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最新医学別冊　診断と治療のABC103　肝がん

出版社：	最新医学社
発行日：	2015-04-25
分野：	臨床医学：一般 > 雑誌
ISSN：	03708241
雑誌名：	最新医学
特集：	肝がん
電子書籍版：	2015-04-25

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目次

最新医学別冊　診断と治療のABC103　肝がん

―目次―

特集　肝がん

序論
眼で見る肝がん

第１章　概念・定義と疫学
　概念・定義
　疫学

第２章　病理・病態生理
　病理
　病態生理・悪性度診断・予後規定因子
　病因

第３章　診断
　診断
　検査所見
　画像所見
　　１．CT・MRＩ
　　２．超音波・造影US
　鑑別診断

第４章　管理・治療
　管理・治療・総論
　外科治療
　肝移植
　局所治療
　肝動脈化学塞栓術（TACE）
　動注化学療法
　全身化学療法
　放射線治療
　粒子線治療
　予後
　医療経済

第５章　ガイドライン
　ガイドライン

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

第1章概念・定義と疫学

P.20 掲載の参考文献

1) 日本肝癌研究会編 : 原発性肝癌取扱い規約 (第5版補訂版). 金原出版,東京, 2009.

2) Bosman F, et al : WHO classhication of tumors of the digestive system, fourth edition. IARC, Lyon, 2010.

3) 日本肝癌研究会 : 第19回全国原発性肝癌追跡調査報告. 2013.

4) Liver Cancer Estimated Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012, GLOBOCAN, IARC <http://globocan.iarc.fr/old/FactSheets/cancers/hver-new.asp>

5) Kenmochi K, et al : Relationship of histologic grade of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to tumor size, and demonstration of tumor cells of multiple different grades in single smail HCC. Liver 7 (1) : 18-26, 1987.

6) Morimitsu Y, et al : Nodules of less-differentiated tumor within or adjacent to hepatocellular carcinoma : relative expression of transforming growth factor-alpha and its receptor in the different areas of tumor. Hum Pathol 26 (10) : 1126-1132, 1995.

7) Sakamoto M, et al : Multicentric independent development of hepatocellular carcinoma revealed by analysis of hepatitis B virus integration pattern. Am J Surg Pathol 13 (12) : 1064-1067, 1989.

8) Oda T, et al : Mutation pattern of the p53 gene as adiagnostic marker for multiple hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 52 (13) : 3674-3678, 1992.

9) Sakamoto M, et al : Early stages of multistep hepatocarcinogenesis : adenomatous hyperplasia and early hepatocellular carcinoma Hum Pathol 22 (2) : 172-178, 1991.

10) Takayama T, et al : Malignant transformation of adenomatous hyperplasia to hepatocellular carcinoma Lancet 336 (8724) : 1150-1153, 1990.

11) Sakamoto M, et al : Natural history and prognosis of adenomatous hyperplasia and early hepatocellular carcinoma : multi-institutional analysis of 53 nodules followed up for more than 6 months and 141 patients with single early hepatocellular carcinoma treated by surgical resection or percutaneous ethanol injection. Jpn J Clin Oncol 28 (10) : 604-608, 1998.

P.29 掲載の参考文献

1) 平成25年 (2013年) 人口動態統計 (確定数) の概況 : 厚生労働省統計情報・白書厚生労働省 <http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/jinkou/kakutei13/>

2) 日本肝癌研究会 : 第5回-第18回全国原発性肝癌追跡調査報告. 日本肝癌研究会事務局, 1982-2009.

3) Hashimoto E, et al : Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis : Growing evidence of an epidemic? Hepatol Res 42 (1) : 1-14, 2012.

4) Okanoue T, et al : Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 26 (Suppl 1) : 153-162, 2010.

5) Arase Y, et al : Long-term outcome after hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in patients with chronic hepatitis B Am J Med 119 (1) : 71. e9-16, 2006.

6) Yuen M F, et al : HBsAg Seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B in Asian patients : replicative level and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol 135 (4) : 1192-1199, 2008.

7) 広島県における肝炎ウイルス検査・治療に関する啓発活動と効果の検証. 平成25年度厚生労働科学研究費補助金肝炎等克服緊急対策研究事業「急性感染も含めた肝炎ウイルス感染状況・長期経過と治療導入対策に関する研究」班報告書. 2014.

8) Akita T, et al : Validation and limitation of age-period-cohort model in simulating mortality due to hepatocellular carcinoma from 1940 to 2010 in Japan. Hep Res 44 (17) : 713-719, 2014.

9) 数理疫学モデルを用いた肝癌死亡推移の要因分析の試み, 平成24年度厚生労働科学研究費補助金肝炎等克服緊急対策研究事業「肝炎ウイルス感染状況・長期経過と予後調査及び治療導入対策に関する研究」班報告書. 2013.

10) 数理疫学モデルを用いた肝癌および肝硬変の死亡推移の要因分析. 平成25年度厚生労働科学研究費補助金肝炎等克服緊急対策研究事業「急性感染も含めた肝炎ウイルス感染状況・長期経過と治療導入対策に関する研究」班報告書. 2014.

11) Tanaka J, et al : Natural histories of hepatitis C virus infection in men and women simulated by the Markov model. J Med Virol 70 : 378-386, 2003.

12) 肝炎ウイルス持続感染者の病態推移に関する数理疫学的研究. 平成24年度厚生労働科学研究費補助金肝炎等克服緊急対策研究事業「肝炎ウイルス感染状況・長期経過と予後調査及び治療導入対策に関する研究」班報告書. 2013.

P.31 掲載の参考文献

1) Effendi K, et al : Liver Cancer 3 : 451-457, 2014.

2) Boyault S. et al : Hepatology 45 : 42-52, 2007.

3) Hoshida Y, et al : Cancer Res 69 : 7385-7392, 2009.

第2章病理・病態生理

P.40 掲載の参考文献

1) Takayama T, et al : Malignant transformation of adenomatous hyperplasia to hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 336 : 1150-1153, 1990.

2) Sakamoto M, et al : Early stage of multistep hepatecarcinogenesis : adenomatous hyperplasia and early hepatocellular carcinoma. Human Pathol 22 : 172-178, 1991.

3) International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia. Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma : a report of the international consensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia. Hepatology 49 : 658-664, 2009.

4) 日本肝癌研究会編 : 原発性肝癌取扱い規約第5版補訂版. 金原出版, 東京, 2009.

5) Bosman F T, et al : WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System. IARC Press, Lyon, 2010.

P.50 掲載の参考文献

1) 日本肝癌研究会編 : 第18回全国原発性肝癌追跡報告. 日本肝癌研究会事務局, 大阪, 2009.

2) 日本肝臓学会編 : 科学的根拠に基づく肝癌診療ガイドライン2013年度版. 金原出版, 東京, 2013.

3) Hosaka T, et al : Predictive factors of advanced recurrence after curative resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 29 : 736-742, 2008.

4) Kobayashi M, et al : High serum des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin level predicts poor prognosis after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 115 : 571-580, 2009.

5) Kawamura Y, et al : New classification of dynamic computed tomography images predictive of malignant characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 40 : 1006-1114, 2010.

6) Llovet J M, et al : Increased risk of tumor seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 33 : 1124-1129, 2001.

7) Kawamura Y, et al : Heterogeneous Type 4 enhancement of hepatocellular carcinoma on dynamic CT is associated with tumor recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197 : W665-673, 2011.

P.56 掲載の参考文献

1) 日本肝臓学会編 : 肝癌診療ガイドライン2013年版. 金原出版, 東京, 2013.

2) 堀江義則,他 : わが国におけるアルコール性肝硬変の実態とその進展因子に関する検討. 肝臓 11 : 507-513, 2009.

3) Hara M, et al : Effect of smoking on the association between alcohol consumption and cancer mortality among middle-aged Japanese men : JPHC Study Cohort I. IARC Sci Publ 156 : 165-168, 2002.

4) Ishiguro S, et al : Serum aminotransferase level and the risk of hepatoceUular carcinoma : a population-based cohort study in Japan. Eur J Cancer Prevent 18 : 26-32, 2009.

5) Bravi F, et al : Coffee Reduces Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma : An Updated Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 : 1413-1421, 2013.

6) Lee H Y, et al : Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies on cigarette smoking and liver cancer. Int J Epidemiol 38 : 1497-1511, 2009.

7) 大山淳史, 他 : 非B非C肝癌の早期発見における肝臓専門医フォローアップの重要性. 肝臓 55 (5) : 284-286, 2014.

P.58 掲載の参考文献

1) Bolondi L, et al : Semin Liver Dis 32 : 348-359, 2012.

2) Mazzaferro V, et al : Lancet Oncol 10 : 35-43, 2009. .

3) Weinmann A, et al : Liver Int 35 : 591-600, 2015.

4) Yamakado K, et al : Jpn J Radiol 32 : 260-265, 2014.

第3章診断

P.66 掲載の参考文献

1) 日本肝癌研究会 (編) : 第19回全国原発性肝癌追跡調査報告 (2006-2007). 日本肝癌研究会事務局, 大阪, 2014.

2) Beasley R P, et al : Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 2 (8256) : 1129-1133, 1981.

3) Tsukuma H, et al : Risk factors fbr hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 328 (25) : 1797-1801, 1993.

4) Chen C J, et al : Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 295 (1) : 65-73, 2006.

5) Tradati F, et al : A prospective multicenter study of hepatocellular carcinoma in italian hemophiliacs with chronic hepatitis C. The Study Group of the Association of Italian Hemophilia Centers, Blood 91 (4) : 1173-1177, 1998.

6) 今井康陽 : C型肝炎に対する抗ウイルス療法による発癌予防. 総合臨 60 (1) : 76-80, 2011.

7) Onishi H, et al : Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas : detection with gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging and multiphasic multidetector CT. Eur Radiol 22 (4) : 845-854, 2012.

8) Di Martino M, et al : Intraindividual comparison of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging and 64-section multidetector CT in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Radiology 256 (3) : 806-816, 201Q

9) Kogita S, et al : Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance images of hepatocellular carcinoma : correlation with histological grading and portal blood flow. Eur Radiol 20 (10) : 2405-2413, 2010.

10) Sano K, et al : Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma : useless of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 261 (3) : 834-844, 2011.

11) 日本肝臓学会 (編) : 科学的根拠に基づく肝癌診療ガイドライン2013年度版. 金原出版, 東京, 2013.

12) Kudo M, et al : JSH Consensus-Based Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma : 2014 Update by Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Liver Cancer 3 : 458-468, 2014.

13) Kitao A, et al : The uptake transporter OATP8 expression decreases during multistep hepatocarcinogenesis : correlation with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Eur Radiol 21 (10) : 2056-2066, 2011.

14) Hyodo T, et al : Hypovascular nodules in patients with chronic liver disease : risk factors for development of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology 266 (2) : 480-490, 2013.

P.73 掲載の参考文献

1) Tateishi R, et al : Clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of non-B, non-C hepatocellular carcinoma : alarge retrospective multicenter cohort study. J Gastroenterol 2014 [Epub ahead of print].

2) 池田健次 : 1, 肝癌発癌機序・疫学とハイリスク患者の設定 D, 肝癌の疫学とリスク患者の設定. 肝癌診療マニュアル第2版 (肝臓学会編). p12-14. 医学書院, 東京, 2010.

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5) Yamasaki K, et al : Elevated serum levels of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive human Mac-2 binding protein predict the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C patients. Hepatology 60 (5) : 1563-1570, 2014.

6) 伊藤隆徳,他 : 血清線維化マーカー. 最近肝癌学-基礎と臨床の最新研究動-. p363-366. 日本臨牀社, 大阪, 2015.

7) Kumada T, et al : Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection who have normal alanine aminotransferase values. J Med Virol 82 (4) : 539-545, 2010.

8) Kumada T, et al : Relation between incidence of hepatic carcinogenesis and integration value of alanine aminotransferase in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Gut 56 (5) : 738-739, 2007.

9) Kumada T, et al : Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C carriers with normal alanine aminotransferase levels. J Hepatol 50 (4) : 729-735, 2009.

10) Chen CJ, et al : REVEAL-HBV Study Group. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 295 (1) : 65-73, 2006.

11) Toyoda H, et al : Clinical utility of highly sensitive Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with alpha-fetoprotein <20 ng/ml. Cancer Sci 102 : 1025-1031, 2011.

12) Taketa K : α-Fetoprotein : Reevalua-tion in hepatology. Hepatology 12 : 1420-1432, 1990.

13) Kumada T, et al : Predictive value of tumor markers for hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with hepatitis C virus. J Gastroenterol 46 : 536-544, 2011.

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15) Toyoda H, et al : Highly sensitive Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive α-fetoprotein : a new tool for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 81 (Suppl 1) : 61-65, 2011.

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17) Toyoda H, et al : Novel method to measure serum levels of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients taking warfarin : a preliminary report. Cancer Sci 103 (5) : 921-925, 2012.

P.86 掲載の参考文献

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2) Matsui M, et al : Benign and malignant nodules in cirrhotic liver : distinction based on blood supply. Radiology 178 : 493-497, 1991.

3) Hayashi M, et al. Correlation between the blood supply and grade of malignancy of hepatocellular nodules associated with liver cirrhosis : evaluation by CT during intraarterial injection of contrast medium. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172 (4) : 969-976, 1999.

4) Kadoya M, et al : Hepatocellular carcinoma : correlation of MR imaging and histopathologic findings. Radiology 183 : 819-825, 1992.

5) Matsui M, et al : Adenomatou hyperplastic nodules in the cirrhotic liver : differentiation from hepatocelluiar carcinoma with MR imaging. Radiology 173 : 123-126, 1989.

6) Keller P H, et al : Multi-section fat-water imaging with chemical shift selective presaturation. Radiology 164 : 539-541, 1987.

7) MitcheU D M, et al : Chemical shift phase-difference and suppression magnetic resonance imaging techniques in animals, phantoms, and human fatty liver. Invest Radiol 26 : 1041-1052, 1991.

8) Ebara M, et al : Relationship between copper, zinc and metallothionein in hepatocellular carcinoma and its surrounding liver parenchyma. J Hepatol 33 : 415-422, 2000.

9) Rubin JI, et al : High-field MR imaging of extracranial hematomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148 : 813-817, 1987.

10) Ohtomo K, et al : Hepatocellular carcinoma : MR appearance mimicking cavernous hemangioma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14 : 650-652, 1990.

11) Terada T, et al : Iron accumulating adenomatous hyperplastic nodule with malignant foci in the cirrhotic liver : histopathologic, quantitative iron, and magnetic resonance imaging in vitro studies. Cancer 65 : 1994-2000, 1990.

12) Imai Y, et al : Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance images of hepatocellular carcinoma : Correlation with histologic grading. Hepatology 32 : 205-212, 2000.

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14) Fujinaga Y, et al : Effect of hepatobiliary uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA on the hepatic venous phase of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging on a 3.0-T apparatus : comparison between Gd-EOB-DTPA and Gd-DTPA. Jpn J Radiol 29 : 695-700, 2011.

15) Narita M, et al : Expression of OATP1B3 determines uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 44 : 793-798, 2009.

P.97 掲載の参考文献

1) 貴田岡正, 他 : 肝腫瘤の超音波診断基準 (案). 超音波医 37 : 157-166, 2010.

2) 飯島尋子, 他 : 造影超音波による肝細胞癌の早期診断-Bモード画像-. 肝細胞癌の早期診断 : 画像と分子マーカー厚生労働科学研究費補助金 (肝炎等克服緊急対策研究事業) (有井滋樹, 他), p126-130. アークメディア, 東京, 2012.

3) Kutami R et al : Pathomorphologic study on the mechanism of fatty change in small hepatocellular carcinoma of humans. J Hepatol 33 : 282-289, 2000.

4) 田中弘教, 他 : 【腹部超音波検査up-to-date】腹部超音波検査の実際 (診断手技, 検査のコツ, 見落としのない検査法) 肝臓. 臨消内科 26 : 1205-1212, 2011.

5) 真島康雄 : 肝細胞癌の早期診断超音波によるスクリーニング. 日内会誌 84 : 1992-1996, 1995.

6) 田中弘教他 : 腫瘍性肝疾患の超音波診断. 超音波医 38 : 401-411, 2011.

7) Nakashima Y, et al : Portal vein invasion and intrahepatic micrometastasis in small hepatocellular carcinoma by gross type. Hepatol Res 26 : 142-147, 2003.

8) Tanaka S, et al : Color Doppler flow imaging of liver tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154 : 509-514, 1990.

9) 田中弘教, 他 : 【造影超音波は臨床を変えるか】肝臓疾患に対する造影超音波肝腫瘍診断および治療支援における造影超音波の基礎投与法, 装置条件, 時相. 肝胆膵 60 : 355-362, 2010.

10) Tanaka H, et al : New malignant grading system for hepatocellular carcinoma using the Sonazoid contrast agent for ultrasonography. J Gastroenterol 49 : 755-763, 2014.

11) Yanagisawa K, et al : Phagocytosis of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles by Kupffer cells. Ultrasound Med Biol 33 : 318-325, 2007.

12) Imai Y, et al : Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance images of hepatocellular carcinoma : correlation with histological grading. Hepatology 32 : 205-212, 2000.

13) Korenaga K, et al : Usefulness of Sonazoid contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for hepatocellular carcinoma : comparison with pathological diagnosis and superparamagnetic iron oxide magnetic resonance images. J Gastroenterol 44 : 733-741, 2009.

14) Kudo M, et al : Newly developed novel ultrasound technique, defect reperfusion ultrasound imaging, using sonazoid in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 78 (Suppl 1) : 40-45, 2010.

P.105 掲載の参考文献

1) International Conscnsus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia The International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia Hepatology 49 (2) : 658-664. 2009.

2) Sano K, et al : Radiology 261 (3) : 834-844. 2011.

3) Kogita S, et al : EJR 20 (10) : 2405-2413, 2010.

4) Motosugi U, et al : JMRI 34 (1) : 88-94. 2011.

5) Hyodo T, et al : Radiology 266 (2) : 480-490, 2013.

6) Kim Y K, et al : Radiology 265 (1) : 104-114, 2012.

7) Kitao A, et al : EJR 21 (10) : 2056-2066, 2011.

第4章管理・治療

P.111 掲載の参考文献

1) Makuuchi M, et al : Surgery fbr small liver cancers. Semin Surg Oncol 9 : 298-304, 1993.

2) Hosaka T, et al : HBcrAg is a predictor of post-treatment recurrence of recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma during antiviral therapy. Liver Int 30 : 1461-1470, 2010.

3) Chan A C, et al : Impact of antiviral therapy on the survival of patients after major hepatectomy for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Surg 146 : 657-681, 2011.

4) Huang G, et al : Early viral suppression predicts good postoperative survivals in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with a high baseline HBV-DNA load. Ann Surg Oncol 20 : 1482-1490, 2013.

5) Hsu Y C, et al : Postoperative peg-interferon plus ribavirin is associated with reduced recurrence of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 58 : 150-157, 2013.

6) Shiratori Y, et al : Interferon therapy after tumor ablation improves prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma asscociated with hepatitis Cvirus. Ann Intern Med 18 : 299-306, 2003.

7) Tanaka J, et al : Clinicopathological features of malignancy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 23 : S96-100, 1989.

8) Onishi N, et al : Molecular biology of liver cancer stem cells. Liver Cancer 3 : 71-84, 2014.

9) Tsuchiya K, et al : Expression of keratin 19 is related to high recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation. Oncology 80 : 278-288, 2011.

10) Yoshida H, et al : Effect of vitamin K2 on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 54 : 532-540, 2011.

11) Muto Y, et al : Prevention of second primary tumors by an acyclic retinoid, polyprenoic acid, in patients with hepatoceUular carcinoma. Hepatoma Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 334 : 1561-1567, 1996.

12) Okita K, et al : Survey of survival among patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma treated with peretinoin, an acyclic retinoid, after the completion of a randomized, placeo-controlled trial. J Gastroenterol 2014 (in press)

13) Yoshiji H, et al : Combination of branched-chain amino acids and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor suppress the cumulative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma : a randomized control trial. Oncol Rep 26 : 1547-1553, 2011.

14) Ichikawa K, et al : Oral supplementation of branched-chain amino acids reduces early recurrence after hepatic resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma : a prospective study. Surg Today 43 : 726-729, 2013.

P.117 掲載の参考文献

1) 上本伸二 : 肝癌に対する肝臓移植のベストプラクティス. 日消誌 111 : 875-879, 2014.

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第5章ガイドライン

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