新女性医学大系 26 異常分娩

出版社： 中山書店
著者：
発行日： 1999-04-30
分野： 臨床医学：外科  >  産婦人科学
ISBN： 9784521541112
電子書籍版： 1999-04-30 （第1版第1刷）
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本書では、分娩の3要素を構成する産道・娩出力・娩出物の異常や産科ショックに加え、異常妊娠の結果として特別な取り扱いを要する早産、前期破水、過期妊娠、多胎妊娠、遷延分娩、前置胎盤などをとりあげました。また多くの図、表、写真とともに各病態における分娩時・分娩後の管理上必要不可欠な知見を網羅しています。既刊の『正常分娩』『異常分娩』などと相互に補完する内容となっており、臨床医に必携の書です。

目次

  • 表紙
  • 執筆者一覧
  • 刊行にあたって
  • 目次
  • I 早産
  • 1. 定義, 概念
  • 2. 分類
  • 3. 疫学
  • 4. 病因, 病態生理
  • 5. 診断
  • a. 臨床症状による診断
  • b. 子宮内感染の診断
  • c. 早産マーカーによる診断
  • d. 子宮収縮曲線による診断
  • e. 画像診断
  • 6. 治療
  • 7. 予防
  • II 前期破水 (PROM)
  • 1. 定義
  • 2. 概念
  • 3. 成因
  • 4. 病態
  • a. 絨毛膜羊膜炎
  • b. 羊水過少
  • c. PROMと胎児肺成熟
  • d. 胎盤早期剥離と絨毛膜羊膜炎
  • e. 臍帯炎
  • f. 高位破水
  • 5. 頻度
  • 6. 症状
  • 7. 診断
  • 8. PPROMの管理方針
  • a. 治療のポイント
  • b. 人工羊水補充療法
  • c. 手術療法
  • d. 羊水中血小板注入療法
  • e. 胎児モニタリング
  • f. 娩出法
  • 9. PROMの管理方針
  • III 過期妊娠
  • 1. 定義
  • 2. 疫学
  • 3. 病因
  • 4. 診断
  • 5. 病態
  • a. 過熟児
  • b. 胎盤機能不全
  • c. 胎児仮死
  • d. 分娩時損傷
  • e. 在胎週数と周産期予後
  • 6. 胎児評価の開始時期
  • 7. 分娩管理の方針
  • 8. 分娩管理の実際
  • a. 管理の開始時期
  • b. 胎児心拍数モニタリング
  • c. 羊水過少と羊水混濁
  • d. 巨大児, 肩甲難産
  • e. 破膜
  • IV 産道の異常
  • A. 骨産道の異常
  • 1. 形態の異常
  • a. 狭骨盤
  • b. 仙骨形態異常
  • c. 入口面形態
  • d. 骨産道損傷
  • 2. 児頭骨盤不均衡
  • B. 軟産道の異常 (軟産道強靱, 子宮頸管熟化不全)
  • 1. 概念
  • 2. 軟産道の解剖
  • 3. 子宮頸管熟化のメカニズム
  • 4. 子宮頸管成熟度の評価
  • 5. 子宮頸管熟化不全の概念
  • 6. 子宮頸管熟化不全の診断
  • 7. 子宮頸管熟化不全の治療法
  • V 娩出力の異常
  • 1. 概念
  • 2. 陣痛の評価
  • 3. 産科臨床における陣痛のモニタリング
  • 4. 陣痛の異常
  • 5. 腹圧の異常
  • 6. 遷延分娩
  • VI 胎児の異常
  • A. 胎位異常
  • 1. 骨盤位
  • 2. 横位, 斜位
  • B. 胎勢異常 (反屈胎勢)
  • 1. 頭頂位, 前頭位
  • 2. 額位
  • 3. 顔位
  • C. 進入異常
  • 1. 正軸進入と不正軸進入とは
  • 2. 前頭頂骨進入
  • 3. 後頭頂骨進入
  • D. 回旋異常
  • 1. 児頭回旋の意義
  • 2. 児頭回旋の表現法
  • 3. 回旋異常の概念
  • 4. 回旋異常の分類
  • 5. 回旋異常の実際
  • a. 後方後頭位
  • b. 高在縦定位
  • c. 低在横定位
  • d. 過剰回旋
  • e. 骨盤位の回旋異常
  • E. 胎児仮死 (fetal distress)
  • 1. 定義, 概念
  • 2. 原因, 頻度
  • 3. 診断
  • a. CTGモニタリング
  • b. 胎児頭皮採血
  • c. 胎児刺激テスト
  • d. 胎児動脈血酸素飽和度モニタリング
  • e. その他
  • 4. 治療
  • a. 酸素投与
  • b. 体位変換
  • c. 子宮収縮の抑制
  • d. amnioinfusion
  • 5. 予後
  • F. 未熟児, 低出生体重児
  • 1. 定義
  • 2. わが国の低出生体重児の出生率
  • 3. 低出生体重児の生存率
  • 4. 超低出生体重児出生の原因
  • 5. 超低出生体重児の死因
  • 6. 超低出生体重児の分娩管理
  • 7. 超低出生体重児の新生児管理
  • 8. 超低出生体重児の長期予後
  • a. 身体発育
  • b. 障害発生率
  • c. 出生体重, 在胎週数別の障害発生率
  • G. 子宮内胎児発育遅延 (IUGR)
  • 1. 概念
  • 2. 診断
  • 3. 頻度
  • 4. 分類, 発症要因
  • 5. 妊娠中, 分娩前の管理の要点
  • 6. 分娩の管理
  • 7. 新生児管理
  • 8. 児の予後
  • a. 身体発育
  • b. 脳性小児麻痺, 精神発達遅延の頻度
  • H. 巨大児
  • 1. 定義
  • 2. 頻度
  • 3. 危険因子
  • 4. 予測および診断
  • 5. 鑑別診断
  • 6. 妊娠中の管理
  • 7. 分娩の取り扱い
  • 8. 新生児の管理および予後
  • 9. 予防
  • I. 胎児形態異常
  • 1. 基本的事項
  • a. 診断にあたっての留意点
  • b. 超音波断層法による診断
  • 2. 分娩管理
  • a. 母体搬送
  • b. 分娩様式決定にあたっての留意点
  • c. チーム医療による分娩管理
  • d. 主な形態異常の取り扱い
  • VII 多胎妊娠
  • 1. 診断上の注意点
  • a. 卵性診断
  • b. 胎児発育
  • 2. 妊娠中の合併症
  • 3. 分娩管理
  • a. 胎児心拍数パターンによる胎児健常性の評価
  • b. 分娩様式の選択
  • c. 双胎における経腔分娩の手順
  • d. 第2児の胎位矯正術
  • e. 分娩時の合併症とその対策
  • VIII 遷延分娩
  • 1. 分娩開始
  • 2. 分娩所要時間
  • 3. 定義
  • 4. 原因
  • 5. 診断
  • 6. Friedmanの子宮口開大曲線
  • 7. パルトグラム
  • 8. パルトグラムの解析による分娩進行異常の原因検索
  • 9. 治療, 予後
  • IX 前置胎盤
  • 1. 概念
  • 2. 分類
  • 3. 頻度
  • 4. 病因
  • 5. 病態生理
  • 6. 症状
  • a. 性器出血
  • b. 先進部の浮動
  • 7. 診断
  • 8. 鑑別診断
  • a. 症状からみた鑑別診断
  • b. 超音波断層法所見における鑑別診断
  • c. 前置胎盤の合併症の鑑別診断
  • 9. 管理
  • 10. 予後
  • X 常位胎盤早期剥離
  • 1. 概念
  • 2. 頻度
  • 3. 病因
  • 4. 病態生理
  • 5. 臨床症状
  • 6. 診断
  • 7. 鑑別診断
  • a. 前置胎盤
  • b. 子宮破裂
  • c. 切迫早産
  • 8. 治療
  • a. 分娩の時期・方法
  • b. ショック状態に対する対策
  • c. DICに対する対策
  • d. 分娩後の対策
  • 9. 予後
  • XI 胎児付属物の異常
  • A. 胎盤の異常
  • 1. 形態の異常
  • a. 副胎盤
  • b. 分葉胎盤
  • c. 膜様胎盤
  • d. 画縁胎盤, 周郭胎盤
  • 2. 癒着胎盤
  • 3. 胎盤残留
  • B. 臍帯の異常
  • 1. 概念
  • 2. 長さの異常
  • 3. 臍帯奇形
  • 4. 臍帯血管の異常
  • 5. 付着部位の異常
  • 6. 臍帯の捻転異常
  • 7. 臍帯結節
  • 8. 臍帯巻絡
  • 9. 臍帯下垂, 臍帯脱出
  • C. 絨毛膜羊膜炎
  • 1. 頻度, 成因
  • 2. 診断
  • 3. 子宮内感染の母児への影響
  • 4. 管理
  • D. その他の卵膜異常
  • 1. 遅滞破水
  • 2. 偽羊水
  • 3. 卵膜結節 (羊膜結節)
  • E. 羊水過多症
  • 1. 定義, 概念
  • 2. 分類, 頻度
  • 3. 原因, 病態
  • 4. 診断
  • 5. 治療, 管理, 予後
  • 6. 児の予後
  • F. 羊水過少症
  • 1. 定義, 概念
  • 2. 分類, 頻度
  • 3. 原因, 病態
  • 4. 診断
  • 5. 治療, 管理, 予後
  • 6. 児の予後
  • XII 産道損傷
  • 1. 子宮破裂
  • 2. 頸管裂傷
  • 3. 腔裂傷
  • 4. 会陰裂傷
  • 5. 後腹膜血腫
  • 6. 腟・外陰血腫
  • 7. 産道圧迫による損傷
  • 8. 恥骨結合離開
  • 9. 子宮内反症
  • XIII 子宮弛緩症
  • 1. 概念, 定義
  • 2. 分類
  • 3. 頻度
  • 4. 原因
  • 5. 症状, 所見
  • 6. 診断
  • 7. 鑑別診断
  • 8. 治療
  • 9. 管理, 予後
  • XIV 産科ショック
  • A. 産科ショックと播種性血管内凝固症候群
  • 1. 概念, 定義
  • 2. 原因, 特徴, 病態
  • 3. 産科DICの特徴
  • 4. 頻度
  • 5. 合併症, 後遺症
  • B. 出血性ショック
  • 1. 概念
  • 2. 定義
  • 3. 成因
  • 4. 病態
  • 5. 症状, 合併症
  • 6. 診断, 検査
  • a. 原疾患の診断
  • b. 出血量の測定および推定
  • c. ショック時のモニタリング
  • 7. 治療
  • C. 羊水塞栓症
  • 1. 歴史, 概念
  • 2. 疫学的考察
  • 3. 臨床症状
  • 4. 診断法
  • 5. 病因論および病態解明
  • 6. 治療
  • D. 敗血症性ショック
  • 1. 概念, 定義
  • 2. 病態
  • 3. 頻度, 予後
  • 4. 感染様式
  • 5. 臨床症状
  • 6. 診断
  • 7. 治療
  • E. 仰臥位低血圧症候群
  • 1. 概念, 定義
  • 2. 成因, 病態
  • 3. 頻度
  • 4. 症状
  • 5. 診断
  • 6. 治療
  • 7. 合併症
  • F. 腰椎麻酔ショック
  • 1. 概念
  • 2. 成因
  • 3. 症状
  • 4. 治療
  • G. 過換気症候群
  • 1. 概念, 定義
  • 2. 成因, 病態
  • 3. 頻度
  • 4. 症状
  • 5. 診断
  • 6. 治療
  • a. 呼気再呼吸法
  • b. 心理療法
  • c. 薬物療法
  • 7. 予後
  • H. 偶発妊娠合併症によるショック
  • 1. 心原性ショック
  • 2. 内分泌性ショック
  • 3. 神経性ショック
  • 4. 熱傷性ショック
  • Glossary
  • 索引
  • 和文索引
  • 欧文索引
  • 奥付

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この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

I 早産

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II 前期破水 (PROM)

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10) So T, Ito A, Mori Y, et al:Tumor necrosis factor-astimulates the biosynthesis of matrix metalloproteinases and plas minogen activator in cultured human chorionic cells. Biol Reprod 1992;46:772-778
 
11) Kanayama N, Terao T:The role of human neutrophil elastase in the premature rupture of membranes. Asia-Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 1988;14:159-168
 
12) Kanayama N, Kamijo H, Terao T, et al:The relationship between trypsin activity in amniotic fluid and premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;156:1043-1048
 
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14) Maradny EE, Kanayama N, Halim A, et al:Interleukin-8 induces cervical ripening in rabbits. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:77-83
 
15) 寺尾俊彦, 金山尚裕, 藤本征一郎, ほか:妊婦頸管粘液中顆粒球エラスターゼ測定の臨床的意義-CAMの早期診断について. 産婦人科の実際 1993;42:2021-2031
 
16) Chimura T, Hirayama T, Takase M:Lysozyme in cervical mucus of patients with chorioamnionitis. Jpn J Antibiot 1993;46:726-729
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18) Kanayama N, Kajiwara Y, Goto J, et al:Inactivation of interleukin-8 by aminopeptidase N(CDI3). J Leukoc Biol 1995;57:129-134
 
19) Imai K, Kanzaki H, Fujiwara H, et al:Expression and localization of aminopeptidase N, neutral endopeptidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the human placenta and fetal membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1163-1168
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20) Bauvois B, Sanceau J, Wietzerbin J:Human U937 cell surface peptidase activities:Characterization and degradative effect on tumor necrosis factor-α. Eur J Immunol 1992;22:923-930
 
21) Vadillo-Ortega F, Hernandez A, Gonzalez-Avila G. et al:Increased matrix metalloproteinase activity and reduced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels in amniotic fluid from pregnancies complicated by premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1371-1376
 
22) Maradny EE, Kanayama N, Halim A, et al:Effects of urinary trypsin inhibitor on myometrial contraction in term and preterm deliveries. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1996;41:96-102
 
23) 金山尚裕:胎児の生体防御機構としての羊水-卵膜の役割とその破綻. 日本産科婦人科学会雑誌 1994;46:673-685
 
24) Maehara K, Kanayama N, Halim A, et al:Down-regulation of interleukin-8 gene expression in HL60 cell line by human Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;206:927-934
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25) Kiltz RJ, Burke MS, Porreco RP:Amniotic fluid glucose concentration as a marker for intraamniotic infection. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:619-622
 
26) 金山尚裕, 増井真由美, 徳永直樹, ほか:term PROMの取扱い. 日本新生児学会雑誌 1996;32:543-549
 
27) Thibeault DW, Beatty EC Jr, Hall RT, et al:Neonatal pulmonary hypoplasia with premature rupture of the fetal membranes and oligohydramnios. J Pediatr 1985;107:273-277
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28) Salzer H, Husslein P, Nezbeda J, et al:The effect of premature rupture of the membranes on the surface activity of amniotic fluid and on the pulmonary function of the newborn. Arch Gynecol 1980;230:149-157
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29) Bry K, Lappalainen U, Hallman M:Cytokines and production of surfactant components. Semin Perinatol 1996;20:194-205
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30) Masturzo P, Salmona M, Rossi G, et al:Measurement of fetal surfactant production by fluores cence polarization of amniotic fluid in complicated pregnancies. Clin Chim Acta 1987 168:137-142
 
31) Negishi H, Yamada H, Mikuni M, et al:Correlation between cytokine levels of amniotic fluid and histological Chorioamnionitis in preterm delivery. J Perinat Med 1996;24:633-639
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32) Major CA, de Veciana M, Lewis DF, et al:Preterm premature rupture of membranes and abruptio placentae:Is there an association between these pregnancy complications? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:672-676
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33) Craver RD, Baldwin VJ:Necrotizing funisitis. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:64-70
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34) Matsuda T, Nakajima T, Hattori S, et al:Necrotizing funisitis:Clinical significance and association with chronic lung disease in premature infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:1402-1407
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35) Major CA, Kitzmiller JL:Perinatal survival with expectant management of midtrimester rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:838-892
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36) Kishida T, Hirao A, Matsuura T, et al:Diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes with an-improved alfa-fetoprotein monoclonal antibody kit. Clin Chem 1995:41:1500-1503
 
37) Rutanen EM, Karkkainen TH, Lehtovirta J, et al:Evaluation of a rapid strip test for insulin like growth factor binding protein-1 in the diagnosis of ruptured fetal membranes. Clin Chim Acta 1996;253:91-101
 
38) Nisell H, Hagskog K, Westgren M:Assessment of fetal fibronection in cervical secretion in caseso f equivocal rupture of the membranes at term. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:132-134
 
39) Anai T, Tanaka Y, Hirota Y, et al:Vaginal Huid hCG levels for detecting premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1997;89:261-264
 
40) Lockwood CJ, Senyei AE, Dische MR, et al:Fetal fibronectin in cervical and vaginal secretionsas a predictor of preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 1991;325:669-674
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41) Terao T, Kanayama N, Maradny EE, et al:Prediction of preterm labor by cervical granulocyte elastase and a new treatment of preterm labor by urinary trypsin inhibitor. Labor and Delivery(Cosmi EV, Montanino G, eds). 1997;pp150-156, The Parthenon Publishing Group, London
 
42) Naef RW, Allbert JR, Ross EL, et al:Premature rupture of membranes at 34 to 37 weeks'gestation:Aggressive versus conservative management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:126-130
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43) Ohlsson A:Treatments of preterm premature rupture of the membranes:A meta-analysis.. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:890-906
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44) Ment LR, Oh W, Ehrenkranz RA, et al:Antenatal steroids, delivery mode. and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:795-800
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45) Kanayama K, el Maradny E, Halim A, et al:Urinary trypsin inhibitor prevents uterine muscle contraction by inhibition of Ca2+ influx. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:192-199
 
46) Kanayama N, el Maradny E, Yamamoto N, et al:Urinary trypsin inhibitor:A new drug to treat preterm labor:A comparative study with ritodrine. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996;67:133-138
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47) Curry CJR, Jensen K, Holland J, et al:The Potter sequence:A clinical analysis of 80 cases. Am J Med Genet 1984;19:679-702
 
48) Nageotte MP, Freeman RK, Garite TJ, et al:Prophylactic intrapartum amnioinfusion in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:557-562
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49) Ogita S, Imanaka M, Matsumoto M, et al:Premature rupture of the membranes managed with a new cervical catheter. Lancet 1984;i:1330-1331
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50) Baumgarten K, Moser S:The technique of fibrin adhesion for premature rupture of the membranes during pregnancy. J Perinat Med 1986;14:43-49
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51) Louis-Sylvestre C, Rand JH, Gordon RE, et al:In vitro studies of the interactions between platelets and amniotic membranes:A potential treatment for preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:287-293
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52) Ito T, Kadowaki K, Takahashi H, et al:Clinical features of and cardiotocographic finding. for premature infants with antenatal periventricular leukomalacia. Early Hum Dev 1997;47:195-201
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53) Gunn GC, Mishell DR Jr, Morton DG, et al:Premature rupture of the fet al membranes:A review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970;106:469-483
 
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56) Johnson JW, Diakoku NH, Neibyl JR, et al:Premature rupture of membranes and prolonged latency. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:547-552
 
57) Hannath ME, Ohlsson A, Farine D, et al:Induction of labor compared with expectant management for prelabor rupture of the membranes at term. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1005-1010
 
58) Ladfors L, Mattsson LA, Eriksson M, et al:A randomized trial of two expectant managementsof prelabour rupture of the membranes at 34-42 weeks. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103:755-762
 
59) Minakami H, Sato I:Reestimating date of delivery in multifetal pregnancies. JAMA 1996;275:1432-1434
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III 過期妊娠

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IV 産道の異常

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17) 岩崎寛和, 重光貞彦, 河野圭子, ほか:帝王切開-とくに帝切率の変遷と適応を中心に. 産婦人科治療 1993;66:950-955
 
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Medical*Online
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23) 望月眞人, 本多倶彦, 東條伸平:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate投与後の子宮組織内エストロゲン濃度とコラゲナーゼ活性. 日本産科婦人科学会雑誌 1977;29:995-1001
 
24) Sakyo K, lto A, Hirakawa S, et al:Specific binding of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to a cytoplasmic macromolecule in human fetal membrane. Chem Pharm Bull 1986;34:2126-2132
 
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26) Mori Y, Ito A, Hirakawa S, et al:Proteinase in the human and rabbit cervix. The Cervix in Pregnancy and Labour (Ellwood DA, ed). 1981;pp136-143, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
 
27) Sakyo K, Ito A, Mori Y:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate stimulates collagenase synthesis without affecting the rates of collagen and noncollagen protein syntheses by rabbit uterine cervical fibroblasts. Biol Reprod 1987;36:277-281
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28) Maradny E, Kanayama N, Maehara K, et al:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate potentiates the effect of interleukin-8 on the cervix. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1996;42:191-195
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29) 森 陽:頸管熟化とサイトカイン-基礎の立場から. 日本産婦人科・新生児血液学会雑誌 1993;3:S3-S14
 
30) 森 陽:子宮頸管熟化と細胞外マトリックス. 医学のあゆみ 1996;177:91-95
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31) Ekman G, Uldbjerg N, Malmstrom A, et al:Increased postpartum collagenolytic activity incervical connective tissue from women treated with prostaglandin E2. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1983;16:292-298
 
32) Hillier K, Wallis RM:Collagen solubility and tensile properties of the rat uterine cervix in late pregnancy:Effects of arachidonic and prostaglandin F2 alpha. J Endocrinol 1982;95:341-347
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33) Rath W, Theobald H, Kuhnle H, et al:Changes in collagen content of the first trimester cervix uteri after treatment with prostaglandin F2a gel Arch Gynecol 1982;231:107-110
 
34) Koay ES, Too CK, Greenwood FC, et al:Relaxin stimulates collagenase and plasminogen activator secretion by dispersed human amnion and chorion cells in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:1332-1334
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35) Evans MI, Dougan MB, Moawad AH, et al:Ripening of the human cervix with porcine ovarian relaxin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;147:410-414
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36) 平川 舜:頸管の成熟度. 臨床婦人科産科 1993;47:561-563
 
37) Bishop EH:Prediction scoring:An objective approach to induction of labor. Obstet Gynecol 1964;28:479-485
 
38) Russel KP:Benson's Current Obstetrics & Gynecology, Diagnosis & Treatment. 1982;p665, Lange/Maruzen, California
 
39) 石原 力, 長瀬行之, 岡富 峻, ほか:分娩予知に就ての臨床的研究. 産婦人科治療 1965;10:146-157
 
40) 岩崎寛和, 岩崎まりこ:頸管の成熟度. 産婦人科治療 1987;54:648-650
 
41) Cocks DR:Significance of initial condition of cervix uteri to subsequent course of labor. Br Med J 1955;i:327
 
42) 一條元彦:子宮頸管熟化不全の病態. 産婦人科治療 1983;47:575-579
 
43) Friedman EA:Abnormal labor patterns in labor. Labor:Clinical Evaluation and Management, 2nd ed. 1978;pp61-72, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
 
44) 森川 肇:分娩準備状態への誘導法. 日本産科婦人科学会雑誌 1997;49:N79-N82
 
45) CRL研究会(代表世話人 望月眞人):子宮頸管熟化と分娩経過に関する調査結果. 1977
 
46) 狐塚重治:妊娠末期における子宮頸部の態度, これと分娩経過との関係. 産婦人科の世界 1983;35:279-298
 
47) Crump WJ:Bishop score and labor duration:A new look. South Med J 1987;80:1294-1295
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48) 小林 隆, 中山徹也, 東條伸平, ほか:Bishop scoreからみた初産婦の臨床的子宮頸管熟化不全. 産婦人科の世界 1982;34:1345-1352
 
49) 鈴木正彦, ほか(訳):分娩機能異常. グリンヒル産科学. 1980;pp531-539, 医学書院, 東京
 
50) 平川 舜, 田中政信:遷延分娩. 産婦人科治療 1994;68:592-595
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51) 金山尚裕:軟産道. 新女性医学大系 25, 正常分娩. 1998;pp75-91, 中山書店, 東京
 
52) 望月眞人, 森川 肇, 一條元彦, ほか:子宮頸管熟化不全に対するDehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate腔坐剤 (KB-60) の臨床的有用性の検証-「マイリス注」を対照薬とした二重盲検比較試験. 産婦人科の世界 1994;46:613-631
 
53) 望月眞人:子宮頸管熟化に対するDHA-S療法. 周産期管理の実際(荒木日出之助, 編). 1984;pp90-100, メディカルトリビューン, 東京
 
54) 寺尾俊彦:頸管熟化の基礎と臨床. 産婦人科の世界 1995;47:543-551
 
55) Wingerup L, Ekman G, Ulmsten U:Local application of prostaglandin E2 in gel:A new technique to ripen the cervix during Pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (supp) 1983;113:131-136
 
56) 日母研修ノート 43, 分娩誘発法. 1993;pp27-28, 日本母性保護医協会, 東京
 

V 娩出力の異常

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VI 胎児の異常

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25) 日比逸郎, 田苗綾子, 岡田亮甫:特発性脳下垂体性こびと症の成因に関する研究. 小児科臨床 1976;29:849-862
 
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VII 多胎妊娠

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42) 三科 潤, 渡辺とよ子, 川瀬泰浩, ほか:多胎におけるPVLの発症. 周産期学シンポジウム 1993;11:55-62
 

VIII 遷延分娩

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IX 前置胎盤

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X 常位胎盤早期剥離

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XI 胎児付属物の異常

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XII 産道損傷

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XIII 子宮弛緩症

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XIV 産科ショック

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