日本臨牀　73/増刊4　最新臨床大腸癌学

出版社： 日本臨牀社
発行日： 2015-04-20
分野： 臨床医学：一般  >  雑誌
ISSN： 00471852
雑誌名：
特集： 最新臨床大腸癌学　基礎研究から臨床応用へ
電子書籍版： 2015-04-20 （初版第1刷）
書籍・雑誌
≪全国送料無料でお届け≫
取寄せ目安：8～14営業日

19,800 円(税込)

購入する
電子書籍
章別単位での購入はできません
ブラウザ、アプリ閲覧

19,800 円(税込)

購入する

目次

  • 日本臨牀　73/増刊4　最新臨床大腸癌学

    ―目次―

    特集　最新臨床大腸癌学　基礎研究から臨床応用へ

    序　文
    I．総　論
    　1　大腸癌画像診断の変遷と今後の展望
    　2　早期大腸癌に対する内視鏡治療の変遷
    　3　大腸癌手術治療の変遷
    　4　大腸癌化学療法の変遷

    II．大腸癌の疫学
    　1　我が国における大腸癌の疫学的動向：概論
    　2　大腸癌の疫学―国際比較―
    　3　大腸癌の危険因子
    　4　検診発見大腸がんの発生部位別にみた深達度の比較

    III．大腸癌の分子生物学と発癌機序
    　1　分子生物学
    　2　発癌機序

    IV．大腸癌の浸潤・転移
    　1　大腸癌の浸潤・転移の機序：概論
    　2　大腸癌の浸潤・転移に関連する分子
    　　　 (腫瘍微小環境の立場から)
    　3　大腸癌転移・再発形式の特徴
    　　　　―大腸癌術後フォローアップ研究会データ―
    　4　大腸癌肝転移の臨床的特徴
    　5　大腸癌肺転移の臨床的特徴
    　6　側方リンパ節転移を有する直腸癌の臨床的特徴
    　7　大腸癌骨転移・脳転移の臨床的特徴

    V．大腸癌の予後因子
    　1　大腸癌治療における予後因子解析の意義：概論
    　2　StageI大腸癌の予後因子
    　3　StageII大腸癌の予後因子
    　4　StageIII大腸癌の予後因子
    　5　R0切除が行われたStageIV大腸癌の予後因子
    　6　リンパ節検索個数の大腸癌予後因子としての評価
    　7　血清CEA値は大腸癌の予後因子となりうるか
    　　　　(術前・術後、再発時)
    　8　分子生物学的マーカーの大腸癌予後因子としての可能性
    　　　―最新の動向―

    VI．大腸癌治療ガイドライン・大腸癌取扱い規約
    　1大腸癌取扱い規約・大腸癌治療ガイドラインを作成する
    　　　意義について
    　2　大腸癌取扱い規約(第8版)とTNM分類(第7版)の比較
    　3　大腸癌治療ガイドラインとNCCNガイドラインの比較
    　4‘診療の質’指標(quality indicator：QI)を用いた
    　　　ガイドラインの評価

    VII．大腸癌の検査・診断
    　1　大腸癌の検査・診断：概論(流れ)
    　2　原発巣の診断
    　3　転移・再発巣の診断
    　4　大腸癌の病理検査・診断
    　5　大腸癌の分子生物学的検査

    VIII．大腸癌の治療
    　1　大腸癌の治療戦略：概論(ガイドラインのアルゴリズム解説)
    　2　外科的治療・内視鏡的治療
    　3　化学療法
    　4　放射線療法
    　5　遺伝子治療・免疫治療

    IX．治療に伴う有害反応対策
    　1　ESDにおける偶発症―頻度とその対策―
    　2 「抗血栓薬服用者に対する消化器内視鏡診療ガイドライン」
    　　　　の要点
    　3　大腸癌化学療法剤有害事象の特徴
    　4　オキサリプラチンの過敏性反応の病態とその予防・対策
    　5　ベバシズマブによる血栓症とその予防・対策(改訂)
    　6　抗EGFR抗体薬による皮膚障害とその予防・対策
    　7　抗EGFR抗体薬による間質性肺障害の病態とその予防・対策
    　8　レゴラフェニブによる手足症候群とその予防・対策
    　9　大腸癌化学療法に関連した肝障害の病態とその予防・対策
    　10　FU系薬剤による眼症状の病態とその予防・対策
    　11　UGT1A1遺伝子多型に基づくCPT-11治療における
    　　　　dose modification
    　12　中心静脈ポート閉塞の予防，閉塞時の対応
    　13　直腸癌放射線療法の合併症予防

    X．大腸癌治療とインフォームドコンセント
    　1　患者目線のがん医療：
    　　　　概論(インフォームドコンセントについて)
    　2　大腸癌手術におけるインフォームドコンセントの要点
    　3　ストーマを有する患者支援と周術期の
    　　　インフォームドコンセント
    　4　大腸癌化学療法におけるインフォームドコンセントの要点

    XI．新しいディバイスを取り入れた大腸癌診断
    　　　―早期発見をめざして―
    　1　大腸画像診断におけるCT colonographyの有用性と問題点
    　2　大腸癌診断における大腸カプセル内視鏡検査の位置づけ
    　　　　―現状と展望―
    　3　Autofluorescence imagingの有用性

    XII．特　論
    　1　次世代の癌医療　
    　2　インスリン抵抗性と癌発症　
    　3　分子標的治療薬の特殊な副作用と処置　
    　4　虫垂癌の病理と診断・治療

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

序文

P.5 掲載の参考文献
1) GOLBOCAN 2012 [http://globocan.iarc.fr]
 
2) がんの統計. 国立がん研究センター, がん対策情報センター, がん情報サービス, [http://ganjoho.jp/professional/statistics/index.html]
 
3) Muto T, et al : Colorectal cancer statistics in Japan : data from JSCCR registration, 1974-1993. Int J Clin Oncol 6 : 171-176, 2001.
PubMed
3) 小澤平太, 固武健次郎 : わが国の大腸癌 : 最新の基本統計 (2) -大腸癌全国登録1974-1999年のデータから. 大腸癌FRONTIER 3 : 293-297, 2010.
 
4) Muto T, et al : The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 36 : 2251-2270, 1975.
PubMed
5) Fearson ERB, Vogelstein A : A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61 : 759-767, 1990.
 
6) Spratt JS Jr, Ackerman LV : Small primary adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum. JAMA 179 : 337-346, 1962.
PubMed

I 総論

P.12 掲載の参考文献
1) Brown GR : A new approach to colon preparation for barium enema. Univ Michigan Med Bull 27 : 225-230, 1961.
 
2) 狩谷淳ほか : 大腸二重造影法の基本的なX線像について. 臨床放射線 16 : 885-895, 1971.
 
3) 牛尾恭輔ほか : 大腸癌の診断に注腸X線検査は必要か-原則必要とする立場から : 大腸の上皮性腫瘍における注腸X線検査の有用性. 胃と腸 33 : 713-720, 1998.
 
4) 河野弘志ほか : 大腸癌の診断に注腸X線は必要か. 大腸癌FRONTIER 4 : 31-36, 2011.
 
5) 松永藤雄ほか : Sigmoidcameraによる大腸粘膜像の撮影, 特に治療による経時変化の追及. Gastroenterol Endosc 1 : 58, 1959.
 
6) Matsunaga F : Colonofiberscopy. Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Rome and Copenhagen, p 833-839, 1970.
 
7) 田島強ほか : Colonofiberscopeについて. Gastroenterol Endosc 12 : 221-222, 1970.
 
8) 丹羽寛文 : 腸の内視鏡Gastroenterol Endosc 7 : 402-408, 1965.
 
9) 川井啓市ほか : 色素内視鏡検査の展望と用語の統一について. 消化管の癌に対する色素内視鏡検査 (竹本忠良ほか編), p145-151, 1978.
 
10) 工藤進英ほか : 微小大腸癌の診断-実体顕微鏡所見を含めて. 胃と腸 25 : 801-812, 1990.
 
11) Vining D, Gelfand D : Noninvasive colonoscopy using helical CT scanning, 3D reconstruction, and virtual reality. Presented at the 23rd annual meeting and postgraduate course of the Society of Gastrointestinal Radiologists. Maui, Hawai, 1994.
 
12) Johnson CD, et al : Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med 359 : 1207-1217, 2008.
PubMed
13) Eliakim R, et al : Evaluation of the Pil1Cam Colon capsule in the detection of colonic pathology : results of the first multicenter, prospective, comparative study. Endoscopy 38 : 963-970, 2006.
PubMed
14) 角川康夫ほか : 大腸カプセル内視鏡の現状と展望. 日消誌 111 : 464-469, 2014.
Medical*Online
P.18 掲載の参考文献
1) 丹羽寛文 : 内視鏡治療の発展. 消化器医学 3 : 7-14, 2005.
 
2) 常岡健二, 内川隆也 : われわれの考案した内視鏡下の胃ポリープ切断採取法-ポリープ切断器及び採取器について-. Gastroenterol Endosc 11 : 174-184, 1969.
 
3) Blackwood WD, Silvis SS : Gastroscopic electrosurgery. Gastroenterology 61 : 305-314, 1971.
 
4) Deyhle P, et al : Reports on new instruments and new method-Endoscopic polypectomy on the proximal colon-. Endoscopy 2 : 103-105, 1971.
 
5) Williams C, et al : Colonoscopy in the management of colon polyps. Br J Surg 61 : 673-682, 1974.
PubMed
6) Wolfe WI, Shinya H : Endoscopic polypectomy. Therapeutic and clinicopathologic aspects. Cancer 36 : 683-690, 1975.
PubMed
7) 林貴雄ほか : 内視鏡治療用止血クリップの考案と応用. Gastroenterol Endosc 17 : 92-101, 1975.
 
8) 蜂巣忠ほか : 留置スネア (結紮装置) の止血処置具としての有用性. Prog Dis Endosc 52 : 45-48, 1998.
 
9) 平尾雅紀ほか : HSE法. 消化器内視鏡 8 : 1181-1183, 1996.
 
10) Rosenberg N : Submucosal saline wheal as safety factor in fulguration of rectal and sigmoidal polypi. AMA Arch Surg 70 : 120-122, 1955.
 
11) 倉俣英夫ほか : 胃粘膜下腫瘍の生検診断 (TGF-S Olympus処置用ファイバースコープの経験例) について. Prog Dig Endosc 1 : 27-30, 1972.
 
12) Ottenjann R, et al : Reports on new instruments and new methods. Big particle biopsy. Endoscopy 5 : 139-143, 1973.
 
13) 平尾雅紀ほか : 胃の腫瘍性病変に対する内視鏡的切除法. Gastroenterol Endosc 25 : 1942-1953, 1983.
 
14) 多田正弘ほか : Strip-off biopsyの開発. Gastroenterol Endosc 26 : 833-839, 1984.
 
15) Deyhle P, et al : Amethod for electroresection of sessile colonic polyps. Endoscopy 5 : 38-40, 1973.
 
16) Kudo S : Endoscopic mucosal resection of flat and depressed early colorectal cancer. Endoscopy 25 : 455-461, 1993.
PubMed
17) Yamamoto H : Endoscopic submucosal dissection of early cancers and large flat adenomas. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 (Suppl) : S74-76, 2005.
 
18) 藤城光弘ほか : 大腸ESDデータ検討報告「先進医療として施行された大腸ESDの有効性と安全性に関する多施設共同研究 (前向きコホート研究) : 研究結果の概要と今後の予定」. Gastroenterol Endosc 55 (Suppl 1) : 1311, 2013.
 
19) Full thickness resection device (FTRD) for endoluminal removal of large bowel tumours : development of the instrument and related experimental studies. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol 10 : 301-309, 2001.
PubMed
20) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約, 第6版. 金原出版, 1998.
 
21) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン 医師用 2005年版. 金原出版, 2005.
 
22) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン 医師用 2009年版. 金原出版, 2009.
 
23) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン 医師用 2014年版. 金原出版, 2014.
 
24) Nakadoi K, et al : Management of TI colorectal carcinoma with special reference to criteria for curative endoscopic resection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 27 : 1057-1062, 2011.
 
25) Yoshii S, et al : Factors associated with risk for colorectal cancer recurrence after endoscopic resection of T1 tumors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 12 : 292-302, 2014.
PubMed
26) Tanaka S, et al : Towards safer and appropriate application of endoscopic submucosal dissection for T1 colorectal carcinoma as total excisional biopsy : Future perspectives. Dig Endosc 27 : 216-222, 2015.
PubMed
P.24 掲載の参考文献
1) Miles WE : A method of performing abdomino-perineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of the pelvic colon. Lancet ii : 1812-1813, 1908.
 
2) 久留勝 : 直腸癌. 日外会誌 41 : 832-877, 1940.
 
3) Bacon HE : Evolution of sphincter muscle preservation and re-establishment of continuity in the operative treatment of rectal and sigmoidal cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 81 : 113-127, 1945.
 
4) Mayo CW, et al : Five-year survival after anterior resection for carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Surg Gynecol Obstet 106 : 695-698, 1958.
PubMed
5) Ravitch MM, Steichen FM : A stapling instrument for end to end inverting anastomosis in the gastrointestinal tract. Ann Surg 189 : 791-797, 1979.
PubMed
6) Knight CD, Griffen FD : Techniques of low rectal reconstruction. Curr Probl Surg 20 : 387-456, 1983.
PubMed
7) Heald RI, et al : The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery-the clue to pelvic recurrence? Br J Surg 69 : 613-616, 1982.
 
8) 北条慶一 : 骨盤内臓摘除術. 手術 30 : 1127-1136, 1976.
 
9) Saida Y, et al : Outcome of 141 cases of self-expandable metallic stent placements for malignant and benign colorectal strictures in a single center. Surg Endosc 25 : 1748-1752. 2011.
 
10) Buunen M, et al ; Colon Cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection Study Group : Survival after laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer : long-term outcome of a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Oncol 10 : 44-52, 2009.
 
11) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約, 第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
12) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン-医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
13) Sugihara K, et al : Indication and benefit of pelvic inside dissection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 49 : 1663-1672, 2006.
 
14) Akiyoshi T, et al : Results of Japanese nationwide multi-institutional study on lateral pelvic lymph node metastases in low rectal cancer : Is it regional or distant disease? Ann Surg 255 : 1129-1134, 2012.
PubMed
15) 土屋周二ほか : 大腸癌の手術 : 自律神経を温存する直腸癌手術. 手術 37 : 1367-1373, 1983.
 
P.33 掲載の参考文献
1) Heidelberger C, et al : Fluorinated pyrimidines, a new class of tumour-inhibitory compounds. Nature 179 : 663-666, 1957.
PubMed
2) Sobrero AF, et al : Fluorouracil in colorectal cancer-a tale of two drugs : implications for biochemical modulation. J Clin Oncol 15 : 368-381, 1997.
PubMed
3) Meta-analysis Group In Cancer : Efficacy of intravenous continuous infusion of fluorouracil compared with bolus administration in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 16 : 301-308, 1998.
PubMed
4) Advanced Colorectal Cancer Meta-Analysis Project : Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer : evidence in terms of response rate. J Clin Oncol 10 : 896-903, 1992.
 
5) Poon MA, et al : Biochemical modulation of fluorouracil : evidence of significant improvement of survival and quality of life in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 7 : 1407-1418, 1989.
PubMed
6) Petrelli N, et al : Aprospective randomized trial of 5-fluorouracil versus 5-fluorouracil and highdose leucovorin versus 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate in previously untreated patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 5 : 1559-1565, 1987.
 
7) Buroker TR, et al : Randomized comparison of two schedules of fluorouracil and leucovorin in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 12 : 14-20, 1994.
PubMed
8) Wang WS, et al : Randomized trial comparing weekly bolus 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin versus monthly 5-day 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin in metastatic colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 47 : 1599-1603, 2000.
PubMed
9) Kohne CH, et al : Randomized phase III study of high-dose fluorouracil given as a weekly 24-hour infusion with or without leucovorin versus bolus fluorouracil plus leucovorin in advanced colorectal cancer : European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Group Study 40952. J Clin Oncol 21 : 3721-3728, 2003.
PubMed
10) de Gramont A, et al : Randomized trial comparing monthly low-dose leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus with bimonthly high-dose leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus plus continuous infusion for advanced colorectal cancer : a French intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 15 : 808-815, 1997.
PubMed
11) Tournigand C, et al : A simplified bi-monthly regimen with leucovorin (LV) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) for metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC). 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology(R), abst 1052.
 
12) Shimada Y, et al : Phase II study of CPT-11, a new camptothecin derivative, in metastatic colorectal cancer. CPT-11 Gastrointestinal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 11 : 909-913, 1993.
 
13) Cunningham D, et al : Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 352 : 1413-1418, 1998.
PubMed
14) Rougier P, et al : Randomised trial of irinotecan versus fluorouracil by continuous infusion after fluorouracil failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 352 : 1407-1412, 1998.
PubMed
15) Saltz LB, et al : Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 343 : 905-914, 2000.
PubMed
16) Rothenberg ML, et al : Mortality associated with irinotecan plus bolus fluorouracil/leucovorin : summary findings of an independent panel. J Clin Oncol 19 : 3801-3807, 2001.
 
17) Goldberg RM, et al : A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 22 : 23-30, 2004.
PubMed
18) Tournigand C, et al : FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer : a randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol 22 : 229-237, 2004.
 
19) Douillard JY, et al : Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line trcatment for metastatic colorectal cancer : a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 355 : 1041-1047, 2000.
PubMed
20) Komatsu Y, et al : Phase II study of combined treatment with irinotecan and S-1 (IRIS) in patients with inoperable or recurrent advanced colorectal cancer (HGCSG0302). Oncology 80 : 70-75, 2011.
 
21) Muro K, et al : Irinotecan plus S-1 (IRIS) versus fluorouracil and folinic acid plus irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as second-line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer : a randomised phase 2/3 non-inferiority study (FIRIS study). Lancet Oncol 11 : 853-860, 2010.
 
22) de Gramont A, et al : Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 18 : 2938-2947, 2000.
 
23) Cassidy J, et al : Randomized phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 2006-2012, 2008.
PubMed
24) Hurwitz H, et al : Bevacizumab plus irinotecan. fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 350 : 2335-2342, 2004.
PubMed
25) Giantonio BJ, et al : Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer : results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. J Clin Oncol 25 : 1539-1544, 2007.
 
26) Fuchs CS, et al : Randomized, controlled trial of irinotecan plus infusional, bolus, or oral fluoropyrimidines in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer : results from the BICC-C Study. J Clin Oncol 25 : 4779-4786, 2007.
 
27) Yamada Y, et al : Leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab versus S-1 and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (SOFT) : an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14 : 1278-1286, 2013.
PubMed
28) Grothey A, et al : Bevacizumab beyond first progression is associated with prolonged overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer : results from a large observational cohort study (BRiTE). J Clin Oncol 26 : 5326-5334, 2008.
 
29) Cunningham D, et al : Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351 : 337-345, 2004.
PubMed
30) Sobrero AF, et al : EPIC : phase III trial of cetuximab plus irinotecan after fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 2311-2319, 2008.
PubMed
31) Jonker DJ. et al : Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 357 : 2040-2048, 2007.
PubMed
32) Karapetis CS, et al : K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 359 : 1757-1765, 2008.
PubMed
33) Van Cutsem E, et al : Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 360 : 1408-1417. 2009.
PubMed
34) Heinemann V, et al : Randomized comparison of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment of KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer : German AIO study KRK-0306 (FIRE-3). 2013 Annual Meeting of American Society of Clinical Oncology(R), abst LBA3506.
 
35) Heinemann V. et al : Analysis of KRAS/NRAS and BRAF mutations in FIRE-3 : Arandomized phase III study of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab or bevacizumab as first-line treatment for wild-type KRAS (exon 2) metastatic colorectal cancer patients. ESMO 2013, abst LBA17.
 
36) Tol J, et al : Chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 360 : 563-572, 2009.
PubMed
37) Karthaus M, et al : Updated Overall Survival Analysis of Novel Predictive KRAS/NRAS Mutations beyond KRAS exon 2 in PEAK : A 1st-line Phase 2 Study of FOLFOX6 plus Panitumumab or Bevacizumab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. ESMO 2013, abst 2262.
 
38) Douillard JY, et al : Final results from PRIME : Randomized phase III study of panitumumab (pmab) with FOLFOX4 for 1st-line metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). 2011Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology(R), abst 3510.
 
39) Oliner KS, et al : Analysis of KRAS/NRAS mutations in PEAK : A randomized phase II study of FOLFOX6 plus panitumumab (pmab) or bevacizumab (bev) as first-line treatment (tx) for wild-type (WT) KRAS (exon 2) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). 2013 Annual Meeting of American Society of Clinical oncology(R), abst 3631.
 
40) Oliner KS, et al : Tumor Genetic Analysis of PRIME : KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF Mutations as Predictive Biomarkers in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving First-line Treatment with Panitumumab+FOLFOX4. ESMO 2013, abst 2275.
 
41) Grothey A., et al : Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT) : an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381 : 303-312, 2013.
PubMed
42) Yoshino T, et al : Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase III study of TAS-102 vs. placebo, with best supportive care (BSC), in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) refractory to standard therapies (RECOURSE). ESMO/World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancer 2014, abst O-0022.
 
43) Alan P, et al : CALGB/SWOG 80405 : Phase III trial of irinotecan/5-FU/1eucovorin (FOLFIRI) or oxaliplatin/5-FU/leucovorin (mFOLFOX6) with bevacizumab (BV) or cetuximab (CET) for patients (pts) with KRAS wild-type (wt) untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum (MCRC). 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology(R), abst LBA3.
 
44) Yamazaki K, et al : A randomized phase III trial of mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancerl West Japan Oncology Group study 4407G (WJOG4407G). 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology(R), abst 3534.
 
45) Grothey A, et al : Survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer improves with the availability of fluorouracil-leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in the course of treatment. J Clin Oncol 22 : 1209-1214, 2004.
PubMed

II 大腸癌の疫学

P.42 掲載の参考文献
1) 国立がん研究センターがん情報サービスに収載. 原典 : 人口動態統計 (厚生労働省大臣官房統計情報部編).
 
2) 国立がん研究センターがん情報サービスに収載. 原典 : Matsuda T, et al ; The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group : Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2003 : based on data from 13 population-based cancer registries in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 39 : 850-858, 2009.
 
3) 国立がん研究センターがん情報サービスに収載. 原典 : 全国がん罹患モニタリング集計2003-2005年 (がん対策情報センター).
 
4) 国立がん研究センターがん情報サービスに収載. 原典 : がん診療連携拠点病院院内がん登録2012年全国集計報告書 (がん対策情報センター. がん統計研究部院内がん登録室).
 
5) NCDB Benchmark reports. [http://oliver.facs.org/BMPub/]
 
6) Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer : a Global Perspective. World Cancer research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, p 280-288, AICR, Washington DC, 2007.
 
7) Kim MK, et al : Dietary patterns and subsequent colorectal cancer risk by subsite : A prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 115 : 790-798, 2005.
PubMed
8) Otani T, et al : Alcohol consumption, smoking, and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women : Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12 : 1492-1500, 2003.
PubMed
9) Otani T, et al : Dietary fiber intake and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer : the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer 119 : 1475-1480, 2006.
PubMed
P.47 掲載の参考文献
1) Ferlay J, et al : GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide : IARC Cancer-Base No. 11 [Internet] . Lyon, France : International Agency for Research on Cancer ; 2013. Available from [http://globocan.iarc.fr] accessed on 5/10/2014.
 
2) Forman D, et al : eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. [http://ci5.iarc.fr.] last accessed on 5/10/2014.
 
3) World Health Organization Mortality Database [http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality_rawdata/en/index.html] accessed on 26/02/2014.
 
4) Allemani C, et al : Colorectal cancer survival in the USA and Europe : a CONCORD high-resolution study. BMJ Open 3 : e003055, 2013.
PubMed
5) De Angelis R, et al : Cancer survival in Europe 1999-2007 by country and age : results of EUROCARE-5-a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 15 : 23-34, 2014.
PubMed
6) OECD (2013), Cancer care : Assuring quality to improve survival, OECD health policy studies, OECD Publishing. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264181052-en]
 
7) National Cancer Institute. SEER Stat Fact Sheets : Colon and rectum cancer. Available from [http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html] accessed on 5/10/2014.
 
P.54 掲載の参考文献
1) World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research : Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer : a Global Perspective. p 216-251, American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington DC, 1997.
 
2) World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research : Colon and rectum. In : Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer : a Global Perspective, p 280-288, American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington DC, 2007.
 
3) World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research : Continuous Update Project Report. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. 2011.
 
4) Jee SH, et al : Body mass index and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Int J Cancer 123 : 1892-1896, 2008.
PubMed
5) Reeves GK, et al : Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study : cohort study. BMJ 335 : 1134, 2007.
PubMed
6) Pham MN, et al : Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk : an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 44 : 641-650, 2014.
 
7) Bingham SA, et al : Dietary fiber in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) : an observational study. Lancet 361 : 1496-1501, 2003.
PubMed
8) Kyro C, et al : Plasma alkylresorcinols, biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intake, and incidence of colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 106 : 1-9, 2014.
PubMed
9) Mizoue T, et al : Calcium, dairy foods, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer risk : the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17 : 2800-2807, 2008.
PubMed
10) Wactawski-Wende J, et al : Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 354 : 684-696, 2006.
PubMed
11) Honma N, et al : Estrogen receptor-β gene polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk : effect modified by body mass index and isoflavone intake. Int J Cancer 132 : 951-958, 2013.
 
12) Botteri E, et al : Smoking and colorectal cancer : a meta-analysis, JAMA 300 : 2765-2778, 2008.
PubMed
13) WHO/IARC : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 96, p542-562, 2010.
 
P.57 掲載の参考文献
1) 廣瀬滋樹 : 平成25 (2013) 年人口動態統計 (確定数) の概要, 第7表死因簡単分類別にみた性別死亡数・死亡率 (人口10万対), p16-18, 厚生労働省, 2014.
 
2) Matsuda T, et al : Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2005 : based on data from 12 population-based cancer registries in the Monitoring of Cancer lncidence in Japan (MCU) Project. Jpn J Clin Oncol 41 : 139-147, 2011.
 
3) 白石良介, 藤本一眞 : 大腸癌の危険因子 宿主因子. 日本臨牀 69 : 55-58, 2011.
Medical*Online
4) Itzkowitz SH, et al : Inflammation and cancer IV. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease : the role of inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287 : G7-G17, 2004.
 
5) Fearon ER : Molecular genetics of colorectal cancer. Annu Rev Pathol 6 : 479-507, 2011.
PubMed
6) Das D, et al : Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Digestion 76 : 51-67, 2007.
PubMed
7) Arber N, Levin B : Chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia : the potential for personalized medicine. Gastroenterology 134 : 1224-1237, 2008.
PubMed
8) Rutter M, et al : Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 126 : 451-459, 2004.
 
9) Rutter M, et al : Cancer surveillance in longstanding ulcerative colitis : endoscopic appearances help predict cancer risk. Gut 53 : 1813-1816, 2004.
PubMed
10) Gupta RB, et al : Histologic inflammation is a risk factor for progression to colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis : a cohort study. Gastroenterology 133 : 1099-1105, 2007.
PubMed
11) Bennett RL, et al : Standardized human pedigree nomenclature : update and assessment of the recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. J Genet Couns 17 : 424-433, 2008.
PubMed
12) Lynch HT, et al : Hereditary factors in cancer. Study of two large midwestern kindreds. Arch Intern Med 117 : 206-212, 1966.
PubMed
13) Boland CR, Troncale FJ : Familial colonic cancer without antecedent polyposis. Ann lntern Med 100 : 700-701, 1984.
PubMed
14) 杉原健一 : 遺伝性大腸癌診療ガイドラインJSCCR Guidelines 2012 for the Clinical Practice of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer, p 34-35, 金原出版, 2012.
 
P.63 掲載の参考文献
1) Iwama T, et al : A clinical overview of familial adenomatous polyposis derived from the database of the Polyposis Registry of Japan. Int J Clin Oncol 9 : 308-316, 2004.
PubMed
2) 石田秀行ほか : 家族性大腸腺腫症 (3) 大腸外随伴病変に対する治療. Intestine 17 : 447-452, 2013.
 
3) 岩間毅夫 : 家族性大腸腺腫症概論-FAP診療研究の温故知新-東京図書出版, 2014.
 
4) Bertanio L, et al : Cause of death and postsurgical survival in familial adenomatous polyposis : results from the Italian Registry. Italian Registry of Familial Polyposis Writing Committe. Semin Surg Oncol 10 : 225-234, 1994.
 
5) von Room A, et al : Mucosectomy with handsewn anastomosis reduces the risk of adenoma formation in the anorectal segment after restorative proctectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis. Ann Surg 253 : 314-317, 2011.
 
6) Groves CJ, et al : Duodenal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) : results of a 10-year prospective study. Gut 50 : 636-641, 2002.
PubMed
7) Church J, et al : A desmoid tumor-staging system separates patients with intra-abdomina1, familial adenomatous polyposis-associated desmoids disease by behavior prognosis. Dis Colon Rectum 51 : 897-901, 2008.
 
8) Al-Tassan N, et al : Inherited variants of MYH associated with somatic G : C→T : A mutations in colorectal tumors. Nat Genet 30 : 227-232, 2002.
 
9) Vogt S, et al : Expanded extracolonic tumor spectrum in MUTYH-associated polyposis. Gastroenterology 137 : 1976-1985, 2009.
PubMed
10) Ligtenberg MJ, et al : EPCAM deletion carrirs constitute a unique subgroup of Lynch syndrome patients. Fam Cancer 12 : 169-174, 2013.
PubMed
11) Bonadona V, et al : Cancer risks associated with germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 genes in Lynch syndrome. JAMA 305 : 2304-2310, 2011.
PubMed
12) Hampel H, de la Chapelle A : The search for unaffected individuals with Lynch syndrome : Do the ends justify the means? Cancer Prev Res 4 : 1-5, 2011.
PubMed
13) Parry S, et al : Metachronous colorectal cancer risk for mismatch repair gene mutation carriers : the advantage of more extensive colon surgery. Gut 60 : 950-957, 2011.
PubMed
14) Natarajan N, et al : Compariosn of extended colectomy and limited resection in patients with Lynch syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 53 : 77-82, 2010.
 
15) Sinicrope FA, et al : DNA mismatch repair status and colon cancer recurrence and survival in clinical trials of 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 103 : 863-875, 2011.
PubMed
P.68 掲載の参考文献
1) 人口動態統計 (厚生労働省大臣官房統計情報部編). 2010.
 
2) Matsuda A, et al ; Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group : Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2008 : a study of 25 population-based cancer registries for the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project. Jpn J Clin Oncol 44 (4) : 388-396, 2014.
 
3) 厚生労働省がん研究助成金「がん検診の適切な方法とその評価法の確立に関する研究」班 : 有効性評価に基づく大腸がん検診ガイドライン, p5, 2005.
 
4) 大野康寛ほか : 便潜血偽陰性進行大腸がんの臨床病理組織学的検討. Journal of Gastroenterological Cancer Screenig 45 : 421-426, 2007.
 
5) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約, p10, 金原出版, 2013.
 
6) 社団法人日本消化器がん検診学会 : 平成23年度消化器がん検診全国集計資料集, p88, 113-114, 2013.
 
7) 国立がん研究センターがん対策情報センター : がん診療連携拠点病院院内がん登録2012年全国集計報告書, p100, 平成26年.
 
8) 大野康寛ほか : 大腸がん検診におけるヘモグロビン・トランスフェリン・ラクトフェリン同時測定の有用性の検討. 日消がん検診誌 48 : 208-216, 2010.
 
9) 厚生労働省 : 地域保健・健康増進事業報告 結果の概要 健康増進編 8 がん検診. p14, 16, 2014.
 
10) 厚生労働省 : がん対策推進基本計画, p26, 2012.
 

III 大腸癌の分子生物学と発癌機序

P.76 掲載の参考文献
1) Hanahan D, Weinberg RA : Hallmarks of cancer : the next generation. Cell 144 : 646-674, 2011.
PubMed
2) Vogelstein B, et al : Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med 319 : 525-532, 1988.
PubMed
3) Tenesa A, et al : Genome-wide association scan identifies a colorectal cancer susceptibility locus on 11q23 and replicates risk loci at 8q24 and 18q21. Nat Genet 40 : 631-637, 2008.
PubMed
4) Bingham SA, et al : Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) : an observational study. Lancet 361 : 1496-1501, 2003.
PubMed
5) Loh YH, et al : MGMT Ile143Val polymorphism, dietary factors and the risk of breast, colorectal and prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) -Norfolk study. DNA Repair 9 : 421-428, 2010.
 
6) Merlos-Suarez A, et al : The intestinal stem cell signature identifies colorectal cancer stem cells and predicts disease relapse. Cell Stem Cell 8 : 511-524, 2011.
PubMed
7) Kawashima SA, et al : Phosphorylation of H2A by Bub1 prevents chromosomal instability through localizing shugoshin. Science 327 : 172-177, 2010.
PubMed
8) Moroni M, et al : Gene copy number for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and clinical response to antiEGFR treatment in colorectal cancer : a cohort study. Lancet Oncol 6 : 279-286, 2005.
PubMed
9) Torlakovic EE, et al : Sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) vs. traditional serrated adenoma (TSA). Am J Surg Pathol 32 : 21-29, 2008.
PubMed
10) De Sousa EM, et al : Poor-prognosis colon cancer is defined by a molecularly distinct subtype and develops from serrated precursor lesions. Nat Med 19 : 614-618, 2013.
 
11) Clark-Langone KM, et al : Translating tumor biology into personalized treatment planning : analytical performance characteristics of the Oncotype DX(R) Colon Cancer Assay. BMC Cancer 10 : 691, 2010.
 
12) Rosenberg R, et al : Independent validation of a prognostic genomic profile (ColoPrint) for stage II colon cancer (CC) patients. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts), p3513, 2010.
 
13) Crowley E, et al : Liquid biopsy : monitoring cancer-genetics in the blood. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 10 : 472-484, 2013.
PubMed
14) Ma Y, et al : Candidate microRNA biomarkers in human colorectal cancer : systematic review profiling studies and experimental validation. Int J Cancer 130 : 2077-2087, 2012.
PubMed
15) Spizzo R, et al : Long non-coding RNAs and cancer : a new frontier of translational research & quest. Oncogene 31 : 4577-4587, 2012.
 
16) Nishiumi S, et al : A novel serum metabolomics-based diagnostic approach for colorectal cancer. PLoS One 7 : e40459, 2012.
PubMed
P.80 掲載の参考文献
1) Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B : Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87 : 159-170, 1996.
PubMed
2) Alexandrov LB, et al : Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer. Nature 500 : 415-421, 2013.
PubMed
3) Croce CM : Oncogenes and cancer. N Engl J Med 358 : 502-511, 2008.
PubMed
4) Ochiai M, et al : Newly defined aberrant crypt foci as a marker for dysplasia in the rat colon. Cancer Sci 105 : 943-950, 2014.
PubMed
5) Pretlow TP, Pretlow TG : Mutant KRAS in aberrant crypt foci (ACF) : initiation of colorectal cancer? Biochim Biophys Acta 1756 : 83-96, 2005.
PubMed
6) Knudson AG : Antioncogenes and human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 : 10914-10921, 1993.
PubMed
7) Friend SH, et al : A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature 323 : 643-646, 1986.
PubMed
8) Meng F, et al : MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. Gastroenterology 133 : 647-658, 2007.
PubMed
9) Ishikawa S, et al : Allelic dosage analysis with genotyping microarrays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 333 : 1309-1314, 2005.
PubMed
10) Kwabi-Addo B, et al : Haploinsufficiency of the Pten tumor suppressor gene promotes prostate cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 : 11563-11568, 2001.
PubMed
11) Olive KP, et al : Mutant p53 gain of function in two mouse models of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Cell 119 : 847-860, 2004.
PubMed
12) Igarashi M, et al : AKT is critically involved in cooperation between obesity and the dietary carcinogen amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4, 5-b] (PhIP) toward colon carcinogenesis in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 443 : 852-857, 2014.
PubMed
13) Onuma K, et al : Genetic reconstitution of tumorigenesis in primary intestinal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110 : 11127-11132, 2013.
PubMed
P.86 掲載の参考文献
1) Hewish M, et al : Mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer in the era of personalized treatment. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 7 (4) : 197-208, 2010.
PubMed
2) Martin SA, et al : Therapeutic targeting of the DNA mismatch repair pathway. Clin Cancer Res 16 (21) : 5107-5113, 2010.
PubMed
3) Jascur T, Boland CR : Structure and function of the components of the human DNA mismatch repair system. Int J Cancer 119 (9) : 2030-2035, 2006.
PubMed
4) Imai K, Yamamoto H : Carcinogenesis and microsatellite instability : the interrelationship between genetics and epigenetics. Carcinogenesis 29 (4) : 673-680, 2008.
PubMed
5) Hampel H, et al : Feasibility of screening for Lynch syndrome among patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 (35) : 5783-5788, 2008.
PubMed
6) 古川洋一 : 遺伝性大腸腫瘍と遺伝子異常. 医学のあゆみ 225 (9) : 883-887, 2008.
Medical*Online
7) Bakry D, et al : Genetic and clinical determinants of constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome : report from the constitutional mismatch repair deficiency consortium. Eur J Cancer 50 (5) : 987-996, 2014.
PubMed
8) Boland CR, et al : A National Cancer Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition : development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 58 (22) : 5248-5257, 1998.
PubMed
9) Ogino S, Goel A : Molecular classification and correlates in colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn 10 (1) : 13-27, 2008.
PubMed
10) Popat S, et al : Systematic review of microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis. J Clin Oncol 23 (3) : 609-618, 2005.
PubMed
11) Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature 487 (7407) : 330-337, 2012.
PubMed
12) Donehower LA, et al : MLH 1-silenced and non-silenced subgroups of hypermutated colorectal carcinomas have distinct mutational landscapes. J Pathol 229 (1) : 99-110, 2013.
 
13) Karran P : Mechanisms of tolerance to DNA damaging therapeutic drugs. Carcinogenesis 22 (12) : 1931-1937, 2001.
PubMed
14) Jover R, et al : The efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer depends on the mismatch repair status. Eur J Cancer 45 (3) : 365-373, 2009.
PubMed
15) Farmer H, et al : Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature 434 (7035) : 917-921, 2005.
PubMed
16) Martin SA, et al : Methotrexate induces oxidative DNA damage and is selectively lethal to tumour cells with defects in the DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2. EMBO Mol Med 1 (6-7) : 323-337, 2009.
 
17) Vilar E, et al : Microsatellite instability due to hMLH1 deficiency is associated with increased cytotoxicity to irinotecan in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer 99 (10) : 1607-1612, 2008.
PubMed
18) Valeri N, et al : Modulation of mismatch repair and genomic stability by miR-155. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (15) : 6982-6987, 2010.
 
19) 小野宏晃, 稲澤譲治 : DNAミスマッチ修復遺伝子. 日本臨牀 69 (増刊号3) : 77-83, 2011.
Medical*Online
P.93 掲載の参考文献
1) Lengauer C, et al : Genetic instability in colorectal cancers. Nature 386 : 623-627, 1997.
PubMed
2) Jass JR, et al : Emerging concepts in colorectal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 123 : 862-876, 2002.
PubMed
3) Ogino S, Goel A : Molecular classification and correlates in colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn 10 : 13-27, 2008.
PubMed
4) Gatalica Z, Torlakovic E : Pathology of the hereditary colorectal carcinoma. Fam Cancer 7 : 15-26, 2008.
PubMed
5) Jass JR : HNPCC and sporadic MSI-H colorectal cancer : a review of the morphological similarities and differences. Fam Cancer 3 : 93-100, 2004.
PubMed
6) Karamurzin Y, Rutgers JK : DNA mismatch repair deficiency in endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 28 : 239-255, 2009.
PubMed
7) Boland CR, Goel A : Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 138 : 2073-2087, 2010.
PubMed
8) 山田雅巳, Peter Karren : ヒト細胞におけるミスマッチ修復の分子機構. 実験医学 14 : 1541-1547, 1996.
 
9) Tajima A et al : The mismatch repair complex hMutS alpha recognizes 5-fluorouracil-modified DNA : implications for chemosensitivity and resistance. Gastroenterology 127 : 1678-1684, 2004.
PubMed
10) Boland CR, et al : A National Cancer Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition : development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 58 : 5248-5257, 1998.
PubMed
11) 菅井有ほか : MSI (マイクロサテライト不安定性). 日本臨牀 69 : 84-93, 2011.
Medical*Online
12) Kim TM, Park PJ : A Genome-wide View of Microsatellite Instability : Old Stories of Cancer Mutations Revisited with New Sequencing Technologies. Cancer Res 74 : 6377-6382, 2014.
PubMed
13) Kim TM, et al : The landscape of microsatellite instability in colorectal and endometrial cancer genomes. Cell 155 : 858-868, 2013.
PubMed
14) Umar A, et al : Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 : 261-268, 2004.
PubMed
15) Jenkins MA, et al : Colon Cancer Family Registly. Pathology features in Bethesda guidelines predict colorectal cancer microsatellite instability : a population-based study. Gastroenterology 133 : 48-56, 2007.
PubMed
16) Park JG, et al : Suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer : International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (ICG-HNPCC) criteria and results of genetic diagnosis. Dis Colon Rectum 42 : 710-715, 1999.
 
17) Lindor NM, et al : Lower cancer incidence in Amsterdam-I criteria families without mismatch repair deficiency : familial colorectal cancer type X JAMA 293 : 1979-1985, 2005.
 
18) Michael-Robinson JM, et al : Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and apoptosis are independent features in colorectal cancer stratified according to microsatellite instability status. Gut 48 : 360-366, 2001.
PubMed
19) Alexander J, et al : Histopathological identification of colon cancer with microsatellite instability. Am J pathol 158 : 527-535, 2001,
PubMed
20) Graham DM, Appelman HD : Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction and colorectal carcinoma : a potential histologic prognosticator. Mod Pathol 3 : 332-335, 1990.
PubMed
21) Sugai T, et al : Genetic alterations in DNA diploid, aneuploid and multiploid colorectal carcinomas identified by the crypt isolation technique. Int J Cancer 88 : 614-619, 2000.
PubMed
22) Shen L. et al : Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis identifies three different subclasses of colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 : 18654-18659, 2007.
PubMed
23) Toyota M, et al : CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 : 8681-8686, 1999.
PubMed
24) Thibodeau SN, et al : Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science 280 : 750-752, 1998.
 
25) Sankila R, et al : Better survival rates in patients with MLH1-associated hereditary colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 110 : 682 -687, 1996.
 
26) Gryfe R, et al : Tumor microsatellite instability and clinical outcome in young patients with colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 342 : 69-77, 2000.
PubMed
27) Phillips SM, et al : Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability are activated and cytotoxic. Br J Surg 91 : 469-475, 2004.
PubMed
28) Leggett B, Whitehall V : Role of the serrated pathway in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 138 : 2088-2100, 2010.
PubMed
29) Kambara T, et al : BRAF mutation is associated with DNA methylation in serrated polyps and cancers of the colorectum. Gut 53 : 1137-1144, 2004.
PubMed
P.99 掲載の参考文献
1) Lichtenstein P, et al : Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer. N Engl J Med 343 : 78-85, 2000.
PubMed
2) de la Chapelle A : Genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 4 : 769 -780, 2004.
 
3) Jasperson KW, et al : Hereditary and familial colon cancer. Gastroenterology 138 : 2044-2058, 2010.
PubMed
4) Honma N, et al : Estrogen receptor-β gene polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk : effect modified by body mass index and isoflavone intake. Int J Cancer 132 : 951-958, 2013.
 
5) Tenesa A, et al : Genome-wide association scan identifies a colorectal cancer susceptibility locus on 11q23 and replicates risk loci at 8q24 and 18q21. Nat Genet 40 : 631-637, 2008.
PubMed
6) Dunlop MG, et al : Common variation near CDKN1A, POLD3 and SHROOM2 influences colorectal cancer risk. Nat Genet 44 : 770-776, 2012.
PubMed
7) Zhang B, et al : Large-scale genetic study in East Asians identifies six new loci associated with colorectal cancer risk. Nat Genet 46 : 533-542, 2014.
PubMed
8) Pomerantz MM, et al : The 8q24 cancer risk variant rs6983267 shows long-range interaction with MYC in colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 41 : 882-884, 2009.
PubMed
9) Tuupanen S, et al : The common colorectal cancer predisposition SNP rs6983267 at chromosome 8q24 confers potential to enhanced Wnt signaling. Nat Genet 41 : 885-890, 2009.
PubMed
10) Sugimachi K, et al : Allelic imbalance at an 8q240ncogenic SNP is involved in activating MYC in human colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol Suppl 4 : 515-521, 2014.
 
P.103 掲載の参考文献
1) Todaro M, et al : Colon cancer stem cells : Promise of targeted therapy. Gastroenterology 138 : 2151-2162, 2010.
PubMed
2) Linheng L, CIevers H : Coexistence of quiescent and active adult stem cells in mammals. Science 327 : 542-545, 2010.
 
3) Medema Jp, Vermeulen L : Microenvironmental regulation of stem cells in intestinal homeostasis and cancer. Nature 474 : 318-326, 2011.
PubMed
4) Reya T, et al : Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414 : 105-111, 2001.
PubMed
5) Haraguchi N, et al : CD13 is a therapeutic target in human liver cancer stem cells. J Clin Invest 120 : 3326-3339, 2010.
PubMed
6) Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ : Cancer stem cells in solid tumours : accumulating evidence and unresolved questions. Nat Rev Cancer 8 : 755-768, 2008.
PubMed
7) Feng JM, et al : Characterization of the conversion between CD133+ and CD133- cells in colon cancer SW620 cell line. Cancer Biol Ther 13 : 1396-1406, 2012.
PubMed
8) Hsu CS, et al : Response to stress in early tumor colonization modulates switching of CD133-positive and CD133-negative subpopulations in a human metastatic colon cancer cell line, SW620. PLoS One 8 : e61133, 2013. doi : 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0061133.
 
9) Kong D, et al : Cancer Stem Cells and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) -Phenotypic Cells : Are They Cousins or Twins? Cancers 3 : 716-729, 2011.
PubMed
10) Chaffer CL, et al : A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science 331 : 1559-1564, 2011.
PubMed
11) Yokobori T, et al : Plastin3 is a novel marker for circulating tumor cells undergoing the epithelialmesenchymal transition and is associated with colorectal cancer prognosis. Cancer Res 73 : 2059-2069, 2013.
PubMed
12) Vermeulen L, et al : Wnt activity defines colon CSCs and is regulated by the microenvironment. Nat Cell Biol 12 : 468-476, 2010.
 
13) Rich JN : Cancer stem cells in radiation resistance. Cancer Res 67 : 8980-8984, 2007.
PubMed
14) Vaiopoulos AG, et al : Colorectal cancer stem cells. Stem Cells 30 : 363-371, 2012.
PubMed
15) Miyoshi N, et al : Defined factors induce reprogramming of gastrointestinal cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107 : 40-45, 2010.
PubMed
P.108 掲載の参考文献
1) Yasui W, et al : Molecular pathology of gastric cancer : research and practice. Pathol Res Pract 207 (10) : 608-612, 2011.
PubMed
2) Oue N, et al : High miR-21 expression from FFPE tissues is associated with poor survival and response to adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer. Int J Cancer 134 (8) : 1926-1934, 2014.
PubMed
3) Schetter N, et al : MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. JAMA 299 (4) : 425-436, 2008.
 
4) Saito M, et al : The association of microRNA expression with prognosis and progression in early-stage, non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma : a retrospective analysis of three cohorts. Clin Cancer Res 17 (7) : 1875-1882, 2011.
PubMed
5) Loffler D, et al : Interleukin-6 dependent survival of multiple myeloma cells involves the Stat3-mediated induction of microRNA-21 through a highly conserved enhancer. Blood 110 (4) : 1330-1333, 2007.
PubMed
6) Valeri N, et al : MicroRNA-21 induces resistance to 5-fluorouracil by down-regulating human DNA MutS homolog 2 (hMSH2). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107 (49) : 21098-21103, 2010.
PubMed
7) Ribic CM, et al : Tumor microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 349 (3) : 247-257, 2003.
PubMed
8) Shiotani A, et al : Identification of serum miRNAs as novel non-invasive biomarkers for detection of high risk for early gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 109 (9) : 2323-2330, 2013.
PubMed
9) Li X, et al : Survival prediction of gastric cancer by a seven-microRNA signature. Gut 59 (5) : 579-585, 2010.
PubMed
10) Ueda T, et al : Relation between microRNA expression and progression and prognosis of gastric cancer : a microRNA expression analysis. Lancet Oncol 11 (2) : 136-146, 2010.
PubMed
11) Sakamoto N, et al : MicroRNA-148a is downregulated in gastric cancer, targets MMP7, and indicates tumor invasiveness and poor prognosis. Cancer Sci 105 (2) : 236-243, 2014.
PubMed
P.115 掲載の参考文献
1) Robert A. Weinberg (武藤誠, 青木正博訳) : ワインバーグがんの生物学, p 399-462, 南江堂, 2008.
 
2) Vogelstein B, et al : Allelotype of colorecta1 carcinomas. Science 244 : 207-211, 1989.
PubMed
3) Cancer Genome Atlas Network, Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature 487 : 330-337, 2012.
PubMed
4) Sjoblom T, et al : The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science 314 : 268-274, 2006.
PubMed
5) Liao X, et al : Prognostic role of PIK3CA mutation in colorectal cancer : cohort study and literature review. Clin Cancer Res 18 : 2257-2268, 2012.
PubMed
6) Findlay VJ, et al : Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the cancer stem cell phenotype : insights from cancer biology with therapeutic implications for colorectal cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 21 : 181-187, 2014.
PubMed
7) Ewing I, et al : The molecular genetics of colorectal cancer. Frontline Gastroenterol 5 : 26-30, 2014.
PubMed
8) 古川洋一 : 大腸癌の発癌機序 : 概論 (分子機構, 多段階発癌機序など含めて). 日本臨牀 69 (増刊号 3) : 108-114, 2011.
 
9) Pino MS, Chung DC : The chromosomal instability pathway in colon cancer. Gastroenterology 138 : 2059-2072, 2010.
PubMed
10) Ioshikhes IP, Zhang MQ : Large-scale human promoter mapping using CpG islands. Nat Genet 1 : 61-63, 2000.
PubMed
11) Toyota M, et al : CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 : 8681-8686, 1999.
PubMed
P.121 掲載の参考文献
1) Lash RH, et al : Sessile serrated adenomas : prevalence of dysplasia and carcinoma in 2139 patients. J Clin Pathol 63 : 681-686, 2010.
PubMed
2) Goldstein NS : Small colonic microsatellite unstable adenocarcinomas and high-grade epithelial dysplasias in sessile serrated adenoma polypectomy specimens : a study of eight cases. Am J Clin Pathol 125 : 132-145, 2006.
PubMed
3) Oh K, et al : Support for hMLH1 and MGMT silencing as a mechanism of tumorigenesis in the hyperplastic-adenoma-carcinoma (serrated) carcinogenic pathway in the colon. Hum Pathol 36 : 101-111, 2005.
PubMed
4) Sheridan TB, et al : Sessile serrated adenomas with low-and high-grade dysplasia and early carcinomas : an immunohistochemical study of serrated lesions "caught in the act". Am J Clin Pathol 126 : 564-571, 2006.
PubMed
5) Fujita K, et al : Sessile serrated adenoma with early neoplastic progression : aclinicopathologic and molecular study. Am J Surg Pathol 35 : 295-304. 2011.
 
6) Murakami T, et al : Distinct WNT/β-catenin signaling activation in the serrated neoplasia pathway and the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of the colorectum. Mod Pathol 28 : 146-158, 2015.
 
7) Owens SR, et al : Selective expression of gastric mucin MUC6 in colonic sessile serrated adenoma but not in hyperplastic polyp aids in morphological diagnosis of serrated polyps. Mod Pathol 21 : 660-669, 2008.
 
8) Ball S, et al : Adenocarcinoma arising in small sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P) of the colon : clinicopathological study of eight lesions. Pathol Int 64 : 123-132, 2014.
 
9) Matsumoto T, et al : Clinicopathological features of serrated adenoma of the colorectum : comparison with traditional adenoma. J Clin Pathol 52 : 513-516, 1999.
PubMed
10) Bettington ML, et al : A clinicopathological and molecular analysis of 200 traditional serrated adenomas. Mod Pathol 28 : 414-427, 2015.
PubMed
11) Tsai JH, et al : Traditional serrated adenoma has two pathways of neoplastic progression that are distinct from the sessile serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis. Mod Pathol 27 : 1375-1385, 2014.
PubMed
12) Gibson JA, et al : MUC expression in hyperplastic and serrated colonic polyps : lack of specificity of MUC6. Am J Surg Pathol 35 : 742-749, 2011.
PubMed
13) Morimoto T, et al : Distinct profile of HIF1α, PTCH, EphB2, or DNA repair protein expression and BRAF mutation in colorectal serrated adenoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 29 : 1192-1199, 2014.
 
14) O'Brien MJ, et al : Comparison of microsatellite instability, CpG island methylation phenotype, BRAF and KRAS status in serrated polyps and traditional adenomas indicates separate pathways to distinct colorectal carcinoma end points. Am J Surg Pathol 30 : 1491-1501, 2006.
PubMed
15) Kim YH, et al : Distinct CpG island methylation profiles and BRAF mutation status in serrated and adenomatous colorectal polyps. Int J Cancer 123 : 2587-2593, 2008.
PubMed
P.127 掲載の参考文献
1) Ekbom A, et al : Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N Engl J Med 323 : 1228-1233, 1990.
PubMed
2) Eaden JA, et al : The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis : a meta-analysis. Gut 48 : 526-535, 2001.
PubMed
3) Hata K, et al : Earlier surveillance colonoscopy programme improves survival in patients with ulcerative colitis associated colorectal cancer : results of a 23-year surveillance programme in the Japanese population. Br J Cancer 89 : 1232-1236, 2003.
PubMed
4) Watanabe T, et al : Ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer shows a poorer survival than sporadic colorectal cancer : a nationwide Japanese study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17 : 802-808, 2011.
 
5) Fujii S, et al : Increased expression of DNA methyltransferase-1 in non-neoplastic epithelium helps predict colorectal neoplasia risk in ulcerative colitis. Digestion 82 : 179-186, 2010.
PubMed
6) Rubin CE, et al : DNA aneuploidy in colonic biopsies predicts future development of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 103 : 1611-1620, 1992.
PubMed
7) O'Sullivan JN, et al : Chromosomal instability in ulcerative colitis is related to telomere shortening. Nat Genet 32 : 280-284, 2002.
PubMed
8) Watanabe T, et al : Gene expression signature and the prediction of ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer by DNA microarray. Clin Cancer Res 13 : 415-420, 2007.
PubMed
9) Van Assche G, et al : Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 3 : special situations. J Crohns Colitis 7 : 1-33, 2013.
PubMed
10) Riddell RH, et al : Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease : standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Hum Pathol 14 : 931-968, 1983.
PubMed
11) Rutter MD, et al : Pancolonic indigo carmine dye spraying for the detection of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gut 53 : 256-260, 2004.
PubMed
12) Hata K, et al : To dye or not to dye? That is beyond question! Optimising surveillance colonoscopy is indispensable for detecting dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gut 53 : 1722, 2004.
 
13) Kiesslich R, et al : Methylene blue-aided chromoendoscopy for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia and colon cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 124 : 880-888, 2003.
PubMed
14) Hata K, et al : Pitfalls of pit pattern diagnosis in ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasia. Gastroenterology 126 : 374-376, 2004.
PubMed
15) Watanabe T, et al : Target biopsy or step biopsy? Optimal surveillance for ulcerative colitis : a Japanese nationwide randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol 46 (Suppl 1) : 11-16, 2011.
 
P.135 掲載の参考文献
1) Preston DL, et al : Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors : 1958-1998. Radiat Res 168 (1) : 1-64, 2007.
PubMed
2) Kleinerman RA, et al : Second primary cancer after treatment for cervical cancer. An international cancer registries study. Cancer 76 (3) : 442-452, 1995.
PubMed
3) Rapiti E, et al : Increased risk of colon cancer after external radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 123 (5) : 1141-1145, 2008.
PubMed
4) Brown AP, et al : A population-based study of subsequent primary malignancies after endometrial cancer : genetic, environmental, and treatment-related associations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78 (1) : 127-135, 2010.
PubMed
5) Sachs RK et al : Second cancers after fractionated radiotherapy : stochastic population dynamics effects. J Theor Biol 249 (3) : 518-531, 2007.
PubMed
6) Lichtenstein P, et al : Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer-analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden. Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med 343 (2) : 78-85, 2000.
PubMed
7) Wang Q, et al : High frequency induction of mitotic recombination by ionizing radiation in Mlh1 null mouse cells. Mutat Res 594 (1-2) : 189-198, 2006.
 
8) DeWeese TL et al : Mouse embryonic stem cells carrying one or two defective Msh2 alleles respond abnormally to oxidative stress inflicted by low-level radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (20) : 11915-11920, 1998.
PubMed
9) Tokairin Y, et al : Accelerated growth of intestinal tumours after radiation exposure in Mlh1-knockout mice : evaluation of the late effect of radiation on a mouse model of HNPCC. Int J Exp Pathol 87 (2) : 89-99, 2006.
PubMed
10) Morioka T, et al : Ionizing radiation, innammation, and their interactions in colon carcinogenesis in Mlh1-deficient mice. Cancer Sci, (in press).
 
11) Nakachi K, et al : Sixty years of follow-up of Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors : current progress in molecular epidemiology studies. Mutat Res 659 (1-2) : 109-117, 2008.
PubMed
12) Tsuji T, et al : Genetic analysis of radiation-associated rectal cancer. J Gastroenterol 38 (12) : 1185-1188, 2003.
PubMed
13) Shimada Y, et al : Radiation-associated loss of heterozygosity at the Znfnla1 (Ikaros) locus on chromosome 11 in murine thymic lymphomas. Radiat Res 154 (3) : 293-300, 2000.
PubMed
14) Kakinuma S, et al : Spectrum of Znfn1a1 (Ikaros) inactivation and its association with loss of heterozygosity in radiogenic T-cell lymphomas in susceptible B6C3F1 mice. Radiat Res 157 (3) : 331-340, 2002.
PubMed
15) Ishida Y, et al : Genomic and gene expression signatures of radiation in medulloblastomas after low-dose irradiation in Ptchl heterozygous mice, Carcinogenesis 31 (9) : 1694-1701, 2010.
 
16) Haines J, et al : Loss of heterozygosity in spontaneous and X-ray-induced intestinal tumors arising in F1 hybrid min mice : evidence for sequential loss of/Apc+ and Dpc4 in tumor development. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28 (4) : 387-394. 2000.
 
17) Shang Y, et al : Cancer prevention by adult-onset calorie restriction after infant exposure to ionizing radiation in B6C3F1 male mice. Int J Cancer 135 (5) : 1038-1047, 2014.
PubMed
18) Nakashima M, et al : Altered expression of beta-catenin during radiation-induced colonic carcinogenesis. Pathol Res Pract 198 (11) : 717-724. 2002.
PubMed
P.140 掲載の参考文献
1) Matsuda A, et al : Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2008 : a study of 25 population-based cancer registries for the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project. Jpn J Clin Oncol 44 (4) : 388-396, 2014.
PubMed
2) 本家孝一 : Genomewide Association Studies (その1) -HapMapとGenomewide Association Studies. LUNG 17 : 432-437, 2009.
Medical*Online
3) Tomlinson I, et al : A genome-wide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for colorectal cancer at 8q24. 21. Nat Genet 39 (8) : 984-988, 2007.
PubMed
4) Zanke BW, et al : Genome-wide association scan identifies a colorectal cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 8q24. Nat Genet 39 (8) : 989-994, 2007.
PubMed
5) Broderick P, et al : A genome-wide association study shows that common alleles of SMAD7 influence colorectal cancer risk. Nat Genet 39 (11) : 1315-1317, 2007.
 
6) Tomlinson IP, et al : A genome-wide association study identifies colorectal cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 10p14 and 8q23. 3. Nat Genet 40 (5) : 623-630, 2008.
PubMed
7) Tenesa A, et al : Genome-wide association scan identifies a colorectal cancer susceptibility locus on 11q23 and replicates risk loci at 8q24 and 18q21. Nat Genet 40 (5) : 631-637, 2008.
PubMed
8) Pittman AM, et al : Refinement of the basis and impact of common 11q23.1 variation to the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Hum Mol Genet 17 (23) : 3720-3727, 2008.
 
9) Ghoussaini M, et al : Multiple loci with different cancer specificities within the 8q24 gene desert. J Natl Cancer Inst 100 (13) : 962-966, 2008.
 
10) Tuupanen S, et al : Allelic imbalance at rs6983267 suggests selection of the risk allele in somatic colorectal tumor evolution. Cancer Res 68 (1) : 14-17, 2008.
PubMed
11) Koessler T, et al : Common variants in mismatch repair genes and risk of colorectal cancer. Gut 57 (8) : 1097-1101, 2008.
PubMed
12) Wong HL, et al : Insulin-like growth factor-1 promoter polymorphisms and coIorectal cancer : a functional genomics approach. Gut 57 (8) : 1090-1096, 2008.
 
13) Chung CC, et al : Genome-wide association studies in cancer-current and future directions. Carcinogenesis 31 : 111-120, 2010.
PubMed
14) Takatsuno Y, et al : The rs6983267 SNP is associated with MYC transcription efficiency, which promotes progression and worsens prognosis of colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 20 (4) : 1395-1402, 2013.
PubMed
15) Ishimaru S, et al : Increased risk for CRC in diabetic patients with the nonrisk allele of SNPs at 8q24. Ann Surg Oncol 19 (9) : 2853-2858, 2012.
 
P.146 掲載の参考文献
1) Ames BN, Gold LS : Endogenous mutagens and the causes of aging and cancer. Mutat Res 250 : 3-16, 1991.
PubMed
2) Maki H, Sekiguchi M : MutT protein specifically hydrolyses a potent mutagenic substrate for DNA synthesis. Nature 355 : 273-275, 1992.
PubMed
3) Shibutani S, et al : Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxodG. Nature 349 : 431-434, 1991.
PubMed
4) Sekiguchi M, Tsuzuki T : Oxidative nucleotide damage : consequences and prevention. Oncogene 21 : 8895-6904, 2002.
PubMed
5) Tsuzuki T, et al : Significance of error-avoiding mechanisms for oxidative DNA damage in carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 98 : 465-470, 2007.
PubMed
6) Al-Tassan N. et al : Inherited variants of. MyH associated with somatic G : C→T : A mutations in colorectal tumors. Nat Genet 30 : 227-232, 2002.
 
7) Sieber OM, et al : Multiple colorectal adenomas, classic adenomatous polyposis, and germ-line mutations in MYH. N Engl J Med 348 : 791-799, 2003.
PubMed
8) Sampson JR, et al : Autosomal recessive colorectal adenomatous polyposis due to inherited mutations of MYH. Lancet 362 : 39-41, 2003,
PubMed
9) Kikuchi A : Tumor formation by genetic mutations in the components of the Wnt signaling pathway. Cancer Sci 94 : 225-229, 2003.
PubMed
10) Kinzler KW, et al : Idetification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 253 : 661-665, 1991.
 
11) Nishisho I, et al : Mutations of chromosome 5q21 genes in FAP and colorectal cancer patients. Science 253 : 665-669, 1991.
PubMed
12) Morin PJ : β-catenin signaling and cancer. BioEssays 21 : 1021-1030, 1999.
 
13) Mazzei F, et al : Role of MUTYH in human cancer. Mutat Res 743/744 : 33-43, 2013.
 
14) Sakamoto K, et al : MUTYH-null mice are susceptible to spontaneous and oxidative stress induced intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 67 : 6599-6604, 2007.
PubMed
15) Isoda T, et al : Abnormality in Wnt signaling is causatively associated with oxidative stress-induced intestinal tumorigenesis in MUTYH -null mice. Int J Biol Sci 10 : 940-947, 2014.
PubMed
16) Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B : Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87 : 159-170. 1996.
PubMed
17) Egashira A, et al : Mutational specificity of mice defective in the MTHI and/or the MSH2 genes. DNA Repair (Amst) 1 : 881-893, 2002.
PubMed
18) DeWeese TL et al : Mouse embryonic stem cells carrying one or two defective Msh2 alleles respond abnormally to oxidative stress inflicted by low-level radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 : 11915-11920, 1998.
PubMed
19) Ni TT, et al : MSH2 and MSH6 are required for removal of adenine misincorporated opposite 8-oxo-guanine in S. cerevisiae. Mol Cell 4 : 439-444, 1999.
 
20) Piao J, et al : Mismatch repair deficient mice show susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced intestinal carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 10 : 73-79, 2014.
 
21) Oka S. et al : Two distinct pathways of cell death triggered by oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs. EMBO J 27 : 421-432, 2008.
PubMed
22) Tsuzuki T, et al : Spontaneous tumorigenesis in mice defective in the MTH1 gene encoding 8-oxo-dGTPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 : 11456-11461, 2001.
PubMed
23) Sakumi K, et al : Ogg1 knockout-associated lung tumorigenesis and its suppression by Mth1 gene disruption. Cancer Res 63 : 902-905, 2003.
PubMed
24) Xie Y, et al : Deficiencies in mouse Myh and Ogg1 result in tumor predisposition and G to T mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene in lung tumors. Cancer Res 64 : 3096-3102, 2004.
 
25) Takahashi-Yanaga F, et al : DIF-1 inhibits tumor growth in vivo reducing phosphorylation of GSK-3β and expression of Cycline D1 and TCF7L2 in cancer model mice. Biochem Pharmacol 89 : 340-348, 2014.
 

IV 大腸癌の浸潤・転移

P.152 掲載の参考文献
1) Paget S : The distribution of secondly growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1 : 571-573, 1889.
 
2) Fidler IJ : Critical factors in the biology of human cancer metastasis : twenty-eighth G. H. A. Clowes memorial award lecture. Cancer Res 50 : 6130-6138, 1990.
 
3) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約第6版, 金原出版, 1998.
 
4) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
5) 川又均ほか : 微小転移の病理学的評価と臨床的意義. 消化器癌の診断・治療 内視鏡と病理の接点 (藤盛孝博ほか編), p13-20, 新興医学出版社, 2005.
 
6) 小野祐子, 藤盛孝博 : 消化器癌の転移の機序. 専門医のための消化器病学 (小俣政男ほか編), p242-244, 医学書院, 2005.
 
7) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
8) Fujimori T, et al : Pathological diagnosis of early colorectal carcinoma and its clinical implications. Digestion 79 : 40-51, 2009.
PubMed
9) Ueno H, et al : Risk factors for an adverse outcome in early invasive colorecta1 carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127 : 385-394, 2004.
PubMed
10) 河内洋ほか : SM癌治療における簇出の意義. 大腸疾患NOW 2009 (武藤徹一郎監, 杉原健一ほか編), p127-132, 日本メディカルセンター, 2009.
 
11) Graham TA, et al : Crystal structure of a beta-catenin/Tcf complex. Cell 103 : 885-896, 2000.
PubMed
12) Maeyama M, et al : Switching in discoid domain receptor expressions in SLUG-induced epithelialmesenchymal transition. Cancer 113 : 2823-2831, 2008.
PubMed
13) Kaihara T, et al : Dedifferentiation and decreased expression of adhesion molecules, E-cadherin and ZO-1, in colorectal cancer are closely related to liver metastasis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 22 : 117-123, 2003.
PubMed
14) Kaihara T, et al : Redifferentiation and ZO-1 reexpression in liver-metastasized colorectal cancer : possible association with epidermal growth factor receptor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of ZO-1. Cancer Sci 94 : 166-172, 2003.
PubMed
15) Kitajima K, et al : Correlations between lymph node metastasis and depth of submucosal invasion in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma : a Japanese collaborative study. J Gastroenterol 39 : 534-543, 2004.
PubMed
16) Kimura R, et al : Desmoplastic reaction in biopsy specimens of early colorectal cancer : a Japanese prospective multicenter study. Pathol Int 62 : 525-521, 2012.
PubMed
17) Tomita S, et al : Chapter 7, Desmoplastic reaction in biopsy specimens of T1 stage colorectal cancer plays a critical role in defining the level of sub-mucosal invasion. In : Colonoscopy and Colorectal Cancer Screening-Future Directions (ed by Bustamante M), p 161-176, INTEC, Rijeka, 2013.
 
P.156 掲載の参考文献
1) Hanahan D, Weinberg RA : Hallmarks of cancer : the next generation. Cell 144 : 646-674, 2011.
PubMed
2) Bissell MJ, Radisky D : Putting tumor in context. Nat Rev Cancer 1 : 46-54, 2001.
PubMed
3) 小嶋基寛, 落合淳志 : 大腸癌の浸潤・転移に関連する分子 (遺伝子異常, 発現異常). 日本臨牀 69 (増刊号3) : 149-152, 2011.
Medical*Online
4) Kojima M, et al : Peritoenal elastic laminal invasion of colorectal cancer : the diagnostic utility and clinicopathologic relationship. Am J Surg Pathol 34 : 1351-1360, 2010.
 
5) Kojima M, et al : Elastic laminal invasion in colon cancer : diagnostic utility and histological features. Front Oncol 11 : 179, 2012.
 
6) Kojima M, et al : Human subperitoneal fibroblast and cancer cell interaction creates microenvironment that enhances tumor progression and metastasis. PLoS One 9 : e88018, 2014.
PubMed
7) BrabletZ T, et al : Migrating cancer stem cell -an integrated concept of malignant tUmor progression. Nat Rev Cancer 5 : 744-749, 2005.
PubMed
8) Brabletz T : To differentiate or not-routes towards metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 12 : 425-436, 2012.
 
9) Savagner P : Leaving the neighborhood : molecular mechanisms involved during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Bioessays 23 : 912-923, 2001.
PubMed
10) Carter D, et al : Serous membrane. In : Histology for Pathologists (ed by Mills SE), p 547-548, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2007.
 
P.167 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2010年版, p60, 金原出版, 2010.
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, p70, 金原出版, 2014.
 
3) 大腸癌研究会, 全国大腸癌登録委員会 : Multi-Institute Registry of Large Bowel Cancer in Japan Vol. 31 : Cases treated in 2005, 2013.
 
4) Scheele J, et al : Resection of colorectal liver metastases : What prognostic factors determine patient selection? Chirurg 72 : 547-560, 2001.
PubMed
5) Rees M, et al : Evaluation of long-term survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer : a multifactorial model of 929 patients. Ann Surg 247 : 125-135, 2008.
PubMed
6) Nordlinger B, et al : Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. A prognostic scoring system to improve case selection, based on 1,568 patients. Cancer 77 : 1254-1262, 1996.
 
7) Fong Y, et al : Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer : analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 230 : 309-318, 1999.
PubMed
8) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2005年版, p25, 金原出版, 2005.
 
P.173 掲載の参考文献
1) McAfee MK, et al : Colorectal lung metastases. Ann Thorac Surg 53 : 780-786, 1992.
PubMed
2) Okumura S, et al : Pulmonary resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 : 867-874, 1996.
PubMed
3) Regnard JF, et al : Surgical treatment of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancers. Ann Thorac Surg 66 : 218-219, 1998.
 
4) Kobayashi K, et al : Surgical treatment for both pulmonary and hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 118 : 1090-1096, 1999.
PubMed
5) Saito Y, et al : Pulmonary metasectomy for 165 patients with colorectal carcinoma : a prognostic assessment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124 : 1007-1013, 2002.
 
6) Ike H, et al : Sequential resection of lung metastasis following partial hepatectomy for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 89 : 1164-1168, 2002.
PubMed
7) Koga R, et al : Surgical resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer : Four favorable prognostic factors. Jpn J Clin Oncol 36 : 643-648, 2006.
PubMed
8) Iizasa T, et al : Prediction of prognosis and surgical indications for pulmonary metastasectomy from colorectal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 82 : 254-260, 2006.
PubMed
9) 服部憲史ほか : 大腸癌肝・肺転移切除例の検討-肺転移単独と肝肺2臓器転移との比較-. 癌の臨床 56 (11) : 789-796, 2010.
 
10) Adam R, et al : Concomitant extrahepatic disease in patients with colorectal liver metastases : when is there a placc for surgery? Ann Surg 253 : 349-359, 2011.
 
11) Hirosawa T, et al : Prognostic factors in patients undergoing complete resection of pulmonary metastases of colorectal cancer : a multi-institutional cumulative follow-up study. Surg Today 43 : 494-499, 2013.
PubMed
12) Hirosawa T, et al : Proposal of a new prognostic staging system for pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. Surg Today, 2014. DOI 10.1007/s00595-014-0986-1
 
13) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
14) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
15) 板橋道朗 : Stage IV大腸癌に対する外科的治療戦略. 6. 肺転移に対する外科的治療戦略. 外科 77 : 28-33, 2015.
 
P.178 掲載の参考文献
1) Kobayashi H, et al : Characteristics of recurrence and surveillance tools after curative resection for colorectal cancer : A multicenter study. Surgery 141 : 67-75, 2007.
PubMed
2) Miles WE : A method of performing abdominoperineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of the pelvic colon. Lancet 2 : 1812-1813, 1908.
 
3) Stearns MW Jr, Deddish MR : Five-year results of abdominopelvic lymph node dissection for carcinoma of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 2 : 169-172, 1959.
PubMed
4) Heald RJ, et al : The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery-the clue to pelvic recurrence? Br J Surg 69 : 613-616, 1982.
PubMed
5) Randomised trial of surgery alone versus radiotherapy followed by surgery for potentially operable locally advanced rectal cancer. Medical Research Council Rectal Cancer Working Party. Lancet 348 : 1605-1610. 1996.
PubMed
6) Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. N Engl J Med 336 : 980-987, 1997.
 
7) Kapiteijn E, et al : Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 345 : 638-646, 2001.
PubMed
8) Bosset JF, et al : Enhanced tumorocidal effect of chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer : preliminary results-EORTC 22921. J Clin Oncol 23 : 5620-5627, 2005.
PubMed
9) Hojo K, et al : Lymphatic spread and its prognostic value in patients with rectal cancer. Am J Surg 144 : 350-354, 1982.
PubMed
10) 土屋周二ほか : 大腸癌の手術 ; 自律神経を温存する直腸癌手術. 手術 37 : 1367-1373, 1983.
 
11) Sugihara K, et al : Pelvic autonomic nerve preservation for patients with rectal carcinoma. Oncologic and functional outcome. Cancer 78 : 1871-1880, 1996.
PubMed
12) Sugihara K, et al : Indication and benefit of pelvic sidewall dissection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 49 : 1663-1672, 2006.
PubMed
13) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2010年版, 金原出版, 2010.
 
14) Kobayashi H, et al : Outcomes of surgery alone for lower rectal cancer with and without pelvic sidewall dissection. Dis Colon Rectum 52 : 567-576, 2009.
PubMed
15) Fujita S, et al : Postoperative morbidity and mortality after mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or stage III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212) : results from a multicentre, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 13 : 616-621, 2012.
PubMed
P.182 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版. 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) Besbeas S, Stearns MW Jr : Osseous metastases from carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 21 : 266-268, 1978.
PubMed
3) Kanthan R, et al : Skeletal metastases in colorectal carcinomas : a Saskatchewan profile. Dis Colon Rectum 42 : 1592-1597, 1999.
PubMed
4) Welch JP, Donaldson GA : The clinical correlation of an autopsy study of recurrent colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 189 : 496-502, 1979.
PubMed
5) Katoh M, et al : Bone metastasis from colorectal cancer in autopsy cases. J Gastroenterol 30 : 615-618, 1995.
 
6) Jimi S, et al : Clinical features and prognostic factors of bone metastases from colorectal cancer. Surg Today 43 : 751-756, 2013.
PubMed
7) Santini D, et al : Natural history of bone metastasis in colorectal cancer : final results of a large Italian bone metastases study. Ann Oncol 23 : 2072-2077, 2012.
PubMed
8) Bonnheim DC, et al : Osseous metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Am J Surg 151 : 457-459, 1986.
PubMed
9) 山川聖史, 近藤泰児 : 大腸癌遠隔転移の治療方針, 治療 骨転移の治療方針. 大腸癌Frontier 1 : 319-323, 2008.
 
10) 日本放射線腫瘍学会 (編) : 放射線治療計画ガイドライン2012年版. 金原出版, 2012.
 
11) Farnell GF, et al : Brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma. The long term survivors. Cancer 78 : 711-716, 1996.
 
12) Mongan JP. et al : Brain metastases from colorectal cancer : risk factors, incidence, and the possible role of chemokines. Clin Colorectal Cancer 8 : 100-105, 2009.
 
13) Patchell RA, et al : A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 322 : 494-500, 1990.
 
14) Committee of Brain Tumor Registry of Japan : Report of Brain Tumor Registry of Japan (1984-2000). Neurol Med Chir (Suppl) 49 : 1-96, 2009.
 
15) Wronski M, Arbit E : Resection of brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma in 73 patients. Cancer 85 : 1677-1685, 1999.
PubMed

V 大腸癌の予後因子

P.189 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約 (第8版), 金原出版, 2013.
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン (医師用2014年版), 金原出版, 2014.
 
3) 衣笠哲史ほか : 直腸癌における外科的切除断端の臨床的有用性について. 大腸癌 NOW, p202-211, 日本メディカルセンター, 2010.
 
4) Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P : What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer? J Clin Oncol 26 (2) : 303-312, 2008.
PubMed
5) Shirouzu K, et al : Prognostic evaluation of perineural invasion in rectal cancer. Am J Surg 165 (2) : 233-237, 1993.
PubMed
6) Ueno H, et al : Characterization of perineural invasion as a component of colorectal cancer staging. Am J Surg Pathol 37 (10) : 1542-1549, 2013.
PubMed
7) Morodomi T, et al : An index for estimating the probability of lymph node metastasis in rectal cancers. Lymph node metastasis and the histopathology of actively invasive regions of cancer. Cancer 63 (3) : 539-543, 1989.
PubMed
8) Ueno H, et al : Novel risk factors for lymph node metastasis in early invasive colorectal cancer : a multi-institution pathology review. J Gastroenterol 49 (9) : 1314-1323, 2014.
PubMed
9) Pritchard CC, Grady WM : Colorectal cancer molecular biology moves into clinical practice. Gut 60 (1) : 116-129, 2011.
PubMed
10) Stiegelbauer V, et al : MicroRNAs as novel predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 20 (33) : 11727-11735, 2014.
PubMed
11) Sideris M, Papagrigoriadis S : Molecular biomarkers and classification models in the evaluation of the prognosis of colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 34 (5) : 2061-2068, 2014.
PubMed
12) 日本臨床腫瘍学会 : 大腸がん患者におけるRAS遺伝子 (KRAS/NRAS遺伝子) 変異の測定に関するガイダンス第2版. 2104.
 
13) Valadi H, et al : Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 9 (6) : 654-659, 2007.
PubMed
14) Spizzo R, et al : SnapShot : MicroRNAs in Cancer. Cell 137 (3) : 586-586, 2009.
PubMed
15) Nicoloso MS, et al : MicroRNAs-the micro steering wheel of tumour metastases. Nat Rev Cancer 9 (4) : 293-302, 2009.
PubMed
P.192 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2010年版, 金原出版, 2010.
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
3) Mroczkowski P, et al : Prognostic factors assessed for 15,096 patients with colon cancer in stages I and II. World J Surg 36 (7) : 1693-1698, 2012.
PubMed
4) Gold P, Freedman SO : Specific carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system. J Exp Med 122 (3) : 467-481, 1965.
PubMed
5) Harrison LE, et al : Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen predicts outcomes in node-negative colon cancer patients : a multivariate analysis of 572 patients. J Am Coll Surg 185 (1) : 55 -59, 1997.
 
6) Carriquiry LA, Pifieyro A : Should carcinoembryonic antigen be used in the management of patients with colorectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum 42 (7) : 921-929, 1999.
PubMed
7) Huh JW, et al : Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level as an independent prognostic factor in potentially curative colon cancer. J Surg OncoI 101 (5) : 396-400, 2010.
 
8) Nozoe T, et al : Preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein as an independent prognostic indicator of colorectal carcinoma. Surg Today 38 (7) : 597-602, 2008.
 
9) Koike Y, et al : Preoperative C-reactive protein as a prognostic and therapeutic marker for colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 98 (7) : 540-544, 2008.
PubMed
10) Kersten C, et al : Increased C-reactive protein implies a poorer stage-specific prognosis in colon cancer. Acta Oncol 52 (8) : 1691-1698, 2013.
PubMed
11) McMillan DC, et al : Evaluation of an inflammation-based prognostic score (GPS) in patients undergoing resection for colon and rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 22 (8) : 881-886, 2007.
PubMed
12) Kitamura N, et al : Gene expression and regulation of HGF-SF. EXS 65 : 49-65, 1993.
PubMed
13) Miki C, et al : Combined measurement of hepatocyte growth factor and carcinoembryonic antigen as a prognostic marker for patients with dukes a and B colorectal cancer : results of a five-year study. Dis Colon Rectum 49 (11) : 1710-1718, 2006.
 
14) Toiyama Y, et al : Serum hepatocyte growth factor as a prognostic marker for stage II or III colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 125 (7) : 1657-1662, 2009.
PubMed
15) Ginty F, et al : The relative distribution of membranous and cytoplasmic met is a prognostic indicator in stage I and II colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14 (12) : 3814-3822, 2008.
 
P.198 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用 (2014年版), 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) Gill S, et al : Pooled analysis of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy for stage II and III colon cancer : who benefits and by how much? J Clin Oncol 22 : 1797-1806, 2004.
 
3) Nauta R, et al : Survival of patients with stage B2 colon carcinoma. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group experience. Arch Surg 124 : 180-182, 1989.
 
4) Benson AB III, et al : American society of clinical oncology recommendations on adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 22 : 3408-3419, 2004.
 
5) Compton CC, et al : Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. College of American Pathologists Consensus Statement 1999. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124 : 979-994, 2000.
PubMed
6) Labianca R, et al : Primary colon cancer : ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, adjuvant treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 21 (Supple 5) : v70-v77, 2010.
 
7) National Comprehensive Cancer Network ; Engstrom PF. et al : NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology : colon cancer. V.1.2015. http://www.nccn.org/ [参考URL (2014年9月現在) ]
 
8) Sobin LH, Wittekind C (ed) : TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors, 7th ed, p 94-99, Wiley-Liss, New York, 2009.
 
9) Gunderson L, et al : Revised TN categorization for colon cancer based on national survival outcomes data. J Clin Oncol 28 : 264-271, 2010.
 
10) Sato H, et al : High-risk stage II colon cancer after curative resection. J Surg Oncol 104 : 45-52, 2011.
PubMed
11) Noura S, et al : Comparative detection of lymph node micrometastases of stage II colorectal cancer by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in immunohistochemistry. J Clin Oncol 20 : 4232-4241, 2002.
PubMed
12) Glimelium B, et al : on behalf of the ESMO guidelines working group : Rectal cancer : ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 24 (Suppl 6) : 81-88, 2013.
 
13) National Comprehensive Cancer Network ; Engstrom PF, et al : NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology : rectal cancer. V.1.2015. http://www.nccn.org/ [参考URL (2014年9月現在) ]
 
14) Wichmann MW, et al : Effect of pre-operative radiochemotherapy on lymph node retrieval after resection of rectal cancer. Arch Surg 137 : 206-210, 2002,
 
15) Baxter NN, et al : Impact of pre -operative radiation for rectal cancer on subsequent lymph node evaluation : population based analysis. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 61 : 426-431, 2005.
 
16) Umar A, et al : Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 : 261-268, 2004.
PubMed
17) Boland CR et al : A National Cancer Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition : development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 58 : 5248-5257, 1998.
PubMed
18) Des Guetz G, et al : Does microsatellite instability predict the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 45 : 1890-1896, 2009,
PubMed
19) Watanabe T, et al : Molecular predictors of survival after adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 344 : 1196-1206, 2001.
PubMed
20) Walther A, et al : Association between chromosomal instability and prognosis in colorectal cancer : a meta-analysis. Gut 57 : 941-950, 2008.
PubMed
21) Benson AB III : New approach to assessing and treating early-stage colon and rectal cancers : cooperative group strategies for assessing optimal approach in early-stage disease. Clin Cancer Res 13 (22 Suppl) : 6913s-6919s, 2007.
 
22) Alleqra CJ, et al : Phase III trial assessing bevacizumab in stages II and III carcinoma of the colon : results of NSABP protocol C-08. J Clin Oncol 29 : 11-16, 2011.
 
23) De Gramont A, et al : Bevacizumab plus oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer (AVANT) : a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 13 : 1225-1233, 2012.
 
24) Ishiguro M, et al : Study protocol of the SACURA trial : a randomized phase III trial of efficacy and safety of UFT as adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer. BMC Cancer 12 : 1-8, 2012.
 
25) O'Conell MJ, et al : Relationship between tumor gene expression and recurrence in four independent studies of patients with stage II/III colon cancer treated with surgery alone or surgery plus adjuvant nuorouracil plus leucovorin. J Clin Oncol 28 : 3937-3944, 2010.
PubMed
26) Gray RG, et al : Validation study of a quantitative multigene reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for assessment of recurrence risk in patients with stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 29 : 4611-4619, 2011.
PubMed
27) Yothers G, et al : Validation of the 12-gene colon cancer recurrence score in NSABP C-07 as a predictor of recurrence in patients with stage II and III colon cancer treated with fluorouracil and leucovorin (FU/LV) and FU/LV plus oxaliplatin. J Clin Oncol 31 : 4512-4519, 2013.
 
28) Venook AP, et al : Biologic determinants of tumor recurrence in stage II colon cancer : validation study of the 12-gene recurrence score in cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) 9581. J Clin Oncol 31 : 1775-1781, 2013.
 
29) Salazar R, et al : Gene expression signature to improve prognosis prediction of stage II and III colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 29 : 17-24, 2011.
PubMed
30) Kennedy RD, et al : Development and independent validation of a prognostic assay for stage II colon cancer using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. J Clin Oncol 29 : 4620-4626, 2011.
 
P.203 掲載の参考文献
1) 松田明久ほか : 結腸癌におけるリンパ節転移個数と予後との関係. 日臨外会誌 65 (5) : 1171-1176, 2004.
 
2) 横溝肇ほか : Dukes C結腸・直腸S状部癌のリンパ節転移率と予後から見た新しいリンパ節転移程度分類の試み. 日外科系連会誌 36 (1) : 1-5, 2011.
 
3) O'Connell JB, et al : Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 (19) : 1420-1425, 2004.
 
4) Fujita S : Incidence and prognosis of lower rectal cancer with limited extramesorectal lymph node metastasis. Int J Colorectal Dis 29 : 1077-1080, 2014.
PubMed
5) Dix BR, et al : The common molecular genetic alterations in Dukes' B and C colorectal carcinomas are not short-term prognostic indicators of survival. Int J Cancer 59 : 747-751, 1994.
 
6) Boguski MS, et al : Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature 366 : 643-654, 1993.
PubMed
7) Cutsem EV, et al : Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 360 : 1408-1417, 2009.
 
8) Andreyev HJ, et al : Kirsten ras mutations in patients with colorectal cancer : the 'RASCAL II' study. Br J Cancer 85 (5) : 692-696, 2001.
PubMed
9) Lee DW, et al : KRAS Mutation is associated with Worse Prognosis in Stage III or High-risk Stage II Colon Cancer Patients Treated with Adjuvant FOLFOX. Ann Surg Oncol 22 : 187-194, 2015.
 
10) Amado RG, et al : Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 1626-1634, 2008.
PubMed
11) 近範泰ほか : 50歳以下のMSI-H大腸癌の原発巣における化学療法の効果. 癌と化学療法 40 (12) : 2035-2037, 2013.
Medical*Online
12) 山下継史ほか : 大腸癌治療とバイオマーカー. Biotherapy 23 (2) : 98-106, 2009.
Medical*Online
13) Ishizuka M, et al : Inflammation-based prognostic score is a novel predictor of postoperative outcome in patients with colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 246 : 1047-1051, 2007.
PubMed
14) Shimada R, et al : Usefulness of CTCs in tumor drainage vein blood as a biomarker for prognosis in colorectal cancer patients with Dukes' stage B and C. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 39 (12) : 1763 -1765, 2012.
 
15) Murono K, et al : Detection of carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA in peritoneal lavage by the transcription-reverse transcription concerted method indicates poor prognosis in patients with stage II and III colon cancer. Surgery 157 : 322-330, 2015.
PubMed
16) Dekervel J, et al : Hypoxia-driven gene expression is an independent prognostic factor in stage II and III colon cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 20 (8) : 2159-2168, 2014.
PubMed
P.207 掲載の参考文献
1) Fernandez FG, et al : Five-year survival after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer in patients screened by positron emission tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET). Ann Surg 240 : 438-447, 2004.
PubMed
2) Tomlinson JS, et al : Actual 10-year survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases defines cure. J Clin Oncol 25 : 4575-4580, 2007.
 
3) Gomez D, et al : Surgical technique and systemic inflammation influences long-term disease-free survival following hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis. J Surg Oncol 98 : 371-376, 2008.
PubMed
4) Gomez D, Cameron IC : Prognostic scores for colorectal liver metastasis : clinically important or an academic exercise? HPB (Oxford) 12 : 227-238, 2010.
PubMed
5) Kato T, et al : Therapeutic results for hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer with special reference to effectiveness of hepatectomy : analysis of prognostic factors for 763 cases recorded at 18 institutions. Dis Colon Rectum 46 : 22-31, 2003.
 
6) Beppu T, et al : A nomogram predicting disease-free survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with hepatic resection : multicenter data collection as a Project Study for Hepatic Surgery of the Japanease Society of Hepato-Billiary-Pancreatic Surgery. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 19 : 72-84, 2012.
 
7) Takakura Y, et al : External validation of two nomograms for predicting patient survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Surg 35 : 2275-2282, 2011.
PubMed
8) Onaitis MW, et al : Prognostic factors for recurrence after pulmonary resection of colorectal cancer metastases. Ann Thorac Surg 87 : 1684-1688, 2009.
PubMed
9) Riquet M, et al : Pulmonary resection for metastases of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 89 : 375-380, 2010.
PubMed
10) Watanabe K, et al : Factors influencing survival after complete resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 96 : 1058-1065, 2009.
PubMed
11) Chen F, et al : Prognostic factors of pulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal carcinomas. World J Surg 33 : 505-511, 2009.
PubMed
12) Rama N et al : Lung metastases from colorectal cancer : surgical resection and prognostic factors. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 35 : 444-449, 2009.
PubMed
13) Kanemitsu Y, et al : Varidation of nomogram for predicting overall survival after resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer at a single center. World J Surg 34 : 2973-2978, 2010.
 
14) Kobayashi H, et al : Clinical benefit of surgery of stage IV colorectal cancer with synchronous peritoneal metastasis. J Gastroenterol 49 : 646-654, 2014.
PubMed
15) 横溝肇, 瀧井康公 : 大腸癌における腹腔内洗浄細胞診の意義. 日本. 大腸肛門病会誌 60. 8-12, 2007.
 
16) 丸山聡ほか : 大腸がん腹膜播種に対する治療成績. 日外会誌 111 : 500, 2010.
 
17) 米村豊ほか : 腹膜播種に対する腹膜切除の治療成績癌と化学療法 34 : 1926-1930, 2007.
 
18) 横溝肇ほか : 腹膜播種性転移を伴う大腸癌の治療成績と治療方針. 日臨外会誌 69 : 2468-2473, 2008
 
19) 平井孝ほか : 大腸癌腹膜播種性転移の治療とその成績. 外科 66 : 921-925, 2004.
 
P.215 掲載の参考文献
1) Compton CC, et al : Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. College of American Pathologists Consensus Statement 1999. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124 : 979-994, 2000.
PubMed
2) Colquhoun K : A multivariate analysis of clinical and pathological variables in prognosis after resection of large bowel cancer. Br J Surg 72 : 698-702, 1985.
PubMed
3) Chang GJ, et al : Lymph node evaluation and survival after curative resection of colon cancer : systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 : 433-434, 2007.
PubMed
4) Tepper JE, et al : Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 19 : 157-163, 2001.
 
5) Le Voyer TE, et al : Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed : a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089. J Clin Oncol 21 : 2912-2919, 2003.
 
6) Baxter NN, et al : An evaluation of the relationship between lymph node number and staging in pT3 colon cancer using population-based data. Dis Colon Rectum 53 : 65-70, 2010.
PubMed
7) Shen SS, et al : Number of lymph nodes examined and associated clinicopathologic factors in colorectal carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 133 : 781-786, 2009.
PubMed
8) Morris EJ, et al : Identifying stage III colorectal cancer patients : the influence of the patient, surgeon, and pathologist. J Clin Oncol 25 : 2573-2579, 2007.
 
9) Jakub JW, et all Colon cancer and low lymph node count : who is to blame? Arch Surg 144 : 1115-1120, 2009.
 
10) Baxter NN, et al : Lymph node evaluation in colorectal cancer patients : apopulation-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 : 219-225, 2005.
 
11) Wright FC, et al : Lymph node retrieval and assessment in stage II colorectal cancer : a population-based study. Ann Surg Oncol 10 : 903-909, 2003.
PubMed
12) Lemmens VE, et al : Pathology practice patterns affect lymph node evaluation and outcome of colon cancer : a population-based study. Ann Oncol 17 : 1803-1809, 2006.
PubMed
13) Elferink MA, et al : Variation in lymph node evaluation in rectal cancer : adutch nationwide population-based study. Ann Surg Oncol 18 : 386-395, 2011.
 
14) Chou JF, et al : Clinical and pathologic factors that predict lymph node yield from surgical specimens in colorectal cancer : a population-based study. Cancer 116 : 2560-2570, 2010.
PubMed
15) Chen HH, et al : Pathological examination of 12 regional lymph nodes and long-term survival in stages I-III colon cancer patients : an analysis of 2,056 consecutive patients in two branches of same institution. Int J Colorectal Dis 25 : 1333-1341, 2010.
PubMed
16) Kim YW, et al : The influence of the number of retrieved lymph nodes on staging and survival in patients with stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing tumor-specific mesorectal excision. Ann Surg 249 : 965-972, 2009.
PubMed
17) Elferink MA, et al : Disparities in quality of care for colon cancer between hospitals in the Netherlands. Eur J Surg Oncol 36 (Suppl 1) : S64-73, 2010.
 
18) Miller EA, et al : HospitaLto-hospital variation in lymph node detection after colorectal resection. Cancer 101 : 1065-1071, 2004.
 
19) Rajput A, et al : Meeting the 12 lymph node (LN) benchmark in colon cancer. J Surg Oncol 102 : 3-9, 2010.
PubMed
20) Stocchi L, et al : Individual surgeon. pathologist, and other factors affecting lymph node harvest in stage II colon carcinoma. Is a minimum of 12 examined lymph nodes sufficient? Ann Surg Oncol 18 : 405-412, 2011.
PubMed
21) Evans MD, et al : The impact of surgeon and pathologist on lymph node retrieval in colorectal cancer and its impact on survival for patients with Dukes' stage B disease. Colorectal Dis 10 : 157-164, 2008.
 
22) Hsu CW, et al : Factors that influence 12 or more harvested lymph nodes in early-stage colorectal cancer. World J Surg 33 : 333-339, 2009.
 
23) Ostadi MA, et al : Factors affecting the number of lymph nodes retrieved in colorectal cancer specimens. Surg Endosc 21 : 2142-2146, 2007.
PubMed
24) Goldstein NS : Lymph node recoveries from 2427 pT3 colorectal resection specimens spanning 45 years : recommendations for a minimum number of recovered lymph nodes based on predictive probabilities. Am J Surg Pathol 26 : 179-189, 2002.
PubMed
25) Eveno C, et al : Association between a high number of isolated lymph nodes in T1 to T4 N0M0 colorectal cancer and the microsatellite instability phenotype. Arch Surg 145 : 12-17, 2010.
PubMed
26) Vather R, et al : Lymph nodc evaluation and long-term survival in Stage II and Stage III colon cancer : a national study. Ann Surg Oncol 16 : 585-593, 2009.
 
27) Onitilo AA, et al : Adequate lymph node recovery improves survival in colorectal cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 107 : 828-834, 2013.
PubMed
28) Cianchi F, et al : Lymphnode recovery from colorectal tumor specimens : recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be examined. World J Surg 26 : 384-389, 2002.
 
29) Lemmens VE, et al : Pathology practice patterns affect lymph node evaluation and outcome of colon cancer : a population-based study. Ann Oncol 17 : 1803-1809, 2006.
PubMed
30) Canessa CE, et al : Anatomic study of the lymph nodes of the mesorectum. Dis Colon Rectum 44 : 1333-1336, 2001.
PubMed
31) Rullier A, et al : Lymph nodes after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal carcinoma : number, status, and impact on survival. Am J Surg Pathol 32 : 45-50, 2008.
PubMed
32) Feinstein AR, et al : The Will Rogers phenomenon. Stage migration and new diagnostic techniques as a source of misleading statistics for survival in cancer. N Engl J Med 312 : 1604-1608, 1985.
 
33) Namm J, et al : Quantitating the impact of stage migration on staging accuracy in colorectal cancer. J Am Coll Surg 207 : 882-887, 2008.
PubMed
34) George S, et al : Colorectal Cancer Audit Working Group. Will Rogers revisited : prospective observational study of survival of 3592 patients with colorectal cancer according to number of nodes examined by pathologists. Br J Cancer 95 : 841-847, 2006,
 
35) Morris EJ, et al : Identifying stage III colorectal cancer patients : the influence of the patient, surgeon, and pathologist. J Clin Oncol 25 : 2573-2579, 2007.
 
36) Evans MD, et al : The impact of surgeon and pathologist on lymph node retrieval in colorectal cancer and its impact on survival for patients with Dukes' stage B disease. Colorectal Dis 10 : 157-164, 2008.
 
37) Scott KW, Grace RH : Detection of lymph node metastases in colorectal carcinoma before and after fat clearance. Br J Surg 76 : 1165-1167, 1989.
PubMed
38) Fielding LP, et al : Clinicopathological staging for colorectal cancer : an International Documentation System (IDS) and an International Comprehensive Anatomical Terminology (ICAT). J Gastroenterol Hepatol 6 : 325-344, 1991.
 
39) Cserni G, et al : Is there a minimum number of lymph nodes that should be histologically assessed for a reliable nodal staging of T3N0M0 colorectal carcinomas? J Surg Oncol 81 : 63-69, 2002.
 
40) Joseph NE, et al : Accuracy of determining nodal negativity in colorectal cancer on the basis of the number of nodes retrieved on resection. Ann Surg Oncol 10 : 213-218, 2003.
PubMed
41) Jestin P, et al : Cancer staging and survival in colon cancer is dependent on the quality of the pathologists' specimen examination. Eur J Cancer 41 : 2071-2078, 2005.
PubMed
42) Gonen M, et al : Nodal staging score : a tool to assess adequate staging of node-negative colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 27 : 6166-6171, 2009.
 
43) NCCN [http://www.nccn.org/professionals/quality_measures/PDF/colon_quality_measures.pdf].
 
44) FACS [http://www.facs.org/cancer/qualitymeasures.htm].
 
45) Kanemitsu Y, et al : The relationship of lymph node evaluation and colorectal cancer survival after curative resection : a multi-institutional study. Ann Surg Oncol 19 : 2169-2177, 2012.
 
46) Chen SL, Bilchik AJ : More extensive nodal dissection improves survival for stages I to III of colon cancer : a population-based study. Ann Surg 244 : 602-610, 2006.
PubMed
47) Caplin S, et al : For patients with Dukes' B (TNM Stage II) colorectal carcinoma, examination of six or fewer lymph nodes is related to poor prognosis. Cancer 83 : 666-672, 1998.
PubMed
48) Bosman FT, et al : Tissue biomarker development in a multicentre trial context : a feasibility study on the PETACC3 stage II and III colon cancer adjuvant treatment trial. Clin Cancer Res 15 : 5528-5533, 2009.
 
49) West NP, et al : Complete mesocolic excision with central vascular ligation produces an oncologically superior specimen compared with standard surgery for carcinoma of the colon. J Clin Oncol 28 : 272 -278, 2010.
 
50) Nelson H, et al ; National Cancer Institute Expert Panel : Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst 93 : 583-596, 2001.
 
51) Ricciardi R Baxter NN : Association versus causation versus quality improvement : setting benchmarks for lymph node evaluation in colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 : 414-415. 2007.
PubMed
52) Le Voyer TE, et al : Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed : a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089. J Clin Oncol 21 : 2912-2919, 2003.
 
53) Hashiguchi Y, et al : Prognostic significance of the number of lymph nodes examined in colon cancer surgery : clinical application beyond simple measurement. Ann Surg 251 : 872-881, 2010.
PubMed
54) Wright FC, et al : Clinically important aspects of lymph node assessment in colon cancer. J Surg Oncol 99 : 248-255, 2009.
PubMed
55) Schrag D, et al : Influence of hospital procedure volume on outcomes following surgery for colon cancer. JAMA 284 : 3028-3035, 2000.
PubMed
56) Wong SL, et al : Hospital lymph node examination rates and survival after resection for colon cancer. JAMA 298 : 2149-2154, 2007.
PubMed
57) Rogers SO Jr, et al : Relation of surgeon and hospital volume to processes and outcomes of colorectal cancer surgery. Ann Surg 244 (6) : 1003-1011, 2006.
PubMed
58) Elferink MA, et al : Large variation between hospitals and pathology laboratories in lymph node evaluation in colon cancer and its impact on survival, a nationwide population-based study in The Netherlands. Ann Oncol 22 : 110-117, 2011.
PubMed
P.222 掲載の参考文献
1) Gold P, Freedman S : Demonstration of tumor-specific antigens in human colonic carcinomata by immunological tolerance and absorption techniques. J Exp Med 121 : 439-462, 1965.
PubMed
2) Sideris M, Papagrigoriadis S : Molecular biomarkers and classification models in the evaluation of the prognosis of colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 34 : 2061-2068, 2014.
PubMed
3) Sun LC, et al : Preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen, albumin and age are supplementary to UICC staging systems in predicting survival for colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment. BMC Cancer 20 : 288-295, 2009.
 
4) Jeon BG, et al : Individualized Cutoff Value of the Preoperative Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level is Necessary for Optimal Use as a Prognostic Marker. Ann Coloproctol 29 : 106-114, 2013.
PubMed
5) Lin JK, et al : Early postoperative CEA level is a better prognostic indicator than is preoperative CEA level in predicting Prognosis of patients with curable colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 26 : 1135-1141, 2011.
PubMed
6) Kim CW, et al : Clinical significance of pre-to post-chemoradiotherapy s-CEA reduction ratio in rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 18 : 3271-3277, 2011.
PubMed
7) Sorbye H, et al : Predictive factors for the benefit of perioperative FOLFOX for resectable liver metastasis in colorectal cancer patients (EORTC Intergroup Trial 40983). Ann Surg 255 : 534-539, 2012.
PubMed
8) Shimomura M, et al : Identification of patients likely to benefit from metastasectomy in stage IV colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 27 : 1339-1346, 2012.
PubMed
9) Nordlinger B, et al : Perioperative FOLFOX4 chemotherapy and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC 40983) : long-term results of a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14 : 1208-1215, 2013.
PubMed
10) Gonzalez M, et al : Risk factors for survival after lung metastasectomy in colorectal cancer patients : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 20 : 572-579, 2013.
PubMed
11) Iida T, et al : Prognostic factors after pulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal cancer and rationale for determining surgical indications : a retrospective analysis. Ann Surg 257 : 1059-1064, 2013.
PubMed
12) Holowko W, et al : Prediction of survival in patients with unresectable colorectal hver metastases. Pol Przegl Chir 86 : 319-324, 2014.
 
13) Iwanicki-Caron I, et al : Usefulness of the serum carcinoembryonic antigen kinetic for chemotherapy monitoring in patients with unresectable metastasis of colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 3681-3686, 2008.
PubMed
14) Stec R, et al : K-Ras gene mutation status as a prognostic and predictive factor in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing irinotecan-or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 13 : 1235-1243, 2012.
PubMed
15) Prager GW, et al : Baseline carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) serum levels predict bevacizumab-based treatment response in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 105 : 996-1001, 2014.
PubMed
P.226 掲載の参考文献
1) Ichikawa W, Sasaki Y : Challenges in predicting the clinical outcome in S-1-based chemotherapy for gastric cancer patients. Int J Clin Oncol 13 (3) : 206-211, 2008.
 
2) Ichikawa W, Sasaki Y : Prediction of clinical outcome of S-1-based chemotherapy for gastric cancer patients. Gastric Cancer 12 : 16-22, 2009.
 
3) Kidd EA, et al : Variance in the expression of 5-Fluorouracil pathway genes in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11 (7) : 2612-2619, 2005.
PubMed
4) O'Connell MJ, et al : Relationship between tumor gene expression and recurrence in four independent studies of patients with stage II/III colon cancer treated with surgery alone or surgery plus adjuvant fluorouracil plus leucovorin. J Clin Oncol 28 (25) : 3937-3944, 2010.
PubMed
5) Salazar R, et al : Gene expression signature to improve prognosis prediction of stage II and III colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 29 (1) : 17-24, 2011.
PubMed
6) 竹政伊知朗ほか : 大腸癌外科治療への分子生物学の臨床応用. 臨床外科 65 (増刊号) : 219-227, 2010.
 
7) Simon RM, et al : Use of archived specimens in evaluation of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. J Natl Cancer Inst 101 (21) : 1446-1452, 2009.
PubMed
8) Gryfe R, et al : Tumor microsatellite instability and clinical outcome in young patients with colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 342 (2) : 69-77, 2000.
PubMed
9) French AJ, et al : Prognostic significance of defective mismatch repair and BRAF V600E in patients with colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14 (11) : 3408-3415. 2008.
PubMed
10) Des Guetz G, et al : Does microsatellite instability predict the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 45 (10) : 1890-1896, 2009.
PubMed
11) Watanabe T, et al : Molecular predictors of survival after adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 344 (16) : 1196-1206, 2001.
PubMed
12) Stintzing S, et al : Mutations within the EGFR signaling pathway : Influence on efficacy in FIRE-3-A randomized phase III study of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab or bevacizumab as first-line treatment for wild-type (WT) KRAS (exon 2) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. J Clin Oncol 32 (Suppl 3 ; abstr 445), 2014.
 
13) Van Cutsem E, et al : Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer : updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status. J Clin Oncol 29 (15) : 2011-2019. 2011.
PubMed
14) The Cancer Genome Atlas Network : Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature 487 (7407) : 330-337, 2012.
 

VI 大腸癌治療ガイドライン・大腸癌取扱い規約

P.238 掲載の参考文献
1) Coleman MP, et al : Cancer survival in five continents : aworldwide population-based study (CONCORD). Lancet Oncol 9 : 730-756, 2008.
 
2) OECD Health Data. [http://www.oecd.org/health/hcqi]
 
3) Koyama Y, Kotake K : Overview of colorectal cancer in Japan. Dis Colon Rectum 40 (Suppl) : 2-9, 1997.
 
4) Muto T, et al : Colorectal cancer statistics in Japan : data from JSCCR registration, 1977-1993. Int J Clin Oncol 6 : 171-176, 2001.
 
5) Takada H, et al : Changing site distribution of colorectal cancer in Japan. Dis Colon Rectum 45 : 1249-1254, 2002.
PubMed
6) Kotake K, et al : Changes in colorectal cancer during a 20-year period : an extended report from the multi-institutional registry of large bowel cancer, Japan. Dis Colon Rectum 46 (Suppl) : 32-43, 2003.
 
7) Akiyoshi T, et al : Results of a Japanese nationwide multi-institutional study on lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in low rectal cancer : is it regional or distant disease? Ann Surg 255 : 1129-1134, 2012.
PubMed
8) Kotake K, et al : Number of lymph nodes retrieved is an important determinant of survival of patients with stage II and stage III colorectal cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 42 : 29-35, 2012.
PubMed
9) Kotake K, et al : Impact of D3 lymph node dissection on survival for patients with T3 and T4 colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 29 : 847-852, 2014.
PubMed
10) Dukes CE : The classification of cancer of the rectum. J Pathol Bacteriol 35 : 323-332, 1932.
 
11) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約. 第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
12) AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) Cancer Staging Manual (ed 7th), New York, Springer, 2010.
 
13) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2005年版, 金原出版, 2005.
 
14) 小山靖夫ほか : 大腸癌切除の解剖学部位的考察. 日本臨牀 39 : 2137-2149, 1981.
 
15) 泉本源太郎ほか : クリアリング法による結腸癌リンパ節転移に関する研究. 大腸肛門誌 36 : 523-531, 1983.
 
16) Ono C, et al : Discontinuous rectal cancer spread in the mesorectum and the optimal distal clearance margin in situ. Dis Colon Rectum 45 : 744-749, 2002.
PubMed
17) Sugihara K et al : Indication and benefit of pelvic sidewall dissection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 49 : 1663-1672, 2006.
PubMed
18) McGrew EA, et al : Free malignant cells in relation to recurrence of carcinoma of the colon. JAMA 154 : 1251-1254, 1954.
 
19) Hohenberger W, et al : Standardized surgery for colonic cancer : complete mesocolic excision and central ligation-technical notes and outcome. Colorectal Dis 11 : 354-364, 2009.
PubMed
20) Heald RJ, et al : The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery-the clue to pelvic recurrence? Br J Surg 69 : 613-616, 1982.
PubMed
21) Ratto C, et al : Accurate lymph-node detection in colorectal specimens resected for cancer is of prognostic significance. Dis Colon Rectum 42 : 143-154, 1999.
PubMed
22) Renehan AG, et al : Impact on survival of intensive follow up after curative resection for colorectal cancer : systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br Med J 324 : 1-8, 2002.
 
23) Kobayashi H, et al : Characteristics of recurrence and surveillance tools after curative resection for colorectal cancer : A multicenter study. Surgery 141 : 67-75, 2007.
PubMed
24) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
25) Schmoll HJ, et al : ESMO consensus guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. A personalized approach to clinical decision making. Ann Oncol 23 : 2479-2516, 2012.
PubMed
P.243 掲載の参考文献
1) Sobin LH, et al ; International Union Against Cancer (UICC Cancer) : TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 7ed, John Wiley&Sons, Oxford, 2010.
 
2) Edge SB, et al : (eds) : AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (ed 7). New York, NY, Springer, 2010.
 
3) Gunderson LL, et al : Revised TN categorization for colon cancer based on national survival outcomes data. J Clin Oncol 28 : 264-271, 2010.
 
4) Gunderson LL, et al : Revised tumor and node categorization for rectal cancer based on surveillance, epidemiology, and end results and rectal pooled analysis outcomes. J Clin Oncol 28 : 256-263, 2010.
PubMed
5) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
6) Hashiguchi Y, et al : Evaluation of the seventh edition of the tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) classification for colon cancer in two nationwide registries of the United States and Japan. Colorectal Dis 14 : 1065-1074, 2012.
PubMed
P.247 掲載の参考文献
1) National Comprehensive Cancer Network [http://www.nccn.org/] .
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
3) 北野正剛ほか : 内視鏡外科手術に関するアンケート調査-第11回集計結果報告. 日内視鏡外会誌 (1344-6703) 17 (5) : 571-694. 2012.
 
4) Grothey Al, et al : Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT) : an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381 (9863) : 303-312, 2013.
 
P.254 掲載の参考文献
1) 後藤満一ほか : 日本消化器外科学会消化器外科データベース委員会2007年度調査報告. [http://www.jsgs.or.jp/modules/oshirase/index.php?content_id=55].
 
2) American College of Surgeons : Rapid Quality Reporting System (RQRS). [http://www.facs.org/cancer/ncdb/rqrs.html].
 
3) American Society of Clinical Oncology : The Quality Oncology Practice Initiative (QOPI). [http://qopi.asco.org/].
 
4) 厚生労働省がん臨床研究事業「がん対策における管理指標群の策定とその計測システムの確立に関する研究」班 : 診療の質指標Quality Indicator. [http://qi.ncc.go.jp].
 
5) Ishiguro M, et al : Changes in colorectal cancer care in japan before and after guideline publication : a nationwide survey about D31ymph node dissection and adjuvant chemotherapy. J Am Coll Surg 218 : 969-977, 2014.
PubMed

VII 大腸癌の検査・診断

P.261 掲載の参考文献
1) 人口動態統計 (厚生労働省大臣官房統計情報部編), 国立がん研究センターがん対策情報センター (ganjoho.jp).
 
2) 祖父江友孝ほか : 有効性評価に基づく大腸癌検診ガイドライン. 癌と化学療法 32 : 901-915, 2005.
 
3) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
4) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
5) 国民生活基礎調査 (厚生労働省大臣官房統計情報部), 国立がん研究センターがん対策情報センター
 
6) Rex DK, et al : American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009. Am J Gastroenterol 104 : 739-750, 2009.
PubMed
7) Lieberman DA, et al : Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after screening and polypectomy : a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 143 : 844-857, 2012.
PubMed
8) Kudo S, et al : Colorectal tumours and pit pattern. Clin Pathol 47 : 880-885, 1994.
PubMed
9) 工藤進英ほか : 超拡大内視鏡 (Endocytoscopy) による大腸腫瘍の診断法Gastroenterol Endosc 55 : 1510-1517, 2013.
 
10) Kanao H, et al : Narrow-band imaging magnification predicts the histology and invasion depth of colorectal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 69 : 631-636, 2009.
PubMed
11) Hewett DG, et al : Validation of a simple classification system for endoscopic diagnosis of small colorectal polyps using narrow-band imaging. Gastroenterology 143 : 599-607, 2012.
PubMed
12) 岡士郎, 田中信治 : 大腸がんの診断・近年の進歩 (含む内視鏡). 診断と治療 100 : 932-938, 2012.
 
13) 牛尾恭輔ほか : 大腸癌の深達度診断-X線診断理論補遺と読影上の留意点. 胃と腸 28 : 1141-1155, 1993.
 
14) 米田憲秀ほか : 鑑別診断,微小結節の同定, 診断アルゴリズム. 肝胆膵 67 : 597-604, 2013.
Medical*Online
15) 前田哲雄ほか : ここまできた拡散強調画像 (DWI) & 拡散テンソル画像 (DTI) 下腹部 (直腸前立腺その他). INNERVISION 24 : 40-43, 2009.
 
16) National Comprehensive Cancer Network : NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology colon cancer (version 3. 2013).
PubMed
17) National Comprehensive Cancer Network : NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology rectal cancer (version 4. 2013).
 
18) 村上康二 : PET (PET/CT) による大腸腫瘍性病変の診断. 臨床と研究 86 : 1497-1503, 2009.
Medical*Online
19) 堀江良樹, 朴成和 : 大腸がんにおけるNRASとKRASのNew RAS mutationの臨床的意義. がん分子標的治療 12 : 216-221, 2014.
Medical*Online
20) 菅野康吉 : がん診療における遺伝子関連検査. Medical Technology 40 : 1437-1442, 2012.
Medical*Online
21) Schmoll HJ, et al : ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. a personalized approach to clinical decision making. Ann Oncol 23 : 2479-2516, 2012.
PubMed
22) Desch CE, et al : Colorectal cancer surveillance : 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 23 : 8512-8519, 2005.
 
P.266 掲載の参考文献
1) 日本消化器内視鏡学会卒後教育委員会 : 消化器内視鏡ガイドライン第3版, 医学書院, 2006.
 
2) 工藤進英ほか : 大腸内視鏡検査前日の新大腸検査食摂取による腸管洗浄液減量の検討. Therapeutic Res 20 : 2003-2011, 2003.
Medical*Online
3) 抱井昌夫, 光島徹 : 消化管運動促進剤クエン酸モサプリド併用による経U腸管洗浄液減量の試み. Parma Medica 17 : 132-133, 1999.
 
4) 岡部治弥ほか : 経口腸管洗浄剤MGV-5の第III相試験. 薬理と治療 17 : 4491-4510, 1989.
Medical*Online
5) 岡部治弥ほか : 大腸内視鏡検査前処置における経口腸管洗浄剤MGV-5の臨床研究. 薬理と治療 17 : 4511-4526, 1989.
 
6) 今西清ほか : クエン酸マグネシウム製剤の等張水溶液飲用による経口腸管洗浄法. 基礎と臨床 24 : 7524-7534, 1990.
Medical*Online
7) 岡本平次ほか : 粉末状クエン酸マグネシウム2回法 (MM法) による大腸内視鏡検査前処置法の検討. 消化器内視鏡の進歩 36 : 225-229, 1990.
 
8) 中村孝司ほか : MP-G (クエン酸マグネシウム製剤) 等張液を用いた大腸内視鏡検査前処置法の評価. 新薬と臨床 45 : 693-708, 1996.
 
9) Brown GR : A new approach to colon preparation for barium enema : preliminary report. Med Bull 27 : 225-230, 1961.
PubMed
10) 千葉俊美ほか : 錠剤型経口腸管洗浄剤 (リン酸ナトリウム製剤) における受容性の検討. 消化器の臨床 12 : 592-596, 2009.
 
P.272 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) Ikehara H, et al : Diagnosis of depth of invasion for early colorectal cancer using magnifying colonoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25 : 905-912, 2010.
PubMed
3) Matsuda T, et al : Efficacy of the invasive/non-invasive pattern by magnifying chromoendoscopy to estimate the depth of invasion of early colorectal neoplasms. Am J Gastroenterol 103 : 2700-2706, 2008.
PubMed
4) Ikematsu H, et al : Efficacy of capillary pattern type IIIA/IIIB by magnifying narrow band imaging for estimating depth of invasion of early colorectal neoplasms. BMC Gastroenterol 10 : 33, 2010.
PubMed
5) Sakamoto T, et al : Comparison of magnifying chromoendoscopy and narrow-band imaging in estimation of early colorectal cancer invasion depth : a pilot study. Dig Endosc 23 : 118-123, 2011.
PubMed
6) Matsuda T, et al : Assessment of likelihood of submucosal invasion in non-polypoid colorectal neoplasms. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 20 : 487-496, 2010.
PubMed
7) Saitoh Y, et al : Invasion depth diagnosis of depressed type early colorectal cancers by combined use of videoscopy and chromoendoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 48 : 362-370, 1998.
 
8) Nakajima T, et al : Current status of endoscopic resection strategy for large, early colorectal neoplasia in Japan. Surg Endosc 27 : 3262-3270, 2013.
PubMed
9) 斎藤豊ほか : 大腸側方発育型腫瘍 (LST) -新たな時代へLSTに対するESD治療の基本とピットフォール (1) EMR/ESDの選択基準, 分割EMR許容の. 是非, 生検の是非. INTESTINE 18 : 69-78, 2014.
 
10) Shimoda T, et al : Early colorectal carcinoma with special reference to its development de novo. Cancer 64 : 1138-1146, 1989.
PubMed
11) Hewett DG, et al : Validation of a simple classification system for endoscopic diagnosis of small colorectal polyps using narrow-band imaging. Gastroenterology 143 : 599-607, 2012.
PubMed
12) Fu KI, et al : Staging of early colorectal cancers : magnifying colonoscopy versus endoscopic ultrasonography for estimation of depth of invasion. Dig Dis Sci 53 : 1886-1892, 2008.
PubMed
P.276 掲載の参考文献
1) 工藤進英ほか : 大腸腫瘍の拡大観察-VI型pit patternの分析および診断に関するコンセンサス. 胃と腸 41 (13) : 1751-1761, 2006.
 
2) 山野泰穂ほか : 拡大内視鏡観察 (pit pattern). 胃と腸 45 (5) : 822-828, 2010.
 
3) Kudo S, et al : Disgnosis of colorectal tumorous lesion by magnifying endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 44 (1) : 8-14, 1996.
 
4) 工藤進英ほか : V型pit patternは箱根合意後に何が変わったか-V1高度不整の定義について. 早期大腸癌 10 (3) : 185-193, 2006.
 
5) 河野弘志ほか : 拡大内視鏡を用いた大腸腫瘍性病変のpit pattern診断. 臨床消化器内科 18 (3) : 311-318, 2003.
 
6) Kimura T, et al : A novel pit pattern identifies the precursor of colorectal cancer derived from sessile serrated adenoma. Am J Gastroenterol 107 : 460 -469, 2012.
 
7) 唐原健ほか : V1型pit patternにおける不整の程度と浸潤度 (2) 病理診断に迫る立場から b. V1型pit細分類と病理組織構築の関係. 早期大腸癌 10 (3) : 207-214, 2006.
 
8) Matsumoto K, et al : Evaluation of ncw subclassification of type V1 pit pattern for determining the depth and type of invasion of colorectal neoplasm. J Gastroenterol 46 : 31-38, 2011.
 
9) 加藤茂治ほか : 拡大内視鏡の有用性と問題点 (4) 拡大観察時のコントラスト法と染色法の比較. 早期大腸癌 3 (2) : 139-146, 1999.
 
10) Fujii T, et al : Effectiveness of premedication with pronase for improving visibility during gastroendoscopy : a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 47 (5) : 382-387, 1998.
PubMed
11) Matsuda T, et al : Efficacy of the invasive/non-invasive pattern by magnifying chromoendoscopy to estimate the depth of invasion of early colorectal neoplasms. Am J Gastroenterol 103 : 2700-2706, 2008.
PubMed
12) 唐原健ほか : 隆起型早期大腸癌の深達度診断. 胃と腸 42 (5) : 809-815, 2007.
 
P.283 掲載の参考文献
1) 丹羽寛文, 田尻久雄 : 内視鏡観察法に関する新たな分類の提唱. 臨床消化器内科 23 : 137-141, 2008.
 
2) 山野泰穂ほか : 早期大腸癌の精密画像診断 4) 拡大内視鏡観察 (pit pattern). 胃と腸 45 : 822-828, 2010.
 
3) 工藤進英ほか : 大腸腫瘍に対する拡大内視鏡観察と深達度診断-箱根シンポジウムにおけるV型亜分類の合意-. 胃と腸 39 : 747-752, 2004.
 
4) 藤井隆広ほか : V型pit patternの診断とその臨床的意義 拡大内視鏡による臨床分類-invasive patternの診断基準. 早期大腸癌 5 : 541-548, 2001.
 
5) Matsuda T, et al : Efficacy of the invasive/non-invasive pattern by magnifying chromoendoscopy to estimate the depth of invasion of early colorectal neoplasms. Am J Gastroenterol 103 : 2700-2706, 2008.
PubMed
6) Ikematsu H, et al : The impact of narrow band imaging for colon polyp detection : a multicenter randomized controlled trial by tandem colonoscopy. J Gastroenterol 47 : 1099-1107, 2012.
PubMed
7) Sano Y, et al : Meshed capillary vessels using narrow band imaging for differential diagnosis of small colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc 69 : 278-283, 2008.
PubMed
8) Katagiri A, et al : Narrow band imaging with magnifying colonoscopy as a diagnostic tool for predicting histology of early colorectal neoplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27 : 1269-1274, 2008.
PubMed
9) Ikematsu H, et al : Efficacy of capillary pattern type IIIA/IIIB by magnifying narrow band imaging for estimating depth of invasion of early colorectal neoplasms. BMC Gastroenterol 10 : 33, 2010.
PubMed
10) Adler A, et al : Narrow-band versus white-light high definition television endoscopic imaging for screening colonoscopy : a prospective randomized trial. Gastroenterology 136 : 410-416, 2009.
PubMed
11) Chiu HM, et al : A prospective comparative study of narrow-band imaging, chromoendoscopy, and conventional colonoscopy in the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia. Gut 56 : 373-379, 2007.
PubMed
12) Ignjatovic A, et al : Optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps at routine colonoscopy (Detect InSpect ChAracterise Resect and Discard ; DISCARD trial) : a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 10 : 1171-1178, 2009.
 
13) Oka S, et al : Clinical usefulness of narrow band imaging magnifying classification for colorectal tumors based on both surface pattern and microvessel features. Dig Endosc 23 : 101-105, 2011.
PubMed
14) Wada Y, et al : Diagnosis of colorectal lesions with the magnifying narrow-band imaging system. Gastrointest Endosc 70 : 522-531, 2009.
PubMed
P.288 掲載の参考文献
1) Eaden JA, et al : The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis : a meta-analysis. Gut 48 : 526-535, 2001.
PubMed
2) von Moon AC, et al : The risk of cancer in patients with Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 50 : 839-855, 2007.
 
3) Ekbom a, et al : Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A polulation-based study. N Engl J Med 323 : 1228-1233, 1990.
 
4) Sugita A, et al : Colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis. Influence of anatomical extent and age at onset on colitis-cancer interval, Gut 32 : 167-169, 1991.
PubMed
5) エビデンスとコンセンサスを統合した潰瘍性大腸炎の診療ガイドライン. 難治性炎症性腸管障害に関する調査研究班プロジェクト研究チーム, 2006.
 
6) 味岡洋一ほか : 潰瘍性大腸炎に合併する大腸癌, dysplasiaの肉眼, 実体顕微鏡像と生検組織診断. 胃と腸 30 : 629-642, 1995.
 
7) 味岡洋一ほか : 炎症性腸疾患における癌化, 発育伸展-潰瘍性大腸炎における大腸癌の組織発生. 胃と腸 13 : 1935-1946, 2008.
 
8) 岩男泰 : colitic cancer診断update, 内視鏡診断-通常観察. Intestine 13 : 251-257, 2009.
 
9) Riddell RH, et al : Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease : standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Hum Pathol 14 : 931-968, 1983.
PubMed
10) 武藤徹一郎ほか : 潰瘍性大腸炎に出現する異型上皮の病理組織学的判定基準-surveillance colonoscopyへの応用を目的とした新判定基準の提案. 日本大腸肛門病会誌 47 : 547-551, 1994.
 
11) Blonski W, et al : High-grade dysplastic adenoma-like mass lesions are not an indication for colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 43 : 817-820, 2008.
 
12) Matsumoto T, et al : Endoscopic and chromoendoscopic atlas featuring dysplastic lesions in surveillance colonoscopy for patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14 : 259-264, 2008.
PubMed
13) 岩男泰ほか : Colitic cancer/dysplasiaの画像診断-拡大内視鏡を中心に-. 胃と腸 43 : 1303-1319, 2008.
 
14) 味岡洋一ほか : 潰瘍性大腸炎合併腫瘍の発生-炎症性発癌と一般大腸腫瘍との差異について-. Intestine 13 : 233-240, 2009.
 
15) 渡邉聡明 : 潰瘍性大腸炎における炎症性発癌に対するサーベイランス法の確立. 厚生科学研究費補助金難治性疾患克服研究事業「難治性炎症性腸管障害に関する調査研究」平成20年度研究報告書, p48-49, 2009.
 
16) 篠崎大 : クローン病と下部消化管癌-本邦の現況-. 日本大腸肛門病会誌 61 : 353-363, 2008.
 
17) 水島恒和ほか : クローン病に合併した大腸癌の3例. 日消誌 102 : 912-917, 2005.
Medical*Online
18) 杉田昭 : 潰瘍性大腸炎, Crohn病に合併した小腸, 大腸癌の特徴と予後-第3報-. 厚生科学研究費補助金難治性疾患克服対策研究事業「難治性炎症性腸管障害に関する調査研究」班. 平成19年度業績集, p87-89, 2008.
 
19) Freidman S, et al : Screening and surveillance colonoscopy in Chronic Crohn's colitis. Gastroenterology 120 : 820-826, 2001.
 
20) 杉田昭 : 潰瘍性大腸炎, Crohn病に合併した小腸, 大腸癌の特徴と予後-第6報-. 厚生科学研究費補助金難治性疾患克服対策研究事業「難治性炎症性腸管障害に関する調査研究」班. 平成22年度業績集, p95-96, 2011.
 
P.297 掲載の参考文献
1) 工藤進英 : 早期大腸癌-平坦・陥凹型へのアプローチ, 医学書院, 1993.
 
2) 牛尾恭輔 : 大腸疾患診断の実際, 医学書院, 1990.
 
3) 飯沼元ほか : FPDの画像診断 デジタル消化管X線造影検査. 新医療 29 : 130-134, 2002.
 
4) Iinuma G, et al : Early invasive colorectal carcinomas with submucosal invasion : Radiographic characteristics with barium double contrast. Abdominal lmaging 28 : 492-504, 2003.
 
5) 牛尾恭輔ほか : 消化管癌のX線診断における側面像の意義-二重造影像による深達度診断. 胃と腸 26 : 737-749, 1986.
 
6) 飯沼元ほか : 早期大腸癌のX線像による深達度診断. 画像診断 22 : 835-843, 2002.
 
P.301 掲載の参考文献
1) Wada Y, et al : Diagnostic accuracy of pit pattern and vascular pattern analyses in colorectal lesions. Dig Endosc 22 : 192-199, 2010.
PubMed
2) Schmoll HJ, et al : ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. a personalized approach to clinical decision making. Ann Oncol 23 : 2479-2516, 2012.
PubMed
3) 小川真平ほか : 直腸癌側方リンパ節転移の画像診断-超・音波検査, CT, MRI-. 外科 75 : 239-244, 2013.
 
4) Bamba Y, et al : Preoperative evaluation of the depth of anal canal invasion in very low rectal cancer by magnetic resonance imaging and surgical indications for intersphincteric resection. Surg Today 42 : 328-333, 2012.
PubMed
5) Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P : What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer? J Clin Oncol 10 : 303-312, 2008.
 
6) Taylor FG, et al : One millimetre is the safe cut-off for magnetic resonance imaging prediction of surgical margin status in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 98 : 872-879, 2011.
PubMed
7) Sugihara K, et al : Indication and benefit of pelvic sidewall dissection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 49 : 1663-1672, 2006.
PubMed
8) Shihab OC, et al : MERCURY Study Group : Relevance of magnetic resonance imaging-detected pelvic sidewall lymph node involvement in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 98 : 1798-1804, 2011.
 
9) Kim TH, et al : Lateral lymph node metastasis is a major cause of locoregional recurrence in rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 15 : 729-737, 2008.
 
10) 板橋道朗 : MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) による直腸癌リンパ節転移診断. 日本. 大腸肛門病会誌 45 : 123-131, 1992.
 
11) Bipat S, et al : Rectal cancer : local staging and assessment of lymph node involvement with endoluminal US, CT, and MR imaging-a meta-analysis. Radiology 232 : 773-783. 2004.
 
12) Brown G, et al : Morphologic predictors of lymph node status in rectal cancer with use of high-spatial-resolution MR imaging with histopathologic comparison. Radiology 227 : 371-377, 2003.
PubMed
13) Tsunoda Y, et al : Preoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastases of colorectal cancer by FDG-PET/CT. Jpn J Clin Oncol 38 : 347-353, 2008.
PubMed
14) Jhaveri KS, Sadaf A : Role of MRI for staging of rectal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 9 : 469-481, 2009.
PubMed
15) Will O, et al : Diagnostic precision of nanoparticle-enhanced MRI for lymph-node metastases : a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 7 : 52-60, 2006.
PubMed
P.305 掲載の参考文献
1) 竹政伊知朗ほか : 新しいdeviceを取り人れた大腸癌の画像診断Multi-image 3D fusion virtual両像による術前診断. 日本臨牀 69 : 306-310, 2011.
 
2) Kosugi Y, et al : An articulated neurosurgical navigation system using MRI and CT imageg. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 35 : 147-152, 1988.
PubMed
3) Wagner A, et al : Virtual image guided navigation in tumor surgery technical innovation. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 23 : 217-222, 1995.
PubMed
4) 竹政伊知朗ほか : 鏡視下手術におけるimage guides surgery-大腸癌に対するmulti-image三次元仮想画像の応用-. 消化器外科 36 : 455-464, 2013.
 
5) Yasumoto T, et al : Assessment of two 3D MDCT colonograplly protocols for observation of colorectal polyps. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186 : 85-89. 2006.
PubMed
6) 竹政伊知朗ほか : 癌の術式選択のための画像ナビゲーション3. 結腸癌の手術 : 3D-triple fusion画像 (PET-CT, 腹部CTA. virtual cololloscopy) の有用性. 消化器外科 31 : 1365-1377, 2008.
 
7) van Kouwen MCA, et al : 2 (18F) fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography detects clinical relevant adenonias. of the colon : A prospectivc study. J Clin Oncol 23 : 3713-3717, 2005.
 
8) Friedland S, et al : 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography has limited sensitivity for colonic adenoma and early stage colon cancer, Gastrointest Endosc 61 : 395-400. 2005.
PubMed
9) Veit-Haibach P, et al : Diagnostic accuracy of colorectal cancer staging with whole-body PET/CT colonography. JAMA 296 : 2590-2600, 2006.
PubMed
10) Kim NK, et al : Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography, and magnetic resonallce imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 42 : 770-775. 1999.
PubMed
11) Zerhouni EA, et al : CT and MR imaging in the staging of colorectal carcinoma : report of the Radiology Diagllostic Oncology Group II. Radiology 200 : 443-451. 1996.
 
12) Rappeport ED, et al : Contras t-enhanced FDG-PET/CT vs. SPIO-enhanccd MRI vs. FDG PET vs. CT in patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer : a prospective study with intraoperative confirmation. Acta Radiol 48 : 369-378, 2007.
 
13) 竹政伊知朗ほか : 大腸がんにおけるPET-CT診断の有用性. PET/CT BOOK, p151-156, デジタルメディスン社, 2009.
 
14) 竹政伊知朗ほか : 大腸癌の最新治療-治癒に向けた最先端研究-. 術前画像診断と手術難易度評価. 日本臨牀 72 : 77-81, 2014.
 
P.312 掲載の参考文献
1) Koh DM, et al : Combining diffusion-weighted MRI with Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI improves the detection of colorectal liver metastases. Br J Radiol 85 (1015) : 980-989, 2012.
PubMed
2) Takahashi M, et al : Contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography using perfluorobutane microbubbles for the enumeration of colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg 99 (9) : 1271-1277, 2012.
PubMed
3) Tada K. et al : Hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis with macroscopic tumor thrombus in the portal vein. World J Surg 27 (3) : 299-303, 2003,
PubMed
4) Mise Y, et al : Venous reconstruction based on virtual liver resection to avoid congestion in the liver remnant. Br J Surg 98 (12) : 1742-1751, 2011.
PubMed
5) Chun YS, et al : Association of computed tomography morphologic criteria with pathologic response and survival in patients treated with bevacizumab for colorectal liver metastases. JAMA 302 (21) : 2338-2344, 2009.
PubMed
6) Arita J, et al : Usefulness of contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasound in identifying disappearing liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma after chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 21 (Suppl 3) : S390-397, 2014.
 
7) Niekel MC, et al : Diagnostic imaging of colorectal liver metastases with CT, MR imaging, FDG PET, and/or FDG PET/CT : a meta-analysis of prospective studies including patients who have not previously undergone treatment. Radiology 257 (3) : 674-684, 2010.
 
8) Rappeport ED, et al : Contrast-enhanced FDG-PET/CT vs. SPIO-enhanced MRI vs. FDG-PET vs. CT in patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer : aprospective study with intraoperative confirmation. Acta Radiol 48 (4) : 369-378, 2007.
 
9) De Bruyne S, et al : Value of DCE-MRI and FDG-PET/CT in the prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy with bevacizumab for colorectal liver metastases. Br J Cancer 106 (12) : 1926-1933, 2012.
PubMed
P.317 掲載の参考文献
1) Sugihara K Uetake H : Therapeutic strategies for hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer : overview. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 19 : 523-527, 2012.
 
2) Torzilli G, Makuuchi M : Intraoperative ultrasonography in liver cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 12 : 91-103, 2003.
PubMed
3) Mitsunori Y, et al : Contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasound for hepatocellular carcinoma : high sensitivity of diagnosis and therapeutic impact. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 20 (2) : 234-242, 2013.
PubMed
4) Claudon M, et al : Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver. Ultrasound Med Biol 39 (2) : 187-210, 2013.
PubMed
5) 工藤正俊ほか : 肝細胞癌治療支援におけるSonazoid造影エコー法の新技術の提唱 : Defect Re-perfusion Imagingの有用性. 肝臓 48 (6) : 299-301, 2007.
 
6) Uetake H, et al : Fate of metastatic foci after chemotherapy and usefulness of contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography to detect minute hepatic lesions. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 19 : 509-514, 2012.
 
P.320 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) 栗山啓子ほか : Spiral CTによる転移性肺腫瘍の診断 手術所見との対比. 臨床放射線 40 : 109-115, 1995.
 
3) Keogan MT, et al : The significance of pulmonary nodules detected on CT staging for lung cancer. Clin Radiol 48 : 94-96, 1993.
 
4) Habuchi T, et al : Pulmonary nodules simulating metastasis of germ cell tumor after aggressive chemotherapy. Urol Int 43 : 248-252, 1988.
PubMed
5) Glasier CM, Siegel MJ : Multiple pulmonary nodules : unusual manifestation of bleomycin toxicity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 137 : 155-156, 1981.
PubMed
6) Flye MW, et al : Aggressive pulmonary resection for metastatic osteogenic and soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Thorac Surg 37 : 123-127, 1984.
PubMed
7) 上村良一ほか : 転移性肺腫瘍の画像診断-肺転移-. 画像診断 11 : 26-37, 1995.
 
8) Kawaguchi T, et al : High-resolution computed tomography appearances of surgically resected pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer, with histopathologic correlation. Radiat Med 23 : 418-426, 2005.
PubMed
9) Kiryu T, et al : Endotracheal/endobronchial metastases : clinicopathologic study with special reference to developmental modes. Chest 119 : 768-775, 2001.
PubMed
10) 楠本昌彦ほか : 転移の画像診断-胸部-. 臨床画像 23 : 742-752, 2007.
 
11) Saito Y, et al : Pulmonary metastasectomy for 165 patients with colorectal carcinoma : A prognostic assessment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124 : 1007-1013, 2002.
PubMed
12) Watanabe I, et al : Prognostic factors in resection of pulmonary metastasis from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 90 : 1436-1440, 2003.
PubMed
P.326 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) National Comprehensive Cancer Network (eds) : NCCN clinical practice guideline in oncology. Rectal cancer version 3.2014, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2014.
 
3) 渡辺正ほか : 直腸癌局所再発診断における経時的骨盤部CT撮影の意義. 日本大腸肛門病会誌 42 : 1031-1038, 1989.
 
4) Lohnert MSS, et al : Effectiveness of endoluminal sonography in the identification of occult local rectal cancer recurrences. Dis Colon Rectum 43 : 483-491, 2000.
 
5) Moore HG, et al : A case-controlled study of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the detection of pelvic recurrence in previously irradiated rectal cancer patients. J Am Coll Surg 197 : 22-28, 2003.
PubMed
6) Fukunaga H, et al : Fusion image of positron emission tomography and computed tomography for the diagnosis of local recurrence of rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 12 : 1-9, 2005.
 
7) 山田一隆ほか : 直腸癌局所再発に対する治療戦略=直腸癌局所再発に対する外科治療=. 臨床外科 69 (10) : 1190-1195, 2014.
 
8) Yamada K, et al : Patterns of pelvic invasion are prognostic in the treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer. Br J Surg 88 : 988-993, 2001.
PubMed
P.332 掲載の参考文献
1) 坂本攝ほか : 新しいdeviceを取り入れた大腸癌の画像診断 PET/CT融合画像の応用. 日本臨牀 69 (増刊号3) : 299-305, 2011.
Medical*Online
2) Furukawa H, et al : Positron emission tomography scanning is not superior to whole body multidetector helical computed tomography in the preoperative staging of colorectal cancer. Gut 55 : 1007-1011, 2006.
 
3) Gearhart SL et al : Improved staging with pretreatment positron emission tomography/computed tomography in low rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 13 : 397-404, 2006.
PubMed
4) Tateishi U, et al : Non-enhanced CT versus contrast-enhanced CT in integrated PET/CT studies for nodal staging of rectal cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34 : 1627-1634, 2007.
PubMed
5) Maffione AM, et al : Diagnostic accuracy and impact on management of 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT in colorectal liver metastasis : a meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 42 : 152-163, 2015.
PubMed
6) Votrubova J, et al : The role of FDG-PET/CT in the detection of recurrent colorectal cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33 : 779-784, 2006.
PubMed
7) Metser U, et al : Assessment of tumor recurrence in patients with colorectal cancer and elevated carcinoembryonic antigen level : FDG PET/CT versus contrast-enhanced 64-MDCT of the chest and abdomen. AIR Am J Roentgenol 194 : 766-771, 2010.
 
8) Kyoto Y, et al : Ability of 18F-FDG PET/CT to diagnose recurrent colorectal cancer in patients with elevated CEA concentrations. Ann Nucl Med 24 : 395-401, 2010.
PubMed
9) Choti MA, et al : Trends in long-term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases. Ann Surg 235 : 759-766, 2002.
PubMed
10) Huebner RH, et al : A meta-analysis of the literature for whole-body FDG PET detection of recurrent colorectal cancer. J Nucl Med 41 : 1177-1189, 2000.
PubMed
11) Wiering B, et al : The impact of fluor-18-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the management of colorectal liver metastases. Cancer 104 : 2658-2670, 2005.
PubMed
12) Gollub MJ, et al : Limitations of CT during PET/CT. J Nucl Med 48 : 1583-1591, 2007.
PubMed
13) Badiee S, et al : Role of IV iodinated contrast material in 18F-FDG PET/CT of liver metastases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 : 1436-1439, 2008.
PubMed
14) Kitajima K, et al : Performance of integrated FDG PET/contrast-enhanced CT in the diagnosis of recurrent colorectal cancer : Comparison with integrated FDG PET/non-contrast-enhanced CT and enhanced CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36 : 1388-1396, 2009.
PubMed
15) Park KC, et al : Decision analysis for the cost-effective management of recurrent colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 233 : 310-319, 2001.
PubMed
16) Lejeune C, et al : Use of a decision analysis model to assess the cost-effectiveness of 18F-FDG PET in the management of metachronous liver metastases of colorectal cancer. J Nucl Med 46 : 2020-2028, 2005.
PubMed
17) Wiering B, et al : Added value of positron emission tomography imaging in the surgical treatment of colorectal liver metastases. Nucl Med Commun 31 : 938-944, 2010.
PubMed
P.340 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約, 第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
P.345 掲載の参考文献
1) 渡辺玄ほか : 内視鏡的切除標本の取り扱い. 胃と腸 41 : 451-457, 2006.
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約, 第8版補訂版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
3) 田邉寛ほか : 病理学的にみたESD切除成績と範囲診断困難例の特徴-一括完全切除例と分割切除例の対比を含め-. 胃と腸 41 : 53-66, 2006.
 
4) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
P.350 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン2009年版医師用, 金原出版, 2009.
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン2014年版医師用, 金原出版, 2014.
 
3) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約 (第8版), 金原出版, 2013.
 
4) 工藤進英ほか : 大腸sm癌のsm浸潤度の分析と治療方針-sm浸潤度分類について. 胃と腸 19 : 1349-1356, 1984.
 
5) Haggitt RC, et al : Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas arising in adenomas : implications for lesions removed by endoscopic polypectomy. Gastroenterology 89 : 328-336, 1985.
PubMed
6) Kikuchi R, et al : Management of early invasive colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 38 : 1286-1295, 1995.
PubMed
7) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約 (第6版), 金原出版, 1998.
 
8) 味岡洋一ほか : 大腸sm癌の細分類 (浸潤度分類) とその問題点. 胃と腸 29 : 1117-1125, 1994.
 
9) Kitajima K, et al : Correlations between lymph node metastasis and depth of submucosal invasion in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma : aJapanese collaborative study. J Gastroenterol 39 : 534-543, 2004.
 
10) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン2005年版医師用, 金原出版, 2005.
 
11) Okamoto Y, et al : Effect of skip lymphovascular invasion on hepatic metastasis in colorectal carcinomas. Int J Clin Oncol 2014 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
 
12) 市川一仁ほか : SM癌病理診断-今までの経緯と現状. 拡大内視鏡-極限に挑む- (工藤進英, 吉田茂昭監, 拡'大内視鏡研究会編), p188-195, 日本メディカルセンター, 2014.
 
13) 味岡洋一ほか : 「SM浸潤距離」の評価, 標準化がなされているか-評価の現状と問題点-. 大腸癌 FRONTIER 5 : 225-228, 2012.
 
14) Matsuda T, et al : Risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with pedunculated type early invasive colorectal cancer : a retrospective multicenter study. Cancer Sci 102 : 1693-1697, 2011.
PubMed
15) Kimura R, et al : Desmoplastic reaction in biopsy specimens of early colorectal cancer : a Japanese prospective multicenter study. Pathol Int 62 : 525-531, 2012.
PubMed
P.357 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約, 第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
2) 下田忠和ほか : 転移・予後因子としてのリンパ管・静脈侵襲程度の再評価. 大腸疾患NOW2010 (杉原健一ほか編), p133-141, 日本メディカルセンター, 2010.
 
3) 小嶋基寛ほか : 脈管侵襲の評価法と分類, どうあるべきか. 大腸癌Frontier 5 : 44-49, 2012.
 
4) 味岡洋一ほか : 大腸sm癌のリンパ節微小転移 (lymph node micrometastasis) と脈管侵襲. 早期大腸癌 5 : 471-477, 2001.
 
5) Mitomi H, et al : Venous invasion and down-regulation of p21 (WAF1/CIP1) are associated with metastasis in colorectal carcinomas. Hepatogastroenterology 52 : 1421-1426, 2005.
PubMed
6) Mitomi H, et al : P21WAF1/CIPl expression in colorectal carcinomas in related to Kras mutations and prognosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 : 883-889, 2007.
 
7) 三富弘之ほか : lyやvを4段階でなく, 2段階にすることの是非は? 大腸癌Frontier 2 : 131-133, 2009.
Medical*Online
8) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
9) Kitajima K, et al : Correlations between lymph node metastasis and depth of submucosal invasion in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma : a Japanese collaborative study. J Gastroenterol 39 : 534-543, 2004.
PubMed
10) 河内洋ほか : SM大腸癌における族出の意義 大腸疾患NOW2009 (武藤徹一郎監, 杉原健一ほか編), p127-132, 日本メディカルセンター, 2009.
 
P.361 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
3) 今井環 : 人体癌腫発育状況の形態学的考察. 福岡医誌 45 : 72-102, 1954.
 
4) Morodomi T, et al : An index for estimating the probability of lymph node metastasis in rectal cancers. Lymph node metastasis and the histopathology of actively invasive regions of cancer. Cancer 63 : 539-543, 1989.
PubMed
5) Hase K, et al : Prognostic value of tumor "budding" in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 36 : 627-635, 1993.
PubMed
6) Ueno H, et al : Tumour "budding" as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer. Histopathology 40 : 127-132, 2002.
PubMed
7) Ueno H, et al : Risk factors for an adverse outcome in early invasive colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127 : 385-394, 2004.
PubMed
8) Kazama S, et al : Tumour budding at the deepest invasive margin correlates with lymph node metastasis in submucosal colorectal cancer detected by anticytokeratin antibody CAM5. 2. Br J Cancer 94 : 293-298, 2006.
PubMed
9) 河内洋ほか : SM癌治療における簇出の意義. 大腸疾患, NOW2009 (武藤徹一郎監修), p127-132, 日本メディカルセンター, 2009.
 
P.365 掲載の参考文献
1) Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P : Colorectal tumour deposits in the mesorectum and pericolon ; a critical review. Histopathology 51 : 141-149, 2007.
PubMed
2) Ueno H, et al : Actual status of distribution and prognostic impact of extramural discontinuous cancer spread in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 29 : 2550-2556, 2011.
PubMed
3) Ueno H, et al : Optimal colorectal cancer staging criteria in TNM classification. J Clin Oncol 30 : 1519-1526, 2012.
PubMed
4) Ueno H, et al : Multicenter study for optimal categorization of extramural tumor deposits for colorectal cancer staging. Ann Surg 255 : 739-746, 2012.
PubMed
5) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
6) Ueno H, et al : Extramural cancer deposits without nodal structure in colorectal cancer : optimal categorization for prognostic staging. Am J Clin Pathol 127 : 287-294, 2007.
PubMed
7) Quirke P, et al : The fUture of the TNM staging system in colorecta1 cancer : time for a debate? Lancet Oncol 8 : 651-657, 2007.
PubMed
P.369 掲載の参考文献
1) Ueno H, et al : Characterization of perineural invasion as a component of colorectal cancer staging. Am J Surg Pathol 37 : 1542-1549, 2013.
PubMed
2) Seefeld PH, Bargen JA : The spread of carcinoma of the rectum : invasion of lymphatics, veins and nerves. Ann Surg 118 : 76-90, 1943.
PubMed
3) Uehara K, et al : Clinicopathological significance of microscopic abscess formation at the invasive margin of advanced low rectal cancer. Br J Surg 94 : 239-243, 2007.
PubMed
4) Weiser MR, et al : Individualized prediction of colon cancer recurrence using a Nomogram. J Clin Oncol 26 : 380-385, 2008.
PubMed
5) Shirouzu K, et al : Prognostic evaluation of perineural invasion in rectal cancer. Am J Surg 165 : 233-237, 1993.
PubMed
6) Ueno H, et al : Criteria for extramural perineural invasion as a prognostic factor in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 88 : 994-1000, 2001.
PubMed
7) Batsakis JG : Nerves and neurotropic carcinomas. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 94 : 426-427, 1985.
PubMed
8) Liebig C, et al : Perineural invasion in cancer. A review of the literature. Cancer 115 : 3379-3391, 2009.
 
9) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い・規約, 第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
10) 白水和雄ほか : 直腸癌の神経周囲侵襲に関する臨床病理学的研究-特に予後および自律神経温存術との関連性-. 日外会誌 92 : 411-418, 1991.
 
11) 上野秀樹ほか : 直腸癌における神経侵襲の予後規定因子としての意義に関する検討. 日消外会誌 27 : 2126-2134, 1994.
 
12) Quah HM, et al : Identification of patients with high-risk stage II colon cancer for adjuvant therapy. Dis Colon Rectum 51 : 503-507, 2008.
PubMed
13) Tsai HL et al : Predictive factors of early relapse in UICC stage I-III colorectal cancer patients after curative resection. J Surg Oncol 100 : 736-743, 2009.
 
14) Ceyhan GO, et al : The severity of neural invasion is a crucial prognostic factor in rectal cancer inde-pendent of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. Ann Surg 252 : 797-804, 2010.
 
P.373 掲載の参考文献
1) Catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer ; COSMIC [http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cancergenom/projects/cosmic/].
 
2) Douillard JY, et al : Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 369 (11) : 1023-1034, 2013.
PubMed
3) Peeters M, et al : Analysis of KRAS/NRAS mutations in phase 3 study 200501810f panitumumab (pmab) plus FOLFIRI versus FOLFIRI for second-line treatment (tx) of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium 2014, LBA387.
 
4) Patterson SD, et al : Comprehensive analysis of KRAS and NRAS mutations as a predictive biomarkers for single agent panitumumab (pmab) response in a randomized, phase 3 metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) study (20020408). ASCO Annual Meeting 2013, 3617.
 
5) Tejper S, et al : Effect of KRAS and NRAS mutations on treatment outcomes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated first-line with cetuximab plus FOLFOX4 : New results from the OPUS study. ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium 2014, LBA444.
 
6) Stintzing S, et al : Analysis of KRAS/NRAS and BRAF mutation in FIRE-3. ESMO 2013, LBA17.
 
7) Schwartzberg LS, et al : PEAK : a randomized, multicenter phase II study of panitumumab plus modified fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) or bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX6 in patients with previously untreated, unresectable, wild-type KRAS exon 2 metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 32 (21) : 2240-2247, 2014.
PubMed
8) 日本臨床腫瘍学会RAS遺伝子変異ガイダンス部会 (編) : 大腸がん患者におけるRAS遺伝子 (KRAS/NRAS遺伝子) 変異の測定に関するガイダンス第2版, 2014.
 
9) Kudo T, et al : Clinical validation of a novel multiplex kit for all RAS mutations in colorectal cancer : Results of RASKET (RAS KEy Testing) prospective multicenter study. ESMO 16th World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancer 2014, P-0195.
 
10) Bokemeyer C, et al : Addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy as first-line treatment for KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer : pooled analysis of the CRYSTAL and OPUS randomised clinical trials. Eur J Cancer 48 (10) : 1466-1475, 2012.
PubMed
11) Maughan TS, et al : Addition of cetuximab to oxaliplatin-based first-line combination chemotherapy for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer : results of the randomised phase 3 MRC COIN trial. Lancet 377 (9783) : 2103-2114, 2011.
PubMed
12) Seymour MT, et al : Panitumumab and irinotecan versus irinotecan alone for patients with KRAS wild-type, fluorouracil-resistant advanced colorectal cancer (PICCOLO) : a prospectively stratified randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 14 (8) : 749-759, 2013.
 
13) Di Nicolantonio F, et al : Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 (35) : 5705-5712, 2008.
 
14) Falcone A, et al : FOLFOXIRI/bevacizumab (bev) versus FOLFIRI/bev as first line treatment in unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients (pts) : Results of the phase III TRIBE trial by GONO group [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 31 (Suppl) : 3505, 2013.
 
P.378 掲載の参考文献
1) Iyer L, et al : Genetic predisposition to the metabolism of irinotecan (CPT-11). Role of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase isoform 1A1 in the glucuronidation of its active metabolite (SN-38) in human liver microsomes. J Clin Invest 101 : 847-854, 1998.
 
2) Ando Y, et al : Polymorphisms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene and irinotecan toxicity : a pharmacogenetic analysis. Cancer Res 60 : 6921-6926, 2000.
PubMed
3) Innocenti F, et al : Genetic variants in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene predict the risk of severe neutropenia of irinotecan. J Clin Oncol 22 : 1382-1388, 2004.
PubMed
4) FDA : 2004. [http://www.fda.gov/]
 
5) Araki K, et al : Pharmacogenetic impact of polymorphisms in the coding region of the UGT1A1 gene on SN-38 glucuronidation in Japanese patients with cancer. Cancer Sci 97 : 1255-1259. 2006.
PubMed
6) Hazama S, et al : UGT1A1*6, 1A7*3, and 1A9*22 genotypes predict severe neutropenia in FOLFIRI-treated metastatic colorectal cancer in two prospective studies in Japan. Cancer Sci 104 : 1662-1669, 2013.
PubMed
7) Monaghan G, et al : Genetic variation in bilirubin UPD-glucuronosyltransferase gene promoter and Gilbert's syndrome. Lancet 347 : 578-581, 1996.
PubMed
8) Han JY, et al : Comprehensive analysis of UGT1A polymorphisms predictive for pharmacokinetics and treatment outcome in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with irinotecan and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 24 : 2237-2244, 2006.
PubMed
9) Massacesi C, et al : Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 promoter polymorphism predicts the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity and fatigue induced by irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Cancer 106 : 1007-1016, 2006.
PubMed
10) Toffoli G, et al : The role of UGT1A1*28 polymorphism in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 24 : 3061-3068, 2006.
PubMed
11) Toffoli G, et al : Genotype-driven phase I study of irinotecan administered in combination with fluorouracil/leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, J Clin Oncol 28 : 866-871. 2010.
PubMed
12) Hazama S, et al : Phase I study of irinotecan and doxifluridine for metastatic colorectal cancer focusing on the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism. Cancer Sci 101 : 722-727, 2010.
PubMed
13) Kanekiyo S, et al : UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1*28 polymorphism-directed phase II study of irinotecan with 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) for metastatic colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 33 : 3423-3430, 2013.
PubMed
14) Tsunedomi R, et al : A novel system for predicting the toxicity of irinotecan based on statistical pattern recognition with UGTIA genotypes. Int J Oncol 45 : 1381-1390, 2014.
PubMed
P.384 掲載の参考文献
1) Bulow S : Results of national registration of familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut 52 (5) : 742-746, 2003.
PubMed
2) Hampel H, et al : Screening for the Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). N Engl J Med 352 (18) : 1851-1860, 2005.
PubMed
3) Lynch HT, et al : Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) and HNPCC-like families : Problems in diagnosis, surveillance, and management. Cancer 100 (1) : 53-64, 2004.
PubMed
4) Warthin AS : Hereditary with reference to carcinoma. Arch Intern Med 12 : 546-555, 1913.
 
5) Lynch HT, Krush AI : Cancer family "G" revisited : 1895-1970. Cancer 27 (6) : 1505-1511, 1971.
 
6) Lindor NM, et al : Lower cancer incidence in Amsterdam-I criteria families without mismatch repair deficiency : familial colorectal cancer type X. JAMA 293 (16) : 1979-1985, 2005.
 
7) Al-Tassan N, et al : Inherited variants of MYH associated with somatic G : C→T : Amutations in colorectal tumors. Nat Genet 30 (2) : 227-232, 2002.
 
8) Bussey HJ : Historical developments in familial polyposis coli. Semin Surg Oncol 3 (2) : 67-70, 1987.
PubMed
9) Groves CJ, et al : Duodenal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) : results of a 10 year prospective study. Gut 50 (5) : 636-641, 2002.
PubMed

VIII 大腸癌の治療

P.391 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) Tanaka S, et al : Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection : present status and future perspective, including its differentiation from endoscopic mucosal resection. J Gastroenterol 43 : 641-651, 2008.
PubMed
3) Green BL et al : Long-term follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of conventional versus laparoscopically assisted resection in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 100 (1) : 75-82, 2013.
PubMed
4) Kuhry E, et al : Long-term results of laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2) : CD003432, 2008.
PubMed
5) Yamamoto S, et al : Short-term surgical outcomes from a randomized controlled trial to evaluate laparoscopic and open D3 dissection for stage II/III colon cancer : Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG 0404. Ann Surg 260 : 23-30, 2014.
 
6) Robinson BJ, et al : Is resection of pulmonary and hepatic metastases warranted in patients with colorectal cancer? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117 : 66-76, 1999.
PubMed
7) Kato T, et al : Therapeutic results for hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer with special reference to effectiveness of hepatectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 46 (Suppl) : S22-S31, 2003.
 
8) Hirosawa T, et al : Proposal of a new prognostic staging system for pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. Surg Today, 2014. DOI 10. 1007/sOO595-014-0986-1
 
9) Adam R : Developing strategies for liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol 34 (2 Suppl 1) : S7-11, 2007,
 
10) Lam VW, et al : A systematic review of clinical response and survival outcomes of downsizing systemic chemotherapy and rescue liver surgery in patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 19 : 1292-1301, 2012.
 
11) Lembersky BC, et al : Oral uracil and tegafur plus leucovorin compared with intravenous fluorouracil and leucovorin in stage II and III carcinoma of the colon : results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol C-06. J Clin Oncol 24 : 2059-2064, 2006.
PubMed
12) Andre T, et al : Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol 27 : 3109-3116, 2009.
 
13) Falcone A, et al ; Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest : Phase III trial of infUsional fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer : the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. J Clin Oncol 25 : 1670-1676, 2007.
PubMed
14) Grothey A, et al ; CORRECT Study Group : Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT) : an international, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381 : 303-312, 2013.
 
15) Tjandra JJ, Chan MK : Follow-up after curative resection of colorectal cancer : ameta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 50 : 1783-1799, 2007.
 
P.395 掲載の参考文献
1) 田中信治ほか : 大腸ESDの適応と実際の判断. 消化器内視鏡 26 : 1321-1325, 2014.
Medical*Online
2) Tanaka S, et al : Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection : present status and future perspective, including its differentiation from endoscopic mucosal resection. J Gastroenterol 43 : 641-651, 2008 (Review).
PubMed
3) Tanaka S, et al : Warning for unprincipled colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection : Accurate diagnosis and reasonable treatment strategy. Dig Endosc 25 : 107-116, 2013.
PubMed
4) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン 医師用 2014年度版. 金原出版, 2014.
 
5) 日本消化器病学会 (編) : 大腸ポリープ診療ガイドライン2014. 南江堂, 2014.
 
6) 田中信治ほか : 大腸ESD/EMRガイドライン. Gstroenterol Endosc 56 : 1598-1617, 2014,
 
7) Tanaka S, et al : Towards safer and appropriate application of endoscopic submucosal dissection for T1 colorectal carcinoma as total excisional biopsy : Future perspectives. Dig Endosc 27 : 216-222, 2015.
PubMed
8) Tanaka S, et al : High-magnification colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 64 : 604-613, 2006.
PubMed
9) Kudo S, et al : Nonpolypoid neoplastic lesions of the colorectal mucosa. Gastrointest Endosc 68 (Suppl) : S3-47, 2008.
 
10) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約第8版. 金原出版, 2014.
 
11) Oka S, et al : Therapeutic strategy for colorectal laterally spreading tumor. Dig Endosc 21 (Suppl) : S43-46, 2009.
 
12) Tanaka S, et al : Knack and practical technique of colonoscopic treatment focused on endoscopic mucosal resection using snare. Dig Endosc 21 (Suppl) : S38-42, 2009.
 
P.401 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) National Comprehensive Cancer Network : NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology-colon cancer (version 3.2014), 2014.
 
3) Kitajima K, et al : Correlations between lymph node metastasis and depth of submucosal invasion in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma : a Japanese collaboration study. J Gastroenterol 39 : 534-543, 2004.
PubMed
4) Hase K, et al : Long-term results of curative resection of "minimally invasive" colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 38 : 19-26, 1995.
 
5) Tanaka S, et al : Endoscopic treatment of submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma with special reference to risk factors for lymph node metastasis. J Gastroenterol 30 : 710-717, 1995.
PubMed
6) Ueno H, et al : Proposed objective criteria for "grade 3" in early invasive colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 134 : 312-322, 2010.
PubMed
7) Ueno H, et al : Novel risk factors for lymph node metastasis in early invasive colorectal cancer : a multi-institution pathology review. J Gastroenterol 49 : 1314-1323, 2014.
PubMed
8) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
9) Schmoll HJ, et al : ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. a personalized approach to clinical decision making. Ann Oncol 23 : 2479-2516, 2012.
PubMed
P.406 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2005年版, 金原出版, 2005.
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
3) Ikematsu H, et al : Long-term outcomes after resection for submucosal invasive colorectal cancers. Gastroenterology 144 (3) : 551-559, 2013.
PubMed
P.410 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) Morson BC, et al : Policy of local excision for early cancer of the colorectum. Gut 18 : 1045-1050, 1977.
PubMed
3) Steele GD, et al : Sphincter-sparing treatment for dista1 rectal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 6 : 433-441, 1999.
PubMed
4) Friel CM : Local excision of T1 rectal cancer : where are we now? Dis Colon Rectum 53 : 1231-1233, 2010.
PubMed
5) National Comprehensive Cancer Network : NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2015 Rectal Cancer [http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/rectal.pdf/rectal.pdf], accessed September 23, 2014.
 
6) Ung L, et al : A systematic review of local excision combined with chemoradiotherapy for early rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 16 : 502-515, 2014.
PubMed
7) 長谷和生ほか : 長期追跡結果からみた大腸sm癌治療方針に関する検討. 日消外会誌 29 : 1013-1021, 1996.
 
8) Kitajima K, et al : Correlations between lymph node metastasis and depth of submucosal invasion in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma : a Japanese collaborative study. J Gastroenterol 39 : 534-543, 2004.
PubMed
9) Kojima M, et al : Pathological diagnostic criterion of blood and lymphatic vessel invasion in colorectal cancer : a framework for developing an objective pathological diagnostic system using the Delphi method, from the Pathology Wbrking Group of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. J Clin Pathol 66 : 551-558, 2013.
PubMed
10) Ueno H, et al : Tumor 'budding' as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer. Histopathology 40 : 127-132, 2002.
PubMed
11) Hase K, et al : Long-term results of curative resection of 'minimally invasive' colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 38 : 19-26, 1995.
 
12) Ueno H, et al : Risk factors for an adverse outcome in early invasive colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127 : 385-394, 2004.
PubMed
13) 河内洋ほか : SM癌治療における簇出の意義. 大腸疾患NOW 2009 (武藤徹一郎, 杉原健一監, 藤森孝博ほか編), p127-132, 日本メディカルセンター, 2009.
 
14) Ueno H, et al : Proposed objective criteria for "grade 3" in early invasive colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 134 : 312-322, 2010.
PubMed
15) 上野秀樹ほか : 大腸SM癌における「低分化胞巣」の意義-第75回大腸癌研究会におけるアンケート調査より. 大腸疾患, NOW 2013 (武藤徹一郎監, 杉原健一ほか編), p99-103, 日本メディカルセンター, 2013.
 
P.415 掲載の参考文献
1) Kinugasa Y, et al : Operating behind Denonvilliers今fascia for reliable preservation of urogenital autonomic nerves in total mesorectal excision : a histologic study using cadaveric specimens, including a surgical experiment using fresh cadaveric models. Dis Colon Rectum 49 : 1024-1032, 2006.
 
2) Kinugasa Y, et al : Histological identification of fascial structures posterolateral to the rectum. Br J Surg 94 : 620-626, 2007.
 
3) Kinugasa Y, Sugihara K : Topology of the fascial structures in rectal surgery : complete cancer resection and the importance for avoiding autonomic nerve injury. Seminars in Colorectal Surgery 21 : 95-101, 2010.
 
4) Kagawa H, et al : Robotic-assisted lateral lymph node dissection for lower rectal cancer : short-term outcomes in 50 consecutive patients. Surg Endosc. 2014 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print]
 
P.419 掲載の参考文献
1) Keighley MRB, Williams NS (eds) : Large bowel obstruction. In : Surgery of the Anus, Rectum & Colon, 3rd ed, p2025-2046, Saunders, London, 2008.
 
2) Cortet M, et al : Patterns of recurrence of obstructing colon cancers after surgery for cure : a population-based study. Colorectal Dis 15 (9) : 1100-1106, 2013.
 
3) Kronborg O : Acute obstruction from tumour in the left colon without spread. A randomized trial of emergency colostomy versus resection. Int J Colorectal Dis 10 : 1-5, 1995.
PubMed
4) Goyal A, Schein M : Current practices in left-sided colonic emergencies : a survey of US gastrointestinal surgeons. Dig Surg 18 : 399-402, 2001.
PubMed
5) Alcantara M, et al : Prospective, controlled, randomized study of intraoperative colonic lavage versus stent placement in obstructive left-sided colonic cancer. World J Surg 35 : 1904-1910, 2011.
PubMed
6) Hooft JEV, et al : Colonic stenting versus emergency surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction : a multicenter randomized trial. Lancet Oncol 12 (4) : 344-352, 2011.
 
7) Song LM, Baron TH : Stenting for acute malignant colonic obstruction : a bridge to nowhere? Lancet Oncol 12 (4) : 314-315, 2011.
PubMed
8) van de Verde CJ, et al : Experts reviews of the multidisciplinary consensus conference colon and rectal cancer 2012 : Science, opinions and experiences from the experts of surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 40 : 454-468, 2014.
 
9) Sabbagh C, et al : Does use of a metallic colon stent as a bridge to surgery modify the pathology data in patients with colonic obstruction? A case-matched study. Surg Endosc 27 : 3622-3631, 2013.
PubMed
10) Sabbagh C, et al : Is stenting as "a bridge of surgery" an oncologically safe strategy for the management of acute, left-sided, malignant, colonic obstruction? A comparative study with a propensity score analysis. Ann Surg 258 : 107-115, 2013.
PubMed
11) 大辻絢子ほか : 大腸ステントRTS症例における大腸閉塞スコアCROSSの有用性の検討. Progress of Digestive Endoscopy 82 (1) : 68-71, 2013.
 
12) Saida Y, et al : Long-term prognosis of preoperative "bridge to surgery" expandable metallic stent insertion for obstructive colorectal cancer : comparison with emergency operation. Dis Col Rectum 46 (10 Suppl) : S44-49, 2003.
 
13) Ansaloni L, et al : Guidelines in the management of obstructing cancer of the left colon : consensus conference of the world society of emergency surgery (WSES) and peritoneum and surgery (PnS) society. World J Emerg Surg 5 : 29, 2010.
PubMed
14) Lee WS, et al : The outcome after stent placement or surgery as the initial treatment for obstructive primary tumor in patients with stage IV colon cancer. Am J Surg 203 : 715-719, 2012.
 
P.423 掲載の参考文献
1) Kishi Y, et al : Three hundred and one consecutive extended right hepatectomies : evaluation of outcome based on systematic liver volumetry. Ann Surg 250 : 540-548, 2009.
PubMed
2) Giraudo G, et al : Preoperative contralateral portal vein embolization before major hepatic resection is a safe and efficient procedure : a large single institution experience. Surgery 143 : 476-482, 2008.
PubMed
3) Clavien PA, et al : Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 356 : 1545-1559, 2007.
PubMed
4) Ribero D, et al : Portal vein embolization before major hepatectomy and its effects on regeneration, resectability and outcome. Br J Surg 94 : 1386-1394, 2007.
PubMed
5) Yamamoto J, et al : Pathologic support for limited hepatectomy in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 221 : 74-78, 1995.
PubMed
6) Kokudo N, et al : Anatomical major resection versus nonanatomical limited resection for liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Am J Surg 181 : 153-159, 2001.
PubMed
7) Cady B, et al : Surgical margin in hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis : a critical and improvable determinant of outcome. Ann Surg 227 : 566-571, 1998.
PubMed
8) Shirabe K, et al : Analysis of prognostic risk factors in hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma with special reference to surgical margin. Br J Surg 84 : 1077-1080, 1997.
PubMed
9) Wakai T, et al : Appraisal of 1 cm hepatectomy margins for intrahepatic micrometastases in patients with colorectal carcinoma liver metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 15 : 2472-2481, 2008.
PubMed
10) Pawlik TM, et al : Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recurrence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg 241 (5) : 715-722, 2005.
PubMed
11) Yamamoto J, et al : Factors influencing survival of patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal metastases. Br J Surg 86 : 332-337, 1999.
PubMed
12) Gold JS, et al : Increased use of parenchymal-sparing surgery for bilateral liver metastases from colorectal cancer is associated with improved mortality without change in oncologic outcome : trends in treatment over time in 440 patients. Ann Surg 247 : 109-117, 2008.
PubMed
13) Kokudo N, et al : Genetic and histological assessment of surgical margins in resected liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma : minimum surgical margins for successful resection. Arch Surg 137 : 833-840, 2002.
PubMed
14) Wakai T, et al : Histologic evaluation of intrahepatic micrometastases in patients treated with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal carcinoma liver metastasis. Int J Clin Pathol 5 : 308-314, 2012.
PubMed
15) deHaas RJ, et al : R1 resection by necessity for colorectal liver metastases : is it still a contraindication to surgery? Ann Surg 248 : 626-637, 2008.
 
16) Murata S, et al : Resection of both hepatic and pulmonary metastases in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 83 : 1086-1093, 1998.
PubMed
17) Kobayashi K, et al : Surgical treatment for both pulmonary and hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 118 : 1090-1096, 1999.
PubMed
18) Carpizo DR, et al : Liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer in patients with concurrenct extrahepatic disease : results in 127 patients treated at a single center, Ann Surg Oncol 16 : 2138-2146, 2009.
 
19) Martin RC 2nd, et al : Simultaneous versus staged resection for synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Am Coll Surg 208 : 842-852, 2009.
PubMed
20) Brouquet A, et al : Surgical strategies for synchronous colorectal liver metastases in 156 consecutive patients : classic, combined or reverse strategy? J Am Coll Surg 210 : 934-941, 2010.
PubMed
21) Mayo SC, et al : Surgical management of patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastasis : a multicenter international analysis. J Am Coll Surg 216 : 707-718, 2013.
PubMed
22) de Jong MC, et al : The liver-first approach for synchronous colorectal liver metastasis : a 5-year single-centre experience. HPB (Oxford) 13 : 745-752, 2011.
PubMed
23) Verhoef C, et al : The "liver-first approach" for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases. Dis Colon Rectum 52 : 23-30, 2009.
PubMed
24) Nordlinger B, et al : Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. A prognostic scoring system to improve case selection, based on 1568 patients. Association Francaise de Chirurgie. Cancer 77 : 1254-1262, 1996.
 
25) Fong Y, et al : Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer : analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 230 : 309-318, 1999.
PubMed
26) Beppu T, et al : A nomogram predicting disease-free survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with hepatic resection : multicenter data collection as a Project Study for Hepatic Surgery of the Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 19 : 72-84, 2012.
 
27) Ueno H, et al : Histologic categorization of fibrotic cancer stroma in the primary tumor is an independent prognostic index in resectable colorectal liver metastasis. Am J Surg Pathol 38 : 1380-1386, 2014.
PubMed
28) Bismuth H, et al : Resection of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg 224 : 509-520, 1996.
PubMed
29) Adam R, et al : Tumor progression while on chemotherapy : a contraindication to liver resection for multiple colorectal metastases? Ann Surg 240 : 1052-1064, 2004.
PubMed
30) Makuuchi M, et al : Preoperative portal embolization to increase safety of major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct carcinoma : a preliminary report. Surgery 107 : 521-527, 1990.
PubMed
31) Jaeck D, et al : A two-stage hepatectomy procedure combined with portal vein embolization to achieve curative resection for initially unresectable multiple and bilobar colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 240 : 1037-1049, 2004.
PubMed
32) Shindoh J, et al : Portal vein embolization improves rate of resection of extensive colorectal liver metastases without worsening survival. Br J Surg 100 (13) : 1777-1783, 2013.
PubMed
33) Schnitzbauer AA, et al : Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg 255 : 405-414, 2012.
 
34) Schadde E, et al : Early Survival and Safety of ALPPS : First Report of the International ALPPS Registry. Ann Surg 260 : 829-838, 2014.
PubMed
P.430 掲載の参考文献
1) Wong SL, et al : American Society of Clinical Oncology 2009 clinical evidence review on radiofrequency ablation of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 28 : 493-508, 2010.
 
2) Mulier S, et al : Radiofrequency ablation versus resection for resectable colorectal liver metastases : time for a randomized trial? An update. Dig Surg 25 : 445-460, 2008.
PubMed
3) Adam R, et al : Concomitant extrahepatic disease in patients with colorectal liver metastases : when is there a place for surgery? Ann Surg 211 : 349-359, 2011.
 
4) Beppu T, et al : A nomogram predicting disease-free survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with hepatic resection : multicenter data collection as a Project Study for Hepatic Surgery of the Japanese Society of Hepato -Biliary -Pancreatic Surgery. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 19 : 72-84, 2012.
 
5) Oba M, et al : Discrepancy between recurrence-free survival and overall survival in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastases : a potential surrogate endpoint for time to surgical failure. Ann Surg Oncol 21 (6) : 1817-1824, 2014.
PubMed
6) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
7) Abdalla EK, et al : Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 239 : 818-825, 2004.
PubMed
8) Abitabile P, et al : Radiofrequency ablation permits an effective treatment for colorectal liver metastasis. Eur J Surg Oncol 33 : 67-71, 2007.
PubMed
9) Livraghi T, et al : Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases in potential candidates for resection : the "test-of-time" approach. Cancer 97 : 3027-3036, 2003.
PubMed
10) Berber E, et al : Resection versus laparoscopic radiofrequency thermal ablation of solitary colorectal liver metastasis. J Gastrointest Surg 12 : 1967-1972, 2008.
PubMed
11) Liu CH, et al : Radiofrequency ablation of hepatic metastases : factors influencing local tumor progression. Ann Surg Oncol 21 : 3090 -3095, 2014.
 
12) Veltri A, et al : Radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases : small size favorably predicts technique effectiveness and survival. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 31 : 948-956, 2008.
PubMed
13) Ruers T, et al : Radiofrequency ablation combined with systemic treatment versus systemic treatment alone in patients with non-resectable colorectal liver metastases : a randomized EORTC Intergroup phase II study (EORTC 40004). Ann Oncol 23 : 2619-2626, 2012.
PubMed
14) Kawaguchi Y, et al : Surgical resection for local recurrence after radiofrequency ablation for colorectal liver metastasis is more extensive than primary resection. Scand J Gastroenterol 49 : 569-575, 2014.
PubMed
P.434 掲載の参考文献
1) Thomford NR, et al : The Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Tumors in the Lungs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 49 : 357-363, 1965.
PubMed
2) Tanaka Y, et al : The optimal timing to resect pulmonary metastasis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 33 : 1135-1138, 2008.
PubMed
3) Blalock A : Recent Advances in Surgery. N Engl J Med 231 : 261-267, 1944.
 
4) Cerfolio RJ, et al : Non-imaged pulmonary nodules discovered during thoracotomy for metastasectomy by lung palpation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 35 : 786-791, 2009.
PubMed
5) Eckardt J, Licht PB : Thoracoscopic versus open pulmonary metastasectomy : a prospective, sequentially controlled study. Chest 142 : 1598-1602. 2012.
PubMed
6) Shiono S, et al : Predictive factors for local recurrence of resected colorectal lung metastases. Ann Thorac Surg 80 : 1040-1045, 2005.
PubMed
7) Okumura S, et al : Pulmonary resection for metastatic colorectal cancer : experiences with 159 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 : 867-874, 1996.
PubMed
8) Welter S, et al : Long-term survival after repeated resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 84 : 203-210, 2007.
PubMed
9) Kim AW, et al : Repeat pulmonary resection for metachronous colorectal carcinoma is beneficial. Surgery 144 : 712-717, 2008.
PubMed
10) Grunenwald D, et al : Completion pneumonectomy for lung metastases : is it justified? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 12 : 694-697, 1997.
PubMed
11) Pastorino U, et al : Long-term results of lung metastasectomy : prognostic analyses based on 5206 cases. The International Registry of Lung Metastases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 113 : 37-49, 1997.
PubMed
12) Pfannschmidt J, et al : Prognostic factors and survival after complete resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma : experiences in 167 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126 : 732-739, 2003.
PubMed
13) Onaitis MW, et al : Prognostic factors for recurrence after pulmonary resection of colorectal cancer metastases. Ann Thorac Surg 87 : 1684-1688, 2009.
PubMed
14) Hishida T, et al : Surgical outcome for pulmonary metastasis of colorectal cancer in the modern chemotherapy era : Results of a retrospective Japanese multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 32 (Suppl) : 3528, 2014.
 
15) 馬庭知弘, 近藤晴彦 : '大腸癌肺転移に対する手術治療 (手術適応). 日本臨牀 69 (3) : 400-404, 2011.
 
P.440 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, p54-55, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約 (第7版), 金原出版, 2006.
 
3) Kobayashi H, et al : Outcomes of surgery without HIPEC for synchronous peritoneal metastasis from colorectal cancer : data from a multi-center registry. Int J Clin Oncol 19 (1) : 98-105, 2014.
 
4) Franko J, et al : Treatment of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis with systemic chemotherapy : a pooled analysis of north central cancer treatment group phase III trials N9741 and N9841. J Clin Oncol 30 : 263-267, 2012.
PubMed
5) Klaver YL, et al : Addition of biological therapies to palliative chemotherapy prolongs survival in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin. Am J Clin Oncol 36 (2) : 157-161, 2013.
PubMed
6) Moran BJ, Cecil TD : The etiology, clinical presentation, and management of pseudomyxoma peritonei. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 12 (3) : 585-603, 2003.
PubMed
7) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence : Cytoreduction surgery followed by hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis IPG 331 (Feb 2010). [http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ip9331] .
 
8) Sugarbaker PH, Ryan DP : Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy to treat peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer : standard of care or an experimental approach? Lancet Oncol 13 (8) : 362-369, 2012.
PubMed
9) Esquivel J, et al : Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal surface malignancies of colonic origin : a consensus statement. Ann Surg Oncol 14 : 128-133, 2007.
PubMed
10) Elias D, et al : Results of systematic second-look surgery plus HIPEC in asymptomatic patients presenting a high risk of developing colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis. Ann Surg 254 (2) : 289-293, 2011.
PubMed
11) Sugarbaker PH : Update on the prevention of local recurrence and peritoneal metastases in patients with colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 20 : 9286-9291, 2014.
PubMed
P.444 掲載の参考文献
1) Valentini V, et al ; Study Group for Therapies of Rectal Malignancies (STORM) : Preoperative hyperfractionated chemoradiation for locally recurrent rectal cancer in patients previously irradiated to the pelvis : A multicentric phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64 (4) : 1129-1139, 2006.
 
2) Kusters M, et al : Radicality of resection and survival after multimodality treatment is influenced by subsite of locally recurrent rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75 (5) : 1444-1449, 2009.
PubMed
3) Moriya Y, et al : Total pelvic exenteration with distal sacrectomy for fixed recurrent rectal cancer in the pelvis. Dis Colon Rectum 47 : 2047-2054, 2004.
PubMed
4) Cheng C, et al : Is there a role for curative surgery for pelvic recurrence from rectal carcinoma in the presence of hydronephrosis? Am J Surg 182 : 274-277, 2001.
 
5) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2009年版, 金原出版, 2009.
 
6) Kanemitsu Y, et al : Prediction of residual disease or distant metastasis after resection of locally recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 53 (5) : 779-789, 2010.
 
7) Larsen SG, et al : Hydronephrosis as a prognostic factor in pelvic recurrence from rectal and colon carcinomas. Am J Surg 190 (1) : 55-60, 2005.
PubMed
8) Wanebo HJ, et al : Pelvic resection of recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 42 : 1438-1448, 1999.
PubMed
9) Maetani S, et al : Significance of local recurrence of rectal cancer as a local or disseminated disease. Br J Surg 85 : 521-525, 1998.
 
10) 関本貢嗣ほか : 直腸癌局所再発の外科治療. 外科治療 95 (1) : 52-60, 2006.
Medical*Online
11) 関本貢嗣ほか : 直腸癌局所再発に対する拡大手術の適応と成績. 消化器外科 39 (1) : 45-55, 2006.
 
12) Milani V, et al : Radiochemotherapy in combination with regional hyperthermia in preirradiated patients with recurrent rectal cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 184 (3) : 163-168, 2008.
PubMed
13) Suzuki K et al : Intraoperative irradiation after palliative surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Cancer 75 (4) : 939-952, 1995.
PubMed
14) Tschmelitsch J, et al : Survival after surgical treatment of recurrent carcinoma of the rectum. J Am Coll Surg 170 : 54-58, 1994.
 
15) Miner TJ, et al : Symptom control in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 10 (1) : 72-79, 2003.
PubMed
P.449 掲載の参考文献
1) Jacobs M, et al : Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy). Surg Laparosc Endosc 1 : 144-150, 1991.
PubMed
2) Lacy AM, et al : The long-term results of a randomized clinical trial of laparoscopy-assisted versus open surgery for colon cancer. Ann Surg 248 : 1-7, 2008.
 
3) Fleshman J, et al : Laparoscopic colectomy for cancer is not inferior to open surgery based on 5-year data from the COST Study Group trial. Ann Surg 246 : 655-662, 2007.
 
4) Colon Cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection Study Group, et al : Survival after laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer : long-term outcome of a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Oncol 10 : 44-52, 2009.
 
5) Green BL et al : Long-term follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of conventional versus laparoscopically assisted resection in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 100 : 75-82, 2013.
PubMed
6) Kuhry E, et al : Long-term results of laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 16 : CD003432, 2008.
PubMed
7) Yamamoto S, et al : Short-term surgical outcomes from a randomized controlled trial to evaluate laparoscopic and open D3 dissection for stage II/III colon cancer : Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG 0404. Ann Surg 260 : 23-30, 2014.
 
8) Jeong SY, et al : Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid-rectal or low-rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN trial) : survival outcomes of an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 15 : 767-774, 2014.
 
9) Yamamoto S, et al : Laparoscopic surgery for stage 0/I rectal carcinoma : short-term outcomes of a single-arm phase II trial. Ann Surg 258 : 283-288, 2013.
 
10) Park JS, et al : Laparoscopic versus open intersphincteric resection and coloanal anastomosis for low rectal cancer. Ann Surg 254 : 941-946, 2011.
PubMed
11) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
12) 日本内視鏡外科学会 : 内視鏡外科手術に関するアンケート調査-第12回集計結果報告-. 日鏡外会誌 19 : 495-640, 2014.
 
13) 今野弘之ほか : National Clinical Database (消化器外科領域) Annual Report 2011-2012. 日消外会誌 46 : 952-963, 2013.
 
14) Bardakcioglu O, et al : Growth of laparoscopic colectomy in the United States : analysis of regional and socioeconomic factors over time. Ann Surg 258 : 270-274, 2013.
PubMed
15) Taylor EF, et al : Population-based study of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery 2006-2008. Br J Surg 100 : 553-560, 2013.
PubMed
P.453 掲載の参考文献
1) Parra-Davila E, Ramamoorthy S : Lap colectomy and robotics for colon cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 22 : 143-151, vii, 2013.
PubMed
2) Heemskerk J. et al : Learning curves of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic surgery : an experimental study evaluating skill acquisition of robot-assisted laparoscopic tasks compared with conventional laparoscopic tasks in inexperienced users. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 17 : 171-174, 2007.
PubMed
3) Berguer R, Smith W : An ergonomic comparison of robotic and laparoscopic technique : the influence of surgeon experience and task complexity. J Surg Res 134 : 87-92, 2006.
PubMed
4) Baik SH, et al : Robotic versus laparoscopic low anterior resection of rectal cancer : short-term outcome of a prospective comparative study. Ann Surg Oncol 16 : 1480-1487, 2009.
PubMed
5) Weber PA, et al : Telerobotic-assisted laparoscopic right and sigmoid colectomies for benign disease. Dis Colon Rectum 45 : 1689-1694 ; discussion 1695-1696, 2002.
 
6) Papanikolaou IG : Robotic surgery for colorectal cancer : systematic review of the literature. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 24 : 478-483, 2014.
PubMed
7) Liao G, et al : Robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic colorectal surgery : a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials. World J Surg Oncol 12 : 122, 2014.
PubMed
8) Mak TW, et al : Robotic surgery for rectal cancer : A systematic review of current practice. World J Gastrointest Oncol 6 : 184-193, 2014.
PubMed
9) Kang J, et al : The impact of robotic surgery for mid and low rectal cancer : a case-matched analysis of a 3-arm comparison-open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgery. Ann Surg 257 : 95-101, 2013.
PubMed
10) Collinson FJ, et al : An international, multicentre, prospective, randomised, controlled, unblinded, parallel-group trial of robotic-assisted versus standard laparoscopic surgery for the curative treatment of rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 27 : 233-241, 2012.
PubMed
11) Hompes R, et al : Robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery for local excision of rectal neoplasms. Br J Surg 101 : 578-581, 2014.
PubMed
12) Atallah S, et al : Robotic transanal total mesorectal excision : a pilot study. Tech Coloproctol 18 : 1047-1053, 2014.
PubMed
13) Atallah S, et al : Robotic-assisted transanal surgery for total mesorectal excision (RATS-TME) : a description of a novel surgical approach with video demonstration. Tech Coloproctol 17 : 441-447, 2013.
PubMed
14) Demura Y, et al : Transrectal robotic natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) applied to intestinal anastomosis in a porcine intestine model. Surg Endosc 27 : 4693-4701, 2013.
 
P.459 掲載の参考文献
1) 人口推計, 総務省統計局, 2013. [http://www.stat.gojp/data/topics/topi721.htm]
 
2) 固武健二郎ほか : 大腸癌登録データから見た高齢者大腸癌の臨床病理学的特徴 第81回大腸癌研究会, 2014.
 
3) Goi T, et al : Clinicopathological analysis of colorectal cancers in the elderly. Int Surg 94 : 189-195, 2009.
PubMed
4) Performance Status, Common Toxicity Criteria, Version 2.0 Publish Date April 30, 1999. [http://ctep.info.nih.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcv20_4-30-992.pdf]
 
5) Copeland GP, et al : POSSUM : a scoring system for surgical audit. Br J Surg 78 : 355-360, 1991.
PubMed
6) Haga Y, et al : Evaluation of an Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress (E-PASS) scoring system to predict postoperative risk : a multicenter prospective study. Surg Today 31 : 569-574, 2001.
 
7) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2010.
 
8) 山口明夫ほか : 結腸切除術. 卒後5年でマスターする消化器標準手術, p142-152, メジカルビュー社, 2006.
 
P.463 掲載の参考文献
1) Wolmark N, et al : The benefit of leucovorin-modulated fluorouracil as postoperative adjuvant therapy for primary colon cancer : results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project protocol C-03. J Clin Oncol 11 : 1879-1887, 1993.
PubMed
2) Andre T, et al : Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 350 : 2343-2351, 2004.
PubMed
3) Kuebler JP, et al : Oxaliplatin combined with weekly bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin as surgical adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer : results from NSABP C-07. J Clin Oncol 25 : 2198-2204, 2007.
PubMed
4) NCCN [http://www.nccn.org/]
 
5) Sakamoto J, et al : Adjuvant therapy with oral fluoropyrimidine as main chemotherapeutic agents after curative resection for colorectal cancer. Individual patients data meta-analysis of randomized trial. Jpn J Clin Oncol 29 : 78-86, 1999.
PubMed
6) Meta-Analysis Group of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum and the Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer : Efficacy of oral adjuvant therapy after resection of colorectal cancer : 5-year result from three randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 22 : 484-492, 2004.
PubMed
7) Akasu T, et al : Adjuvant chemotherapy with uracil-tegafur for pathological stage III rectal cancer after mesorectal excision with selective lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy : a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Jpn J Clin Oncol 36 : 237-244, 2006.
PubMed
8) Shimada Y, et al : Randomised phase III trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with oral uracil and tegafur plus leucovorin versus intravenous fluorouracil and levofolinate in patients with stage III colorectal cancer who have undergone Japanese D2/D3 lymph node dissection : final results of JCOG0205. Eur J Cancer 50 : 2231-2240, 2014.
PubMed
9) Haller DG, et al : Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 29 : 1465-1471, 2011.
PubMed
10) Yoshida M, et al : S-1 as adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer : a randomized phase III study (ACTS-CC trial). Ann Oncol 25 : 1743-1749, 2014.
 
11) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
12) Hohenberger W, et al : Standardized surgery for colonic cancer : complete mesocolic excision and central ligation-technical notes and outcome. Colorectal Dis 11 : 354-365, 2009.
PubMed
13) Ratto C, et al : Accurate lymph-node detection in colorectal specimens resected for cancer is of prognostic significance. Dis Colon Rectum 42 : 143-158, 1999.
PubMed
14) Baxter NN, et al : Lymph node evaluation in colorectal cancer patients : a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 : 219-225, 2005.
PubMed
15) Tournigand C, et al : Adjuvant therapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in stage II and elderly patients (between ages 70 and 75 years) with colon cancer : subgroup analyses of the Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer trial. J Clin Oncol 30 : 3353-3360, 2012.
 
16) Mochizuki I, et al : Safety of UFT/LV and S-1 as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer in phase III trial : ACTS-CC trial. Br J Cancer 106 : 1268-1273, 2012.
PubMed
17) Ishiguro M, et al : Efficacy and safety in elderly patients on adjuvant therapy with UFT+LV or S-1 for stage III colon cancer : ACTS-CC trial (TRICC0706). European Cancer Congress 2013, Abstract P244.
 
P.468 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) 安野正道 : 切除可能肝転移に対する術前化学療法+肝切除,いわゆるneoadjuvant chemotherapy戦略. 大腸癌Frontier 3 : 47-51, 2010.
Medical*Online
3) Power DG, Kemeny NE : Role of adjuvant therapy after resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 28 : 2300-2309, 2010.
PubMed
4) 森武生ほか : 大腸癌肝転移に対する肝切除後の残肝再発予防としての肝動注療法. 消化器外科 24 : 313-319, 2001.
 
5) Kanemitsu K et al : A randomized phase II/III trial comparing hepatectomy followed by mFOLFOX6 with hepatectomy alone as treatment for liver metastasis from colorectal cancer : Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0603. JPp J Clin Oncol 39 : 406-409, 2009.
 
6) Nordlinger B, et al : Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983) : a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 371 : 1007-1016, 2008.
PubMed
7) Nordlinger B, et al : Perioperative FOLFOX4 chemotherapy and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC 40983) : long-term results of a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14 : 1208-1215, 2013.
PubMed
8) Primrose J, et al : Systemic chemotherapy with or without cetuximab in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastasis : the New EPOC randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 15 : 601-611, 2014.
 
9) Kobayashi A, et al : A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Efficacy of Adjuvant Oral Uracil-tegafur (UFT) with Leucovorin (LV) after Resection of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases : The UFT/LV Study. 2014 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology(R) : abst 3584, 2014.
 
10) 大植雅之ほか : 肺転移を伴うstage IV大腸癌の治療方針. 外科治療 96 : 992-998, 2007.
 
11) 金光幸秀ほか : 大腸癌肺転移に対する治療の現況-第55回大腸癌研究会アンケート結果-. 日本大腸肛門病会誌 57 : 121-131, 2004.
 
12) Hirosawa T, et al : Prognostic factors in patients undergoing complete resection of pulmonary metastases of colorectal cancer : a multi-institutional cumulative follow-up study. Surg Today 43 : 494-499, 2013.
PubMed
13) Elias D, et al : Complete cytoredictive surgery plus intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia with oxaliplatin for peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin. J Clin Oncol 27 : 681-685, 2009,
PubMed
14) Noura S, et al : Effects of intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mitomycin C on the prevention of peritoneal recurrcncc in colorectal cancer patients with positive peritoneal lavage cytology findings. Ann Surg Oncol 18 : 396-404, 2011.
PubMed
15) Kopetz S, et al : Improved survival in metastatic colorectal cancer is associated with adoption of hepatic resection and improved chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 27 : 3677-3683, 2009.
 
P.472 掲載の参考文献
1) FOxTROT Collaborative Group : Feasibility of preoperative chemotherapy for locally advanced, operable colon cancer : the pilot phase of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 13 : 1152-1160, 2012.
PubMed
2) Venook AP, et al : Biologic determinants of tumor recurrence in stage II colon cancer : Validation study of the 12-gene recurrence score in cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) 9581. J Clin Oncol 31 : 1775-1781, 2013.
 
3) Maak M, et al : Independent validation of a prognostic genomic signature (ColoPrint) for patients with stage II colon cancer. Ann Surg 257 : 1053-1058, 2013.
PubMed
4) Agesen TH, et al : ColoGuideEx : a robust gene classifier specific for stage II colorectal cancer prognosis. Gut 61 : 1560-1567, 2012.
PubMed
5) Arredondo J, et al : Preliminary outcome of a treatment strategy based on perioperative chemotherapy and surgery in patients with locally advanced colon cancer. Colorectal Dis 15 : 552-557, 2013.
 
6) Arredondo J, et al : Tumor response assessment in locally advanced colon cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Gastrointest Oncol 5 : 104-111, 2014.
PubMed
7) Jakobsen AKM, et al : A marker-driven phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced colon cancer. 2014 ASCO Annual Meeting (Abst 3621). J Clin Oncol 32 : 5s, 2014.
 
8) van Hooft JE, et al : Colonic stenting versus emergency surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction : a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 12 : 344-352, 2011.
PubMed
9) Kavanagh DO, et al : A comparative study of short-and medium-term outcomes comparing emergent surgery and stenting as a bridge to surgery in patients with acute malignant colonic obstruction. Dis Colon Rectum 56 : 433-440, 2013.
 
10) Tan CJ, et al : Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of self-expanding metallic stents as a bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery for malignant left-sided large bowel obstruction. Br J Surg 99 : 469-476, 2012.
PubMed
11) Matsuda A, et al : Comparison of long-term outcomes of colonic stent as "bridge to surgery" and emergency surgery for malignant large-bowel obstruction : a meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 22 : 497-504, 2015.
PubMed
12) Choi JM, et al : Long-term oncologic outcomes of endoscopic stenting as a bridge to surgery for malignant colonic obstruction : comparison with emergency surgery. Surg Endosc 28 : 2649-2655, 2014.
PubMed
P.479 掲載の参考文献
1) Nordlinger B, et al : Combination of surgery and chemotherapy and the role of targeted agents in the treatment of patients with colorectal liver metastases : recommendations from an expert panel. Ann Oncol 20 : 985-992, 2009.
 
2) Nordlinger B, et al : Perioperative FOLFOX4 chemotherapy and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC 40983) : long-term results of a randomized, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14 : 1208-1215, 2013.
PubMed
3) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
4) Portier G, et al : Multicenter randomized trial of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid compared with surgery alone after resection of colorectal liver metastases : FFCD ACHBTH AURC 9002 trial. J Clin Oncol 24 : 4976-4982, 2006.
 
5) Mitry E, et al : Adjuvant chemotherapy after potentially curative resection of metastases from colorectal cancer : a pooled analysis of two randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 26 : 4906-4911, 2008.
PubMed
6) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取り扱い規約, 第8版, 金原出版, 2013.
 
7) Kato T, et al : Therapeutic results for hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer with special reference to effectiveness of hepatectomy ; Analysis of prognostic factors for 763 cases recorded at 18 institutions. Dis Colon Rectum 46 : S22-3L 2003.
PubMed
8) Vauthey JN, et al : Chemotherapy regimen predicts steatohepatitis and an increase in 90-day mortality after surgery for hepatic colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 24 : 2065-2072, 2006.
 
9) Benoist S, et al : Complete response of colorectal liver metastases after chemotherapy : does it mean cure? J Clin Oncol 24 : 3939-3945, 2006.
 
10) Elias D, et al : Outcome of posthepatectomy-missing colorectal liver metastases after complete response to chemotherapy : impact of adjuvant intra-arterial hepatic oxaliplatin. Ann Surg Oncol 14 : 3188-3194, 2007.
PubMed
11) Folprecht G, et al : Neoadjuvant treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases : correlation between tumour response and resection rates. Ann Oncol 16 : 1311-1319, 2005.
PubMed
12) Tournigand C, et al : FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer : a randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol 22 : 229-237, 2003.
 
13) Saltz LB, et al : Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer : a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 26 : 2013-2019, 2006.
 
14) Wong R, et al : A multicentre study of capecitabine, oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab as perioperative treatment of patients with poor-risk colorectal liver-only metastases not selected for upfront resection. Ann Oncol 22 : 2042-2048, 2011.
 
15) Van Cutsem E, et al : Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 360 : 1408-1417, 2009.
PubMed
16) Douillard JY, et al : Final results from PRIME : randomized phase III study of panitumumab with FOLFOX4 for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 25 : 1346-1355, 2014.
PubMed
17) Klinger M, et al : Bevacizumab improves pathological response of colorectal cancer liver metastases treated with XELOX/FOLFOX. Ann Surg Oncol 17 : 2059-2065, 2010.
PubMed
18) Ribero D : Bevacizumab improves pathologic response and protects against hepatic injury in patients treated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases. Cancer 110 : 2761-2767, 2007.
PubMed
19) Primrose J, et al : Systemic chemotherapy with or without cetuximab in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastasis : the New EPOC randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 15 : 601-611, 2014.
 
20) de Gramont A, et al : Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 18 : 2938-2947. 2000.
 
21) Kishi Y, et al : Extended preoperative chemotherapy does not improve pathologic response and increases postoperative liver insufficiency after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 17 : 2870-2876, 2010.
PubMed
P.484 掲載の参考文献
1) Schmoll HJ, et al : ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. a personalized approach to clinical decision making. Ann Oncol 23 (10) : 2479-2516, 2012.
PubMed
2) Adam R, et al : Patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases : is there a possibility of cure? J Clin Oncol 27 (11) : 1829-1835, 2009.
 
3) Falcone A, et al : Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer : the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. J Clin Oncol 25 (13) : 1670-1676, 2007.
PubMed
4) Cassidy J, et al : Randomized phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 (12) : 2006-2012, 2008.
PubMed
5) Okines A, et al : Surgery with curative-intent in patients treated with first-line chemotherapy plus bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer First BEAT and the randomised phase-III NO16966 trial. Br J Cancer 101 (7) : 1033-1038, 2009.
PubMed
6) Van Cutsem E, et al : Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 360 (14) : 1408-1417, 2009.
PubMed
7) Seymour MT, et al : Different strategies of sequential and combination chemotherapy for patients with poor prognosis advanced colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS) : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370 (9582) : 143-152, 2007.
PubMed
8) Koopman M, et al : Sequential versus combination chemotherapy with capecitabine, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal cancer (CAIRO) : a phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370 (9582) : 135-142, 2007.
 
9) Ducreux M, et al : Sequential versus combination chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (FFCD 2000-05) : an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 12 (11) : 1032-1044, 2011.
PubMed
10) Price TJ, et al : Impact of KRAS and BRAF Gene Mutation Status on Outcomes From the Phase III AGITG MAX Trial of Capecitabine Alone or in Combination With Bevacizumab and Mitomycin in Advanced Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol 29 (19) : 2675-2682, 2011.
PubMed
11) Voskoboynik M, et al : An initial watch and wait approach is a valid strategy for selected patients with newly diagnosed metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 23 (10) : 2633-2637, 2012.
PubMed
12) Fleming GF, et al : Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of 24-hour infusion 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with organ dysfunction. Ann Oncol 14 (7) : 1142-1147, 2003.
PubMed
13) Synold TW, et al : Dose-escalating and pharmacologic study of oxaliplatin in adult cancer patients with impaired hepatic function : a National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group study. Clin Cancer Res 13 (12) : 3660-3666, 2007.
 
14) Yamada Y, et al : Leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab versus S-1 and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (SOFT) : an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14 (13) : 1278-1286, 2013.
PubMed
P.489 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) National Comprehensive Cancer Network : NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. [http://www.nccn.org/index.asp]
 
3) Falcone A, et al : Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil. leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as firstline treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer : the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. J Clin Oncol 25 : 1670-1676, 2007.
PubMed
4) Heinemann V, et al : FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3) : arandomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 15 : 1065-1075, 2014.
PubMed
5) Venook AP, et al : CALGB/SWOG 80405 : Phase III trial of irinotecan/5-FU/leucovorin (FOLFIRI) or oxaliplatin/5-FU/leucovorin (mFOLFOX6) with bevacizumab (BV) or cetuximab (CET) for patients (pts) with KRAS wild-type (wt) untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum (MCRC). J Clin Oncol 32 : 5s (suppl : abstr LBA3), 2014.
 
6) Tournigand C, et al : FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer : a randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol 22 : 229-237, 2004.
 
7) Bennouna J, et al : Continuation of bevacizumab after first progression in metastatic colorectal cancer (ML18147) : a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14 : 29-37, 2013.
PubMed
8) Sobrero AF, et al : EPIC : phase III trial of cetuximab plus irinotecan after fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 2311-2319, 2008.
PubMed
9) Cunningham D, et al : Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351 : 337-345, 2004.
PubMed
10) Amado RG, et al : Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 1626-1634, 2008.
PubMed
11) Karapetis CS, et al : K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 359 : 1757-1765, 2008.
PubMed
12) Douillard JY, et al : Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 369 : 1023-1034, 2013.
PubMed
13) Chen HX, et al : Phase II multicenter trial of bevacizumab plus fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with advanced refractory colorectal cancer : an NCI Treatment Referral Center Trial TRC-0301. J Clin Oncol 24 : 3354-3360, 2006.
 
14) Grothey A, et al : Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT) : an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381 : 303-312, 2013.
PubMed
Yoshino T, et al : TAS-102 monotherapy for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer : a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 13 : 993-1001, 2012
PubMed
P.498 掲載の参考文献
1) Hurwitz H, et al : Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 350 (23) : 2335-2342, 2004.
PubMed
2) Saltz LB, et al : Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer : a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 26 (12) : 2013-2019, 2008.
PubMed
3) Jonker DJ, et al : Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 357 (20) : 2040-2048, 2007.
PubMed
4) Van Cutsem E, et al : Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 360 (14) : 1408-1417, 2009.
PubMed
5) Douillard JY, et al : Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer : the PRIME study. J Clin Oncol 28 (31) : 4697-4705, 2010.
PubMed
6) Heinemann V, et al : FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3) : arandomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 15 (10) : 1065-1075, 2014.
PubMed
7) Venook AP, et al : ASCO 2014 ; Abstract LBA,
 
8) Douillard JY, et al : Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 369 (11) : 1023-1034, 2013.
PubMed
9) 日本臨床腫瘍学会 (編) : 大腸がん患者におけるRAS遺伝子 (KRAS/NRAS遺伝子) 変異の測定に関するガイダンス, 第2版, 2014年4月.
 
10) Yamazaki K, et al : A randomized phase III trial of mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer : West Japan Oncology Group study 4407G (WJOG4407G). ASCO 2014 ; Abstract 3534.
 
11) Loupakis F, et al : Initial therapy with FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 371 (17) : 1609-1618, 2014.
PubMed
12) Schmoll HJ, et al : ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. a personalized approach to clinical decision making. Ann Oncol 23 (10) : 2479-2516, 2012.
PubMed
13) Bennouna J, et al : Continuation of bevacizumab after first progression in metastatic colorectal cancer (ML18147) : a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14 (1) : 29-37, 2013.
PubMed
P.505 掲載の参考文献
1) Grothey A, et al : Survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer improves with the availability of fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan and oxaliplatin in the course of the treatment. J Clin Oncol 22 : 1209-1214, 2004.
PubMed
2) Souglakos J, et al : FOLFOXIRI (folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan) vs FOLFIRI (folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan) as first-line treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCC) : a multicentre randomized phase III trial from the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG). Br J Cancer 94 : 798-805, 2006.
PubMed
3) Falcone A, et al : Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as firstline treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer : the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. J Clin Oncol 25 (13) : 1670-1676, 2007.
PubMed
4) Montagnani F, et al : A systematic review of FOLFOXIRI chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer : improved efficacy at the cost of increased toxicity. Colorectal Dis 13 (8) : 846-852, 2011.
PubMed
5) Masi G, et al : Bevacizumab with FOLFOXIRI (irinotecan, oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinate) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer : a phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 11 : 845-852, 2010.
PubMed
6) Loupakis F, et al : Initial therapy with FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 371 (17) : 1609-1618, 2014.
PubMed
7) Gruenberger, et al : Randomized, phase II study of bevacizumab with mFOLFOX6 or FOLFOXIRI in patients with initially unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer : Resectability and safety in OLIVIA. Proc ASCO 2013 Abstract 3619.
PubMed
P.509 掲載の参考文献
1) 福岡聖大ほか : レゴラフェニブのバイオマーカー. がん分子標的治療 12 (2) : 210-215, 2014.
Medical*Online
2) Wilhelm SM, et al : Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) : a new oral multikinase inhibitor of angiogenic, stromal and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases with potent preclinical antitumor activity. Int J Cancer 129 (1) : 245-255, 2011.
PubMed
3) Strumberg D, et al : Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) in advanced colorectal cancer : a phase I study. Br J Cancer 106 (11) : 1722-1727, 2012.
PubMed
4) Grothey A, et al : Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT) : an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381 (9863) : 303 -312, 2013.
 
5) Yoshino T, et al : Results of a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial (CORRECT) of regorafenib plus best supportive care (BSC) versus placebo plus BSC in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who have progressed after standard therapies. 10th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Medical Oncology, 2012, abstract PLS4.
 
6) Li J, et al : CONCUR : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study of regorafenib monotherapy in asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC). Ann Oncol 25 (2) : abstract ii105-ii117, 2014.
 
7) バイエル薬品株式会社 : スチバーガ(R) 40mg錠 医薬品インタビューフォーム改訂第5版.
 
8) Lenz HJ, et al : Analysis of plasma protein biomarkers from the CORRECT phase III study of regorafenib for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 31 (15S) : abstract 3514, 2013.
 
9) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
P.514 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン 医師用 2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) Emura T, et al : An optimal dosing schedule for a novel combination antimetabolite, TAS-102, based on its intracellular metabolism and its incorporation into DNA. Int J Mol Med 13 (2) : 249-255, 2004.
PubMed
3) Temmink OH, et al : Trifluorothymidine resistance is associated with decreased thymidine kinase and equilibrative nucleoside transporter expression or increased secretory phospholipase A2. Mol Cancer Ther 9 (4) : 1047-1057, 2010.
PubMed
4) Emura T, et al : A novel antimetabolite, TAS-102 retains its effect on FU-related resistant cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 13 (4) : 545-549, 2004.
PubMed
5) Yoshino T, et al : Lonsurf(R) monotherapy for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer : a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 13 (10) : 993-1001, 2012.
 
6) Yoshino T, et al : Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, Phase III study of TAS-102 vs. Placebo, with best supportive care, in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard therapies (RECOURSE). Ann Oncol 25 (Suppl 2) : ii114, 2014.
 
P.518 掲載の参考文献
1) Shirao K, et al : Phase II study of oral S-1 for treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 100 : 2355-2361, 2004.
 
2) Van den Brande J, et al : EORTC Early Clinical Studies Group early phase II trial of S-1 in patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 88 : 648-653, 2003.
PubMed
3) Goto A, et al : Phase II study of combination therapy with S-1 and irinotecan in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 17 : 968-973, 2006.
 
4) Muro K, et al : Irinotecan plus S-1 (IRIS) versus fluorouracil and folinic acid plus irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as second-line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer : a randomized phase 2/3 non-inferiority study (FIRIS study). Lancet Oncol 11 : 853-860, 2010.
 
5) Yamada Y, et al : Phase I/II study of oxaliplatin with oral S-1 as first-line therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 98 : 1034-1038, 2008.
 
6) Zang DY : Phase II study with oxaliplatin and S-1 for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 20 : 892-896, 2009.
PubMed
7) Yamada Y, et al : Leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab versus S-1 and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (SOFT) : an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14 : 1278-1286, 2013.
PubMed
8) Van Cutsem E, et al : Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer : results of a large phase III study. J Clin Oncol 19 : 4097-4106, 2001.
 
9) Hoff PM, et al : Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer : results of a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 19 : 2282-2292, 2001.
 
10) Fuchs CS, et al : Randomized, controlled trial of irinotecan plus infusional, bolus, or oral fluoropyrimidines in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer : results from the BICC-C Study. J Clin Oncol 25 : 4779-4786, 2007.
 
11) Garcia-Alfonso P, et al : Bevacizumab in combination with biweekly capecitabine and irinotecan, as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 103 : 1524-1528, 2010.
PubMed
12) Cassidy J, et al : Randomized phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 2006-2012, 2008.
PubMed
13) Tol J, et al : Chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 360 : 563-572, 2009.
PubMed
14) Douillard JY, et al : Multicenter phase III study of uracil/tegafur and oral leucovorin versus fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 20 : 3605-3616, 2002.
PubMed
15) Shirao K, et al : Comparison of the efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of a uracil/tegafur (UFT) plus oral leucovorin (LV) regimen between Japanese and American patients with advanced colorectal cancer : joint United States and Japan study of UFT/LV. J Clin Oncol 22 : 3466-3474, 2004.
 
P.524 掲載の参考文献
1) 山上裕機 : 抗癌剤感受性試験の臨床的意義. 医学のあゆみ 217 (9) : 863-867, 2006.
Medical*Online
2) 石井良幸ほか : 大腸癌化学療法の個別化治療-現状と展望- (感受性試, 験 代謝酵素発現). 日本臨牀 69 (増刊号3) : 487-493, 2011.
Medical*Online
3) Yamaue H, et al : Chemosensitivity testing with highly purified fresh human tumour cells with the MTT colorimetric assay. Eur J Cancer 27 (10) : 1258-1263, 1991.
PubMed
4) Yamaue H, et al : Clinical evaluation of chemosensitivity testing for patients with colorectal cancer using MTT assay. Dis Colon Rectum 39 (4) : 416-422, 1996.
PubMed
5) Maejima K, et al : Chemosensitivity test for 5-fluorouracil and 5-chloro-2, 4-dihydroxypyridine predicts outcome of gastric cancer patients receiving S-1 postoperatively. Gastric Cancer 13 (4) : 231-237, 2010.
PubMed
6) Furukawa T, et al : Clinical applications of the histoculture drug response assay. Clin Cancer Res 1 (3) : 305-311, 1995,
PubMed
7) Kawamura H, et al : The usefulness of the ATP assay with serum-free culture for chemosensitivity testing of gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Cancer 33 (6) : 960-966, 1997.
PubMed
8) Kondo T, et al : Cumulative results of chemosensitivity tests for antitumor agents in Japan. Anticancer Res 20 (4) : 2389-2392, 2000.
PubMed
9) 谷川允彦 : 抗癌剤感受性試験の現状. Biotherapy 18 : 303-310, 2004.
 
10) Tsunoda T, et al : In vitro augmentation of antitumor effect in combination with CPT-11 and CDDP for human colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 73 (1) : 16-11. 2000.
 
11) Iwahashi M, et al : Individualized adjuvant chemotherapy guided by chemosensitivity test sequential to extended surgery for advanced gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 25 (5) : 3453-3459, 2005.
PubMed
12) Yamaue H, et al : Locoregional chemotherapy for patients with pancreatic cancer intra-arterial adjuvant chemotherapy after pancreatectomy with portal vein resection. Pancreas 25 (4) : 366-372, 2002.
PubMed
13) 谷川允彦 : JACCRO GC-04によるin vitro感受性試験の有用性評価. 日本臨林72 (増刊号1) : 510-514, 2014.
 
14) Kubota T, et al : Potential of the histoclllture drug-response assay to contribute to cancer patient survival. Clin Cancer Res 1 (12) : 1537-1543, 1995.
PubMed
15) Wakatsuki T, et al : ATP assay-guided chemosensitivity testing for gemcitabine with biopsy specimens obtained from unresectable pancreatic cancer using endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration. Int J Clin Oncol l 6 (4) : 387-394, 2011.
 
16) Samson DJ, et al : Chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance assays : a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 22 (17) : 3618-3630, 2004.
PubMed
17) Schrag D, et al : American Society of Clinical Oncology Technology Assessment : chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance assays. J Clin Oncol 22 (17) : 3631-3638, 2004.
 
18) Burstein HJ, et al : American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update on the use of chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance assays. J Clin Oncol 29 (24) :3328-3330, 2011.
 
P.529 掲載の参考文献
1) Sargent D, et al : Evidence for cure by adjuvant therapy in colon cancer : observations based on individual patient data from 20, 898 patients on 18 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 27 : 872-877, 2009.
PubMed
2) Andre T, et al : Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial, J Clin Oncol 27 : 3109-3116, 2009.
 
3) Hotta T, et al : Increased expression of thymidine phosphorylase in tumor tissue in proportion to TP-expression in primary normal tissue. Oncol Rep 12 : 539-541, 2004.
 
4) Soong R, et al : Prognostic significance of thymidine synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidine phosphorylase protein expression in colorectal cancer patients treated with or without 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 19 : 915-919, 2008.
PubMed
5) Ikeguchi M, et al : Thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in colorectal carcinoma and patients prognosis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 387 : 240-245. 2002.
PubMed
6) Vignoli M, et al : Thymidine synthase expression and genotype have no major impact on the clinical outcome of colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil. Pharmacol Res 64 : 242-248, 2011.
 
7) Petrioli R, et al : Thymidine phosphorylase expression in metastatic sites is predictive for response in patients with colorectal cancer treated with continuous oral capecitabine and biweekly oxaliplatin. Anticancer Drugs 21 : 313-319, 2010.
PubMed
8) Shigeta K, et al : Evaluation of 5-fluorouracil metabolic enzymes as predictors of response to adjuvant chemotherapy outcomes in patients with Stage II/III colorectal cancer : a decision-curve analysis. World J Surg 38 : 3248-3256, 2014.
PubMed
P.536 掲載の参考文献
1) Kim SH, et al : Prognostic value of ERCC1, thymidylate synthase, and glutathione S-transferase pi for 5-FU/oxaliplatin chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 32 : 38-43, 2009.
PubMed
2) Ahn MJ, et al : Thymidylate synthase, thymidine phosphorylase, VEGF and p53 protein expression in primary colorectal cancer for predicting response to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Cancer Res Treat 37 : 216-222, 2005.
PubMed
3) Shirota Y, et al : ERCC1 and thymidylate synthase mRNA levels predict survival for colorectal cancer patients receiving combination oxaliplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 19 : 4298-4304, 2001.
 
4) Kumamoto K, et al : Thymidylate synthase and thymidine phosphorylase mRNA expression in primary lesions using laser capture microdissection is useful for prediction of the efficacy of FOLFOX treatment in colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis. Oncol Lett 3 : 983-989, 2012.
PubMed
5) Uchida K, et al : Thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, ERCC1, and thymidine phosphorylase gene expression in primary and metastatic gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma tissue in patients treated on a phase I trial of oxaliplatin and capecitabine. BMC Cancer 8 : 386, 2008.
PubMed
6) Morganti M, et al : Relationships between promoter polymorphisms in the thymidylate synthase gene and mRNA levels in colorectal cancers. Eur J Cancer 41 : 2176-2183, 2005.
PubMed
7) Pullarkat ST, et al : Thymidylate synthase gene polymorphism determines response and toxicity of 5-FU chemotherapy. Pharmacogenomics J 1 : 65-70, 2001.
PubMed
8) Jakobsen A, et al : Thymidylate synthase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism in normal tissue as predictors of fluorouracil sensitivity. J Clin Oncol 23 : 1365-1369, 2005.
PubMed
9) Marcuello E, et al : Single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5' tandem repeat sequences of thymidylate synthase gene predicts for response to fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 112 : 733-737, 2004.
PubMed
10) Stoehlmacher J, et al : A multivariate analysis of genomic polymorphisms : prediction of clinical outcome to 5-FU/oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy in refractory colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 91 : 344-354, 2004,
PubMed
11) Kumamoto K, et al : Polymorphisms of GSTP1, ERCC2 and TS-3' UTR are associated with the clinical outcome of mFOLFOX6 in colorectal cancer patients. Oncol Lett 6 : 648-654, 2013.
PubMed
12) Ruzzo A, et al : Pharmacogenetic profiling in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with first-line FOLFOX-4 chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 25 : 1247-1254, 2007.
PubMed
13) Zhang W, et al : Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms and sex-specific survival in patients with metastatic colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 25 : 3726-3731, 2007.
PubMed
14) Curtin K, et al : MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms : diet, estrogen, and risk of colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13 : 285-292, 2004.
PubMed
15) Park DJ, et al : ERCC1 gene polymorphism as a predictor for clinical outcome in advanced colorectal cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 1 : 162-166, 2003.
PubMed
16) Park DJ, et al : A Xeroderma pigmentosum group D gene polymorphism predicts clinical outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 61 : 8654-8658, 2001.
 
17) Stoehlmacher J, et al : Association between glutathione S-transferase P1, T1, and M1 genetic polymorphism and survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 94 : 936-942, 2002.
PubMed
18) Moscow JA, et al : Expression of anionic glutathione-S-transferase and P-glycoprotein genes in human tissues and tumors. Cancer Res 49 : 1422-1428, 1989.
PubMed
19) Kjersem JB, et al : Plasma microRNAs predicting clinical outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer patients receiving first-line oxaliplatin-based treatment. Mol Oncol 8 : 59-67, 2014.
PubMed
20) Chen Q, et al : Serum miR-19a predicts resistance to FOLFOX chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer cases. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14 : 7421-7426, 2013.
PubMed
21) Takahashi M, et al : The clinical significance of MiR-148a as a predictive biomarker in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. PLoS One 7 : e46684, 2012.
 
22) Rasmussen MH, et al : High expression of microRNA-625-3p is associated with poor response to first-line oxaliplatin based treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 7 : 637-646, 2013.
PubMed
23) Koumarianou A, et al : Prognostic markers in early-stage colorectal cancer : significance of TYMS RNA expression. Anticancer Res 34 : 4949-4962, 2014.
 
24) Karlberg M, et al : Prognostic and predictive value of thymidylate synthase expression in primary colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 30 : 645-651, 2010.
PubMed
25) Dotor E, et al : Tumor thymidylate synthase 1494de16 genotype as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients receiving fluorouraci1-based adjuvant treatment. J Clin Oncol 24 : 1603-1611, 2006.
PubMed
26) Huang MY, et al : Predictive value of ERCC1, ERCC2, and XRCC1 overexpression for stage III colorectal cancer patients receiving FOLFOX-4 adjuvant chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol 108 : 457-464, 2013.
PubMed
27) Li P, et al : ERCC1, defective mismatch repair status as predictive biomarkers of survival for stage III colon cancer patients receiving oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 108 : 1238-1244, 2013.
PubMed
28) Zaanan A, et al : ERCC1, XRCC1 and GSTP1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and survival of patients with colon cancer receiving oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. J Cancer 5 : 425-432, 2014.
PubMed
29) Zaanan A, et al : Defective mismatch repair status as a prognostic biomarker of disease-free survival in stage III colon cancer patients treated with adjuvant FOLFOX chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 17 : 7470-7478, 2011.
PubMed
P.542 掲載の参考文献
1) Extermann M, Hurria A : Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 25 : 1824-1831, 2007.
 
2) Extermann M, et al : Predicting the risk of chemotherapy toxicity in older patients : the Chemotherapy Risk Assessment Scale for High-Age Patients (CRASH) score. Cancer 118 : 3377-3386, 2012.
 
3) Hurria A, et al : Implementing a geriatric assessment in cooperative group clinical cancer trials : CALGB 360401. J Clin Oncol 29 : 1290-1296, 2011.
PubMed
4) Walter LC, Covinsky KE : Cancer screening in elderly patients. JAMA 285 : 2750-2756, 2001.
PubMed
5) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, p31, 金原出版, 2014.
 
6) Figer A, et al : FOLFOX in patients aged between 76 and 80 years with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer 100 : 2666-2671, 2007.
 
7) Folprecht G, et al : Irinotecan/fluorouracil combination in first-line therapy of older and younger patients with metastatic colorectal cancer : combined analysis of 2691 patients in randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 26 : 1443-1451, 2008.
 
8) Milano G, et al : Influence of sex and age on fluorouracil clearance. J Clin Oncol 10 : 1171-1175, 1992.
PubMed
9) Takimoto CH, et al : Dose escalating and pharmacological study of oxaliplatin in adult cancer patients with impaired renal function : a National Cancer Institute Organ DysfUnction Working Group Study. J Clin Oncol 21 : 2664-2672, 1992.
 
10) Sanoff HK, et al : Effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival of patients with stage III colon cancer diagnosed after age 75 years. J Clin Oncol 30 : 2624-2634. 2012.
PubMed
11) Tournigand C, et al : Adjuvant therapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in stage II and elderly patients (between ages 70 and 75 years) with colon cancer : subgroup analyses of the Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer trial. J Clin Oncol 30 : 3353-3360, 2012,
 
12) Yothers G, et al : Oxaliplatin as adjuvant therapy for colon cancer : updated results of NSABP C-07 trial, including survival and subset analyses. J Clin Oncol 29 (28) : 3768-3774, 2011.
PubMed
13) Lyman GH : Impact of chemotherapy dose intensity on cancer patient outcomes. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 7 : 99-108, 2009.
PubMed
14) Seymour MT, et al : Chemotherapy options in elderly and frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS2) : an open-label, randomised factorial trial. Lancet 377 : 1749-1759, 2011.
PubMed
15) Haller DG, et al : Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 29 : 1465-1471, 2011.
PubMed
P.547 掲載の参考文献
1) Ortholan C, et al : Role of radiotherapy with surgery for T3 and resectable T4 rectal cancer : evidence from randomized trials. Dis Colon Rectum 49 (3) : 302-310, 2006.
PubMed
2) Wolmark N, et al : Randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy for carcinoma of the rectum : National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol R-02. J Natl Cancer Inst 92 (5) : 388-396, 2000.
 
3) Bosset JF, et al : Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 355 (11) : 1114-1123, 2006.
PubMed
4) Gerard JP, et al : Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers : results of FFCD 9203. J Clin Oncol 24 (28) :4620-4625, 2006.
 
5) Bujko K, et al : Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 93 (10) : 1215-1223, 2006.
PubMed
6) Sauer R, et al : Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351 (17) : 1731-1740, 2004.
PubMed
7) Sauer R, et al : Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer : results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-94 randomized phase III trial after a median follow-up of 11 years. J Clin Oncol 30 (16) : 1926-1933, 2012.
PubMed
8) De Caluwe L, et al : Preoperative chemoradiation versus radiation alone for stage II and III resectable rectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev : CD006041, 2009.
 
9) Parc Y, et al : Preoperative radiotherapy is associated with worse functional results after coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 52 (12) : 2004-2014, 2009.
PubMed
10) Peeters KC, et al : Late side effects of short-course preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer : increased bowel dysfunction in irradiated patients-a Dutch colorectal cancer group study. J Clin Oncol 23 (25) : 6199-6206, 2005.
 
11) Marijen CA, et al : Impact of short-term preoperative radiotherapy on health-related quality of life and sexual functioning in primary rectal cancer : report of a multicenter randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 23 (9) : 1847-1858, 2005.
 
12) Heriot AG, et al : Adjuvant radiotherapy is associated with increased sexual dysfunction in male patients undergoing resection for rectal cancer : apredictive model. Ann Surg 242 (4) : 502-511, 2005.
 
13) Nishizawa Y, et al : The association between anal function and neural degeneration after preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by intersphincteric resection. Dis Colon Rectum 54 (11) : 1423-1429, 2011.
PubMed
14) Sugihara K, et al : Indication and benefit of pelvic sidewall dissection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 49 (11) : 1663-1672, 2006.
PubMed
15) Kusters M, et al : A comparison between the treatment of low rectal cancer in Japan and the Netherlands, focusing on the patterns of local recurrence. Ann Surg 249 (2) : 229-235, 2009.
 
16) MERCURY Study Group : Relevance of magnetic resonance imaging-detected pelvic sidewall lymph node involvement in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 98 (12) : 1798-1804, 2011.
 
17) Ohue M, et al : A phase I trial of preoperative S-1 in combination with oxaliplatin and pelvic radiation for lower rectal cancer with T4 and lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis. Int J Clin Oncol. 2014 May 20. [Epub ahead of print] DOI 10.1007/s10147-014-0705-3
 
P.553 掲載の参考文献
1) Morimoto M et al : Salvage high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy for locally recurrent rectal cancer : long-term follow-up results. Int J Clin Oncol 19 : 312-318, 2014.
 
2) 山田滋ほか : 直腸癌局所再発に対する重粒子線治療. 臨外 69 : 1212-1218, 2014.
 
3) Vermaas M, et al : Preoperative radiotherapy improves outcome in recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 48 : 918-928, 2005.
PubMed
4) Dresen RC, et al : Radical resection after IORT-containing multimodality treatment is the most important determinant for outcome in patients treated for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 15 : 1937-1947, 2008.
PubMed
5) Wada H, et al : A phase I trial of S-1 with concurrent radiotherapy in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 18 : 273-278, 2013.
PubMed
6) Lee JH, et al : Clinical outcomes of chemoradiotherapy for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Radiat Oncol 6 : 51, 2011.
PubMed
7) Wiig JN, et al : Intraoperative radiotherapy for Iocally advanced or locally recurrent rectal cancer : Does it work at all? Acta Oncol 53 : 865-876, 2014.
PubMed
8) Tanis PJ, et al : Intentionally curative treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer : a systematic review, Can J Surg 56 : 135-144, 2013.
PubMed
9) 大矢雅敏ほか : 進行直腸癌に対する術前化学放射療法, 日本大腸肛門病会誌 67 : 888-896, 2014.
 
10) Mohiuddin M, et al : Long-term results of reirradiation for patients with recurrent rectal carcinoma. Cancer 95 : 1144-1150, 2002.
PubMed
11) Bosman SJ, et al : Feasibility of reirradiation in the treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer. Br J Surg 101 : 1280-1289, 2014.
PubMed
12) 山崎信義ほか : 直腸癌術後局所再発に対し放射線療法単独で長期無再発生存を得た1例. 日本大腸肛門病会誌 66 : 416-421, 2013.
 
13) 松下亜子ほか : 直腸癌術後局所再発に対して術前化学放射線療法にてpCRを得た1例. 癌と化学療法 39 : 2261-2263, 2013.
 
14) Wong R, et al : In search of a dose-response relationship with radiotherapy in the management of recurrent rectal carcinoma in the pelvis : a systematic review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40 : 437-446, 1998.
PubMed
15) Bae SH, et al : Palliative radiotherapy in patients with a symptomatic pelvic mass of metastatic colorectal cancer. Radiat Oncol 6 : 52, 2011.
PubMed
P.557 掲載の参考文献
1) Uematsu M, et al : Focal, high dose, and fractionated modified stereotactic radiation therapy for lung carcinoma patients : a preliminary experience. Cancer 82 (6) : 1062-1070, 1998.
PubMed
2) Nagata Y, et al : Stereotactic body radiation therapy for T1N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer : First report for inoperable population of a phase II trial by Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG 0403). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84 : S46, 2012.
 
3) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
4) Siva S, et al : Stereotactic radiotherapy for pulmonary oligometastases : a systematic review. J Thorac Oncol 5 (7) : 1091-1099, 2010.
PubMed
5) Norihisa Y, et al : Stereotactic body radiotherapy for oligometastatic lung tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72 (2) : 398-403, 2008.
PubMed
6) Onishi H, et al : Japanese multi-institutional study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for 380 patients with lung metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 90 : S28, 2014.
 
7) Takeda A, et al : Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for oligometastatic lung tumors from colorectal cancer and other primary cancers in comparison with primary lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 101 (2) : 255-259, 2011.
PubMed
8) Saito Y, et al : Pulmonary metastasectomy for 165 patients with colorectal carcinoma : A prognostic assessment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124 (5) : 1007-1013, 2002.
PubMed
9) Pfannschmidt J, et al : Prognostic factors and survival after complete resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma : experiences in 167 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126 (3) : 732-739, 2003.
PubMed
P.563 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) Tsujii H, Kamada T : A review of update clinical results of carbon ion radiotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 42 (8) : 670-685, 2012.
PubMed
3) Ohno T : Particle radiotherapy with carbon ion beams. EPMA J 4 (1) : 9, 2013.
PubMed
4) Tslljii H, et al : Clinical results of fractionated proton therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 25 (1) : 49-60, 1993.
 
5) 荻野尚 : 陽子線治療. 癌と化学療法 33 (4) : 450-454, 2006.
Medical*Online
6) Tatsuzaki H, et al : 3-D comparative study of proton vs. X-ray radiation therapy for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 22 : 369-374, 1991.
 
7) Wolff HA, et al : Irradiation with protons for the individualized treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer : A planning study with clinical implications. Radiat Oncol 102 (1) : 30-37, 2012.
 
8) Colaco RJ, et al : Protons offer reduced bone marrow, small bowel, and urinary bladder exposure for patients receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 5 (1) : 3-8, 2014.
PubMed
9) Munzenrider JE, et al : Proton therapy at Harvard. Strahlentherapie 161 (12) : 756-763, 1985.
PubMed
10) Okada T, et al : Carbon ion radiotherapy : clinical experiences at National Institute of Radiological Science (NIRS). J Radiat Res 51 : 355-364, 2010.
PubMed
11) Habermehl D, et al : Reirradiation using carbon ions in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer at HIT : First results, Ann Surg Oncol, 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
 
12) 山田滋ほか : 放射線治療後の直腸癌術後骨盤内局所再発に対する重粒子線治療の有効性の検討. 日本放射線腫瘍学会第27回学術集会報文集, p242, 2014.
 
13) 小松昇平ほか : 下大静脈腫瘍栓を伴った切除不能大腸癌肝転移に対してスペーサー留置術および陽子線照射による2段階治療が奏効した1例. 日消外会誌 42 (12) : 1831-1836, 2009.
 
14) Kang JI, et al : Stereotactic body proton therapy for liver metastases. Transl Cancer Res 1 (4) : 271-275, 2012.
 
P.568 掲載の参考文献
1) Lutz S, et al : Palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases : an ASTRO evidence-based guideline. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 79 : 965-976, 2011.
PubMed
2) Dennis K, et al : Single fraction conventional extemal beam radiation therapy for bone metastases : a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Radiother Oncol 106 : 5-14. 2013.
 
3) Chow E, et al : Palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases : a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 25 : 1423-1436, 2007.
PubMed
4) Roos DE, et al : Randomized trial of 8 Gy in 1 versus 20 Gy in 5 fractions of radiotherapy for neuropathic pain due to bone metastases (Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group, TROG 96.05). Radiother Oncol 75 : 54-63, 2005.
 
5) Kagan AR : Palliation of brain and spinal-cord metastases. In : Principle and Practice of Radiation Oncology, 4th ed, p2373-2384, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2002.
 
6) van der Linden YM, et al : Prediction of survival in patients with metastases in the spinal column : results based on a randomized trial of radiotherapy. Cancer 103 : 320-328, 2005.
PubMed
7) Finlay IG, et al : Radioisotopes for the palliation of metastatic bone cancer : a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 6 : 392-400, 2005.
PubMed
8) Gerszten PC, et al : Radiosurgery for spinal metastases : clinical experience in 500 cases from a single institution. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32 : 193-199, 2007.
PubMed
9) Huisman M, et al : Effectiveness of reirradiation for painful bone metastases : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84 : 8-14, 2012.
PubMed
10) Chow E, et al : Single versus multiple fractions of repeat radiation for painful bone metastases : a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 15 : 164-171, 2013.
PubMed
11) Kanthan R, et al : Skeletal metastases in colorectal carcinomas : a Saskatchewan profile. Dis Colon Rectum 42 : 1592-1597, 1999.
PubMed
12) Roth ES, et al : Does colon cancer ever metastasize to bone first? A temporal analysis of colorectal cancer progression. BMC Cancer 9 : 274, 2009.
 
13) Katoh M, et al : Bone metastasis from colorecta1 cancer in autopsy cases. J Gastroenterol 30 : 615-618, 1995.
 
14) Santini D, et al : Natural history of bone metastasis in colorectal cancer : final results of a large Italian bone metastases study. Ann Oncol 23 : 2072-2077, 2012.
PubMed
15) 中馬広一 : 消化器癌骨転移に対する外科的治療とその予後. 大腸癌FRONTIER 6 : 26-31, 2013.
Medical*Online
P.572 掲載の参考文献
1) Atencio IA, et al : Biological activities of a recombinant adenovirus p53 (SCH 58500) administered by hepatic arterial infusion in a Phase l colorectal cancer trial. Cancer Gene Ther 13 : 169-181, 2006.
 
2) Sung MW, et al : Intratumoral adenovirus-mediated suicide gene transfer for hepatic metastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma : results of a phase I clinical trial. Mol Ther 4 : 182-191, 2001.
PubMed
3) Rubin J, et al : Phase I study of immunotherapy of hepatic metastases of colorectal carcinoma by direct gene transfer of an allogeneic histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B7. Gene Ther 4 : 419-425, 1997.
PubMed
4) Sobol RE, et al : Interleukin 2 gene therapy of colorectal carcinoma with autologous irradiated tumor cells and genetically engineered fibroblasts : a Phase I study. Clin Cancer Res 5 : 2359-2365, 1999.
PubMed
5) Kochenderfer JN, et al : B-cell depletion and remissions of malignancy along with cytokine-associated toxicity in a clinical trial of anti-CD19 chimeric-antigen-receptor-transduced T cells. Blood 119 : 2709-2720, 2012.
 
6) Russell SJ, et al : Oncolytic virotherapy. Nat Biotechnol 30 : 658-670, 2012.
PubMed
7) Miest TS, Cattaneo R : New viruses for cancer therapy : meeting clinical needs. Nat Rev Microbiol 12 : 23-34, 2014.
PubMed
8) Reid T, et al : Hepatic arterial infusion of a replication-selective oncolytic adenovirus (dl1520) : phase II viral, immunologic, and clinical endpoints. Cancer Res 62 : 6070-6079, 2002.
PubMed
9) Markert JM, et al : Conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus mutant, G207 for the treatment of malignant glioma : results of a phase I trial. Gene Ther 7 : 867-874, 2000.
PubMed
10) Todo T, et al : Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector with enhanced MHC class I presentation and tumor cell killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 : 6396-6401, 2001.
PubMed
11) Hu JC, et al : A phase I study of OncoVEXGM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res 12 : 6737-6747, 2006.
PubMed
12) Takakuwa H, et al : Oncolytic viral therapy using a spontaneously generated herpes simplex virus type l variant for disseminated peritoneal tumor in immunocompetent mice. Arch Virol 148 : 813-825, 2003.
 
13) Park BH, et al : Use of a targeted oncolytic poxvirus, JX-594, in patients with refractory primary or metastatic liver cancer : a phase I trial. Lancet Oncol 9 : 533-542, 2008.
 
14) Breitbach CJ, et al : Intravenous delivery of a multi-mechanistic cancer-targeted oncolytic poxvirus in humans. Nature 477 : 99-102, 2011.
PubMed
15) Uchida H, et al : Effective treatment of an orthotopic xenograft model of human glioblastoma using an EGFR-retargeted oncolytic herpes simplex virus. Mol Ther 21 : 561-569, 2013,
PubMed
P.577 掲載の参考文献
1) Ohwada S, et al : Adjuvant immunochemotherapy with oral Tegafur/Uracil plus PSK in patients with stage II or III colorectal cancer : arandomised controlled study. Br J Cancer 90 : 1003-1010, 2004.
PubMed
2) Sakamoto J, et al : Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer : a meta-analysis of centrally randomized controlled clinical trials. Cancer Immunol Immunother 55 : 404-411, 2006.
PubMed
3) Hazama S, et al : Efficacy of orally administered superfine dispersed lentinan (beta-1, 3-glucan) for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 29 : 2611-2617, 2009.
PubMed
4) Inoue Y, et al : FcγR and EGFR polymorphisms as predictive markers of cetuximab efflcacy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Mol Diagn Ther 18 : 541-548, 2014.
 
5) Nagorsen D, Thiel E : Clinical and immunologic responses to active specific cancer vaccines in human colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12 : 3064-3069, 2006.
PubMed
6) Hazama S, et al : A phase I study of combination vaccine treatment of five therapeutic epitope-peptides for metastatic colorectal cancer : safety, immunological response, and clinical outcome. J Transl Med 12 : 63, 2014.
PubMed
7) Kan S, et al : Suppressive effects of cyclophosphamide and gemcitabine on regulatory T-cell induction in vitro. Anticancer Res 32 : 5363-5369, 2012.
PubMed
8) Maeda K, et al : Impact of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer on regulatory T-cells and tumor immunity. Anticancer Res 31 : 4569-4574, 2011,
PubMed
9) Tokuno K, et al : Increased prevalence of regulatory T-cells in the peripheral blood of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Anticancer Res 29 : 1527-1532, 2009.
PubMed
10) Hazama S, et al : A phase II study of five peptides combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as a first-line therapy for advanced colorectal cancer (FXV study). J Transl Med 12 : 108, 2014.
PubMed
11) Ishida Y, et al : Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death. EMBO J 11 : 3887-3895, 1992.
PubMed
12) Topalian SL, et al : Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med 366 : 2443-2454, 2012.
PubMed
13) Brahmer JR, et al : Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med 366 : 2455-2465, 2012.
PubMed
14) Lipson EJ, et al : Durable cancer regression off-treatment and effective reinduction therapy with an anti-PD-1 antibody. Clin Cancer Res 19 : 462-468, 2013.
 
15) Hazama S, et al : Predictive biomarkers for the outcome of vaccination of five therapeutic epitope peptides for colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 34 : 4201-4205, 2014.
PubMed
P.585 掲載の参考文献
1) Jass J : Lymphocytic infiltration and survival in rectal cancer. J Clin Patho139 : 585-589. 1986.
 
2) Galon J, et al : Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome. Science 313 : 1960-1964, 2006.
PubMed
3) Galon J, et al : Cancer classification using the immunoscore : a worldwide task force. J Transl Med 10 : 205, 2012.
PubMed
4) Boon T : Tumor antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes : Present perspectives for specific immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 54 : 177-180, 1993.
PubMed
5) 奥野清隆 : ゲノム解析による腫瘍抗原の同定. 腫瘍内科 8 : 405-408, 2011.
 
6) Wada H, et al : Vaccination with NY-ESO-10verlapping peptides mixed with Picibanil OK-432 and montanide ISA-51 in patients with cancers expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen. J Immunother 37 : 84-92, 2014.
PubMed
7) Okuno K, et al : Phase I clinical trial of a novel peptide vaccine in combination with UFT/LV for metastatic colorectal cancer. Exp Ther Med 2 : 73-79, 2011.
PubMed
8) Matsushita N, et al : Phase 1 clinical trial of a peptide vaccine combined with tegafur-uracil plus leucovorin for treatment of advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 29 : 951-959, 2013.
PubMed
9) Hazama S, et al : A phase II study of five peptides combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as a first-line therapy for advanced colorectal cancer (FXV study). J Transl Med 12 : 108, 2014.
PubMed
10) Okuno K, et al : Clinical trial of a 7-peptide cocktail vaccine with oral chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 34 : 3045-3052, 2014.
PubMed
11) Riedmann EM : Human vaccines : News : Positive phase 2 results for immatics colorectal cancer vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 8 (3) : 282, 2012.
 
12) Ohtake J, et al : Identification of novel helper epitope peptides of Survivin cancer-associated antigen applicable to developing helper/killer-hybrid epitope long peptide cancer vaccine. Immunol Lett 161 : 20-30, 2014.
PubMed
13) Walter S, et al : Multipeptide immune response to cancer vaccine IMA901 after single-dose cyclophosphamide associates with longer survival. Nat Med 18 : 1254-1261, 2012.
PubMed
14) Pardoll DM : The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 12 : 252-264, 2012.
PubMed
15) Hailemichael Y. et al : Persistent antigen at vaccination sites induces tumor-specific CD8+ T cell sequestration, dysfunction and deletion. Nat Med 19 (4) : 465-472, 2013.
 

IX 治療に伴う有害反応対策

P.592 掲載の参考文献
1) Saito Y, et al : Current status of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in Japan and other Asian countries : progressing towards technical standardization. Dig Endosc 24 (Suppl 1) : 67-72, 2012.
 
2) Aoki T, et al : Assessment of the validity of the clinical pathway for colon endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol 18 : 3721-3726, 2012.
PubMed
3) Kelly NM, et al : A prospective audit of the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of low-volume polyethylene glycol (2L) versus standard volume polyethylene glycol (4L) versus magnesium citrate plus stimulant laxative as bowel preparation for colonoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol 46 : 595-601, 2012.
PubMed
4) Saito Y, et al : A pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide insufnation during colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection with the patient under conscious sedation. Gastrointest Endosc 65 : 537-542, 2007.
 
5) Kikuchi T, et al : Transcutaneous monitoring of partial pressure of carbon dioxide during endoscopic submucosal dissection of early colorectal neoplasia with carbon dioxide insufflation : a prospective study. Surg Endosc 24 : 2231-2235, 2010.
PubMed
6) Sano Y, et al : A newly developed bipolar-current needle-knife for endoscopic submucosal dissection of large colorectal tumors. Endoscopy 38 (Suppl 2) : E95, 2006.
 
7) Nonaka S, et al : Impact of endoscopic submucosal dissection knife on risk of perforation with an animal model-monopolar needle knife and with a bipolar needle knife. Dig Endosc 24 : 381, 2012.
PubMed
8) Otake Y, et al : New closure technique for large mucosal defects after endoscopic submucosal dissection of colorectal tumors (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 75 : 663-667, 2012.
PubMed
9) Schurr MO, et al : An over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system for closure of iatrogenic colon perforations : results of an experimental survival study in pigs. Endoscopy 40 : 584-588, 2008.
PubMed
10) Weiland T, et al : Performance of the OTSC System in the endoscopic closure of iatrogenic gastrointestinal perforations : a systematic review. Surg Endosc 27 : 2258-2274, 2013.
PubMed
11) Sakamoto T, et al : Learning curve associated with colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection for endoscopists experienced in gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection. Dis Colon Rectum 54 : 1307-1312, 2011.
PubMed
12) Nakajima T, et al : Current status of endoscopic resection strategy for large, early colorectal neoplasia in Japan. Surg Endosc 27 : 3262-3270, 2013.
PubMed
P.597 掲載の参考文献
1) 藤本一眞ほか : 抗血栓薬服用者に対する消化器内視鏡診療ガイドライン. Gastroenterol Endosc 54 : 2074-2102, 2012.
 
2) Ono S, et al : Evaluation of safety of endoscopic biopsy without cessation of antithrombotic agents in Japan. J Gastroenterol 47 : 770-774, 2012.
PubMed
3) Yousfi M, et al : Postpolypectomy lower gastrointestinal bleeding : potential role of aspirin. Am J Gastroenterol 99 : 1785-1789, 2004.
PubMed
4) Anderson MA, et al : Guideline : Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 70 : 1060-1070, 2009.
PubMed
5) Boustiere C, et al : Endoscopy and antiplatelet agents. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy 43 : 445-458, 2011.
PubMed
6) Metz AJ, et al : Factors that predict bleeding following endoscopic mucosal resection of large colonic lesions. Endoscopy 43 : 506-511, 2011.
PubMed
7) Singh M, et al : Postpolypectomy bleeding in patients undergoing colonoscopy on uninterrupted clopidogrel therapy. Gastrointest Endosc 71 : 998-1005, 2010.
PubMed
8) 間部克裕ほか : 内視鏡治療における抗凝固薬, 抗血小板薬の休薬方法. 日消内誌 52 : 2976-2984, 2010.
 
9) White RH, et al : Temporary discontinuation of warfarin therapy : changes in the international normalized ratio. Ann Intern Med 1 : 40 -42, 1995.
 
10) Hui AJ, et al : Risk of colonoscopic polypectomy bleeding with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents : analysis of 1657 cases. Gastrointest Endosc 59 : 44-48, 2004.
PubMed
11) Garcia DA, et al : Risk of thromboembolism with short-term interruption of warfarin therapy. Arch Intern Med 14 : 63-69, 2008.
PubMed
12) Constans M, et al : Low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging therapy during interruption of oral anticoagulation in patients undergoing colonoscopy or gastroscopy. Int J Clin Pract 61 : 212-217, 2007.
PubMed
13) Harrison L, et al : Comparison of 5-mg and 10-mg loading doses in initiation of warfarin therapy. Ann Intern Med 15 : 133-136, 1997.
PubMed
P.603 掲載の参考文献
1) Sato A, et al : [Phase I/II study of XELOX plus bevacizumab in Japanese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (JO19380)]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 38 : 561-569, 2011.
PubMed
2) Twelves C, et al : Capecitabine as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer. N Engl J Med 352 : 2696-2704. 2005.
PubMed
3) Benson AB, et al : Recommended guidelines for the treatment of cancer treatment-induced diarrhea. J Clin Oncol 22 : 2918-2926, 2004.
PubMed
4) Minami H, et al : Irinotecan pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and UGT1A genetic polymorphisms in Japanese : roles of UGT1A1*6 and*28. Pharmacogenet Genomics 17 : 497-504, 2007.
PubMed
5) Yamazaki K, et al : A randomized phase III trial of mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer : WJOG4407. JCO abstr 3534, 2014.
 
6) Andre T, et al : Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol 27 : 3109-3116, 2009.
 
7) Tournigand C, et al : OFTIMOX1 : a randomized study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 with oxaliplatin in a stop-and-go fashion in advanced colorectal cancer-a GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol 24 : 394-400, 2006.
 
8) Smith EML, et al : Effect of duloxetine on pain, function, and quality of life among patients with chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy : a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 309 : 1359-1367, 2013.
PubMed
9) Yoshino T, et al : TAS-102 monotherapy for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer : a doubleblind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 13 : 993-1001, 2012.
PubMed
10) Jonker DJ, et al : Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 357 : 2040-2048, 2007.
PubMed
11) Van Cutsem E, et al : Open-label phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 25 : 1658-1664, 2007.
PubMed
12) Grothey A, et al : Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT) : an international, multicentre, randomised. placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381 : 303-312, 2013.
PubMed
P.607 掲載の参考文献
1) Shepherd GM : Hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapeutic drugs. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 24 : 253-262, 2003.
PubMed
2) Thomas RR, et al : Hypersensitivity and idiosyncratic reactions to oxaliplatin. Cancer 97 : 2301-2307, 2003.
PubMed
3) Brandi G, et al : Hypersensitivity reactions related to oxaUplatin (OHP). Br J Cancer 89 : 477-481, 2003.
PubMed
4) Andre T, et al : Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 350 : 2343-2351, 2004.
PubMed
5) Siu SW, et al : Hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin : experience in a single institute. Ann Oncol 17 : 259-261, 2006.
 
6) Polyzos A, et al : Clinical features of hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin : a 10-year experience. Oncology 76 : 36-41, 2009.
PubMed
7) Kim BH, et al : Hypersensitivity to oxaliplatin : an investigation of incidence and risk factors, and literature review. Oncology 76 : 231-238, 2009.
PubMed
8) Suenaga M, et al : A phase II study of oxaliplatin reintroduction in patients pretreated with oxaliplatin and irinotecan for advanced colorectal cancer (RE-OPEN study) : Reports of interim analysis. Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium : Abstr 580, 2013.
 
9) Maindrault-Goebel F, et al : Allergic-type reactions to oxaliplatin : retrospective analysis of 42 patients. Eur J Cancer 41 : 2262-2267, 2005.
PubMed
10) Santini D, et al : Idiosyncratic reaction after oxaliplatin infusion. Ann Oncol 12 : 132-133, 2001.
PubMed
11) Maindrault-Goebel F, et al : High-dose intensity oxaliplatin added to the simplified bimonthly leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil regimen as second line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (FOLFOX7). Eur J Cancer 37 : 1000-1005, 2001.
 
12) Qureshi KM, et al : Incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) and protocol for desensitization. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22 : 789, 2003.
 
13) Goldberg A, et al : A modified, prolonged desensitization protocol in carboplatin allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 98 : 841-843, 1996.
 
14) Rakkar AS, et al : Management of hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin with SC epinephrine. Proceedings of GI ASCO : Abstr 258, 2006.
 
15) Garufi C, et al : Skin testing and hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin. Ann Oncol 14 : 497-498, 2003.
PubMed
16) Meyer L, et al : Hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin : cross-reactivity to carboplatin and the introduction of a desensitization schedule. J Clin Oncol 20 : 1146-1147, 2002.
PubMed
P.611 掲載の参考文献
1) Ferrara N : Vascular endothelial growth factor : Basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 25 : 581-611, 2004.
PubMed
2) Scappaticci FS, et al : Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 : 1232-1239, 2007.
 
3) Cassidy J, et al : Effect of bevacizumab in older patients with metastatic colorectal cancer : pooled analysis of four randomized studies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 136 : 737-743, 2010.
PubMed
4) Ranpura V, et al : Risk of cardiac ischemia and arterial thromboembolic events with the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab in cancer patients : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Oncol 49 : 287-297, 2010.
PubMed
5) Schutz FAB, et al : Bevacizumab increases the risk of arterial ischemia : alarge study in cancer patients with a focus on different subgroup outcomes. Ann Oncol 22 : 1404-1412, 2011.
 
6) Zuo PY, et al : Increased risk of cerebrovascular events in patients with cancer treated with bevacizumab : A meta-analysis. PibS One 9 (7) : e102484, 2014. doi : 10.1371/journal. pone. 0102484. eCollection 2014.
 
7) Cassidy J, et al : Venous thromboembolic events with chemotherapy plus bevacizumab : A pooled analysis of over 6,000 patients in randomized phase II and III studies. J Clin Oncol 28 (Suppl) : abstr 3604, 2010.
 
8) Nalluri SR, et al : Risk of venous thromboembolism with the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab in cancer patients. JAMA 300 : 2277-2285, 2008.
PubMed
9) Leighl NB, et al : Bleeding events in bevacizumab -treated cancer patients who received full-dose anticoagulation and remained on study. Br J Cancer 104 : 413-418, 2011.
 
P.616 掲載の参考文献
1) Perez-Soler R, Saltz L : Cutaneous adverse effects with HER1/EGFR-targeted agents : is there a silver lining? J Clin Oncol 23 : 5235-5246, 2005.
 
2) Lacouture ME, et al : Skin toxicity evaluation protocol with panitumumab (STEPP), a phase II, open-label, randomized trial evaluating the impact of a pre-emptive skin treatment regimen on skin toxicities and quality of life in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 28 : 1351-1357, 2010.
 
3) Lichtenberger BM, et al : Epidermal EGFR controls cutaneous host defense and prevents inflammation. Sci Transl Med 5 : 199ra111, 2013.
PubMed
4) Eilers RE Jr, et al : Dermatologic infections in cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 102 : 47-53, 2010.
PubMed
5) Li J, et al : Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia related with erlotinib skin toxicity in a patient with pancreatic cancer. JOP 10 : 338-340, 2009.
 
6) 藤原美紀ほか : エルロチニブ内服中にざ瘡様発疹と皮下膿瘍が多発した例. 皮膚病診療 34 : 339-342, 2012.
 
7) 武田薬品工業株式会社ベクティビックス(R) 副作用アーカイブ皮膚障害 (第2版).
 
8) ブリストル・マイヤーズ株式会社 : アービタックス(R) 注射液100mg適正使用ガイド第5版, p14-17.
 
P.621 掲載の参考文献
1) Cooper JA Jr, et al : Drug-induced pulmonary disease. Part 1 : Cytotoxic drugs. Am Rev Respir Dis 133 (2) : 321-340, 1986.
PubMed
2) Cooper JA Jr, et al : Drug-induced pulmonary disease. Part 2 : Noncytotoxic drugs. Am Rev Respir Dis 133 (3) : 488-505, 1986.
PubMed
3) Tsuboi M, et al : Interstitial lung disease in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Medical Oncology 23 : 161-170, 2006.
 
4) Azuma A, Kudoh S : High prevalence of drug-induced pneumonia in Japan. JMAJ 50 : 405-411, 2007,
 
5) Kudoh S, et al : Interstitial lung disease in Japanese patients with lung cancer : a cohort and nested case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177 : 1348-1357, 2008.
PubMed
6) Cunningham D, et al : Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351 : 337-345, 2004.
PubMed
7) Jonker DJ, et al : Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 357 : 2040-2048, 2007.
PubMed
8) Sobrero AF, et al : EPIC : phase III trial of cetuximab plus irinotecan after fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 2311-2319, 2008.
PubMed
9) Lievre A, et al : KRAS mutation status is predictive of response to cetuximab therapy in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 66 : 3992-3995, 2006.
PubMed
10) Van Cutsem E, et al : Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 360 : 1408-1417, 2009.
PubMed
11) Karapetis CS, et al : KRAS mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 359 : 1757-1765, 2008.
PubMed
12) Peeters M, et al : Randomized phase III study of panitumumab with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) compared with FOLFIRI alone as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 28 : 4706-4713, 2010.
PubMed
13) Douillard JY, et al : Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer : the PRIME study. J Clin Oncol 28 : 4697-4705, 2010.
PubMed
14) Amado RG et al : Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 1626-1634, 2008.
PubMed
15) Takano T, et al : Risk factors for interstitial lung disease and predictive factors for tumor response in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with gefitinib. Lung Cancer 45 : 93-104, 2004.
PubMed
16) Hotta K, et al : Interstitial lung disease in patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving gefitinib : an analysis of risk factors and treatment outcomes in Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group. Cancer J 11 : 417-424, 2005.
 
17) Ando M, et al : Predictive factors for interstitial lung disease, antitumor response, and survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib. J Clin Oncol 24 : 2549-2556, 2006.
PubMed
18) Shimura T, et al : Clinical features of interstitial lung disease induced by standard chemotherapy (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI) for colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 21 (10) : 2005-2010, 2010.
PubMed
P.626 掲載の参考文献
1) スチバーガ製品情報概要. [http://www.stivarga.jp/ja/home/product-information/index.php]
 
2) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン 医師用 2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
3) Grothey A, et al : Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT) : an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381 : 303-312, 2013.
PubMed
4) Demetri GD, et al : Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (GRID) : an internationaL multicentre, randomised, placebocontrolled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381 : 295-302, 2013.
PubMed
5) スチバーガ適正使用ガイド第5版. [http://www.stivarga.jp/ja/home/use-of-information/index.php]
 
6) CTCAE v3.0. [http://www.jcog.jp/]
 
7) Khan G, et al : Proactive strategies for regorafenib in metastatic colorectal cancer : implications for optimal patient management. Cancer Manag Res 6 : 93-103, 2014.
PubMed
8) スチバーガ(R) 錠手足症候群対策ポケットガイド. [http://www.stivarga.jp/ja/home/use-ofinformation/index. php]
 
9) 厚生労働省 (2010) 重篤副作用疾患別対応マニュアル 手足症候群. [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/2006/11dl/tp1122-1q01.pdf]
 
10) 山崎直也ほか : ソラフェニブによる手足症候群 予防法と対処法. 皮膚病診療 32 : 836-840, 2010.
 
11) De Wit M, et al : Prevention and management of adverse events related to regorafenib. Support Care Cancer 22 : 837-846, 2014.
PubMed
12) 清原祥夫 : 分子標的治療薬と皮膚障害. 癌と化学療法 39 : 1597-1602, 2012.
Medical*Online
P.630 掲載の参考文献
1) Folprecht G, et al : Survival of patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases treated with FOLFOX/cetuximab or FOLFIRI/cetuximab in a multidisciplinary concept (CELIM study). Ann Oncol 25 : 1018-1025, 2014.
PubMed
2) Vauthey JN, et al : Chemotherapy regimen predicts steatohepatitis and an increase in 90-day mortality after surgery for hepatic colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 24 : 2065 -2072, 2006.
 
3) Nakano H, et al : Sinusoidal injury increases morbidity after major hepatectomy in patients with colorectal liver metastases receiving preoperative chemotherapy. Ann Surg 247 : 118-124, 2008.
PubMed
4) Tamandl D, et al : Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome impairs long-term outcome of colorectal liver metastases treated with resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 18 : 421-430, 2011.
PubMed
5) Katayama M, et al : A splenic volume increase due to preoperative chemotherapy may impair the long-term outcome after hepatectomy in patients with initially non-optimally resectable colorectal cancer liver metastases. Hepatogastroenterology 60 : 1420-1425, 2013.
 
6) Kleiner DE, et al : Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 41 : 1313-1321, 2005.
PubMed
7) Rubbia-Brandt L, et al : Severe hepatic sinusoidal obstruction associated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 15 : 460-466, 2004.
PubMed
8) Wicherts DA, et al : Regenerative nodular hyperplasia of the liver related to chemotherapy : impact on outcome of liver surgery for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 18 : 659-669, 2010.
PubMed
9) McCormack L, et al : Hepatic steatosis is a risk factor for postoperative complications after major hepatectomy : a matched case-control study. Ann Surg 245 : 923-930, 2007.
PubMed
10) Reissfelder C, et al : Chemotherapy-associated liver injury and its influence on outcome after resection of colorectal liver metastases. Surgery 155 : 245-254, 2014.
PubMed
11) Cho CS, et al : Preoperative radiographic assessment of hepatic steatosis with histologic correlation. J Am Coll Surg 206 : 480-488, 2008.
PubMed
12) Nordlinger B, et al : Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983) : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371 : 1007-1016, 2008.
PubMed
13) Venook AP, et al : CALGB/SWOG 80405 : Phase III trial of irinotecan/5-FU/leucovorin (FOLFIRI) or oxaliplatin/5-FU/leucovorin (mFOLFOX6) with bevacizumab (BV) or cetuximab (CET) for patients (pts) with KRAS wild-type (wt) untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum (MCRC). J Clin Oncol 32 : 5s, Suppl ; abstr LBA3, 2014.
 
14) Ribero D, et al : Bevacizumab improves pathologic response and protects against hepatic injury in patients treated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases. Cancer 110 : 2761-2767, 2007.
PubMed
15) Rubbia-Brandt L, et al : Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and nodular regenerative hyperplasia are frequent oxaliplatin-associated liver lesions and partially prevented by bevacizumab in patients with hepatic colorectal metastasis. Histopathology 56 : 430-439, 2010.
PubMed
16) Imai K, et al : Splenic volume may be a useful indicator of the protective effect of bevacizumab against oxaliplatin-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Eur J Surg Oncol 40 : 559-566, 2014.
PubMed
17) Adam R, et al : Hepatic resection after rescue cetuximab treatment for colorectal liver metastases previously refractory to conventional systemic therapy. J Clin Oncol 25 : 4593-4602, 2007.
PubMed
18) Miura K, et al : Splenomegaly in FOLFOX-naive stage IV or recurrent colorectal cancer patients due to chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicity can be predicted by the aspartate aminotransferase to platclet ratio before chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 16 : 257-263, 2011.
PubMed
19) Wicherts D, et al : Liver regenerative nodular hyperplasia consecutive to preoperative chemotherapy : Impact on outcome of Iiver surgery for colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 27 (Suppl) : abstr 4097, 2009.
 
20) Ward J, et al : Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome diagnosed with superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chemotherapy-treated colorectal liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 26 : 4304-4310, 2008.
PubMed
21) Overman MJ, et al : Oxaliplatin-mediated increase in spleen size as a biomarker for the development of hepatic sinusoidal injury. J Clin Oncol 28 : 2549-2555, 2010.
PubMed
22) White RR, et al : Assessing the optimal duration of chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases. J Surg Oncol 97 : 601-604, 2008.
PubMed
23) Kishi Y, et al : Extended preoperative chemotherapy does not improve pathologic response and increases postoperative liver insufficiency after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 17 : 2870-2876, 2010.
PubMed
24) Welsh FK, et al : Safe liver resection following chemotherapy for colorectal metastases is a matter of timing. Br J Cancer 96 : 1037-1042, 2007.
PubMed
25) Gruenberger B, et al : Bevacizumab, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin as neoadjuvant therapy for patients with potentially curable metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 : 1830-1835, 2008.
PubMed
26) Shoup M, et al : Volumetric analysis predicts hepatic dysfunction in patients undergoing major liver resection. J Gastrointest Surg 7 : 325-330, 2003.
PubMed
27) Jaeck D, et al : A two-stage hepatectomy procedure combined with portal vein embolization to achieve curative resection for initially unresectable multiple and bilobar colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 240 : 1037-1049 ; discussion 1049-1051, 2004.
 
28) Vreuls CP, et al : Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) reduces the effect of oxaliplatin in colorectal liver metastases. Histopathology 61 : 314-318, 2012.
PubMed
29) Vigano L, et al : Liver resection for colorectal metastases after chemotherapy : impact of chemotherapy-related liver injuries, pathological tumor response. and micrometastases on long-term survival. Ann Surg 258 : 731-740 ; discussion 741-742, 2013.
 
30) Schnitzbauer AA, et al : Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg 255 : 405-414, 2012.
 
P.637 掲載の参考文献
1) 柏木広哉 : 抗がん剤による眼障害-眼部副作用-. 癌と化学療法 37 : 1639-1644, 2010.
Medical*Online
2) 柏木広哉 : 抗がん剤S-1による涙道閉塞・狭窄. あたらしい眼科 30 : 915-921, 2013.
Medical*Online
3) 柴原弘明ほか : S-1療法により流涙がみられた症例における眼病変の検討. 癌と化学療法 37 : 1735-1739, 2010.
Medical*Online
4) Kim N, et al : Lacrimal drainage obstruction in gastric cancer patients receiving S-1 chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 23 : 2065-2071, 2012.
PubMed
5) Sasaki T, et al : Dacryoendoscopic observation and incidence of canalicular obstruction/stenosis associated with S-1, an oral anticancer drug. Jpn J Ophthalmol 56 : 214-218, 2012.
 
6) Kobashi H, et al : A case of corneal epithelial lesion and keratoconjunctival pigmentation due to anticancer drug S-1. Jpn J Ophthalmol 55 : 163-165, 2011.
PubMed
7) Shirasaka T, et al : Development of a novel form of an oral 5-fluorouracil derivative (S-1) directed to the potentiation of the tumor selective cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil by two biochemical modulators. Anticancer Drugs 7 : 548-557, 1996.
 
8) 近間泰一郎 : 抗癌剤と角膜障害. コンセンサス癌治療 12 : 223-225, 2013.
 
9) Kase S, et al : Effect of topical rebamipide on human conjunctival goblet cells. JAMA Ophthalmol 132 : 1021-1022, 2014.
PubMed
P.640 掲載の参考文献
1) Ando Y, et al : Polymorphisms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene and irinotecan toxicity : a pharmacogenetic analysis. Cancer Res 60 : 6921-6926, 2000.
PubMed
2) Innocenti F, et al : Genetic variants in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase IAI gene predict the risk of severe neutropenia of irinotecan. J Clin Oncol 22 : 1382-1388, 2004.
 
3) ゲノム解析サービス 株式会社ピー・エム・エル. [http://www.bml.co.jp/genome/product_service/ugt_01.html]
 
4) Hoskins JM, et al : UGT1A1*28 genotype and irinotecan-induced neutropenia : dose matters. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 : 1290-1295, 2007.
 
5) Minami H, et al : Irinotecan pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and UGT1A genetic polymorphisms in Japanese : Roles of UGT1A1*6 and *28. Pharmacogenet Genomics 17 : 497-504, 2007.
PubMed
6) Kaniwa N, et al : Racial variability in haplotype frequencies of UGT1A1 and glucuronidation activity of a novel single nucleotide polymorphism 686C > T (P229L) found in an African-American. Drug Metab Dispos 33 : 458-465, 2005.
 
7) Satoh T, et al : Genotype-directed, dose-finding study of irinotecan in cancer patients with UGT1A1*28 and/or UGT1A1*6 polymorphisms. Cancer Sci 102 : 1868-1873, 2011.
PubMed
8) Sasaki Y, et al : Phase I study of combination therapy with irinotecan, leucovorin, and bolus and continuous-infusion 5-fluorouracil (FOLFIRI) for advanced colorectal cancer in Japanese patients. Anticancer Res 34 : 2029-2034, 2014.
PubMed
9) Nishi T, et al : Retrospective analysis of the international standard-dose FOLFIRI (plus bevacizumab) regimen in Japanese patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent colorectal carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol 16 : 488-493, 2011.
PubMed
10) Muro K, et al : Irinotecan plus S-1 (IRIS) versus fluorouracil and folinic acid plus irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as second-line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer : a randomised phase 2/3 non-inferiority study (FIRIS study). Lancet Oncol 11 : 853-860, 2010.
 
11) Yamazaki K, et al : A randomized phase III trial of mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. ASCO#3534, 2014.
 
12) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン2014年版, p62, 全原出版, 2014.
 
13) NCCN Guideline(TM) & Clinical Resources. [http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp]
 
14) Innocenti F, et al : Dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study to optimize the dosing of irinotecan according to the UGT1A1 genotype of patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 32 : 2328-2334, 2014.
 
P.649 掲載の参考文献
1) 中村茂樹 : 末期癌患者に対する皮下埋め込み型中心静脈リザーバーの使用経験. 癌と化学療法 26 : 273-276, 1999.
Medical*Online
2) 坪井伸暁ほか : 前腕留置式埋没型中心静脈カテーテル法の長期成績. IVR会誌Jpn J Intervent Radiol 18 : 43-48, 2003.
 
3) 徳弘有香ほか : 前腕部留置式埋没型中心静脈カテーテル法の臨床的検討. 高知医療センター医学雑誌 1 (1) : 11-18, 2006.
 
4) 津福達二ほか : 内頸静脈経路皮下埋込型中心静脈ポートで発生した合併症の検討. 臨牀と研究 89 (8) : 1089-1090, 2012.
Medical*Online
5) Mirza B, et al : Pinch-off syndrome : case report and collective review of the literature. Am Surg 70 (7) : 635-644, 2004.
PubMed
6) Biffi R, et al : Use of totally implantable central venous access ports for high-dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation : results of a monocentre series of 376 patients. Ann Oncol 15 (2) : 296-300, 2004.
PubMed
7) 斉藤滋 : ヘパリン在宅自己注射の実際. Progress in Medicine 34 (1) : 139-143, 2014.
 
P.653 掲載の参考文献
1) Kim TH, et al : Comparison of the belly board device method and the distended bladder method for reducing irradiated small bowel volumes in preoperative radiotherapy of rectal cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62 : 769-775, 2005.
PubMed
2) NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology v.1.2015 : Rectal Cancer. [http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/rectal.pdf]
 
3) 日本放射線腫瘍学会 (編) : 消化器II. 直腸癌. 放射線治療計画ガイドライン2012年版, p153-156, 金原出版, 2012.
 
4) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, p36-40, 金原出版, 2014.
 
5) Swedish Rectal Cancer Group : Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. N Engl J Med 336 : 980-987, 1997.
 
6) Kachnic L, et al : RTOG 0529 : a phase II evaluation of dose-painted IMRT in combination with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C for the reduction of acute morbidity in carcinoma of the anal canal. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 86 : 27-33, 2013,
PubMed
7) Kachnic L, et al : Early efficacy results of RTOG 0529 : a phase II evaluation of dose-painted IMRT in combination with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C for the reduction of acute morbidity in carcinoma of the anal canal. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78 : S55, 2010.
 
8) Garofalo M, et al : RTOG 0822 : a phase II study of preoperative (preop) chemoradiotherapy (CRT) utilizing IMRT in combination with capecitabine (C) and oxaliplatin (O) for patients (pts) with locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81 : S3-4, 2011.
 

X 大腸癌治療とインフォームドコンセント

P.661 掲載の参考文献
1) 片岡明美 : チーム医療-患者と家族が求める医療遂行のためのシステム構築. 乳癌の臨床 19 : 441-447, 2004.
Medical*Online
2) 森岡恭彦 : インフォームド・コンセント 医療におけるパターナリズム (父権主義) とインフォームド・コンセント. 臨床成人病 28 : 1015-1019, 1998.
 
3) Levenstein JH, et al : The patient-centred clinical method. 1. A model for the doctor-patient interaction in family medicine. Fam Pract 3 : 24-30, 1986.
 
4) 清水哲郎 : 生物学的 <生命> と物語られる <生> -医療現場から. 哲学 53 : 1-14, 2002.
 
5) Greenhalgh T, Hurwitz B : Narrative Based Medicine : Dialogue and Disclosure in Clinical Practice, BMJ Books, London, 1998.
 
6) 藤森麻衣子, 内富庸介 : 悪い知らせを伝えられるとき, 患者はどのようなコミュニケーションを望んでいるのか. そだちと臨床 2 : 36-40, 2007.
 
7) ASCO Curriculum : Optimizing Cancer Care-The lmportance of Symptom Management, Kendall Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, 2001.
 
8) Fujimori M, et al : Japanese cancer patients' communication style preferences when receiving bad news. Psychooncology 16 : 617-625, 2007.
PubMed
9) 内富庸介, 藤森麻衣子 : Communication 医師・患者関係 SHARE-癌医療におけるコミュニケーション技術. Trends in Hematological Malignancies 1 : 34-38, 2009.
 
P.666 掲載の参考文献
1) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン医師用2014年版, 金原出版, 2014.
 
2) 井上隆ほか : 大腸ESDと外科手術のすみわけ. 臨床消化器内科 29 : 221-226, 2014.
 
3) Ono C, et al : Discontinuous rectal cancer spread in the mesorectum and the optimal distal clearance margin in situ. Dis Colon Rectum 45 : 744-749, 2002.
PubMed
4) Saito N, et al : Long-term outcomes after intersphincteric resection for low-lying rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 21 : 3608-3615, 2014.
PubMed
5) Sugihara K, et al : Indication and benefit of pelvic sidewall dissection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 49 : 1663-1672, 2006.
PubMed
6) Georgiou P, et al : Extended lymphadenectomy versus conventional surgery for rectal cancer : a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 10 : 1053-1062, 2009.
PubMed
7) Fujita S, et al ; Colorectal Cancer Study Group of Japan Clinical Oncology Group : Postoperative morbidity and mortality after mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or stage III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212) : results from a multicentre, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 13 : 616-621, 2012.
PubMed
8) Peeters KC, et al ; Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group : The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years : increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 246 : 693-701, 2007.
 
9) Saida Y, et al : Long-term prognosis of preoperative "bridge to surgery" expandable metallic stent insertion for obstructive colorectal cancer : comparison with emergency operation. Dis Colon Rectum 46 : 44-49, 2003.
PubMed
10) Buunen M, et al ; Colon Cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection Study Group : Survival after laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer : long-term outcome of a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Oncol 10 : 44-52, 2009.
 
11) Yamamoto S, et al ; Japan Clinical Oncology Group Colorectal Cancer Study Group : Short-term surgical outcomes from a randomized controlled trial to evaluate laparoscopic and open D3 dissection for stage II/III colon cancer : Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG 0404. Ann Surg 260 : 23-30, 2014.
 
P.670 掲載の参考文献
1) Hoerske C, et al : Long-term outcomes and quality of life after rectal carcinoma surgery. Br J Surg 97 : 1295-1303, 2010.
PubMed
2) Mols F, et al : Living with the physical and mental consequences of an ostomy : a study among 1-10-year rectal cancer survivors from the population-based PROFILES registry. Psychooncology 23 : 998-1004, 2014.
PubMed
3) Bloemen JG, et al : Long-term quality of life in patients with rectal cancer : association with severe postoperative complications and presence of a stoma. Dis Colon Rectum 52 : 1251-1258, 2009.
PubMed
4) Hays RD, et al : The RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0, Health Econ 2 : 217-227, 1993.
 
5) Fukuhara S, et al : Translation, adaptation, and validation of the SF-36 Health Survey for use in Japan. J Clin Epidemiol 51 : 1037-1044, 1998.
PubMed
6) EuroQol Group : EuroQol-a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 16 : 199-208, 1990.
 
7) Aaronson NK, et al : The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 ; a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 85 : 365-376, 1993,
 
8) Kobayashi K, et al : A cross-validation of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) for Japanese with lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 34 : 810-815, 1998.
 
9) Cella DF, et al : The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale ; development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol 11 : 570-579, 1993.
PubMed
10) Sprangers MA, et al : The construction and testing of the EORTC colorectal cancer specific quality of life questionnaire module (QLQ-CR38), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Study Group on Quality of Life. Eur J Cancer 35 : 238-247, 1999.
 
11) Tsunoda A, et al : Validation of the Japanese version of EORTC QLQ-CR38. Qual Life Res 17 : 317-322, 2008.
PubMed
12) Ward WL, et al : Reliability and validity of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C) quality of life instrument. Qual Life Res 8 : 181-195, 1999.
PubMed
13) Prieto L, et al : Development and validation of a quality of life questionnaire for patients with colostomy or ileostomy. Health Qual Life Outcomes 3 : 62, 2005.
PubMed
14) Zigmond AS, et al : The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 67 : 361-370, 1983.
PubMed
15) Radloff LS : The CES-D scale : A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1 : 385-401, 1977.
 
P.674 掲載の参考文献
1) O'Connell JB, et al : Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 : 1420-1425, 2004.
PubMed
2) Moertel CG, et al : Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N Engl J Med 322 : 352-358, 1990.
PubMed
3) Moertel CG, et al : Fluorouracil plus levamisole as effective adjuvant therapy after resection of stage III colon carcinoma : a final report. Ann Intern Med 122 : 321-326, 1995.
PubMed
4) Andre T, et al : Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 350 : 2343-2351, 2004.
PubMed
5) Andre T, et al : Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol 27 : 3109-3116, 2009.
 
6) Shimada Y, et al : Randomised phase III trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with oral uracil and tegafur plus leucovorin versus intravenous fluorouracil and levofolinate in patients with stage III colorectal cancer who have undergone Japanese D2/D3 lymph node dissection : final results of JCOG0205. Eur J Cancer 50 : 2231-2240, 2014.
PubMed
7) Benoist S, et al : Complete response of colorectal liver metastases after chemotherapy : does it mean cure? J Clin Oncol 24 : 3939-3945, 2006.
 
8) Detering KM, et al : The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients : randomised controlled trial, BMJ 340 : c1345, 2010.
PubMed
9) Fujimori M, et al : Good communication with patients receiving bad news about cancer in Japan. Psychooncology 14 : 1043-1051, 2005.
PubMed
10) Fujimori M, et al : Preferences of cancer patients regarding the disclosure of bad news. Psychooncology 16 : 573-581, 2007.
PubMed
11) 山田祐ほか : 日常診療に役立つトピックス コミュニケーション・スキル (SHARE). Cancer Board 乳癌 2 : 139-142, 2009.
 
12) Radziewicz R, Baile WF : Communication skills : breaking bad news in the clinical setting. Oncol Nurs Forum 28 : 951-953, 2001.
PubMed
13) Conroy S, et al : Advance care planning : concise evidence-based guidelines. Clin Med 9 : 76-79, 2009.
PubMed
14) Barnes K, et al : Acceptability of an advance care planning interview schedule : a focus group study. Palliat Med 21 : 23-28, 2007.
PubMed

XI 新しいディバイスを取り入れた大腸癌診断 - 早期発見をめざして -

P.683 掲載の参考文献
1) Vining DJ, Gelfand DW : Non-invasive colonoscopy using helical CT scanning, 3-D reconstruction and virtual reality. Presented at the meeting of SGR (Hawaii), 1994.
 
2) 飯沼元ほか : MSCT最先端臨床報告 64列MSCT消化管への臨床応用. INNERVISION 21 : 16-20, 2006.
 
3) 松木充ほか : 造影CT colonographyによる大腸癌術前シミュレーション診断の実際. 臨床画像 26 : 941-947, 2010.
 
4) 飯沼元ほか : CT colonography大腸癌スクリーニングへの応用を目指して. 胃と腸 43 : 939-954, 2008.
 
5) 富松英人ほか : 伸展する3D画像-大腸3D画像の有用性-3D表示ソフトを用いて, 新医療 10 : 97-100, 2005.
 
6) 飯沼元ほか : 大腸CT三次元表示ソフト (M900 Quadra, GI version : AMIN社製) の使用経験. Rad Fan 3 : 57-62, 2005.
 
7) 三宅基隆, 飯沼元 : CTCにおけるコンピュータ支援検出 (CAD). 胃と腸 47 : 77-86, 2012.
 
8) 内田政史 : 話題の技術・診断法の臨床応用 CTにおける逐次近似再構成法の臨床的有用性 腹部での最新応用について. INNERVISION 27 : 71-74, 2012.
 
9) Iinuma G, et al : The Challenge : Detection of Early-Stage Superficial Colorectal lesions. In : Virtual Colonoscopy : A Practical Guide, 2nd rev ed (ed by Dachman AH, et al), p151-163, Springer, Berlin, 2009.
 
10) 飯沼元, 三宅基隆 : 消化管CT三次元診断の現状と将来展望. 日消誌 108 : 13-21, 2011.
 
P.687 掲載の参考文献
1) Eliakim R, et al : Evaluation of the PillCam Colon capsule in the detection of colonic pathology : results of the first multicenter, prospective, comparative study. Endoscopy 38 : 963-970, 2006.
PubMed
2) Eliakim R, et al : Prospective multicenter performance evaluation of the second-generation colon capsule compared with colonoscopy. Endoscopy 41 : 1026-1031, 2009.
PubMed
3) 角川康夫ほか : 大腸カプセル内視鏡の現状と展望. 日消誌 111 : 464-469, 2014.
Medical*Online
4) 角川康夫ほか : PillCam(R) COLON 2カプセル. 動画でわかるカプセル内視鏡テキスト (日本カプセル内視鏡学会 (JACE) アトラス作成委員会編), p17-24, コンパス出版局, 2014.
 
5) Hartmann D, et al : A pilot study evaluating a new low-volume colon cleansing procedure for capsule colonoscopy. Endoscopy 44 : 482-486, 2012.
 
6) Spada C, et al : Second-generation colon capsule endoscopy compared with colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 74 : 581-589, 2011.
PubMed
7) 「診療報酬の算定方法の一部改正に伴う実施上の留意事項について」等の一部改正について. 平成25年12月27日保医発1227第3号, 2013.
 
8) 厚生労働省平成24年度地域保健・健康増進事業報告の概況, 健康増進編. [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/c-hoken/12/dl/kekka2.pdf]
 
9) Spada C, et al : Colon capsule endoscopy : European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 44 : 527-536, 2012.
PubMed
10) Kakugawa Y, et al : New reduced volume preparation regimen in colon capsule endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 18 : 2092-2098, 2012.
PubMed
11) Hassan C, et al : Cost-effectiveness of capsule endoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer. Endoscopy 40 : 414-421, 2008.
PubMed
12) Triantafyllou K, et al : Is there a role for colon capsule endoscopy beyond colorectal cancer screening? Aliterature review. World J Gastroenterol 20 : 13006-13014, 2014.
 
P.691 掲載の参考文献
1) 工藤進英 : 陥凹型早期大腸癌-診断と治療の新しい展開, 日本メディカルセンター, 1996.
 
2) 山野泰穂ほか : 自家蛍光内視鏡を用いた大腸腫瘍性病変の存在. INTESTINE 13 : 141-147, 2009.
 
3) 竹内洋司 : 早期大腸癌スクリーニング. 胃と腸 45 : 771-775, 2010.
 
4) 竹端榮 : AFI (Auto-Fluorescence-Image) の原理. 特殊光による内視鏡アトラス (田尻久雄編), p185-189, 日本メディカルセンター, 2006.
 
5) 相原弘之 : 画像強調観察 (2) 光デジタル法 (Optical Digital Method) b. AFI. 臨床消化器内科 24 : 53-60, 2009.
 
6) Uedo N, et al : Nobel autofluorescence videoimaging system for diagnosis of cancers in the digestive tract. Dig Endosc 18 (Suppl 1) : S131-136, 2006.
 
7) Takeuchi Y, et al : Autofluorescence imaging with a transparent hood for detection of colorectal neoplasms : a prospective, randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 72 : 1006-1013, 2010.
PubMed
8) Matsuda T, et al : Does autofluorescence videoimaging system improve the colonoscopic polyp detection rate? -a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol 103 : 1926-1932, 2008.
 
9) 斎藤彰一 : 大腸腫瘍性病変の診断におけるAFI, NBIの有用性を検討する. GI Research 17 : 241-248, 2009.
 
10) Arita K, et al : Quantitative analysis of colorectal mucosal lesions by autofluorescence endoscopy : Discrimination of carcinomas from other lesions. Oncol Rep 26 : 43-48, 2011.
PubMed

XII 特論

P.698 掲載の参考文献
1) Davies H, et al : Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417 : 949-954, 2002.
PubMed
2) Corcoran RB, et al : EGFR-mediated re-activation of MAPK signaling contributes to insensitivity of BRAF mutant colorectal cancers to RAF inhibition with vemurafenib. Cancer Discov 2 : 227-235, 2012.
PubMed
3) Mao M, et al : Resistance to BRAF inhibition in BRAF-mutant colon cancer can be overcome with PI3K inhibition or demethylating agents. Clin Cancer Res 19 : 657-667, 2013.
PubMed
4) Druker BJ, et al : Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 344 : 1031-1037, 2001.
PubMed
5) Kwak EL, et al : Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 363 : 1693-1703, 2010.
PubMed
6) Lynch TJ, et al : Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 350 : 2129-2139, 2004.
PubMed
7) Mok TS, et al : Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 361 : 947-957, 2009.
 
8) Karapetis CS, et al : K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 359 : 1757-1765, 2008.
PubMed
9) Oxnard GR, et al : New strategies in overcoming acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17 : 5530-5537, 2011.
PubMed
10) Montagut C, et al : Identification of a mutation in the extracellular domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor conferring cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer. Nat Med 18 : 221-223, 2012.
PubMed
11) Hodi FS, et al : Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363 : 711-723, 2010.
PubMed
12) Topalian SL, et al : Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med 366 : 2443-2454, 2012.
PubMed
13) Brahmer JR, et al : Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med 366 : 2455-2465, 2012.
PubMed
14) Mano H : ALKoma : a cancer subtype with a shared target. Cancer Discov 2 : 495-502, 2012.
PubMed
P.704 掲載の参考文献
1) Kasuga M, et al : Report of the Japan Diabetes Society/Japanese Cancer Association joint committee on diabetes and cancer. Cancer Sci 104 : 965-976, 2013.
PubMed
2) Giovannucci E, et al : Diabetes and cancer : a consensus report. Diabetes Care 33 : 1674-1685, 2010.
 
3) Konner CA, Brifning JC : Selective insulin and leptin resistance in metabolic disorders. Cell Metab 16 : 144-152, 2012.
 
4) Pollak M : The insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptor family in neoplasia : an update. Nat Rev Cancer 12 : 159-169, 2012.
PubMed
5) Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D : Minireview : IGF, Insulin, and Cancer. Endocrinology 152 : 2546-2551, 2011.
PubMed
6) Melmed S, et al : A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly complications. Pituitary 16 : 294-302, 2012.
 
7) Cohen DH, LeRoith D : Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer : the insulin and IGF connection. Endocr Relat Cancer 19 : F27-F45, 2012.
 
8) Pollak M : Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer 8 : 915-928, 2008.
PubMed
9) Baxter RC : IGF binding proteins in cancer : mechanistic and clinical insights. Nat Rev Cancer 14 : 329-341, 2014.
PubMed
10) Khandekar MJ, et al : Molecular mechanisms of cancer development in obesity. Nat Rev Cancer 11 : 886-895, 2011.
PubMed
11) Dalamaga M, et al : The role of adiponectin in cancer : a review of current evidence. Endocr Rev 33 : 547-594, 2012.
 
12) Ando S, Catalano S : The multifactorial role of leptin in driving the breast cancer microenvironment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8 : 263-275, 2011.
PubMed
13) Codofier-Franch P, Alonso-Iglesias E : Resistin : Insulin resistance to malignancy. Clin Chim Acta 438C : 46-54, 2014.
 
14) Chen HX, Sharon E : IGF-1R as an anti-cancer target-trials and tribulations. Chin J Cancer 32 : 242-252, 2014.
 
15) Pernicova I, Korbonits M : Metformin-mode of action and clinical implications for diabetes and cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10 : 143-156, 2014.
PubMed
P.710 掲載の参考文献
1) Hinchey J, et al : A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med 334 : 494-500, 1996.
 
2) Wang W, et al : Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome induced by bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 20 (21) : 6691-6697, 2014.
PubMed
3) Edvinsson L, et al : Autonomic nerves, mast cells, and amine receptors in human brain vessels. A histochemical and pharmacological study. Brain Res 115 (3) : 377-393, 1976.
PubMed
4) Seet RC, Rabinstein AA : Clinical features and outcomes of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome following bevacizumab treatment. QJM 105 (1) : 69-75, 2012.
PubMed
5) 岸田修二 : 癌分子標的治療薬による中枢神経合併症. 癌と化学療法 35 (10) : 1659-1664, 2008.
Medical*Online
6) ベクティビックス(R) 適正使用ガイド.
 
7) Whang R, et al : Magnesium homeostasis and clinical disorders of magnesium deficiency. Ann Pharmacother 28 (2) : 220-226, 1994.
PubMed
8) Groenestege WM, et al : Impaired basolateral sorting of pro-EGF causes isolated recessive renal hypomagnesemia. J Clin Invest 117 (8) : 2260-2267, 2007.
PubMed
9) Vincenzi B, et al : Early magnesium reduction in advanced colorectal cancer patients treated with cetuximab plus irinotecan as predictive factor of efficacy and outcome. Clin Cancer Res 14 (13) : 4219-4224, 2008.
PubMed
10) アービタックス(R) 適正使用ガイド.
 
11) Chen MH, et al : Mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor cancer therapeutics. Circulation 118 (1) : 84-95, 2008.
PubMed
12) Ahmadieh H, Salti I : Tyrosine kinase inhibitors induced thyroid dysfunction : a review of its incidence, pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and treatment, Biomed Res Int 2013 : 1-9, 2013.
 
13) Grothey A, et al : Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT) : an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381 (9863) : 303-312, 2013.
PubMed
14) 宮本信吾 : Bevacizumabによる可逆性後灰白質脳症を合併した転移性大腸がんの1例. 日消誌 111 : 743-747, 2014,
 
15) 吉野孝之 (監) : ベクティビックス(R) 副作用アーカイブ 電解質異常 (第2版).
 
P.714 掲載の参考文献
1) COLLINS DC : 71,000 HUMAN APPENDIX SPECIMENS. A FINAL REPORT, SUMMARIZING FORTY YEARS' STUDY. Am J Proctol 14 : 265-281, 1963.
PubMed
2) Connor SJ, et al : Appendiceal tumors : retrospective clinicopathologic analysis of appendiceal tumors from 7,970 appendectomies. Dis Colon Rectum 41 : 75-80, 1998.
PubMed
3) 小澤平太ほか : 虫垂病変のすべて-非腫瘍から腫瘍まで. 虫垂腫瘍の臨床統計. 胃と腸 49 : 495-499, 2014.
 
4) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌取扱い規約 (第8版), p53-63, 金原出版, 2013.
 
5) 桑原義之ほか : 鼠径ヘルニア嵌頓様症状で発症した原発性虫垂癌の1例. 日臨外医会誌 50 : 2610-2614, 1989.
 
6) 横山貴司ほか : 原発性虫垂癌11例の臨床病理学的検討. 日外科系連会誌 33 : 621-624, 2008.
 
7) 松田圭二ほか : 虫垂病変のすべて-非腫瘍から腫瘍まで. 虫垂病変の臨床 虫垂癌の臨床的特徴と治療方針. 胃と腸 49 : 509-519, 2014.
 
8) 北川晋二ほか : 虫垂腫瘤様病変における注腸X線所見 他の画像診断との比較. 胃と腸 25 : 1155-1168, 1990.
 
9) 清水誠治ほか : 虫垂病変のすべて-非腫瘍から腫瘍まで. 虫垂病変の臨床 画像診断-X線・内視鏡診断の立場から. 胃と腸 49 : 463-474, 2014.
 
10) 畠二郎ほか : 虫垂病変のすべて-非腫瘍から腫瘍まで. 虫垂病変の臨床 画像診断-腹部エコー診断の立場から. 胃と腸 49 : 475-482, 2014.
 
11) 石川祐一ほか : 虫垂病変のすべて-非腫瘍から腫瘍まで. 虫垂病変の臨床 画像診断-CT診断の立場から. 胃と腸 49 : 484-493, 2014.
 
12) 桑原真理子ほか : 術前に卵巣癌との鑑別が困難であった虫垂癌の2例, 日産婦関東連会報 47 : 437-441, 2010.
 
13) 森直樹ほか : 膀胱浸潤をきたした虫垂粘液嚢胞腺癌の1例. 泌尿器科紀要 48 : 351-354, 2002.
 
14) 川野恵美子ほか : FDG-PET検査が診断に有用であった早期虫垂癌の1例. 日臨外会誌 72 : 2567-2571, 2011.
 
15) 窪田晃治ほか : 早期虫垂癌の1例. ENDOSCOPIC FORUM for digestive disease 16 : 56-60, 2000.
Medical*Online
16) 谷田部沙織ほか : 大腸内視鏡検査で診断しえた早期虫垂癌の1手術例. 日消外会誌 46 : 530-537, 2013.
 
17) 長谷川久美ほか : 原発性虫垂癌の2例. 日臨外医会誌 57 : 1663-1667, 1996.
 
18) 谷坂優樹ほか : 術前に確定診断し, 腹腔鏡補助下切除した早期虫垂癌の一例. Gastroenterol Endosc 51 : 1714-1719, 2009.
 
19) Hopkins GB, et al : Primary adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix : report of seven cases and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 16 : 140-144, 1973.
PubMed
20) 高見澤潤一ほか : 閉塞性虫垂炎にて発症した虫垂癌の1例. 日臨外会誌 68 : 1187-1191, 2007.
 
21) 小林由夏ほか : 術後, 急速に増大する卵巣再発をきたした原発性虫垂癌の1剖検例. 臨床外科 64 : 365-371, 2009.
 
22) 大腸癌研究会 (編) : 大腸癌治療ガイドライン 医師用 2014年版, p53-54, 金原出版, 2014.
 
23) NCCN Guidelines Version 3.2013 Colon Cancer, 2013. [http://www.tri-kobe.org/nccn/guideline/ colorectal/japanese/colon.pdf] [http://www.tri-kobe.org]
 

書評

最近チェックした商品履歴

Loading...