Beanlands HJ et al. The impact of sex in primary glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008 ; 23 : 2247-2253.
PubMed
218. Pei Y, Cattran D, Greenwood C. Predicting chronic renal insufficiency in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1992 ; 42 : 960-966.
PubMed
219. Cattran DC, Pei Y, Greenwood CM et al. Validation of a predictive model of idiopathic membranous nephropathy : its clinical and research implications. Kidney Int 1997 ; 51 : 901-907.
PubMed
220. Fervenza FC. Sethi S, Specks U. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy : diagnosis and treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 ; 3 : 905-919.
PubMed
221. Laluck Jr BJ, Cattran DC. Prognosis after a complete remission in adult patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999 ; 33 : 1026-1032.
 
222. Troyanov S, Wall CA, Miller JA et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy : definition and relevance of a partial remission. Kidney Int 2004 ; 66 : 1199-1205.
PubMed
223. Kosmadakis G, Filiopoulos V, Georgoulias C et al. Comparison of the influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril and angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome. Scand J Ural Nephrol 2010 ; 44 : 251-256.
 
224. Reichert U, Koene RA, Wetzels JF. Urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin predicts renal outcome in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995 ; 6 : 1666-1669.
 
225. Reichert U, Koene RA, Wetzels JF. Urinary IgG excretion as a prognostic factor in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1997 ; 48 : 79-84.
 
226. Donadio Jr JV, Holley KE, Anderson CF et al. Controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1974 ; 6 : 431-439.
 
227. Murphy BF, McDonald I, Fairley KF et al. Randomized controlled trial of cyclophosphamide, warfarin and dipyridamole in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1992 ; 37 : 229-234.
PubMed
228. Shearman JD, Yin ZG, Aarons I et al. The effect of treatment with prednisolone or cyclophosphamide-warfarin-dipyridamole combination on the outcome of patients with membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1988 ; 30 : 320-329.
PubMed
229. Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, lmbasciati E et al. Controlled trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1984 ; 310 : 946-950.
 
230. Falk RJ, Hogan SL, Muller KE et al. Treatment of progressive membranous glomerulopathy. A randomized trial comparing cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids with corticosteroids alone. The Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network. Ann Intern Med 1992 ; 116 : 438-445.
PubMed
231. McQuarrie EP, Stirling CM, Geddes CC. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome : outcome in the era of evidencebased therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012 ; 27 : 235-242.
PubMed
232. Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Passerini P et al. A randomized trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989 ; 320 : 8-13.
PubMed
233. Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Passerini P et al. A 10-year follow-up of a randomized study with methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995 ; 48 : 1600-1604.
PubMed
234. Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Passerini P et al. Methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil as compared with methylprednisolone alone for the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. The Italian Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy Treatment Study Group. N Engl J Med 1992 ; 327 : 599-603.
 
235. Ponticelli C, Altieri P, Scolari F et al. A randomized study comparing methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil versus methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998 ; 9 : 444-450.
PubMed
236. Hogan SL, Muller KE, Jennette JC et al. A review of therapeutic studies of idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1995 ; 25 : 862-875.
PubMed
237. Imperiale TF, Goldfarb S, Berns JS. Are cytotoxic agents beneficial in idiopathic membranous nephropathy? A meta-analysis of the controlled trials. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995 ; 5 : 1553-1558.
PubMed
238. Jindal K, West M, Bear R et al. Long-term benefits of therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisone in patients with membranous glomerulonephritis and impaired renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 1992 ; 19 : 61-67.
 
239. Perna A, Schieppati A, Zamora J et al. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy : a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2004 ; 44 : 385-401.
PubMed
240. West ML, Jindal KK, Bear RA et al. A controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in patients with membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1987 ; 32 : 579-584.
PubMed
241. Hofstra JM, Branten AJ, Wirtz JJ et al. Early versus late start of immunosuppressive therapy in idiopathic membranous nephropathy : a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010 ; 25 : 129-136.
PubMed
242. Branten AJ, Reichert U, Koene RA et al. Oral cyclophosphamide versus chlorambucil in the treatment of patients with membranous nephropathy and renal insufficiency. QJM 1998 ; 91 : 359-366.
 
243. du Buf-Vereijken PW, Branten AJ, Wetzels JF. Cytotoxic therapy for membranous nephropathy and renal insufficiency : improved renal survival but high relapse rate. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004 ; 19 : 1142-1148.
 
244. Rose GA, Black DAK, Members of Working Party. Controlled trial of azathioprine and prednisone in chronic renal disease. Report by Medical Research Council Working Party. Br Med J 1971 ; 2 : 239-241.
 
245. Western Canadian Glomerulonephritis Study Group. Controlled trial of azathioprine in the nephrotic syndrome secondary to idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Can Med Assoc J 1976 ; 115 : 1209-1210.
 
246. Lagrue G, Bernard D, Bariety J et al. [Treatment with chlorambucil and azathioprine in primary glomerulonephritis. Results of a 'controlled' study]. J Ural Nephrol (Paris) 1975 ; 81 : 655-672.
 
247. Ambalavanan S, Fauvel JP, Sibley RK et al. Mechanism of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine in membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996 ; 7 : 290-298.
PubMed
248. Guasch A, Suranyi M, Newton L et al. Short-term responsiveness of membranous glomerulopathy to cyclosporine. Am J Kidney Dis 1992 ; 20 : 472-481.
PubMed
249. Cattran DC, Appel GB, Hebert LA et al. Cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant membranous nephropathy : a randomized trial. Kidney Int 2001 ; 59 : 1484-1490.
PubMed
250. Alexopoulos E, Papagianni A, Tsamelashvili M et al. Induction and longterm treatment with cyclospiorin A in membranous glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 ; 16 : 780A.
 
251. Cattran DC, Greenwood C, Ritchie S et al. A controlled trial of cyclosporine in patients with progressive membranous nephropathy. Canadian Glomerulonephritis Study Group. Kidney Int 1995 ; 47 : 1130-1135.
 
252. DeSanto NG, Capodicasa G, Giordano C. Treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy unresponsive to methylprednisolone and chlorambucil with cyclosporin. Am J Nephrol 1987 ; 7 : 74-76.
PubMed
253. Rostoker G, Belghiti D, Ben Maadi A et al. Long-term cyclosporin A therapy for severe idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephron 1993 ; 63 : 335-341.
PubMed
254. Praga M, Barrio V, Juarez GF et al. Tacrolimus monotherapy in membranous nephropathy : a randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int 2007 ; 71 : 924-930.
PubMed
255. Bruns FJ, Adler S, Fraley DS et al. Sustained remission of membranous glomerulonephritis after cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Ann Intern Med 1991 ; 114 : 725-730.
PubMed
256. Mathieson PW, Turner AN, Maidment CG et al. Prednisolone and chlorambucil treatment in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with deteriorating renal function. Lancet 1988 ; 2 : 869-872.
PubMed
257. Torres A, Dominguez-Gil B, Carreno A et al. Conservative versus immunosuppressive treatment of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2002 ; 61 : 219-227.
PubMed
258. Warwick GL, Geddes CG, Boulton-Janes JM. Prednisolone and chlorambucil therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy with progressive renal failure. Q J Med 1994 ; 87 : 223-229.
 
259. Chen M, Li H, Li XY et al. Tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids in treatment of nephrotic idiopathic membranous nephropathy : a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Med Sci 2010 ; 339 : 233-238.
 
260. A controlled study of short-term prednisone treatment in adults with membranous nephropathy. Collaborative Study of the Adult Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome. N Engl J Med 1979 ; 301 : 1301-1306.
PubMed
261. Cattran DC, Delmore T, Roscoe J et al. A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989 ; 320 : 210-215.
 
262. Shiiki H, Saito T, Nishitani Y et al. Prognosis and risk factors for idiopathic membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome in Japan. Kidney Int 2004 ; 65 : 1400-1407.
PubMed
263. Branten AJ, du Buf-Vereijken PW, Vervloet M et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy : a clinical trial with comparison to a historic control group treated with cyclophosphamide. Am J Kidney Dis 2007 ; 50 : 248-256.
PubMed
264. Chan TM, Lin AW, Tang SC et al. Prospective controlled study on mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone in the treatment of membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology (Carlton) 2007 ; 12 : 576-581.
 
265. Dussol B, Morange S, Burtey S et al. Mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy in membranous nephropathy : a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2008 ; 52 : 699-705.
PubMed
264a. Senthil Nayagam L, Ganguli A, Rathi M et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or standard therapy for membranous nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis : a pilot study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008 ; 23 : 1926-1930.
PubMed
266. Remuzzi G, Chiurchiu C, Abbate M et al. Rituximab for idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Lancet 2002 ; 360 : 923-924.
PubMed
267. Ruggenenti P, Chiurchiu C, Brusegan V et al. Rituximab in idiopathic membranous nephropathy : a one-year prospective study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003 ; 14 : 1851-1857.
PubMed
268. Ruggenenti P, Chiurchiu C, Abbate M et al. Rituximab for idiopathic membranous nephropathy : who can benefit? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 ; 1 : 738-748.
PubMed
269. Fervenza FC, Cosio FG, Erickson SB et al. Rituximab treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2008 ; 73 : 117-125.
PubMed
270. Cravedi P, Ruggenenti P, Sghirlanzoni MC et al. Titrating rituximab to circulating B cells to optimize lymphocytolytic therapy in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 2 : 932-937.
PubMed
271. Fervenza FC, Abraham RS, Erickson SB et al. Rituximab therapy in idiopathic membranous nephropathy : a 2-year study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 201 0 ; 5 : 2188-2198.
 
272. Berg AL, Arnadottir M. ACTH-induced improvement in the nephrotic syndrome in patients with a variety of diagnoses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004 ; 19 : 1305-1307.
 
273. Berg AL, Nilsson-Ehle P, Arnadottir M. Beneficial effects of ACTH on the serum lipoprotein profile and glomerular function in patients with membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1999 ; 56 : 1534-1543.
PubMed
274. Ponticelli C, Passerini P, Salvadori M et al. A randomized pilot trial comparing methylprednisolone plus a cytotoxic agent versus synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2006 ; 47 : 233-240.
 
275. Ahmed S, Rahman M, Alam MR et al. Methyl prednisolone plus chlorambucil as compared with prednisolone alone for the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. A preliminary study. Bangladesh Renal J 1994 ; 13 : 51-54.
 
276. Reichert LJ, Huysmans FT, Assmann K et al. Preserving renal function in patients with membranous nephropathy : daily oral chlorambucil compared with intermittent monthly pulses of cyclophosphamide. Ann Intern Med 1994 ; 121 : 328-333.
PubMed
277. Bomback AS, Derebail VK, McGregor JG et al. Rituximab therapy for membranous nephropathy : a systematic review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 734-744.
PubMed
278. Nasr SH, Said SM, Valeri AM et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis with ANCA-associated necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 299-308.
PubMed
279. Troxell ML, Saxena AB, Kambham N. Concurrent anti-glomerular basement membrane disease and membranous glomerulonephritis : a case report and literature review. Clin Nephrol 2006 ; 66 : 120-127.
PubMed
280. Waldman M, Austin III HA. Controversies in the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol 2009 ; 5 : 469-479.
 
281. Ponticelli C, Passerini P, Altieri P et al. Remissions and relapses in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992 ; 7 (Suppl 1) : 85-90.
 
282. Suki WN, Trimarchi H, Frommer JP. Relapsing membranous nephropathy. Response to therapy of relapses compared to that of the original disease. Am J Nephrol 1999 ; 19 : 474-479.
 
283. du Buf-Vereijken PW, Wetzels JF. Efficacy of a second course of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with membranous nephropathy and persistent or relapsing disease activity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004 ; 19 : 2036-2043.
PubMed
284. Faurschou M, Sorensen IJ, Mellemkjaer L et al. Malignancies in Wegener's granulomatosis : incidence and relation to cyclophosphamide therapy in a cohort of 293 patients. J Rheumatol 2008 ; 35 : 100-105.
 
285. Segarra A, Praga M, Ramos N et al. Successful treatment of membranous glomerulonephritis with rituximab in calcineurin inhibitor-dependent patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 1083-1088.
PubMed
286. Nephrotic syndrome in children : prediction of histopathology from clinical and laboratory characteristics at time of diagnosis. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Kidney Int 1978 ; 13 : 159-165.
 
287. USRDS 2008. Annual data report : Atlas of chronic kidney disease. Atlas of end-stage renal disease. US Renal Data System, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases : Bethesda, MD, 2008.
 
288. Menon S, Valentini RP. Membranous nephropathy in children : clinical presentation and therapeutic approach. Pediatr Nephrol 2010 ; 25 : 1419-1428.
PubMed
289. Makker SP. Treatment of membranous nephropathy in children. Semin Nephrol 2003 ; 23 : 379-385.
PubMed
290. Watson AR, Rance CP, Bain J. Long term effects of cyclophosphamide on testicular function. Br Med J (Ciin Res Ed) 1985 ; 291 : 1457-1460.
 
291. Habib R, Kleinknecht C, Gubler MC. Extramembranous glomerulonephritis in children : report of 50 cases. J Pediatr 1973 ; 82 : 754-766.
 
292. Olbing H, Greifer I, Bennett BP et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children. Kidney Int 1973 ; 3 : 381-390.
PubMed
293. Chan WC, Tsao YC. Diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis in children. J Clin Pathol 1966 ; 19 : 464-469.
 
294. Trainin EB, Boichis H, Spitzer A et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clinical course in children. N Y State J Med 1976 ; 76 : 357-360.
PubMed
295. Latham P, Poucell S, Koresaar A et al. Idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy in Canadian children : a clinicopathologic study. J Pediatr 1982 ; 101 : 682-685.
PubMed
296. Ramirez F, Brouhard BH, Travis LB et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children. J Pediatr 1982 ; 101 : 677-681.
 
297. Tsukahara H, Takahashi Y, Yoshimoto M et al. Clinical course and outcome of idiopathic membranous nephropathy in Japanese children. Pediatr Nephrol 1993 ; 7 : 387-391.
PubMed
298. Lee BH, Cho HY, Kang HG et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2006 ; 21 : 1707-1715.
PubMed
299. Chen A, Frank R, Vento 5 et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in pediatric patients : presentation, response to therapy, and long-term outcome. BMC Nephrol 2007 ; 8 : 11.
PubMed
300. Valentini RP, Mattoo TK, Kapur G et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis : treatment response and outcome in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2009 ; 24 : 301-308.
PubMed
301. Bellomo R, Atkins RC. Membranous nephropathy and thromboembolism : is prophylactic anticoagulation warranted? Nephron 1993 ; 63 : 249-254.
PubMed
302. Glassock RJ. Prophylactic anticoagulation in nephrotic syndrome : a clinical conundrum. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 18 : 2221-2225.
PubMed
303. Sarasin FP, Schifferli JA. Prophylactic oral anticoagulation in nephrotic patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1994 ; 45 : 578-585.
PubMed
304. Glassock RJ. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. In : Molony DA, Craig JC (eds). Evidence-based Nephrology, 1st edn. John Wiley & Sons : Hoboken, NJ, 2008, pp 183-195.
 
305. Glassock RJ. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. In : Ponticelli C, Glassock R (eds). Treatment of Primary Glomerulonephritis, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press : Oxford, UK, 2009, pp 375-398.
 
306. West CD, McAdams AJ, McConville JM et al. Hypocomplementemic and normocomplementemic persistent (chronic) glomerulonephritis ; clinical and pathologic characteristics. J Pediatr 1965 ; 67 : 1089-1112.
 
307. Fakhouri F, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Noel LH et al. C3 glomerulopathy : a new classification. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010 ; 6 : 494-499.
PubMed
308. Sethi S, Fervenza FC. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis : pathogenetic heterogeneity and proposal for a new classification. Semin Nephrol 2011 ; 31 : 341-348.
PubMed
309. Appel GB, Cook HT, Hageman G et al. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (dense deposit disease) : an update. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 ; 16 : 1392-1403.
PubMed
310. Holley KE, Donadio JV. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. In : Tisher CC, Brenner BM (eds). Renal Pathology (with Clinical and Functional Correlations), 2nd edn. JB Lippincott and Co : Philadelphia, PA, 1994, pp 294-329.
 
311. Servais A, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Salomon R et al. Mutations in complement regulatory genes, Factor H, I and CD46 and C3 nephritic factor predispose to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with isolated mesangial C3 deposition (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 ; 16 : 51 A.
 
312. Schwertz R, Rother U, Anders D et al. Complement analysis in children with idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis : a long-term follow-up. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2001 ; 12 : 166-172.
PubMed
313. Smith RJ, Alexander J, Barlow PN et al. New approaches to the treatment of dense deposit disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 18 : 2447-2456.
 
314. Asinobi AO, Gbadegesin RA, Adeyemo AA et al. The predominance of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in childhood nephrotic syndrome in lbadan, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 1999 ; 18 : 203-206.
 
315. Donadio Jr JV, Anderson CF, Mitchell III JC et al. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. A prospective clinical trial of platelet-inhibitor therapy. N Engl J Med 1984 ; 310 : 1421-1426.
 
316. Donadio Jr JV, Offord KP. Reassessment of treatment results in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, with emphasis on life-table analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1989 ; 14 : 445-451.
 
317. Emre S, Sirin A, Alpay H et al. Pulse methylprednisolone therapy in children with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1995 ; 37 : 626-629.
PubMed
318. Zauner I, Bohler J, Braun N et al. Effect of aspirin and dipyridamole on proteinuria in idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis : a multicentre prospective clinical trial. Collaborative Glomerulonephritis Therapy Study Group (CGTS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994 ; 9 : 619-622.
 
319. McEnery PT. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis : the Cincinnati experience-cumulative renal survival from 1957 to 1989. J Pediatr 1990 ; 116 : 5109-5114.
 
320. McEnery PT, McAdams AJ, West CD. The effect of prednisone in a highdose, alternate-day regimen on the natural history of idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1985 ; 64 : 401-424.
 
321. Tarshish P, Bernstein J, Tobin JN et al. Treatment of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis with alternate-day prednisone-a report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Pediatr Nephrol 1992 ; 6 : 123-130.
 
322. Warady BA, Guggenheim SJ, Sedman A et al. Prednisone therapy of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in children. J Pediatr 1985 ; 107 : 702-707.
 
323. Bergstein JM, Andreoli SP. Response of type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis to pulse methylprednisolone and alternate-day prednisone therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 1995 ; 9 : 268-271.
PubMed
324. Cattran DC. Cardella CJ, Roscoe JM et al. Results of a controlled drug trial in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1985 ; 27 : 436-441.
PubMed
325. Chapman SJ, Cameron JS, Chantler C et al. Treatment of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis in children with combined immunosuppression and anticoagulation. Arch Dis Child 1980 ; 55 : 446-451.
PubMed
326. Faedda R, Satta A, Tanda F et al. Immunosuppressive treatment of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Nephron 1994 ; 67 : 59-65.
PubMed
327. Jones G, Juszczak M, Kingdon E et al. Treatment of idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004 ; 19 : 3160-3164.
 
328. Levin A. Management of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis : evidence-based recommendations. Kidney tnt Suppl 1999 ; 70 : 541-546.
 
329. Tiller D, Clarkson AR, Mathew T. A prospective randomized trial fo the use of cyclophosphamide, dipyridamole and warfarin in membranous and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. In : Robinson R, Glassock R, Tisher CC, Andreoli T, et al. (eds). Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Nephrology. Karger : Basel, Switzerland, 1981, pp 345-351.
 
330. Montseny JJ, Meyrier A, Kleinknecht D et al. The current spectrum of infectious glomerulonephritis. Experience with 76 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995 ; 74 : 63-73.
PubMed
331. Moroni G, Pozzi C, Quaglini 5 et al. Long-term prognosis of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with infection in adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002 ; 17 : 1204-1211.
 
332. Nasr SH, Markowitz GS, Stokes MB et al. Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis in the modern era : experience with 86 adults and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2008 ; 87 : 21-32.
PubMed
333. Moroni G, Ponticelli C. Acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis. In : Ponticelli C. Glassock R (eds). Treatment of Primary Glomerulonephritis, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press : Oxford, UK, 2009, pp 153-177.
 
334. Rodriguez-lturbe B, Musser JM. The current state of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 ; 19 : 1855-1864.
 
335. Batsford SR, Mezzano S, Mihatsch M et al. Is the nephritogenic antigen in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis pyrogenic exotoxin B (SPE B) or GAPDH? Kidney Int 2005 ; 68 : 1120-1129.
PubMed
336. Yoshizawa N, Yamakami K, Fujino M et al. Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis : characterization of the antigen and associated immune response. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004 ; 15 : 1785-1793.
PubMed
337. Baldwin DS. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A progressive disease? Am J Med 1977 ; 62 : 1-11.
PubMed
338. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009) : the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur Heart J 2009 ; 30 : 2369-2413.
 
339. Hoen B, Alia F, Selton-Suty C et al. Changing profile of infective endocarditis : results of a 1-year survey in France. JAMA 2002 ; 288 : 75-81.
 
340. Koya D, Shibuya K, Kikkawa R et al. Successful recovery of infective endocarditis-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis by steroid therapy combined with antibiotics : a case report. BMC Nephrol 2004 ; 5 : 18.
PubMed
341. Iwata Y, Ohta 5, Kawai K et al. Shunt nephritis with positive titers for ANCA specific for proteinase 3. Am J Kidney Dis 2004 ; 43 : e11-e16.
PubMed
342. Kidney Disease : Improving Global Outcomes. KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hepatitis C in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2008 : 51-599.
 
343. Alter MJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2007 ; 13 : 2436-2441 .
PubMed
344. Poynard T, Yuen MF, Ratziu V et al. Viral hepatitis C. Lancet 2003 ; 362 : 2095-2100.
PubMed
345. Williams R. Global challenges in liver disease. Hepatology 2006 ; 44 : 521-526.
PubMed
346. Perico N, Cattaneo D, Bikbov B et al. Hepatitis C infection and chronic renal diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 207-220.
PubMed
347. Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Yamabe H et al. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993 ; 328 : 465-470.
PubMed
348. Meyers CM, Seeff LB, Stehman-Breen CO et al. Hepatitis C and renal disease : an update. Am J Kidney Dis 2003 ; 42 : 631-657.
PubMed
349. Roccatello D, Fornasieri A, Giachino O et al. Multicenter study on hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2007 ; 49 : 69-82.
PubMed
350. D'Amico G. Renal involvement in hepatitis C infection : cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1998 ; 54 : 650-671.
PubMed
351. A rase Y, Ikeda K, Murashima N et al. Glomerulonephritis in autopsy cases with hepatitis C virus infection. Intern Med 1998 ; 37 : 836-840.
 
352. Kamar N, lzopet J, AI ric L et al. Hepatitis C virus-related kidney disease : an overview. Clin Nephrol 2008 ; 69 : 149-160.
 
353. Markowitz GS, Cheng JT, Colvin RB et al. Hepatitis C viral infection is associated with fibrillary glomerulonephritis and immunotactoid glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998 ; 9 : 2244-2252.
PubMed
354. Sabry A, A EA, Sheashaa H et al. HCV associated glomerulopathy in Egyptian patients : clinicopathological analysis. Virology 2005 ; 334 : 10-16.
 
355. Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL et al. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C : an update. Hepatology 2009 ; 49 : 1335-1374.
PubMed
356. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR et al. Peg interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002 ; 347 : 975-982.
PubMed
357. Hadziyannis SJ, Sette Jr H, Morgan TR et al. Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C : a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 2004 ; 140 : 346-355.
 
358. Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC et al. Peg interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C : a randomised trial. Lancet 2001 ; 358 : 958-965.
 
359. Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Couser WG et al. Hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis. Effect of alpha-interferon therapy. Kidney tnt 1994 ; 46 : 1700-1704.
 
360. Misiani R, Bellavita P, Fenili D et al. Interferon alfa-2a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus. N Engl J Med 1994 ; 330 : 751-756.
PubMed
361. Cresta P, Musset L, Cacoub P et al. Response to interferon alpha treatment and disappearance of cryoglobulinaemia in patients infected by hepatitis C virus. Gut 1999 ; 45 : 122-128.
PubMed
362. Komatsuda A, lmai H, Wakui H et al. Clinicopathological ana lysis and therapy in hepatitis C virus-associated nephropathy. Intern Med 1996 ; 35 : 529-533.
 
363. Mazzara J, Panarello G, Carniello S et al. Interferon versus steroids in patients with hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis. Dig Liver Dis 2000 ; 32 : 708-715.
 
364. Cid MC, Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Robert J et al. Interferon-alpha may exacerbate cryoblobulinemia-related ischemic manifestations : an adverse effect potentially related to its anti-angiogenic activity. Arthritis Rheum 1999 ; 42 : 1051-1055.
PubMed
365. Suzuki T, Yonemura K, Miyaji T et al. Progressive renal failure and blindness due to retinal hemorrhage after interferon therapy for hepatitis C virus-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Intern Med 2001 ; 40 : 708-712.
PubMed
366. Garini G, Allegri L, Lannuzzella F et al. HCV-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis : implications of antiviral and immunosuppressive therapies. Acta Biomed 2007 ; 78 : 51-59.
PubMed
367. Bruchfeld A, Lindahl K, Stahle L et al. Interferon and ribavirin treatment in patients with hepatitis (-associated renal disease and renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003 ; 18 : 1573-1580.
PubMed
368. Garini G, Allegri L, Carnevali L et al. Interferon-alpha in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001 ; 38 : E35.
PubMed
369. Rossi P, Bertani T, Baio P et al. Hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis : long-term remission after antiviral therapy. Kidney Int 2003 ; 63 : 2236-2241.
PubMed
370. Sabry AA, Sobh MA, Sheaashaa HA et al. Effect of combination therapy (ribavirin and interferon) in HCV-related glomerulopathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002 ; 17 : 1924-1930.
PubMed
371. Alric L, Plaisier E, Thebault S et al. Influence of antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic MPGN. Am J Kidney Dis 2004 ; 43 : 617-623.
PubMed
372. Cacoub P, Saadoun D, Limal N et al. PEGylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus-related systemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2005 ; 52 : 911-915.
PubMed
373. Mazzara C, Zorat F, Caizzi M et al. Treatment with peg-interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin of hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia : a pilot study. J Hepatol 2005 ; 42 : 632-638.
 
374. Saadoun D, Resche-Rigon M, Thibault V et al. Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis : a longterm followup study. Arthritis Rheum 2006 ; 54 : 3696-3706.
PubMed
375. Fabrizi F, Bruchfeld A, Mangano S et al. Interferon therapy for HCV-associated glomerulonephritis : meta-analysis of controlled trials. Int J Artif Organs 2007 ; 30 : 212-2 19.
 
376. Charles ED, Dustin LB. Hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia. Kidney Int 2009 ; 76 : 818-824.
PubMed
377. Koziolek MJ, Scheel A, Bramlage C et al. Effective treatment of hepatitis C-associated immune-complex nephritis with cryoprecipitate apheresis and antiviral therapy. Clin Nephrol 2007 ; 67 : 245-249.
PubMed
378. Ahmed MS, Wong CF. Should rituximab be the rescue therapy for refractory mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C? J Nephrol 2007 ; 20 : 350-356.
PubMed
379. Cacoub P, Delluc A, Saadoun D et al. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) treatment for cryoglobulinemic vasculitis : where do we stand? Ann Rheum Dis 2008 ; 67 : 283-287.
PubMed
380. Sanson no D, De Re V, Lauletta G et al. Monoclonal antibody treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia resistant to interferon alpha with an antiCD20. Blood 2003 ; 101 : 3818-3826.
 
381. Saadoun D, Resche-Rigon M, Sene D et al. Rituximab combined with Peg-interferon-ribavirin in refractory hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008 ; 67 : 1431-1436.
PubMed
382. Garini G, Allegri L, Carnevali ML et al. Successful treatment of severe/active cryoglobulinaemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection by means of the sequential administration of immunosuppressive and antiviral agents. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006 ; 21 : 3333-3334.
PubMed
383. lannuzzella F, Vaglio A, Garini G. Management of hepatitis C virusrelated mixed cryoglobulinemia. Am J Med 2010 ; 123 : 400-408.
 
384. Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Sene D et al. Rituximab plus Peginterferon-alpha/ribavirin compared with Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin in hepatitis (-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 2010 ; 116 : 326-334 ; quiz 504-525.
 
385. European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines : management of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2009 ; 50 : 227-242.
 
386. Sorrell MF, Belongia EA, Costa J et al. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement : management of hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med 2009 ; 150 : 104-110.
PubMed
387. Olsen SK, Brown Jr RS. Hepatitis B treatment : Lessons for the nephrologist. Kidney Int 2006 ; 70 : 1897-1904.
 
388. Appel G. Viral infections and the kidney : HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Cleve Clin J Med 2007 ; 74 : 353-360.
PubMed
389. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B : update 2009. Hepatology 2009 ; 50 : 661-662.
PubMed
390. Sepkowitz KA. One disease, two epidemics-AIDS at 25. N Engl J Med 2006 ; 354 : 2411-2414.
PubMed
391. Kimmel PL, Barisoni L, Kopp JB. Pathogenesis and treatment of HIVassociated renal diseases : lessons from clinical and animal studies, molecular pathologic correlations, and genetic investigations. Ann Intern Med 2003 ; 139 : 214-226.
PubMed
392. Wyatt CM, Klotman PE. HIV-1 and HIV-associated nephropathy 25 years later. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 2 (Suppl 1) : S20-S24.
 
393. Genovese G, Tonna SJ, Knob AU et al. A risk allele for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in African Americans is located within a region containing APOL 1 and MYH9. Kidney Int 2010 ; 78 : 698-704.
 
394. Cohen SD, Kimmel PL. Immune complex renal disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Nephrol 2008 ; 28 : 535-544.
PubMed
395. Szczech LA, Gupta SK, Habash R et al. The clinical epidemiology and course of the spectrum of renal diseases associated with HIV infection. Kidney Int 2004 ; 66 : 1145-1152.
PubMed
396. Szczech LA, Hoover DR, Feldman JG et al. Association between renal disease and outcomes among HIV-infected women receiving or not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004 ; 39 : 1199-1206.
PubMed
397. El-Sadr WM, Lundgren JD, Neaton JD et al. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med 2006 ; 355 : 2283-2296.
PubMed
398. Kalayjian RC Franceschini N, Gupta SK et al. Suppression of HIV-1 replication by antiretroviral therapy improves renal function in persons with low CD4 cell counts and chronic kidney disease. AIDS 2008 ; 22 : 481-487.
PubMed
399. Krawczyk CS, Holmberg SD, Moorman AC et al. Factors associated with chronic renal failure in HIV-infected ambulatory patients. AIDS 2004 ; 18 : 2171-2178.
PubMed
400. Peters PJ, Moore DM, Mermin J et al. Antiretroviral therapy improves renal function among HIV-infected Ugandans. Kidney Int 2008 ; 74 : 925-929.
PubMed
401. Reid A, Stohr W, Walker AS et al. Severe renal dysfunction and risk factors associated with renal impairment in HIV-infected adults in Africa initiating antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2008 ; 46 : 1271-1281.
PubMed
402. Gupta SK, Parker RA, Robbins GK et al. The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on albuminuria in HIV-infected persons : results from a randomized trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005 ; 20 : 2237-2242.
PubMed
403. Gupta SK, Smurzynski M, Franceschini N et al. The effects of HIV type-1 viral suppression and non-viral factors on quantitative proteinuria in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Antivir Ther 2009 ; 14 : 543-549.
PubMed
404. Longenecker CT, Scherzer R, Sacchetti P et al. HIV viremia and changes in kidney function. AIDS 2009 ; 23 : 1089-1096.
 
405. Wyatt CM, Morgello S, Katz-Malamed R et al. The spectrum of kidney disease in patients with AIDS in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Kidney Int 2009 ; 75 : 428-434.
PubMed
406. Wyatt CM, Winston JA, Malvestutto CD et al. Chronic kidney disease in HIV infection : an urban epidemic. AIDS 2007 ; 21 : 2101-2103.
PubMed
407. Haas M, Kaul S, Eustace JA. HIV-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis with "lupus-like" features : a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases. Kidney Int 2005 ; 67 : 1381-1390.
PubMed
408. Fine DM, Perazella MA, Lucas GM et al. Kidney biopsy in HIV : beyond HIV-associated nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2008 ; 51 : 504-514.
PubMed
409. Gerntholtz TE, Goetsch SJ, Katz I. HIV-related nephropathy : a South African perspective. Kidney Int 2006 ; 69 : 1885-1891.
PubMed
410. Han TM, Naicker S, Ramdial PK et al. A cross-sectional study of HIVseropositive patients with varying degrees of proteinuria in South Africa. Kidney Int 2006 ; 69 : 2243-2250.
PubMed
411. Cohen SD, Kimmel PL. Renal biopsy is necessary for the diagnosis of HIVassociated renal diseases. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2009 ; 5 : 22-23.
PubMed
412. Babut-Gay ML, Echard M, Kleinknecht D et al. Zidovudine and nephropathy with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 1989 ; 111 : 856-857.
PubMed
413. Ifudu O, Rao TK, Tan CC et al. Zidovudine is beneficial in human immunodeficiency virus associated nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 1995 ; 15 : 217-221.
PubMed
414. Kirchner JT. Resolution of renal failure after initiation of HAART : 3 cases and a discussion of the literature. AIDS Read 2002 ; 12 : 103-105, 110-102.
 
415. Szczech LA, Edwards U, Sanders LL et al. Protease inhibitors are associated with a slowed progression of HIV-related renal diseases. Clin Nephrol 2002 ; 57 : 336-341.
 
416. Lucas GM, Eustace JA, Sozio S et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of HIV-1-associated nephropathy : a 12-year cohort study. AIDS 2004 ; 18 : 541-546.
PubMed
417. Atta MG, Gallant JE, Rahman MH et al. Antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV-associated nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006 ; 21 : 2809-2813.
PubMed
418. Kalayjian RC. The treatment of HIV-associated nephropathy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010 ; 17 : 59-71.
PubMed
419. Eustace JA, Nuermberger E, Choi M et al. Cohort study of the treatment of severe HIV-associated nephropathy with corticosteroids. Kidney Int 2000 ; 58 : 1253-1260.
PubMed
420. Laradi A, Mallet A, Beaufils H et al. HIV-associated nephropathy : outcome and prognosis factors. Groupe d' Etudes Nephrologiques d'lle de France. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998 ; 9 : 2327-2335.
 
421. Smith MC, Austen JL, Carey JT et al. Prednisone improves renal function and proteinuria in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. Am J Med 1996 ; 101 : 41-48.
PubMed
422. Ingulli E, Tejani A, Fikrig S et al. Nephrotic syndrome associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children. J Pediatr 1991 ; 119 : 710-716.
 
423. Yahaya I, Uthman AO, Uthman MM. Interventions for HIV-associated nephropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 : CD007183.
PubMed
424. Elewa U, Sandri AM, Rizza SA et al. Treatment of HIV-associated nephropathies. Nephron Clin Pract 2011 ; 118 : c346-c354.
PubMed
425. Novak JE, Szczech LA (eds.) HIV and kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010 ; 17 : 1-111.
 
426. Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A et al. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trap 2000 ; 77 : 41-51.
 
427. Chugh KS, Harries AD, Dahniya MH et al. Urinary schistosomiasis in Maiduguri, north east Nigeria. Ann Trap Med Parasitol 1986 ; 80 : 593-599.
 
428. Abdurrahman MB, Attah B, Narayana PT. Clinicopathological features of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in children. Ann Trop Paediatr 1981 ; 1 : 5-11.
PubMed
429. Abu-Romeh SH, van der Meulen J, Cozma MC et al. Renal diseases in Kuwait. Experience with 244 renal biopsies. Int Urol Nephrol 1989 ; 21 : 25-29.
PubMed
430. Andrade ZA, Andrade SG, Sadigursky M. Renal changes in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1971 ; 20 : 77-83.
PubMed
431. Chandra Shekhar K, Pathmanathan R. Schistosomiasis in Malaysia. Rev Infect Dis 1987 ; 9 : 1026-1037.
PubMed
432. Falcao HA, Gould DB. Immune complex nephropathy i schistosomiasis. Ann Intern Med 1975 ; 83 : 148-154.
PubMed
433. Musa AM, Asha HA, Veress B. Nephrotic syndrome in Sudanese patients with schistosomiasis mansoni infection. Ann Trap Med Parasitol 1980 ; 74 : 615-618.
 
434. Queiroz PF, Brito E, Martinelli R et al. Nephrotic syndrome in patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973 ; 22 : 622-628.
PubMed
435. Rocha H, Cruz T, Brito E et al. Renal involvement in patients with hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976 ; 25 : 108-115.
PubMed
436. Sobh MA. Moustafa FE, el-Housseini F et al. Schistosoma I specific nephropathy leading to end-stage renal failure. Kidney Int 1987 ; 31 : 1006-1011.
PubMed
437. Barsoum RS. Schistosoma! glomerulopathies. Kidney Int 1993 ; 44 : 1-12.
 
438. Barsoum RS, Abdei-Rahman AY, Francis MR et al. Patterns of glomerular injury associated with hepato-splenic schistosomiasis. Proceedings of the XII Egyptian Congress of Nephrology. Cairo, Egypt 1992.
 
439. Sobh M, Moustafa F, ei-Arbagy A et al. Nephropathy in asymptomatic patients with active Schistosoma mansoni infection. Int Ural Nephrol 1990 ; 22 : 37-43.
 
440. Rabello AL, Lambertucci JR, Freire MH et al. Evaluation of proteinuria in an area of Brazil endemic for schistosomiasis using a single urine sample. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993 ; 87 : 187-189.
 
441. Eltoum IA, Ghalib HW, Sualaiman S et al. Significance of eosinophiluria in urinary schistosomiasis. A study using Hansel's stain and electron microscopy. Am J Clin Pathol 1989 ; 92 : 329-338.
 
442. Martinelli R, Pereira U, Brito E et al. Renal involvement in prolonged Salmonella bacteremia : the role of schistosoma I glomerulopathy. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992 ; 34 : 193-198.
 
443. Bassily S, Farid Z, Barsoum RS et al. Renal biopsy in Schistosoma-Salmonella associated nephrotic syndrome. J Trop Med Hyg 1976 ; 79 : 256-258.
PubMed
444. Lambertucci JR, Godoy P, Neves J et al. Glomerulonephritis in Salmonella-Schistosoma mansoni association. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 ; 38 : 97-102.
PubMed
445. Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC et al. Schistosomiasis. N Engl J Med 2002 ; 346 : 1212-1220.
PubMed
446. Martinelli R, Pereira U, Brito E et al. Clinical course of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Nephron 1995 ; 69 : 131-134.
 
447. Sobh MA. Moustafa FE, Sally SM et al. A prospective, randomized therapeutic trial for schistosoma! specific nephropathy. Kidney Int 1989 ; 36 : 904-907.
 
448. Abdui-Fattah MM, Yossef SM, Ebraheem ME et al. Schistosomal glomerulopathy : a putative role for commonly associated Salmonella infection. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1995 ; 25 : 165-173.
 
449. Martinelli R, Pereira LJ, Rocha H. The influence of anti-parasitic therapy on the course of the glomerulopathy associated with Schistosomiasis mansoni. Clin Nephrol 1987 ; 27 : 229-232.
 
450. Sobh MA, Moustafa FE, Sally SM et al. Characterisation of kidney lesions in early schistosomal-specific nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1988 ; 3 : 392-398.
PubMed
451. Nussenzveig I, De Brito T, Carneiro CR et al. Human Schistosoma mansoni-associated glomerulopathy in Brazil. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002 ; 17 : 4-7.
PubMed
452. Bariety J, Barbier M, Laigre MC et al. [Proteinuria and loaiasis. Histologic, optic and electronic study of a case]. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris 1967 ; 118 : 1015-1025.
PubMed
453. Chugh KS, Singhal PC, Tewari SC et al. Acute glomerulonephritis associated with filariasis. Am J Trap Med Hyg 1978 ; 27 : 630-631.
 
454. Date A, Gunasekaran V, Kirubakaran MG et al. Acute eosinophilic glomerulonephritis with Bancroftian filariasis. Postgrad Med J 1979 ; 55 : 905-907.
PubMed
455. Ngu JL, Chatelanat F, Leke R et al. Nephropathy in Cameroon : evidence for filarial derived immune-complex pathogenesis in some cases. Clin Nephrol 1985 ; 24 : 128-134.
PubMed
456. Pillay VK, Kirch E, Kurtzman NA. Glomerulopathy associated with filarial loiasis. JAMA 1973 ; 225 : 179.
PubMed
457. Pakasa NM, Nseka NM, Nyimi LM. Secondary collapsing glomerulopathy associated with Loa loa filariasis. Am J Kidney Dis 1997 ; 30 : 836-839.
PubMed
458. Ormerod AD, Petersen J, Hussey JK et al. Immune complex glomerulonephritis and chronic anaerobic urinary infectioncomplications of filariasis. Postgrad Med J 1983 ; 59 : 730-733.
PubMed
459. Hall CL, Stephens L, Peat D et al. Nephrotic syndrome due to loiasis following a tropical adventure holiday : a case report and review of the literature. Clin Nephrol 2001 ; 56 : 247-250.
 
460. Dreyer G, Ottesen EA, Galdino E et al. Renal abnormalities in microfilaremic patients with Bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trap Med Hyg 1992 ; 46 : 745-751.
 
461. Langhammer J, Birk HW, Zahner H. Renal disease in lymphatic filariasis : evidence for tubular and glomerular disorders at various stages of the infection. Trop Med Int Health 1997 ; 2 : 875-884.
PubMed
462. Cruel T, Arborio M, Schill H et al. [Nephropathy and filariasis from Loa loa. Apropos of 1 case of adverse reaction to a dose of ivermectin]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1997 ; 90 : 179-181.
PubMed
463. Ngu JL, Adam M, Leke R et al. Proteinuria associated with diethylcarbamazine treatment of onchocerciasis (abstract). Lancet 1980 ; 315 : 710.
 
464. Abel L, loly V, Jeni P et al. Apheresis in the management of loiasis with high microfilariaemia and renal disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 ; 292 : 24.
 
465. Barsoum RS. Malarial nephropathies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998 ; 13 : 1588-1597.
PubMed
466. Eiam-Ong S. Malarial nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2003 ; 23 : 21-33.
PubMed
467. Olowu WA, Adelusola KA, Adefehinti O et al. Quartan malaria-associated childhood nephrotic syndrome : now a rare clinical entity in malaria endemic Nigeria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010 ; 25 : 794-801.
PubMed
468. Doe JY, Funk M, Mengel M et al. Nephrotic syndrome in African children : lack of evidence for 'tropical nephrotic syndrome'? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006 ; 21 : 672-676.
PubMed
469. Seggie J, Davies PG, Ninin D et al. Patterns of glomerulonephritis in Zimbabwe : survey of disease characterised by nephrotic proteinuria. Q J Med 1984 ; 53 : 109-118.
PubMed
470. Roberts IS, Cook HT, Troyanov S et al. The Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy : pathology definitions, correlations, and reproducibility. Kidney Int 2009 ; 76 : 546-556.
PubMed
471. Li PK, Ho KK, Szeto CC et al. Prognostic indicators of IgA nephropathy in the Chinese-clinical and pathological perspectives. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002 ; 17 : 64-69.
PubMed
472. Nair R, Walker PD. Is IgA nephropathy the commonest primary glomerulopathy among young adults in the USA? Kidney Int 2006 ; 69 : 1455-1458.
PubMed
473. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004 ; 351 : 1296-1305.
PubMed
474. Donadio JV, Bergstralh EJ, Grande JP et al. Proteinuria patterns and their association with subsequent end-stage renal disease in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002 ; 17 : 1197-1203.
PubMed
475. Geddes CC, Rauta V, Gronhagen-Riska C et al. A tricontinental view of IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003 ; 18 : 1541-1548.
PubMed
476. Goto M, Wakai K, Kawamura T et al. A scoring system to predict renal outcome in IgA nephropathy : a nationwide 10-year prospective cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 ; 24 : 3068-3074.
PubMed
477. Reich HN, Troyanov S, Scholey JW et al. Remission of proteinuria improves prognosis in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 18 : 3177-3183.
PubMed
478. Coppo R, Peruzzi L, Amore A et al. IgACE : a placebo-controlled, randomized trial of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in children and young people with IgA nephropathy and moderate proteinuria. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 18 : 1880-1888.
 
479. Cattran DC, Cappo R, Cook HT et al. The Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy : rationale, clinicopathological correlations, and classification. Kidney Int 2009 ; 76 : 534-545.
 
480. Szeto CC, Lai FM, To KF et al. The natural history of immunoglobulin a nephropathy among patients with hematuria and minimal proteinuria. Am J Med 2001 ; 110 : 434-437.
PubMed
481. Coppo R. D'Amico G. Factors predicting progression of IgA nephropathies. J Nephrol 2005 ; 18 : 503-512.
PubMed
482. Frisch G, Lin J, Rosenstock J et al. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs placebo in patients with moderately advanced IgA nephropathy : a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005 ; 20 : 2139-2145.
PubMed
483. Harmankaya O, Ozturk Y, Basturk T et al. Efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in IgA nephropathy presenting with isolated hematuria. Int Urol Nephrol 2002 ; 33 : 167-171.
PubMed
484. Bartosik LP, Lajoie G, Sugar L et al. Predicting progression in IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2001 ; 38 : 728-735.
PubMed
485. Kanno Y, Okada H, Saruta T et al. Blood pressure reduction associated with preservation of renal function in hypertensive patients with IgA nephropathy : a 3-year follow-up. Clin Nephrol 2000 ; 54 : 360-365.
PubMed
486. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann Intern Med 2001 ; 135 : 73-87.
PubMed
487. Sarafidis PA, Khosla N, Bakris GL. Antihypertensive therapy in the presence of proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis 2007 ; 49 : 12-26.
PubMed
488. FellinG, Gentile MG, Duca Get of. Renal function in IgA nephropathy with established renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1988 ; 3 : 17-23.
 
489. Ballardie FW, Roberts IS. Controlled prospective trial of prednisolone and cytotoxics in progressive IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002 ; 13 : 142-148.
PubMed
490. Rekola S, Bergstrand A, Bucht H. Deterioration of GFR in IgA nephropathy as measured by 51Cr-EDTA clearance. Kidney Int 1991 ; 40 : 1050-1054.
PubMed
491. D'Amico G, Minetti L, Ponticelli C et al. Prognostic indicators in idiopathic IgA mesangial nephropathy. Q J Med 1986 ; 59 : 363-378.
PubMed
492. Boyce NW, Holdsworth SR, Thomson NM et al. Clinicopathological associations in mesangial IgA nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 1986 ; 6 : 246-252.
PubMed
493. Freese P, Norden G, Nyberg G. Morphologic high-risk factors in IgA nephropathy. Nephron 1998 ; 79 : 420-425.
PubMed
494. Hogg RJ, Silva FG, Wyatt RJ et al. Prognostic indicators in children with IgA nephropathy-report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Pediatr Nephrol 1994 ; 8 : 15-20.
 
495. Tumlin JA, Lohavichan V, Hennigar R. Crescentic, proliferative IgA nephropathy : clinical and histological response to methylprednisolone and intravenous cyclophosphamide. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003 ; 18 : 1321-1329.
PubMed
496. Katafuchi R, Oh Y, Hori K et al. An important role of glomerular segmental lesions on progression of IgA nephropathy : a multivariate analysis. Clin Nephrol 1994 ; 41 : 191-198.
PubMed
497. Packham DK, Van HD, Hewitson TD et al. The significance of focal and segmental hyalinosis and sclerosis (FSHS) and nephrotic range proteinuria in IgA nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1996 ; 46 : 225-229.
 
498. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Iribarren C et al. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2006 ; 144 : 21-28.
PubMed
499. Navaneethan SD, Yehnert H, Moustarah F et al. Weight loss interventions in chronic kidney disease : a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 1565-1574.
PubMed
500. Bonnet F, Deprele C, Sassolas A et al. Excessive body weight as a new independent risk factor for clinical and pathological progression in primary IgA nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001 ; 37 : 720-727.
PubMed
501. Tanaka M, Tsujii T, Komiya T et al. Clinicopathological influence of obesity in IgA nephropathy : comparative study of 74 patients. Contrib Nephrol 2007 ; 157 : 90-93.
PubMed
502. Coppo R, Troyanov S, Camilla R et al. The Oxford IgA nephropathy clinicopathological classification is valid for children as well as adults. Kidney Int 2010 ; 77 : 921-927.
PubMed
503. Rauta V, Finne P, Fagerudd J et al. Factors associated with progression of IgA nephropathy are related to renal function-a model for estimating risk of progression in mild disease. Clin Nephrol 2002 ; 58 : 85-94.
 
504. Li PK, Leung CB, Chow KM et al. Hong Kong study using valsartan in IgA nephropathy (HKVIN) : a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis 2006 ; 47 : 751-760.
PubMed
505. Praga M, Gutierrez E, Gonzalez E et al. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with ACE inhibitors : a randomized and controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003 ; 14 : 1578-1583.
 
506. Horita Y, Tadokoro M, Taura K et al. Prednisolone co-administered with losartan confers renoprotection in patients with IgA nephropathy. Ren Fail 2007 ; 29 : 441-446.
PubMed
507. Russo D, Pisani A, Balletta MM et al. Additive antiproteinuric effect of converting enzyme inhibitor and losartan in normotensive patients with IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999 ; 33 : 851-856.
PubMed
508. Yang Y, Ohta K, Shimizu M et al. Treatment with low-dose angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) plus angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) in pediatric patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 2005 ; 64 : 35-40.
PubMed
509. Pozzi C, Bolasco PG, Fogazzi GB et al. Corticosteroids in IgA nephropathy : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999 ; 353 : 883-887.
PubMed
510. Manno C. Torres DD, Rossini M et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of corticosteroids plus ACE-inhibitors with long-term follow-up in proteinuric IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 ; 24 : 3694-3701.
PubMed
511. Lv J, Zhang H, Chen Y et al. Combination therapy of prednisone and ACE inhibitor versus ACE-inhibitor therapy alone in patients with IgA nephropathy : a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2009 ; 53 : 26-32.
PubMed
512. Pozzi C, Andrulli S, Del Vecchio L et al. Corticosteroid effectiveness in IgA nephropathy : long-term results of a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004 ; 15 : 157-163.
PubMed
513. Pozzi C. Locatelli F. Corticosteroids in IgA nephropathy (letter). Lancet 1999 ; 353 : 2159-2160.
 
514. Manno C, Gesualdo L, D'Aitri C et al. Prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial on steroids plus ramipril in proteinuric IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol 2001 ; 14 : 248-252.
 
515. Hogg RJ, Lee J, Nardelli N et al. Clinical trial to evaluate omega-3 fatty acids and alternate day prednisone in patients with IgA nephropathy : report from the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 ; 1 : 467-474.
 
516. Katafuchi R, Ikeda K, Mizumasa T et al. Controlled, prospective trial of steroid treatment in IgA nephropathy : a limitation of low-dose prednisolone therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2003 ; 41 : 972-983.
PubMed
517. Strippoli GF, Maione A, Schena FP et al. IgA nephropathy : a disease in search of a large-scale clinical trial to reliably inform practice. Am J Kidney Dis 2009 ; 53 : 5-8.
PubMed
518. Kobayashi Y, Hiki Y, Kokubo T et al. Steroid therapy during the early stage of progressive IgA nephropathy. A 10-year follow-up study. Nephron 1996 ; 72 : 237-242.
PubMed
519. Eitner F, Ackermann D, Hilgers RD et al. Supportive Versus Immunosuppressive Therapy of Progressive IgA nephropathy (STOP) IgAN trial : rationale and study protocol. J Nephrol 2008 ; 21 : 284-289.
PubMed
520. Walker RG, Yu SH, Owen JE et al. The treatment of mesangial IgA nephropathy with cyclophosphamide, dipyridamole and warfarin : a two-year prospective trial. Clin Nephrol 1990 ; 34 : 103-107.
PubMed
521. Woo KT, Lee GS. The treatment of mesangial IgA nephropathy with cyclophosphamide, dipyridamole and warfarin. Clin Nephrol 1991 ; 35 : 184.
PubMed
522. Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Sakai T et al. A controlled trial of combined therapy for newly diagnosed severe childhood IgA nephropathy. The Japanese Pediatric IgA Nephropathy Treatment Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999 ; 10 : 101-109.
 
523. Pozzi C, Andrulli S, Pani A et al. Addition of azathioprine to corticosteroids does not benefit patients with IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 201 0 ; 21 : 1783-1790.
 
524. Yoshikawa N, Honda M, lijima K et al. Steroid treatment for severe childhood IgA nephropathy : a randomized, controlled trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 ; 1 : 511-517.
 
525. Maes BD, Oyen R. Claes K et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in IgA nephropathy : results of a 3-year prospective placebo-controlled randomized study. Kidney Int 2004 ; 65 : 1842-1849.
PubMed
526. Tang S, Leung JC, Chan LY et al. Mycophenolate mofetil alleviates persistent proteinuria in IgA nephropathy. Kidney tnt 2005 ; 68 : 802-812.
 
527. Tang SC, Tang AW, Wong 55 et al. Long-term study of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 2010 ; 77 : 543-549.
 
528. Lv J, Zhang H, Cui Z et al. Delayed severe pneumonia in mycophenolate mofetil-treated patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008 ; 23 : 2868-2872.
 
529. Donadio Jr JV, Bergstralh EJ, Offord KP et al. A controlled trial of fish oil in IgA nephropathy. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1994 ; 331 : 1194-1199.
 
530. Donadio Jr JV, Grande JP, Bergstralh EJ et al. The long-term outcome of patients with IgA nephropathy treated with fish oil in a controlled trial. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999 ; 10 : 1772-1777.
 
531. Alexopoulos E, Stangou M, Pantzaki A et al. Treatment of severe IgA nephropathy with omega-3 fatty acids : the effect of a "very low dose" regimen. Ren Fail 2004 ; 26 : 453-459.
PubMed
532. Ferraro PM, Ferraccioli GF, Gambaro G et al. Combined treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockers and polyunsaturated fatty acids in proteinuric IgA nephropathy : a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 ; 24 : 156-160.
PubMed
533. Bennett WM, Walker RG, Kincaid-Smith P. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) : a two-year prospective trial. Clin Nephrol 1989 ; 31 : 128-131.
 
534. Pettersson EE, Rekola S, Berglund L et al. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids : a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Clin Nephrol 1994 ; 41 : 183-190.
PubMed
535. Strippoli GF, Manno C, Schena FP. An "evidence-based" survey of therapeutic options for IgA nephropathy : assessment and criticism. Am J Kidney Dis 2003 ; 41 : 1129-1139.
PubMed
536. Miller III ER, Juraschek SP, Appel U et al. The effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on urine protein excretion and kidney function : meta-analysis of clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2009 ; 89 : 1937-1945.
 
537. Hogg RJ, Fitzgibbons L, Atkins C et al. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in children and adults with IgA nephropathy is dosage-and sizedependent. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 ; 1 : 1167-1172.
PubMed
538. Donadio Jr JV, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ et al. A randomized trial of highdose compared with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids in severe IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001 ; 12 : 791-799.
 
539. Taji Y, Kuwahara T, Shikata 5 et al. Meta-analysis of antiplatelet therapy for IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2006 ; 10 : 268-273.
 
540. Hotta O, Miyazaki M, Furuta T et al. Tonsillectomy and steroid pulse therapy significantly impact on clinical remission in patients with IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2001 ; 38 : 736-743.
PubMed
541. Xie Y, Nishi S, Ueno M et al. The efficacy of tonsillectomy on long-term renal survival in patients with IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 2003 ; 63 : 1861-1867.
PubMed
542. Komatsu H, Fujimoto S, Hara S et al. Effect of tonsillectomy plus steroid pulse therapy on clinical remission of IgA nephropathy : a controlled study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 ; 3 : 1301-1307.
 
543. Rasche FM, Schwarz A, Keller F. Tonsillectomy does not prevent a progressive course in IgA nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1999 ; 51 : 147-152.
 
544. Kim SM, Moon KC, Oh KH et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics of IgA nephropathy with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. J Korean Med Sci 2009 ; 24 (Suppl) : 544-549.
 
545. Lai KN, Lai FM, Chan KW et al. An overlapping syndrome of IgA nephropathy and lipoid nephrosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1986 ; 86 : 716-723.
PubMed
546. Lai KN, Lai FM, Ho CP et al. Corticosteroid therapy in IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome : a long-term controlled trial. Clin Nephrol 1986 ; 26 : 174-180.
PubMed
547. Gutierrez E, Gonzalez E, Hernandez E et al. Factors that determine an incomplete recovery of renal function in macrohematuria-induced acute renal failure of IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 2 : 51-57.
PubMed
548. Praga M, Gutierrez-Millet V, Navas JJ et al. Acute worsening of renal function during episodes of macroscopic hematuria in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 1985 ; 28 : 69-74.
PubMed
549. Bennett WM, Kincaid-Smith P. Macroscopic hematuria in mesangial IgA nephropathy : correlation with glomerular crescents and renal dysfunction. Kidney Int 1983 ; 23 : 393-400.
PubMed
550. Abe T, Kida H, Yoshimura M et al. Participation of extracapillary lesions (ECL) in progression of IgA nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1986 ; 25 : 37-41.
PubMed
551. Tang Z, Wu Y, Wang QW et al. Idiopathic IgA nephropathy with diffuse crescent formation. Am J Nephrol 2002 ; 22 : 480-486.
PubMed
552. Pankhurst T, Lepenies J, Nightingale P et al. Vasculitic IgA nephropathy : prognosis and outcome. Nephron Clin Pract 2009 ; 112 : c16-c24.
PubMed
553. Coppo R, Basolo B, Roccatello D et al. Plasma exchange in progressive primary IgA nephropathy. Int J Artif Organs 1985 ; 8 (Suppl 2) : 55-58.
 
554. Saulsbury FT. Clinical update : Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Lancet 2007 ; 369 : 976-978.
PubMed
555. Narchi H. Risk of long term renal impairment and duration of follow up recommended for Henoch-Schonlein purpura with normal or minimal urinary findings : a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 2005 ; 90 : 916-920.
PubMed
556. Saulsbury FT. Henoch-Schonlein purpura in children. Report of 100 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999 ; 78 : 395-409.
PubMed
557. Shin JI, Park JM, Shin YH et al. Predictive factors for nephritis, relapse, and significant proteinuria in childhood Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Scand J Rheumatol 2006 ; 35 : 56-60.
 
558. Goldstein AR, White RH, Akuse R et al. Long-term follow-up of childhood Henoch-Schonlein nephritis. Lancet 1992 ; 339 : 280-282.
PubMed
559. Edstrom Hailing S, Soderberg MP, Berg UB. Predictors of outcome in Henoch-Schonlein nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2010 ; 25 : 1101-1108.
 
560. Ronkainen J, Nuutinen M, Koskimies O. The adult kidney 24 years after childhood Henoch-Schonlein purpura : a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2002 ; 360 : 666-670.
PubMed
561. Zaffanello M, Fanos V. Treatment-based literature of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 2009 ; 24 : 1901-1911.
PubMed
562. Ronkainen J, Koskimies O, Ala-Houhala M et al. Early prednisone therapy in Henoch-Schonlein purpura : a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J Pediatr 2006 ; 149 : 241-247.
 
563. Niaudet P, Habib R. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy in the treatment of severe forms of Schonlein-Henoch purpura nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 1998 ; 12 : 238-243.
PubMed
564. Foster BJ, Bernard C, Drummond KN et al. Effective therapy for severe Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis with prednisone and azathioprine : a clinical and histopathologic study. J Pediatr 2000 ; 136 : 370-375.
PubMed
565. Tarshish P, Bernstein J, Edelmann Jr CM. Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis : course of disease and efficacy of cyclophosphamide. Pediatr Nephrol 2004 ; 19 : 51-56.
 
566. Kawasaki Y, Suzuki J, Suzuki H. Efficacy of methylprednisolone and urokinase pulse therapy combined with or without cyclophosphamide in severe Henoch-Schoenlein nephritis : a clinical and histopathological study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004 ; 19 : 858-864.
PubMed
567. Ronkainen J, Ala-Houhala M, Antikainen M et al. Cyclosporine A (CyA) versus MP pulses (MP) in the treatment of severe Henoch-Schonlein Nephritis (HSN) (abstract). Pediatr Nephrol 2006 ; 21 : 1531.
 
568. Jauhola O, Ronkainen J, Ala-Houhala M et al. Cyclosporine A (CyA) versus MP pulses in severe Henoch-Schonlein Nephritis (HSN) : Outcome after 2 year follow up (abstract). Pediatr Nephrol 2008 ; 23 : 1584.
 
569. Bergstein J, Leiser J, Andreoli SP. Response of crescentic HenochSchoenlein purpura nephritis to corticosteroid and azathioprine therapy. Clin Nephrol 1998 ; 49 : 9-14.
PubMed
570. Flynn JT, Smoyer WE, Bunch man TE et al. Treatment of HenochSchonlein Purpura glomerulonephritis in children with high-dose corticosteroids plus oral cyclophosphamide. Am J Nephrol 2001 ; 21 : 128-133.
 
571. Ronkainen J, Autio-Harmainen H, Nuutinen M. Cyclosporin A for the treatment of severe Henoch-Schonlein glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2003 ; 18 : 1138-1142.
PubMed
572. Shin JI, Park JM, Shin YH et al. Cyclosporin A therapy for severe HenochSchonlein nephritis with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2005 ; 20 : 1093-1097.
 
573. Kawasaki Y, Suzuki J, Murai M et al. Plasmapheresis therapy for rapidly progressive Henoch-Schonlein nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2004 ; 19 : 920-923.
 
574. Shenoy M, Ognjanovic MV, Coulthard MG. Treating severe HenochSchonlein and IgA nephritis with plasmapheresis alone. Pediatr Nephrol 2007 ; 22 : 1167-1171.
PubMed
575. Fuentes Y, Valverde S, Valesquez-Jones L et al. Comparison of azathioprine vs mofetil mycophenolate for Henoch-Schonlein nephritis treatment (abstract). Pediatr Nephrol 201 0 ; 25 : 1802.
 
576. Chartapisak W, Opastiraku S, Willis NS et al. Prevention and treatment of renal disease in Henoch-Schonlein purpura : a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 2009 ; 94 : 132-137.
PubMed
577. Chartapisak W, Opastirakul S, Hodson EM et al. Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 : CD005128.
PubMed
578. Dudley J, Smith G, Llewellyn-Edwards A et al. Randomised placebo controlled trial to assess the role of early prednisolone on the development and progression of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Nephritis (abstract). Pediatr Nephrol 2007 ; 22 : 1457.
 
579. Blanco R, Martinez-Taboada VM, Rodriguez-Valverde V et al. HenochSchonlein purpura in adulthood and childhood : two different expressions of the same syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1997 ; 40 : 859-864.
PubMed
580. Coppo R, Andrulli S, Amore A et al. Predictors of outcome in HenochSchonlein nephritis in children and adults. Am J Kidney Dis 2006 ; 47 : 993-1003.
PubMed
581. Shrestha S, Sumingan N, Tan J et al. Henoch Schonlein purpura with nephritis in adults : adverse prognostic indicators in a UK population. QJM 2006 ; 99 : 253-265.
 
582. Rauta V, Tornroth T, Gronhagen-Riska C. Henoch-Schoenlein nephritis in adults-clinical features and outcomes in Finnish patients. Clin Nephrol 2002 ; 58 : 1-8.
PubMed
583. Hung SP, Yang YH, Lin YT et al. Clinical manifestations and outcomes of Henoch-Schonlein purpura : comparison between adults and children. Pediatr Neonatal 2009 ; 50 : 162-168.
 
584. Pillebout E, Thervet E, Hill G et al. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura in adults : outcome and prognostic factors. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002 ; 13 : 1271-1278.
PubMed
585. Pillebout E, Alberti C. Guillevin L et al. Addition of cyclophosphamide to steroids provides no benefit compared with steroids alone in treating adult patients with severe Henoch Schonlein Purpura. Kidney Int 2010 ; 78 : 495-502.
PubMed
586. Campbell Jr R, Cooper GS, Gilkeson GS. Two aspects of the clinical and humanistic burden of systemic lupus erythematosus : mortality risk and quality of life early in the course of disease. Arthritis Rheum 2008 ; 59 : 458-464.
 
587. Danila MI, Pons-Estel GJ, Zhang J et al. Renal damage is the most important predictor of mortality within the damage index : data from LUMINA LXIV, a multiethnic US cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009 ; 48 : 542-545.
PubMed
588. Font J, Ramos-Casals M, Cervera R et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and the long-term outcome of lupus nephritis. QJM 2001 ; 94 : 19-26.
 
589. AI Arfaj AS, Khalil N. Clinical and immunological manifestations in 624 SLE patients in Saudi Arabia. Lupus 2009 ; 18 : 465-473.
 
590. Bastian HM, Roseman JM, McGwin Jr G et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XII. Risk factors for lupus nephritis after diagnosis. Lupus 2002 ; 11 : 152-160.
 
591. Seligman VA, Lum RF, Olson JL et al. Demographic differences in the development of lupus nephritis : a retrospective analysis. Am J Med 2002 ; 112 : 726-729.
PubMed
592. Ward MM. Changes in the incidence of endstage renal disease due to lupus nephritis in the United States, 1996-2004. J Rheumatol 2009 ; 36 : 63-67.
PubMed
593. Adler M, Chambers S, Edwards C et al. An assessment of renal failure in an SLE cohort with special reference to ethnicity, over a 25-year period. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006 ; 45 : 1144-1147.
 
594. AI Arfaj AS, Khalil N, AI Saleh S. Lupus nephritis among 624 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Rheumatol Int 2009 ; 29 : 1057-1067.
 
595. Gonzalez-Crespo MR, Lopez-Fernandez Jl, Usera G et al. Outcome of silent lupus nephritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1996 ; 26 : 468-476.
 
596. Valente de Almeida R, Rocha de Carvalho JG, de Azevedo VF et al. Microalbuminuria and renal morphology in the evaluation of subclinical lupus nephritis. Clin Nephrol 1999 ; 52 : 218-229.
PubMed
597. Zabaleta-Lanz ME, Munoz LE, Tapanes FJ et al. Further description of early clinically silent lupus nephritis. Lupus 2006 ; 15 : 845-851.
PubMed
598. Kraft SW, Schwartz MM, Korbet SM et al. Glomerular podocytopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 ; 16 : 175-179.
PubMed
599. Austin III HA, Klippel JH, Balow JE et al. Therapy of lupus nephritis. Controlled trial of prednisone and cytotoxic drugs. N Engl J Med 1986 ; 314 : 614-619.
 
600. Boumpas DT, Austin III HA, Vaughn EM et al. Controlled trial of pulse methylprednisolone versus two regimens of pulse cyclophosphamide in severe lupus nephritis. Lancet 1992 ; 340 : 741-745.
 
601. Donadio Jr JV, Holley KE, Ferguson RH et al. Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide. N Engl J Med 1978 ; 299 : 1151-1155.
 
602. Gourley MF, Austin III HA, Scott D et al. Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, alone or in combination, in patients with lupus nephritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1996 ; 125 : 549-557.
PubMed
603. Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C. D'Cruz D et al. The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 2010 ; 69 : 61-64.
 
604. Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis : the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 2002 ; 46 : 2121-2131.
 
605. McKinley A, Park E, Spetie D et al. Oral cyclophosphamide for lupus glomerulonephritis : an underused therapeutic option. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 1754-1760.
PubMed
606. Moroni G, Doria A, Mosca M et al. A randomized pilot trial comparing cyclosporine and azathioprine for maintenance therapy in diffuse lupus nephritis over four years. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 ; 1 : 925-932.
PubMed
607. Chan TM, Tse KC, Tang CS et al. Long-term outcome of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis treated with prednisolone and oral cyclophosphamide followed by azathioprine. Lupus 2005 ; 14 : 265-272.
PubMed
608. Mok CC, Ho CT, Chan KW et al. Outcome and prognostic indicators of diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis treated with sequential oral cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Arthritis Rheum 2002 ; 46 : 1003-1013.
PubMed
609. Mok CC, Ho CT, Siu YP et al. Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis : a comparison of two cyclophosphamide-containing regimens. Am J Kidney Dis 2001 ; 38 : 256-264.
PubMed
610. Moroni G, Quaglini S, Gallelli B et al. The long-term outcome of 93 patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007 ; 22 : 2531-2539.
 
611. Chan TM, Li FK, Tang CS et al. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Hong KongGuangzhou Nephrology Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 343 : 1156-1162.
 
612. Chan TM, Tse KC Tang CS et al. Long-term study of mycophenolate mofetil as continuous induction and maintenance treatment for diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 ; 16 : 1076-1084.
PubMed
613. Appel GB, Contreras G, Dooley MA et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 20 : 1103-1112.
PubMed
614. Traitanon O, Avihingsanon Y, Kittikovit V et al. Efficacy of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in patients with resistant-type lupus nephritis : a prospective study. Lupus 2008 ; 17 : 744-751.
PubMed
615. Grootscholten C, Ligtenberg G, Hagen EC et al. Azathioprine/methylprednisolone versus cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. A randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int 2006 ; 70 : 732-742.
PubMed
616. Grootscholten C, Bajema IM, Florquin S et al. Treatment with cyclophosphamide delays the progression of chronic lesions more effectively than does treatment with azathioprine plus methylprednisolone in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007 ; 56 : 924-937.
PubMed
617. Zavada J, Pesickova S, Rysava R et al. Cyclosporine A or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis : the Cyclofa-Lune study. Lupus 2010 ; 19 : 1281-1289.
PubMed
618. Bao H, Liu ZH, Xie HL et al. Successful treatment of class V+IV lupus nephritis with multitarget therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 ; 19 : 2001-2010.
 
619. Balow JE, Austin III HA, Muenz LR et al. Effect of treatment on the evolution of renal abnormalities in lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 1984 ; 311 : 491-495.
 
620. Haubitz M, Bohnenstengel F, Brunkhorst R et al. Cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics and dose requirements in patients with renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 2002 ; 61 : 1495-1501.
PubMed
621. Pendse S, Ginsburg E, Singh AK. Strategies for preservation of ovarian and testicular function after immunosuppression. Am J Kidney Dis 2004 ; 43 : 772-781.
PubMed
622. Somers EC, Marder W, Christman GM et al. Use of a gonadotropinreleasing hormone analog for protection against premature ovarian failure during cyclophosphamide therapy in women with severe lupus. Arthritis Rheum 2005 ; 52 : 2761-2767.
PubMed
623. Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2005 ; 353 : 2219-2228.
 
624. Hu W, Liu Z, Chen H et al. Mycophenolate mofetil vs cyclophosphamide therapy for patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2002 ; 115 : 705-709.
 
625. Ong LM, Hooi LS, Lim TO et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide versus mycophenolate mofetil in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2005 ; 10 : 504-510.
PubMed
626. EI-Shafey EM, Abdou SH, Shareef MM. Is mycophenolate mofetil superior to pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide for induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis in Egyptian patients? Clin Exp Nephrol 2010 ; 14 : 214-221 .
 
627. Korbet SM, Schwartz MM, Evans J et al. Severe lupus nephritis : racial differences in presentation and outcome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 18 : 244-254.
PubMed
628. Rovin BH, Appel GB, Furie RA et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in subjects with proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) : Results from the randomized, double-blind, phase III LUNAR study (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 20 : 77A.
 
629. Gunnarsson I, Sundelin B, Jonsdottir T et al. Histopathologic and clinical outcome of rituximab treatment in patients with cyclophosphamideresistant proliferative lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007 ; 56 : 1263-1272.
PubMed
630. Karim MY, Pisoni CN, Khamashta MA. Update on immunotherapy for systemic lupus erythematosus-what's hot and what's not!. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009 ; 48 : 332-341.
 
632. Lu TY, Ng KP, Cambridge G et al. A retrospective seven-year analysis of the use of B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus at University College London Hospital : the first fifty patients. Arthritis Rheum 2009 ; 61 : 482-487.
PubMed
633. Ramos-Casals M, Soto MJ, Cuadrado MJ et al. Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus : A systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases. Lupus 2009 ; 18 : 767-776.
PubMed
631 . Li EK, Tam LS, Zhu TY et al. Is combination rituximab with cyclophosphamide better than rituximab alone in the treatment of lupus nephritis? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009 ; 48 : 892-898.
PubMed
634. Sousa E, Isenberg D. Treating lupus : from serendipity to sense, the rise of the new biologicals and other emerging therapies. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2009 ; 23 : 563-574.
PubMed
635. Tieng AT, Peeva E. B-cell-directed therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008 ; 38 : 218-227.
PubMed
636. Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS et al. Systemic lupus with nephritis : a long-term study. Q J Med 1979 ; 48 : 1-24.
PubMed
637. Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM et al. Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2011 ; 365 : 1886-1895.
PubMed
638. Contreras G, Pardo V, Leclercq B et al. Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2004 ; 350 : 971-980.
PubMed
639. Houssiau FA, D'Cruz D, Sangle S et al. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for long-term immunosuppression in lupus nephritis : results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Ann Rheum Dis 201 0 ; 69 : 2083-2089.
 
640. Griffiths B, Emery P, Ryan V et al. The BILAG multi-centre open randomized controlled trial comparing ciclosporin vs azathioprine in patients with severe SLE. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010 ; 49 : 723-732.
PubMed
641. Gunnarsson I, Sundelin B, Heimburger M et al. Repeated renal biopsy in proliferative lupus nephritis-predictive role of serum C1q and albuminuria. J Rheumatol 2002 ; 29 : 693-699.
PubMed
642. Hill GS, Delahousse M, Nochy D et al. Predictive power of the second renal biopsy in lupus nephritis : significance of macrophages. Kidney Int 2001 ; 59 : 304-316.
PubMed
643. Joannidis JP, Boki KA, Katsorida ME et al. Remission, relapse, and re-remi ssion of proliferative lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide. Kidney Int 2000 ; 57 : 258-264.
 
644. Moroni G, Pasquali S, Quaglini S et al. Clinical and prognostic value of serial renal biopsies in lupus nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1999 ; 34 : 530-539.
PubMed
645. Chen YE, Korbet SM, Katz RS et al. Value of a complete or partial remission in severe lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 ; 3 : 46-53.
PubMed
646. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Nefrite Lupica (GISNEL). Lupus nephritis : prognostic factors and probability of maintaining lifesupporting renal function 10 years after the diagnosis. Am J Kidney Dis 1992 ; 19 : 473-479.
 
647. Barr RG, Seliger S, Appel GB et al. Prognosis in proliferative lupus nephritis : the role of socio-economic status and racel ethnicity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003 ; 18 : 2039-2046.
 
648. Contreras G, Pardo V, Cely C et al. Factors associated with poor outcomes in patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus 2005 ; 14 : 890-895.
PubMed
649. Gibson KL, Gipson DS, Massengill SA et al. Predictors of relapse and end stage kidney disease in proliferative lupus nephritis : focus on children, adolescents, and young adults. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 1962-1967.
 
650. Rovin BH, Zhang X. Biomarkers for lupus nephritis : the quest continues. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 4 : 1858-1865.
PubMed
651. Hebert LA, Wilmer WA, Falkenhain ME et al. Renoprotection : one or many therapies? Kidney tnt 2001 ; 59 : 1211-1226.
PubMed
652. Wilmer WA, Rovin BH, Hebert CJ et al. Management of glomerular proteinuria : a commentary. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003 ; 14 : 3217-3232.
PubMed
653. Coremans IE, Spronk PE, Bootsma H et al. Changes in antibodies to C1q predict renal relapses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Kidney Dis 1995 ; 26 : 595-601.
PubMed
654. Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Joseph L et al. Laboratory tests as predictors of disease exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Why some tests fail. Arthritis Rheum 1996 ; 39 : 370-378.
PubMed
655. Esdaile JM, Joseph L, Abrahamowicz M et al. Routine immunologic tests in systemic lupus erythematosus : is there a need for more studies? J Rheumatol 1996 ; 23 : 1891-1896.
 
656. Ho A, Barr SG, Magder L5 et al. A decrease in complement is associated with increased renal and hematologic activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2001 ; 44 : 2350-2357.
 
657. Ho A, Magder LS, Barr SG et al. Decreases in anti-double-stranded DNA levels are associated with concurrent flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2001 ; 44 : 2342-2349.
PubMed
658. Moroni G, Radice A, Giammarresi G et al. Are laboratory tests useful for monitoring the activity of lupus nephritis? A 6-year prospective study in a cohort of 228 patients with lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009 ; 68 : 234-237.
 
659. Rovin BH, Birmingham DJ, Nagaraja HN et al. Biomarker discovery in human SLE nephritis. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 2007 ; 65 : 187-193.
PubMed
660. Giatras I, Lau J, Levey AS. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the progression of nondiabetic renal disease : a metaanalysis of randomized trials. Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition and Progressive Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1997 ; 127 : 337-345.
 
661. Mercadal L, Montcel ST, Nochy D et al. Factors affecting outcome and prognosis in membranous lupus nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002 ; 17 : 1771-1778.
PubMed
662. Mok CC. Membranous nephropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus : a therapeutic enigma. Nat Rev Nephrol 2009 ; 5 : 212-220.
PubMed
663. Mok CC, Ying KY, Vim CW et al. Very long-term outcome of pure lupus membranous nephropathy treated with glucocorticoid and azathioprine. Lupus 2009 ; 18 : 1091-1095.
 
664. Pasquali S, Banfi G, Zucchelli A et al. Lupus membranous nephropathy : long-term outcome. Clin Nephrol 1993 ; 39 : 175-182.
PubMed
665. Sloan RP, Schwartz MM, Korbel SM et al. Long-term outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus membranous glomerulonephritis. Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996 ; 7 : 299-305.
 
666. Donadio Jr JV, Burgess JH, Holley KE. Membranous lupus nephropathy : a clinicopathologic study. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977 ; 56 : 527-536.
 
667. Gonzalez-Dettoni H, Tron F. Membranous glomerulopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Adv Nephrol Necker Hasp 1985 ; 14 : 347-364.
 
668. Ordonez JD, Hiatt RA, Killebrew EJ et al. The increased risk of coronary heart disease associated with nephrotic syndrome. Kidney tnt 1993 ; 44 : 638-642.
 
669. Mok CC, Ying KY, Lau CS et al. Treatment of pure membranous lupus nephropathy with prednisone and azathioprine : an open-label trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2004 ; 43 : 269-276.
PubMed
670. Austin III HA, lllei GG, Braun MJ et al. Randomized, controlled trial of prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine in lupus membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 ; 20 : 901-911.
 
671. Kasitanon N, Petri M, Haas M et al. Mycophenolate mofetil as the primary treatment of membranous lupus nephritis with and without concurrent proliferative disease : a retrospective study of 29 cases. Lupus 2008 ; 17 : 40-45.
PubMed
672. Spetie DN, Tang Y, Rovin BH et al. Mycophenolate therapy of SLE membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2004 ; 66 : 2411-2415.
PubMed
673. Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Lai FM et al. Tacrolimus for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with pure class V nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008 ; 47 : 1678-1681.
PubMed
674. Ruiz-lrastorza G, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P et al. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus : a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2010 ; 69 : 20-28.
 
675. Tsakonas E, Joseph L, Esdaile JM et al. A long-term study of hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group. Lupus 1998 ; 7 : 80-85.
 
676. Siso A, Ramos-Casals M, Bove A et al. Previous antimalarial therapy in patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis : influence on outcomes and survival. Lupus 2008 ; 17 : 281-288.
PubMed
677. Kaiser R, Cleveland CM, Criswell LA. Risk and protective factors for thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus : results from a large, multiethnic cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2009 ; 68 : 238-241.
PubMed
678. Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcon GS, McGwin Jr G et al. Protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on renal damage in patients with lupus nephritis : LXV, data from a multiethnic US cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2009 ; 61 : 830-839.
 
679. Illei GG, Takada K, Parkin D et al. Renal flares are common in patients with severe proliferative lupus nephritis treated with pulse immunosuppressive therapy : long-term followup of a cohort of 145 patients participating in randomized controlled studies. Arthritis Rheum 2002 ; 46 : 995-1002.
PubMed
680. Esdaile JM, Joseph L, MacKenzie T et al. The pathogenesis and prognosis of lupus nephritis : information from repeat renal biopsy. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1993 ; 23 : 135-148.
PubMed
681. Daleboudt GMN, Bajema IM, Goemaere NNT et al. The clinical relevance of a repeat biopsy in lupus nephritis flares. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 ; 24 : 3712-3717.
PubMed
682. Birmingham DJ, Nagaraja HN, Rovin BH et al. Fluctuation in selfperceived stress and increased risk of flare in patients with lupus nephritis carrying the serotonin receptor 1A-1019 G allele. Arthritis Rheum 2006 ; 54 : 3291-3299.
PubMed
683. Clough JD, Lewis EJ, Lachin JM. Treatment protocols of the lupus nephritis collaborative study of plasmapheresis in severe lupus nephritis. The Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group. Prog Clin Bioi Res 1990 ; 337 : 301-307.
 
684. Linnik MD, Hu JZ, Heilbrunn KR et al. Relationship between anti-doublestranded DNA antibodies and exacerbation of renal disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2005 ; 52 : 1129-1137.
 
685. Rovin BH, Song H, Birmingham DJ et al. Urine chemokines as biomarkers of human systemic lupus erythematosus activity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 ; 16 : 467-473.
PubMed
686. Rovin BH, Nadasdy G, Nuovo GJ et al. Expression of adiponectin and its receptors in the kidney during SLE nephritis (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 ; 17 : 256A.
 
687. Rovin BH, Stillman IE. Kidney. In : Lahita RG, Tsokos GT, Buyon JP, Koike T (eds). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 5th edn. Elsevier : Waltham, MA, 2011, pp 769-814.
 
688. Garda-Carrasco M, Mendoza-Pinto C, Sandoval-Cruz M et al. Anti-CD20 therapy in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus : a longitudinal analysis of 52 Hispanic patients. Lupus 2010 ; 19 : 213-219.
 
689. Rauova L, Lukac J, Levy Y et al. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins for lupus nephritis-a salvage immunomodulation. Lupus 2001 ; 10 : 209-213.
PubMed
690. Ogawa H, Kameda H, Amano K et al. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine A in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus in a daily clinical practice. Lupus 2010 ; 19 : 162-169.
 
691. Ogawa H, Kameda H, Nagasawa H et al. Prospective study of low-dose cyclosporine A in patients with refractory lupus nephritis. Mod Rheumatol 2007 ; 17 : 92-97.
PubMed
692. Miyasaka N, Kawai S, Hashimoto H. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus for lupus nephritis : a placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter study. Mod Rheumatol 2009 ; 19 : 606-615.
 
693. Daugas E, Nochy D, Huong DL et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002 ; 13 : 42-52.
PubMed
694. Tektonidou MG. Renal involvement in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) -APS nephropathy. Clin Rev Allergy lmmunol 2009 ; 36 : 131-140.
PubMed
695. Tektonidou MG, Sotsiou F, Moutsopoulos HM. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) nephropathy in catastrophic, primary, and systemic lupus erythematosus-related APS. J Rheumatol 2008 ; 35 : 1983-1988.
 
696. Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003 ; 349 : 1133-1138.
 
697. Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost 2005 ; 3 : 848-853.
PubMed
698. Kwok SK, Ju JH, Cho CS et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in systemic lupus erythematosus : risk factors and clinical outcome : a single centre study. Lupus 2009 ; 18 : 16-21.
PubMed
699. Tandon A, Ibanez D, Gladman DD et al. The effect of pregnancy on lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004 ; 50 : 3941-3946.
PubMed
700. Carvalheiras G, Vita P, Marta S et al. Pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus : review of clinical features and outcome of 51 pregnancies at a single institution. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010 ; 38 : 302-306.
 
701. lmbasciati E, Tincani A, Gregorini G et al. Pregnancy in women with preexisting lupus nephritis : predictors of fetal and maternal outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 ; 24 : 519-525.
 
702. Wagner SJ, Craici I, Reed D et al. Maternal and foetal outcomes in pregnant patients with active lupus nephritis. Lupus 2009 ; 18 : 342-347.
PubMed
703. Levy RA, Vi lela VS, Cataldo MJ et al. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in lupus pregnancy : double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Lupus 2001 ; 10 : 401-404.
 
704. Hogan SL, Nachman PH, Wilkman AS et al. Prognostic markers in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated microscopic polyangiitis and glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996 ; 7 : 23-32.
PubMed
705. de Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR et al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis : a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009 ; 150 : 670-680.
PubMed
706. Hogan SL, Falk RJ, Chin H et al. Predictors of relapse and treatment resistance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated smallvessel vasculitis. Ann Intern Med 2005 ; 143 : 621-631.
PubMed
707. Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N et al. Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 18 : 2180-2188.
 
708. de Lind van Wijngaarden RA, Hauer HA, Wolterbeek R et al. Chances of renal recovery for dialysis-dependent ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 ; 18 : 2189-2197.
PubMed
709. Nachman PH, Hogan SL, Jennette JC et al. Treatment response and relapse in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated microscopic polyangiitis and glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996 ; 7 : 33-39.
PubMed
710. Walters GD, Willis NS, Craig JC. Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults. A systematic review. BMC Nephrol 2010 ; 11 : 12.
PubMed
711. Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K et al. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 2003 ; 349 : 36-44.
PubMed
712. Guillevin L, Cohen P, Mahr A et al. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis with poor prognosis factors : a prospective trial comparing glucocorticoids and six or twelve cyclophosphamide pulses in sixty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 2003 ; 49 : 93-100.
PubMed
713. Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010 ; 363 : 211-220.
PubMed
714. Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010 ; 363 : 221-232.
PubMed
715. Cole E, Cattran D, Magi IA et al. A prospective randomized trial of plasma exchange as additive therapy in idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis. The Canadian Apheresis Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 1992 ; 20 : 261-269.
 
716. Lauque D, Cadranel J, Lazor R et al. Microscopic polyangiitis with alveolar hemorrhage. A study of 29 cases and review of the literature. Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM "O" P). Medicine (Baltimore) 2000 ; 79 : 222-233.
 
717. Klemmer PJ, Chalermskulrat W, Reif MS et al. Plasmapheresis therapy for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with small-vessel vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003 ; 42 : 1149-1153.
PubMed
718. Holguin F, Ramadan B, Gal AA et al. Prognostic factors for hospital mortality and ICU admission in patients with ANCA-related pulmonary vasculitis. Am J Med Sci 2008 ; 336 : 321-326.
PubMed
719. Rutgers A, Slot M, van Paassen P et al. Coexistence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies and myeloperoxidase-ANCAs in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005 ; 46 : 253-262.
PubMed
720. Silva F, Specks U, Kalra S et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for induction and maintenance of remission in microscopic polyangiitis with mild to moderate renal involvement-a prospective, open-label pilot trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010 ; 5 : 445-453.
PubMed
721. Stassen PM, Tervaert JW, Stegeman CA. Induction of remission in active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with mycophenolate mofetil in patients who cannot be treated with cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 2007 ; 66 : 798-802.
PubMed
722. Hu W, Liu C, Xie H et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for inducing remission of ANCA vasculitis with moderate renal involvement. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008 ; 23 : 1307-1312.
PubMed
723. Sanders JS, Huitma MG, Kallenberg CG et al. Prediction of relapses in PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis by assessing responses of ANCA titres to treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006 ; 45 : 724-729.
PubMed
724. Hiemstra TF, Walsh M, Mahr A et al. Mycophenolate mofetil vs azathioprine for remission maintenance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis : a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010 ; 304 : 2381-2388.
PubMed
725. Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE et al. Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. Dutch Co-Trimoxazole Wegener Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996 ; 335 : 16-20.
 
726. Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Hamidou MA et al. Azathioprine or methotrexate maintenance for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2008 ; 359 : 2790-2803.
PubMed
727. Lionaki S, Hogan SL, Jennette CE et al. The clinical course of ANCA smallvessel vasculitis on chronic dialysis. Kidney Int 2009 ; 76 : 644-651.
PubMed
728. Weidanz F, Day CJ, Hewins P et al. Recurrences and infections during continuous immunosuppressive therapy after beginning dialysis in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2007 ; 50 : 36-46.
PubMed
729. Martinez V, Cohen P, Pagnoux C et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins for relapses of systemic vasculitides associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies : results of a multicenter, prospective, openlabel study of twenty-two patients. Arthritis Rheum 2008 ; 58 : 308-317.
PubMed
730. Dickenmann M, Oettl T, Mihatsch MJ. Osmotic nephrosis : acute kidney injury with accumulation of proximal tubular lysosomes due to administration of exogenous solutes. Am J Kidney Dis 2008 ; 51 : 491-503.
PubMed
731. Jayne DR, Chapel H, Adu D et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for ANCAassociated systemic vasculitis with persistent disease activity. QJM 2000 ; 93 : 433-439.
PubMed
732. Eriksson P. Nine patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodypositive vasculitis successfully treated with rituximab. J Intern Med 2005 ; 257 : 540-548.
PubMed
733. Keogh KA, Wylam ME, Stone JH et al. Induction of remission by B lymphocyte depletion in eleven patients with refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2005 ; 52 : 262-268.
 
734. Stasi R, Stipa E, Del Poeta G et al. Long-term observation of patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis treated with rituxima b. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006 ; 45 : 1432-1436.
 
735. Finkielman JD, Merkel PA, Schroeder D et al. Antiproteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and disease activity in Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 2007 ; 147 : 611-619.
PubMed
736. Nowack R, Grab I, Flares-Suarez LF et al. ANCA titres, even of IgG subclasses, and soluble CD14 fail to predict relapses in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001 ; 16 : 1631-1637.
 
737. Gera M, Griffin MD, Specks U et al. Recurrence of ANCA-associated vasculitis following renal transplantation in the modern era of immunosupression. Kidney Int 2007 ; 71 : 1296-1301.
PubMed
738. Nachman PH, Segelmark M, Westman K et al. Recurrent ANCAassociated small vessel vasculitis after transplantation : A pooled analysis. Kidney Int 1999 ; 56 : 1544-1550.
PubMed
739. Little MA, Hassan B, Jacques S et al. Renal transplantation in systemic vasculitis : when is it safe? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 ; 24 : 3219-3225.
PubMed
740. Levy JB, Turner AN, Rees AJ et al. Long-term outcome of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease treated with plasma exchange and immunosuppression. Ann Intern Med 2001 ; 134 : 1033-1042.
PubMed
741. Johnson JP, Moore Jr J, Austin III HA et al. Therapy of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease : analysis of prognostic significance of clinical, pathologic and treatment factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 1985 ; 64 : 219-227.
 
742. Jindal KK. Management of idiopathic crescentic and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis : evidence-based recommendations. Kidney Int Suppl 1999 ; 70 : S33-S40.
PubMed
743. Cui Z, Zhao MH, Xin G et al. Characteristics and prognosis of Chinese patients with anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2005 ; 99 : c49-c55.
PubMed
744. Levy JB, Hammad T, Coulthart A et al. Clinical features and outcome of patients with both ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies. Kidney Int 2004 ; 66 : 1535-1540.
PubMed
745. Li FK, Tse KC, Lam MF et al. Incidence and outcome of antiglomerular basement membrane disease in Chinese. Nephrology (Carlton) 2004 ; 9 : 100-104.
PubMed
746. Lindic J, Vizjak A, Ferluga D et al. Clinical outcome of patients with coexistent anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and antibodies against glomerular basement membrane. Ther Apher Dial 2009 ; 13 : 278-281.
PubMed
747. Segelmark M, Hellmark T, Wieslander J. The prognostic significance in Goodpasture's disease of specificity, titre and affinity of antiglomerular-basement-membrane antibodies. Nephron Cfin Pract 2003 ; 94 : c59-c68.
 
748. Hirayama K, Yamagata K, Kobayashi M et al. Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease in Japan : part of the nationwide rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis survey in Japan. Clin Exp Nephrol 2008 ; 12 : 339-347.
PubMed
749. Shah MK, Hugghins SY. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with Goodpasture's syndrome. South Med J 2002 ; 95 : 1411-1418.
PubMed
750. Stegmayr BG, Almroth G, Berlin G et al. Plasma exchange or immunoadsorption in patients with rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. A Swedish multi-center study. tnt J Artif Organs 1999 ; 22 : 81-87.
PubMed
752. Levy JB, Lachmann RH, Pusey CD. Recurrent Goodpasture's disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1996 ; 27 : 573-578.
PubMed
751 . Proskey AJ, Weatherbee L, Easterling RE et al. Goodpasture's syndrome. A report of five cases and review of the literature. Am J Med 1970 ; 48 : 162-173.
PubMed
753. Adler S, Bruns FJ, Fraley OS et al. Rapid progressive glomerulonephritis : relapse after prolonged remission. Arch Intern Med 1981 ; 141 : 852-854.
 
754. Hind CR, Bowman C, Winearls CG et al. Recurrence of circulating antiglomerular basement membrane antibody three years after immunosuppressive treatment and plasma exchange. Clin Nephrol 1984 ; 21 : 244-246.
 
755. Klasa RJ, Abboud RT, Bailon HS et al. Goodpasture's syndrome : recurrence after a five-year remission. Case report and review of the literature. Am J Med 1988 ; 84 : 751-755.
 
756. Choy BY, Chan TM, Lai KN. Recurrent glomerulonephritis after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006 ; 6 : 2535-2542.
PubMed
757. Joshi K, Nada R, Minz M et al. Recurrent glomerulopathy in the renal allograft. Transplant Proc 2007 ; 39 : 734-736.
PubMed
758. Counsell C. Formulating questions and locating primary studies for inclusion in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med 1997 ; 127 : 380-387.
PubMed
759. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004 ; 328 : 1490.
PubMed
760. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ 2008 ; 336 : 1049-1051.
PubMed
761. Uhlig K, Macleod A, Craig J et al. Grading evidence and recommendations for clinical practice guidelines in nephrology. A position statement from Kidney Disease : Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney tnt 2006 ; 70 : 2058-2065.
 
762. AGREE Collaboration. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines : the AGREE project. Qual Saf Health Care 2003 ; 12 : 18-23.
PubMed
763. Shiffman RN, Shekelle P, Overhage JM et al. Standardized reporting of clinical practice guidelines : a proposal from the Conference on Guideline Standardization. Ann Intern Med 2003 ; 139 : 493-498.
PubMed
764. Finding what Works in Health Care : Standards for Systematic Reviews. IOM (Institute of Medicine) : Washington, DC 2011.
 
765. Clinical Practice Guidelines we can Trust. IOM (Institute of Medicine) : Washington, DC 2011.
 

書評

最近チェックした商品履歴

Loading...