走る、泳ぐ、ダマす　アスリートがハマるドーピングの知られざる科学

はじめに - 二つのレースの物語

P.1 掲載の参考文献

註1 The most corrupt race ever', Observer Sport Monthly, Sunday August 1, London, (2004).

 

P.5 掲載の参考文献

註2 O. Slot, 'The Athlete : Calvin Smith,' The Times, (September 24, 2003). http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/athletics/article2375062.ece (リンク切れ)

 

註3 L. Williams, 'Sprinters testify against coach in S.F. trial,' San Fransisco Chronicle (May 23, 2008). http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-05-23/news/17156398_1_trevorgraham-sprint-capitol-drug-connection (リンク切れ)

 

註4 C. L. Dubin, Commission of Inquiry into the Use of Drugs and Banned Practices Intended to Increase Athletic Performance. Ottawa, Canadian Publishing Centre, (1990).

 

註5 L. Banack, 'Adjudication : Appeal by Desai Williams of a life time withdrawal by Sport Canada to access to direct federal funding.' Sport Canada (2010).

 

P.7 掲載の参考文献

註6 Canadian Broadcasting Company, 'Damning evidence in the Dubin Inquiry' (October 3, 1989). http://archives.cbc.ca/sports/drugs_sports/clips/8964/ Accessed February 22, 2011. (リンク切れ)

 

註7 T. Fordyce, British Broadcasting Company, 'Ceplak rejects cheat claim' (August 9, 2002) http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/specials/european_athletics/2182003.stm 2018年2月28日確認.

 

P.11 掲載の参考文献

註8 Daily Mail (UK), 'Dame Kelly insists : Drug testing is now a vital way of life' http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-412761/Dame-Kelly-insists-Drug-testing-vital-way-life.html 2018年3月1日確認.

 

註9 B. Goldman, P. J. Bush, R. Klatz, Death in the locker room. Century, London (1984).

 

第1章 序 - はじめに -

P.15 掲載の参考文献

註1 R. Renson, Fair play : its origins and meanings in sport and society. Kinesiology 41, 5-18 (2009).

 

P.17 掲載の参考文献

註2 W. Voet, Breaking the Chain. Yellow Jersey Press, London (2001).

 

P.19 掲載の参考文献

註3 United States v. Coca Cola Co. of Atlanta. United States Reports 41 (1916).

 

註4 B.R. Gruner, Philostratos, Philostratos uber Gymnastik. Sammlung wissenschaftlicher Kommentdare zu griechischen und romischen Schriftsteltern (translated by J. Juthner). Amsterdam (1969).

 

註5 A. Curry, The Gladiator Diet. Archaeology 61 (November/December, 2008).

 

P.21 掲載の参考文献

註6 N. Szczepanik, The Times (UK), 'Are sport and sex a recipe for success?' (September 24, 2009). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article6847419.ece (リンク切れ).

 

註7 B. Joy, Forward Arsenal : The Arsenal Story, 1888-1952. Phoenix House, London, (1952).

 

P.27 掲載の参考文献

註8 W. W. Franke, B. Berendonk, 'Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes : a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government'. Clin. Chem. 43, 1262-79 (1997).

 

P.29 掲載の参考文献

註9 V. Conte, Letter to Dwain Chambers (May 16, 2008) http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/athletics/7403158.stm Accessed (Feb 22, 2011).

 

P.31 掲載の参考文献

註10 R. M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance : An Inquiry into Values. William Morrow & Company, New York (1974). (ロバートMパーシグ [五十嵐美克訳]『禅とオートバイ修理技術』(上・下) ハヤカワ文庫NF (二〇一六)

 

P.33 掲載の参考文献

註11 D. M. Bramble, D. E. Lieberman, 'Endurance running and the evolution of Homo'. Nature 432, 345-52 (2004)

 

P.35 掲載の参考文献

註12 B. Carey, LiveScience, 'Scientists Build "Frankenstein" Neanderthal Skeleton' (March 10, 2005). http://www.livescience.com/history/050310_neanderthal_reconstruction.html 2018年3月10日最終確認.

 

註13 U. Segerstrale, Defenders of the Truth : The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond. Oxford University Press, Oxford, (2000). (ウリカ セーゲルストローレ [垂水雄二訳]『社会生物学論争史-誰もが真理を擁護していた』 <1> <2> . みすず書房. 二〇〇五)

 

P.37 掲載の参考文献

註14 A. Kessel, The Observer (UK), 'Unattainable records leave female athletes struggling for acclaim' (August 16, 2009). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2009/aug/16/world-athletics-championshipsrecords 2018年3月10日最終確認.

 

註15 Der Spiegel (International), 'How Dora the Man Competed in the Woman's High Jump' (September 15, 2009). http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,649104,00.html Accessed (February 22, 2011).

 

P.39 掲載の参考文献

註16 J. L. Simpson et al., 'Gender verification in the Olympics'. JAMA 284, 1568-9 (2000).

 

註17 The Daily Telegraph, (July 6, 2010). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/athletics/7873921/Caster-Semenya-anatomy-of-her-case.html.

 

P.41 掲載の参考文献

註18 A. de la Chapelle, A. L. Traskelin, E. Juvonen, 'Truncated erythropoietin receptor causes dominantly inherited benign human erythrocytosis'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4495-9 (1993)

 

第2章 ヒトのパフォーマンスの限界

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註1 N. P. Linthorne, 'Was Flojo's 100-m world record wind-assisted?' Track Technique 127, 4052-3 (1994).

 

註2 C. T. Davies, 'Effects of wind assistance and resistance on the forward motion of a runner'. J. Appl. Physiol. 48, 702-9 (1980).

 

P.47 掲載の参考文献

註3 P. Watson et al., 'Acute dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances human exercise performance in warm, but not temperate conditions'. J. Physiol. 565, 873-83 (2005).

 

P.55 掲載の参考文献

註4 J. M. Carre, 'No place like home : testosterone responses to victory depend on game location'. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 21, 392-4 (2009).

 

P.57 掲載の参考文献

註5 R. Tucker, 'The Science of Sport, The Four-minute mile : The value of integrationof physiology and mental aspects of performance' (January 14, 2009) http://www.sportsscientists.com/2009/01/mind-vsmatter.html (リンク切れ).

 

P.61 掲載の参考文献

註6 R. Beneke, M. J. Taylor, 'What gives Bolt the edge-A.V. Hill knew it already!' J Biomech. 43, 2241-3 (2010).

 

P.65 掲載の参考文献

註7 J. L. Ray, 'The Top 10 Baseball Teams of All Time' (March 24, 2007). http://www.suite101.com/content/baseballs-ten-best-teams-ever-a17072 Accessed February 22, 2011.

 

註8 T. Reilly, V. Thomas, 'A time motion analysis of work rate in different positional roles in professional match play'. J. Hum. Mov. Stud. 2, 87-99 (1976).

 

註9 J. Bangsbo, 'Energy demands in competitive soccer'. J. Sports Sci. 12, S5-S12 (1994)

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註10 B. Tindall, Guardian (UK), 'The drugs do work, Nigel' (Wednesday 21 May, 2008) http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2008/may/21/blairtindallwedsampic Accessed February 22, 2011.

 

註11 G. A. Gates et al., 'Effect of beta blockade on singing performance'. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 94, 570-4 (1985).

 

第3章 エンジンを稼働する - 食物

P.81 掲載の参考文献

註1 T. Noakes, Lore of Running. 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Southern Africa, (2001).

 

P.83 掲載の参考文献

註2 C. Foster, D. L. Costill, W. J. Fink, 'Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance'. Med. Sci. Sports 11, 1-5 (1979).

 

註3 W. M. Sherman, M. C. Peden, D. A. Wright, 'Carbohydrate feedings 1 h before exercise improves cycling performance'. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 866-70 (1991).

 

註4 J. Bergstrom, E. Hultman, 'The effect of exercise on muscle glycogen and electrolytes in normals'. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 18, 16-20 (1966).

 

註5 J. Bergstrom, E. Hultman, 'Synthesis of muscle glycogen in man after glucose and fructose infusion'. Acta Med. Scand. 182, 93-107 (1967).

 

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註6 W. M. Sherman, D. L. Costill, W. J. Fink, J. M. Miller, 'Effect of exercise-diet manipulation on muscle glycogen and its subsequent utilization during performance'. Int. J. Sports Med. 2, 114-18 (1981).

 

註7 C. W. Nicholas, C. Williams, H. K. Lakomy, G. Phillips, A. Nowitz, 'Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running'. J. Sports Sci. 13, 283-90 (1995).

 

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註8 B. Simi, B. Sempore, M. H. Mayet, R. J. Favier, 'Additive effects of training and high-fat diet on energy metabolism during exercise'. J. Appl. Physiol. 71, 197-203 (1991).

 

註9 S. D. Phinney, B. R. Bistrian, W. J. Evans, E. Gervino, G. L. Blackburn, 'The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction : preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation'. Metabolism 32, 769-76 (1983).

 

註10 L. M. Burke, 'Fueling strategies to optimize performance : training high or training low?' Scand J Med Sci Sports 20 Suppl 2, 48-58 (2010).

 

註11 E. S. Chambers, M. W. Bridge, D. A. Jones, 'Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth : effects on exercise performance and brain activity'. J Physiol 587, 1779-94 (2009).

 

P.89 掲載の参考文献

註12 P. Hespel, W. Derave, 'Ergogenic effects of creatine in sports and rehabilitation'. Subcell. Biochem. 46, 245-59 (2007).

 

註13 E. P. Brass, 'Supplemental carnitine and exercise'. Am J Clin Nutr 72, 618S-23S (2000).

 

P.91 掲載の参考文献

註14 G. Jones, 'Caffeine and other sympathomimetic stimulants : modes of action and effects on sports performance'. Essays Biochem 44, 109-23 (2008).

 

P.93 掲載の参考文献

註15 H. Westerblad, D. G. Allen, J. Lannergren, 'Muscle fatigue : lactic acid or inorganic phosphate the major cause?' News Physiol Sci 17, 17-21 (2002)

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P.95 掲載の参考文献

註16 V. Oopik, S. Timpmann, K. Kadak, L. Medijainen, K. Karelson, 'The effects of sodium citrate ingestion on metabolism and 1500 m racing time in trained female runners'. J Sports Sci. & Med. 7, 125-31 (2008).

 

註17 L. L. Spriet, C. G. Perry, J. L. Talanian, 'Legal pre-event nutritional supplements to assist energy metabolism'. Essays Biochem 44, 27-43 (2008).

 

註18 C. Nicholas, 'Legal nutritional supplements during a sporting event'. Essays Biochem. 44, 45-61 (2008)

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註19 E. A. Newsholme, E. Blomstrand, 'Branched-chain amino acids and central fatigue'. J. Nutr. 136, 274S-6S (2006).

 

註20 J. L. Pannier, J. J. Bouckaert, R. A. Lefebvre, 'The antiserotonin agent pizotifen does not increase endurance performance in humans'. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 72, 175-8 (1995)

 

P.101 掲載の参考文献

註21 C. Duncan et al., 'Chemical generation of nitric oxide in the mouth from the enterosalivary circulation of dietary nitrate'. Nat. Med. 1, 546-51 (1995).

 

註22 F. J. Larsen, E. Weitzberg, J. O. Lundberg, B. Ekblom, 'Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise'. Acta Physiol. (Oxf) 191, 59-66 (2007).

 

P.103 掲載の参考文献

註23 S. J. Bailey et al., 'Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans'. J. Appl. Physiol. 107, 1144-55 (2009).

 

第4章 エンジンを動かす - 酸素

P.107 掲載の参考文献

註1 Cooper, C.E. 2008 The biochemistry of drugs and doping methods used to enhance aerobic sport performance. Essay in Biochemistry 44, 63-83 (C) Chris E. Cooper

 

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註2 P. D. Wagner, 'Counterpoint : in health and in normoxic environment VO2max is limited primarily by cardiac output and locomotor muscle blood flow'. J. Appl. Physiol. 100, 745-7 (2006).

 

註3 B. Ekblom, G. Wilson, P. O. Astrand, 'Central circulation during exercise after venesection and reinfusion of red blood cells'. J. Appl. Physiol. 40, 379-83 (1976).

 

註4 A. J. Brien, T. L. Simon, 'The effects of red blood cell infusion on 10 km race time'. Jama 257, 2761-5 (1987).

 

註5 G. Hopfl, O. Ogunshola, M. Gassmann, 'Hypoxia and high altitude. The molecular response'. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 543, 89-115 (2003).

 

P.117 掲載の参考文献

註6 B. D. Levine, J. Stray-Gundersen, 'Point : positive effects of intermittent hypoxia (live high:train low) on exercise performance are mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume'. J. Appl. Physiol. 99, 2053-5 (2005).

 

P.119 掲載の参考文献

註7 F. Celsing, J. Svedenhag, P. Pihlstedt, B. Ekblom, 'Effects of anaemia and stepwise-induced polycythaemia on maximal aerobic power in individuals with high and low haemoglobin concentrations'. Acta Physiol. Scand. 129, 47-54 (1987)

 

P.121 掲載の参考文献

註8 L. C. Clark, Jr, F. Gollan, Survival of mammals breathing organic liquids equilibrated with oxygen at atmospheric pressure. Science 152, 1755-6 (1966).

 

P.123 掲載の参考文献

註9 G. S. Hughes, Jr et al., 'Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier preserves submaximal exercise capacity in humans'. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 58, 434-43 (1995).

 

註10 C. E. Cooper, 'Radical producing and consuming reactions of hemoglobin : how can we limit toxicity?' Artif. Organs 33, 110-14 (2009).

 

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註11 T. A. Silverman, R. B. Weiskopf, 'Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers : current status and future directions'. Transfusion 49, 2495-515 (2009).

 

註12 L. Douay, H. Lapillonne, A. G. Turhan, 'Stem cells-a source of adult red blood cells for transfusion purposes : present and future'. Crit. Care Clin. 25, 383-98 (2009).

 

P.127 掲載の参考文献

註13 J. A. Calbet et al., 'Maximal muscular vascular conductances during whole body upright exercise in humans'. J. Physiol. 558, 319-31 (2004).

 

P.129 掲載の参考文献

註14 R. S. Richardson, K. Tagore, L. J. Haseler, M. Jordan, P. D. Wagner, 'Increased VO2 max with right-shifted Hb-O2 dissociation curve at a constant O2 delivery in dog muscle in situ'. J. Appl. Physiol. 84, 995-1002 (1998).

 

註15 R. M. Winslow, 'MP4, a new nonvasoactive polyethylene glycol-hemoglobin conjugate'. Artif. Organs 28, 800-6 (2004)

 

P.131 掲載の参考文献

註16 S. Leigh-Smith, 'Blood boosting'. Br. J. Sports Med. 38, 99-101 (2004).

 

P.135 掲載の参考文献

註17 S. George, B. Haake, (ed.), 'Jaksche admits taking banned substances & blood doping' (July 1, 2007) http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2007/jul07/jul01news (2018年3月確認).

 

P.139 掲載の参考文献

註18 M. Y. Koh, T. R. Spivak-Kroizman, G. Powis, 'HIF-1alpha and cancer therapy'. Recent Results Cancer Res 180, 15-34 (2010).

 

註19 M. Y. Koh, T. R. Spivak-Kroizman, G. Powis, 'HIF-1alpha and cancer therapy'. Recent Results Cancer Res 180, 15-34 (2010).

 

第5章 筋肉を増やせ

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註1 J. Antonio, W. J. Gonyea, 'Skeletal muscle fiber hyperplasia'. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25, 1333-45 (1993)

 

P.145 掲載の参考文献

註2 A. L. Goldberg, J. D. Etlinger, D. F. Goldspink, C. Jablecki, 'Mechanism of work-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle'. Med. Sci. Sports 7, 185-98 (1975).

 

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註3 H. Wackerhage, A. Ratkevicius, 'Signal transduction pathways that regulate muscle growth'. Essays Biochem. 44, 99-108 (2008).

PubMed

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註4 A. C. McPherron, A. M. Lawler, S. J. Lee, 'Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member'. Nature 387, 83-90 (1997).

 

註5 A. C. McPherron, S. J. Lee, 'Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 94, 12457-61 (1997).

 

註6 M. Schuelke et al., 'Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child'. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 2682-8 (2004).

 

P.159 掲載の参考文献

註7 K. D. Tipton, A. A. Ferrando, 'Improving muscle mass : response of muscle metabolism to exercise, nutrition and anabolic agents'. Essays Biochem. 44, 85-98 (2008).

 

註8 H. Fouillet et al., 'Absorption kinetics are a key factor regulating postprandial protein metabolism in response to qualitative and quantitative variations in protein intake'. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 297, R1691-R1705 (2009).

 

P.163 掲載の参考文献

註9 T. M. Robinson, D. A. Sewell, P. L. Greenhaff, 'L-arginine ingestion after rest and exercise : effects on glucose disposal'. Med. Sc.i Sports Exerc. 35, 1309-15 (2003).

 

註10 G. M. Fogelholm, H. K. Naveri, K. T. Kiilavuori, M. H. Harkonen, 'Low-dose amino acid supplementation : no effects on serum human growth hormone and insulin in male weightlifters'. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 3, 290-7 (1993).

 

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註12 G. J. Wilson, J. M. Wilson, A. H. Manninen, 'Effects of beta-hydroxy-betamethylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience : A review'. Nutr. Metab. (Lond) 5, 1 (2008).

 

P.165 掲載の参考文献

註13 J. S. Volek, E. S. Rawson, 'Scientific basis and practical aspects of creatine supplementation for athletes'. Nutrition 20, 609-14 (2004)

 

P.167 掲載の参考文献

註14 E. Louis, U. Raue, Y. Yang, B. Jemiolo, S. Trappe, 'Time course of proteolytic, cytokine, and myostatin gene expression after acute exercise in human skeletal muscle'. J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 1744-51 (2007).

 

註15 D. S. Willoughby, 'Effects of heavy resistance training on myostatin mRNA and protein expression'. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36, 574-82 (2004).

 

註16 A. Saremi et al., 'Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1'. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 317, 25-30 (2010).

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註17 M. N. Fedoruk, J. L. Rupert, 'Myostatin inhibition : a potential performance enhancement strategy?' Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 18, 123-31 (2008).

 

第6章 ステロイドと筋肉強化薬の将来

P.179 掲載の参考文献

註1 Y. Wu et al., 'Identification of androgen response elements in the insulin-like growth factor I upstream promoter'. Endocrinology 148, 2984-93 (2007).

 

P.181 掲載の参考文献

註2 Aristotle, The Works of Aristotle, trans. Anon. : The problems of Alexander Aphrodiseus. J. Manis, ed., Pennsylvania State University, Electronic Classics Series. Hazleton, Pa., (2005).

 

註3 E. R. Freeman, D. A. Bloom, E. J. McGuire, 'A brief history of testosterone'. J. Urol. 165, 371-3 (2001).

 

註4 I. Berlin (1925) 'Monkee Doodle-Do' (song).

 

P.183 掲載の参考文献

註5 E. Simonson, W. M. Kearns, E. N, 'Effect of Methyl Testosterone Treatment on Muscular Performance and the Central Nervous System of Older Men'. J Clin. Endocrinol. 4, 528-34 (1944).

 

P.185 掲載の参考文献

註6 W. P. VanHelder, E. Kofman, M. S. Tremblay, 'Anabolic steroids in sport'. Can J Sport Sci 16, 248-57 (1991).

 

註7 S. Bhasin et al., 'The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men'. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1-7 (1996).

 

註8 A. A. Ferrando et al., 'Testosterone injection stimulates net protein synthesis but not tissue amino acid transport'. Am. J. Physiol. 275, E864-71 (1998).

 

註9 A. A. Ferrando, M. Sheffield-Moore, D. Paddon-Jones, R. R. Wolfe, R. J. Urban, 'Differential anabolic effects of testosterone and amino acid feeding in older men'. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 358-62 (2003).

 

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註10 A. T. Kicman et al., 'Effect of androstenedione ingestion on plasma testosterone in young women ; a dietary supplement with potential health risks'. Clin. Chem. 49, 167-9 (2003)

 

P.197 掲載の参考文献

註11 M. S. Schmidt, 'Manny Ramirez is banned for 50 Games,' New York Times, (May 7, 2009). https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/sports/baseball/08ramirez.html 2018年3月確認.

 

註12 M. Fainaru-Wada, T. J. Quinn, ESPN.com Sources : Ramirez used fertility drug (May 8, 2009) http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=4148907 2018年3月確認.

 

P.201 掲載の参考文献

註13 S. Doessing et al., 'Growth hormone stimulates the collagen synthesis in human tendon and skeletal muscle without affecting myofibrillar protein synthesis'. J. Physiol. 588, 341-51 (2010).

 

註14 M. J. Rennie, 'Claims for the anabolic effects of growth hormone : a case of the emperor's new clothes?' Br. J. Sports Med. 37, 100-5 (2003).

 

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註15 BioGrid 3.1 (Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets) https://thebiogrid.org/search.php?search=NR3C4&organism=all, 2018年3月確認.

 

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註16 T. Cook, W. P. Sheridan, 'Development of GnRH antagonists for prostate cancer : new approaches to treatment'. Oncologist 5, 162-8 (2000)

 

第7章 興奮薬

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註1 J. R. Docherty, 'Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)'. Br. J. Pharmacol. 154, 606-22 (2008).

 

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註2 S. Freud, 'Ueber Coca'. Centrabl f d ges Therapie (Wien) 2, 289-314 (1884).

 

註3 S. Freud, 'A contribution to the knowledge of the effect of cocaine', Vienna Medical Weekly, 1885 in Cocaine Papers, R. Byck, ed. Stonehill Publishing Co, New York, NY, (1974).

 

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註4 K. C. Berridge, 'The debate over dopamine's role in reward : the case for incentive salience'. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191, 391-431 (2007).

 

註5 E. Davis, R. Loiacono, R. J. Summers, 'The rush to adrenaline : drugs in sport acting on the betaadrenergic system'. Br. J. Pharmacol. 154, 584-97 (2008).

 

P.219 掲載の参考文献

註6 K. D. Fitch et al., 'Asthma and the elite athlete : summary of the International Olympic Committee's consensus conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22-24, 2008'. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122, 254-60, 260 e251-257 (2008).

 

註7 J. M. Weiler, E. J. Ryan, 3rd, 'Asthma in United States olympic athletes who participated in the 1998 olympic winter games'. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106, 267-71 (2000)

 

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註8 P. Kimmage, Rough Ride. Yellow Jersey Press, London, (2001).

 

註9 R. Bouchard, A. R. Weber, J. D. Geiger, 'Informed decision-making on sympathomimetic use in sport and health'. Clin. J. Sport Med. 12, 209-24 (2002).

 

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註10 J. Swart et al., 'Exercising with reserve : evidence that the central nervous system regulates prolonged exercise performance'. Br. J. Sports Med. 43, 782-8 (2009).

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註14 D. Silkstone, The Age, 'Stop the caffeine, world drug chief tells AFL, (July 8, 2010) https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/stop-the-caffeine-world-drug-chief-tells-afl-20100707-100lq.html 2018年3月確認.

 

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註18 United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania:United States of America vs. Cephalon Inc. Guilty Plea Agreement (2008).

 

註19 P. Gerrard, R. Malcolm, 'Mechanisms of modafinil : A review of current research'. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 3, 349-64 (2007).

 

註20 M. Xia et al., 'Identification of compounds that potentiate CREB signaling as possible enhancers of long-term memory'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 106, 2412-17 (2009).

 

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註21 D. Repantis, P. Schlattmann, O. Laisney, I. Heuser, 'Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals : A systematic review'. Pharmacol. Res. 62, 187-206 (2010).

 

註22 P. H. Canter, E. Ernst, 'Ginkgo biloba is not a smart drug : an updated systematic review of randomised clinical trials testing the nootropic effects of G. biloba extracts in healthy people'. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 22, 265-78 (2007).

 

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註23 B. Roelands et al., 'The effects of acute dopamine reuptake inhibition on performance'. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 40, 879-85 (2008).

 

第8章 遺伝子ドーピング

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註8 J. Stone, C. I. Lynch, M. Sjomeling, J. M. Darley, 'Stereotype Threat Effects on Black and White Athletic Performance'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, 1213-27 (1999).

 

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註10 R. A. Scott, Y. P. Pitsiladis, 'Genotypes and distance running : clues from Africa'. Sports Med, 37, 424-7 (2007).

 

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註13 E. A. Ostrander, H. J. Huson, G. K. Ostrander, 'Genetics of athletic performance'. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 10, 407-29 (2009).

 

註14 M. S. Bray et al., 'The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes : the 2006-2007 update'. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41, 35-73 (2009).

 

註15 J. A. Timmons et al., 'Using molecular classification to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans'. J. Appl. Physiol. 108, 1487-96 (2010).

 

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註16 H. E. Montgomery et al., Human gene for physical performance. Nature 393, 221-2 (1998).

 

註17 A. Jones, H. E. Montgomery, D. R. Woods, 'Human performance : a role for the ACE genotype?' Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 30, 184-90 (2002).

 

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註18 L. Bahi et al., 'Does ACE inhibition enhance endurance performance and muscle energy metabolism in rats?' J. Appl. Physiol. 96, 59-64 (2004).

 

註19 N. Yang et al., 'ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance'. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73, 627-31 (2003).

 

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註20 A. K. Niemi, K. Majamaa, 'Mitochondrial DNA and ACTN3 genotypes in Finnish elite endurance and sprint athletes'. Eur. J. Hum.Genet. 13, 965-9 (2005).

 

註21 N. Yang, F. Garton, K. North, 'alpha-actinin-3 and performance'. Med. Sport Sci. 54, 88-101 (2009).

 

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註26 H. Amthor et al., 'Lack of myostatin results in excessive muscle growth but impaired force generation'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sc. U S A 104, 1835-40 (2007).

 

註27 P. Hakimi et al., 'Overexpression of the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in skeletal muscle repatterns energy metabolism in the mouse'. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 32844-55 (2007).

 

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註28 E. R. Barton-Davis, D. I. Shoturma, A. Musaro, N. Rosenthal, H. L. Sweeney, 'Viral mediated expression of insulin-like growth factor I blocks the agingrelated loss of skeletal muscle function'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 95, 15603-7 (1998).

 

註29 Y. X. Wang et al., 'Regulation of muscle fiber type and running endurance by PPARdelta'. PLoS Biol. 2, e294 (2004).

 

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註30 G. Gao et al., 'Erythropoietin gene therapy leads to autoimmune anemia in macaques'. Blood 103, 3300-2 (2004).

 

註31 S. D. Harridge, C. P. Velloso, 'Gene doping'. Essays Biochem 44, 125-38 (2008).

 

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註32 P. Schjerling, 'Gene doping'. Scand. J.Med. Sci. Sports 18, 121-2 (2008).

 

註33 V. M. Rivera et al., 'Long-term pharmacologically regulated expression of erythropoietin in primates following AAV-mediated gene transfer'. Blood 105, 1424-30 (2005).

 

第9章 ズルとは何か ?

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註1 P. Dimeo, A history of drug use in sport 1876-1976 : beyond good and evil. Routledge, Abingdon, (2007).

 

註2 J. S. Mill, On Liberty. (1859). [ミル『自由論』]

 

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註3 O. W. H. Holmes Jr, Charles T. Schenck v. United States, Supreme Court of the United States 249 US 247. (1919)

 

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註5 The History of Herodotus Book IV, translated by G. Rawlinson http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html (1859).

 

註6 A. Huxley, The Doors of Perception : And Heaven and Hell. Vintage Classics, London, (2008).

 

註7 United States District Court U.S. v. BOYLL 774 F.Supp. 133 D.N.M. (1991).

 

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註8 J. Stevens, Storming Heaven : LSD and the American Dream. Grove Press, New York, (1998).

 

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註10 'Drugs-facing facts. The report of the RSA Commission on Illegal Drugs, Communities and Public Policy'. The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce (2007).

 

註11 D. J. Nutt, 'Equasy-an overlooked addiction with implications for the current debate on drug harms'. J. Psychopharmacol. 23, 3-5 (2009).

 

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註12 Letter from Professor Nutt to House of Common Science and Technology Committee. London (2009).

 

註13 B. Houlihan, Dying to Win, 2nd edition (Chapter 5). Council of Europe Publishing, (2002).

 

註14 I. Waddington, A. Smith, An Introduction to Drugs in Sport : Addicted to winning. Routledge, Abingdon, (2009).

 

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註15 'National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research Data Tables, Annual Survey of Football Injury Research 1931 (2007) http://www.unc.edu/depts/nccsi/AnnualFBDataTables2008.pdf

 

註16 R. D. Hawkins, C. W. Fuller, 'A prospective epidemiological study of injuriesin four English professional football clubs'. Br. J. Sports Med. 33, 196-203 (1999).

 

註17 'Human Enhancement Technologies in Sport'. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, London (2007).

 

註18 G. Linneker, Daily Mirror, (November 21, 1994).

 

註19 I. Botham, The Botham Report p. 236-7. Collins Willow, London, (1997).

 

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註20 D. Powell, 'Blessed be the pacemakers, for they got away with it,' The Times, (May 5, 2004). https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/blessed-be-the-pacemakers-for-they-got-away-with-it-77wmj28qq8m 2018年3月確認.

 

註21 J. Savulescu, N. Bostrom, Eds., Human Enhancement, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (2009).

 

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註22 M. J. Sandel, 'The case against perfection : what's wrong with designer children, bionic athletes and genetic enhancement?' in Human Enhancement, J. Savulescu, N. Bostrom, Eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, (2009).

 

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註27 I. Waddington, Sport, Health and Drugs. Spon Press, London, (2000).

 

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註28 N. Bostrom, A. Sandberg, 'The wisdom of nature : an evolutionary heuristic for human enhancement', in Human Enhancement, J. Savulescu, N. Bostrom, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, (2009).

 

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第10章 ごまかす者を捕まえる - ドーピング摘発

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註1 R. K. Leute, E. F. Ullman, A. Goldstein, L. A. Herzenberg, 'Spin immunoassay technique for determination of morphine'. Nat. New Biol. 236, 93-4 (1972).

 

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註2 F. Lasne, J. de Ceaurriz, 'Recombinant erythropoietin in urine'. Nature 405, 635 (2000).

 

註3 Z. Wu, M. Bidlingmaier, R. Dall, C. J. Strasburger, 'Detection of doping with human growth hormone'. Lancet 353, 895 (1999).

 

註4 P. A. Arndt, B. M. Kumpel, 'Blood doping in athletes-detection of allogeneic blood transfusions by flow cytofluorometry'. Am. J. Hematol. 83, 657-67 (2008).

 

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註5 T. Beiter et al., 'Direct and long-term detection of gene doping in conventional blood samples'. Gene Ther. 18, 225-31 (2011)

 

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註6 Golf Today, Nick Faldo speaks about drugs in golf (December 2004) http://www.golftoday.co.uk/news/yeartodate/news04/faldo6.html 2018年3月確認.

 

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註7 'Player : drugs in golf is a fact,' The Guardian, (July 18, 2007). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jul/18/golf.theopen20074. 2018年3月確認.

 

註8 M. S. Schmidt, 'Baseball Using Minor Leagues for a Drug Test,' The New York Times, (July 22, 2010). http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/23/sports/baseball/23doping.html. 2018年3月確認.

 

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註9 'Der uneffektive Kampf gegen das Doping,' Badische Zeitung, (Novembr 11, 2010). https://www.badische-zeitung.de/sportpolitik/der-uneffektive-kampf-gegen-das-doping--37605657.html 2018年3月確認.

 

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註10 H. Striegel, R. Ulrich, P. Simon, 'Randomized response estimates for doping and illicit drug use in elite athletes'. Drug Alcohol Depend. 106, 230-2 (2010).

 

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註11 United States District Court for the Northern District of California : United States of America vs. Trevor Graham. Day 4 transcript (2008).

 

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註12 C. Lundby, N. J. Achman-Andersen, J. J. Thomsen, A. M. Norgaard, P. Robach,'Testing for recombinant human erythropoietin in urine : problems associated with current anti-doping testing'. J. Appl. Physiol. 105, 417-19 (2008).

 

註13 M. Beullens, J. R. Delanghe, M. Bollen, 'False-positive detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in urine following strenuous physical exercise'. Blood 107, 4711-13 (2006).

 

註14 F. Lasne, 'No doubt about the validity of the urine test for detection of recombinant human erythropoietin'. Blood 108, 1778-9 ; author reply 1779-1780 (2006).

 

註15 D. Catlin, G. Green, M. Sekera, P. Scott, B. Starcevic, 'False-positive Epo test concerns unfounded'. Blood 108, 1778 ; author reply 1779-1780 (2006).

 

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註16 A. T. Kicman et al., 'Candida albicans in urine can produce testosterone : impact on the testosterone/epitestosterone sports drug test'. Clin. Chem. 48, 1799-17801 (2002).

 

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註17 P. Watson, C. Judkins, E. Houghton, C. Russell, R. J. Maughan, 'Urinary nandrolone metabolite detection after ingestion of a nandrolone precursor'. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41, 766-72 (2009).

 

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註18 K. Sharpe, M. J. Ashenden, Y. O. Schumacher, 'A third generation approach to detect erythropoietin abuse in athletes'. Haematologica 91, 356-63 (2006).

 

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註19 Y. Bhambhani et al., 'Boosting in athletes with high-level spinal cord injury : knowledge, incidence and attitudes of athletes in paralympic sport'. Disabil. Rehabil. 32, 2172-90 (2010).

 

註20 C. J. Gore et al., 'Second-generation blood tests to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes'. Haematologica 88, 333-44 (2003).

 

註21 I. Erotokritou-Mulligan et al., 'The use of growth hormone (GH) -dependent markers in the detection of GH abuse in sport : Physiological intra-individual variation of IGF-I, type 3 pro-collagen (P-III-P) and the GH-2000 detection score'. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 72, 520-6 (2010).

PubMed

第11章 最終章

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註1 A. J. Schneider, R. B. Butcher, 'An ethical analysis of drug testing', in Doping in Elite Sport : the Politics of Drugs in the Olympic Movement, W. Wilson, E. Derse, eds. Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., Champaign, pp. 129-52 (2001).

 

読書のすすめ

P.365 掲載の参考文献

C. E. Cooper, R. Beneke, eds., Drugs and Ergogenic Aids to Improve Sport Performance, Essays in Biochemistry vol. 44 Portland Press, London, (2008).

 

B. Houlihan, Dying to Win, 2nd edn. (Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, 2002).

 

A. Jeukendrup, M. Gleeson, Sport Nutrition : An Introduction to Energy Production and Performance. (Human Kinetics, Champaign, Il., 2004).

 

W. D. McArdle, F. I. Katch, V. I. Katch, Exercise Physiology : Energy nutrition and human performance. 4th edn. Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, (1996).

 

E. Newsholme, A. Leech, G. Duester, Keep on Running : Science of Training and Performance. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, (1994).

 

J. Savulescu, J., N. Bostrom, N. (eds.). Human Enhancement, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (2009).

 

I. Waddington, A. Smith, An Introduction to Drugs in Sport : Addicted to winning. (Routledge, Abingdon, 2009). 大平章, 他訳『スポーツと薬物の社会学 : 現状とその歴史的背景』. (彩流社. 2014)

 

J. M. Wrigglesworth, Energy and Life. Tayor and Francis, Basingstoke, (1997).

 

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