1) Butler JC, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, et al. The continued emergence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States : an update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pneumococcal Sentinel Surveillance System. J Infect Dis 1996 ; 174 : 986-993
2) Mufson MA, Krause HE, Schiffman G. Long-term persistence of following immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1993 ; 173 : 270-275
3) Walker FJ, Singleton RJ, Bulkow LR, et al. Reactions after 3 or more doses of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults in Alaska. Clin Infect Dis 2005 ; 40 : 1730-1735
4) Dear K, Holden J, Andrews R, et al. Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003 ; 4 : CD000422
5) Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994 ; 154 : 2666-2677
6) Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Lipsky BA. Are the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines effective? Meta-analysis of the prospective trials. BMC Fam Pract 2000 ; 1 : 1 [Epub 2000 Oct 4]
7) Cornu C, Yzebe D, Leophonte P, et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in immunocompetent adults : a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Vaccine 2001 ; 19 : 4780-4790
8) Hutchison BG, Oxman AD, Shannon HS, et al. Clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine. Meta-analysis. Can Fam Physician 1999 ; 45 : 2381-2393
9) Watson L, Wilson BJ, Waugh N. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine : a systematic review of clinical effectiveness in adults. Vaccine 2002 ; 20 : 2166-2173
10) Conaty S, Watson L, Dinnes J, et al. The effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in adults : a systematic review of observational studies and comparison with results from randomized controlled trials. Vaccine 2004 ; 22 : 3214-3224
11) Fedson DS, Liss C. Precise answers to the wrong question : prospective clinical trials and the meta-analyses of pneumococcal vaccine in elderly and high-risk adults. Vaccine 2004 ; 22 : 927-946
12) Melegaro A, Edmunds WJ. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Part I. Efficacy of PPV in the elderly : A comparison of meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2004 ; 19 : 353-363
13) Austrian R, Douglas RM, Schiffman G, et al. Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by vaccination. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1976 ; 89 : 184-194
14) Smit P, Oberholzer D, Hayden-Smith S, et al. Protective efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. JAMA 1977 ; 238 : 2613-2616
15) Riley ID, Tarr PI, Andrews M, et al. Immunisation with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine. Reduction of adult respiratory mortality in a New Guinea Highlands community. Lancet 1977 ; 1 : 1338-1341
16) Austrian R. Surveillance of pneumococcal infection for field trials of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines. Bethesda Md. National Institute of Health Publication DAB-VDP-12-84. Contract No. IA13257. Bethesda, MD. 1980 ; p1-59
17) Simberkoff MS, Cross AP, Al-Ibrahim M, et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in high-risk patients. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1986 ; 315 : 1318-1327
18) Klastersky J, Mommen P, Cantraine F, et al. Placebo controlled pneumococcal immunization in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1986 ; 22 : 807-813
19) Leech JA, Gervais A, Ruben FL. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CMAJ 1987 ; 136 : 361-365
20) Davis AL, Aranda CP, Schiffman G, et al. Pneumococcal infection and immunologic response to pneu-mococcal vaccine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A pilot study. Chest 1987 ; 92 : 204-212
21) Koivula I, Sten M, Leinonen M, et al. Clinical efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly : a randomized, single-blind population-based trial. Am J Med 1997 ; 103 : 281-290
22) Ortqvist A, Hedlund J, Buman LA, et al. Randomised trial of 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in prevention of pneumonia I middle-aged and elderly people Swedish Pneumococcal Vaccination Study Group. Lancet 1998 ; 351 : 399-403
23) French N, Nakiyingi J, Carpenter LM, et al. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults : double-blind, randomized and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000 ; 355 : 2106-2111
24) Alfageme I, Vazquez R, Reyes N, et al. Clinical efficacy of anti-pneumococcal vaccination in patients with COPD. Thorax 2006 ; 61 : 189-195
25) Kaufman P. Pneumonia in old age : active immunization against pneumonia with pneumococcus polysaccharide, results of a 6-year study. Arch Intern Med 1947 ; 79 : 518-531
26) Gaillat J, Zmirou D, Mallaret MR, et al. Clinical trial of an antipneumococcal vaccine in elderly subjects living in institutions. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1985 ; 33 : 437-444
27) Honkanen PO, Keistinen T, Miettinen L, et al. Incremental effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine on simultaneously administered influenza vaccine in preventing pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia among persons aged 65 years and older. Vaccine 1999 ; 17 : 2493-2500
28) 島田馨. 肺炎球菌ワクチンの概要. 日胸 2001 ; 60 : 873-878
29) Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, et al. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD-2006 Update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007 May 16 [Epub ahead of print]
30) Granger R, Walters J, Poole PJ, et al. Injectable vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic obstructive disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 ; 4 : CD001390 (~ April 2006)
31) CDC : Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons-2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR 2002 ; 51 (RR-08) : 1-46
32) Shapiro ED, Clemens JD. A Controlled evaluation of the protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine for patients at high risk of serious pneumococcal infections. Ann Intern Med 1984 ; 101 : 325-330
33) Forrester HL, Jahnigen DW, LaForce FM. Inefficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in a high-risk population. Am J Med 1987 ; 83 : 425-430
34) Sims RV, Steinmann WC, McConville JH, et al. The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly. Ann Intern Med 1988 ; 108 : 653-657
35) Shapiro ED, Berg AT, Austrian R, et al. The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med 1991 ; 325 : 1453-1460
36) Farr BM, Johnston BL, Cobb DK, et al. Preventing pneumococcal bacteremia in patients at risk. Results of a matched case-control study. Arch Intern Med 1995 ; 155 : 2336-2340
37) Butler JC, Breiman RF, Campbell JF, et al. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy. An evaluation of current recommendations. JAMA 1993 ; 270 : 1826-1831
38) Nichol KL, Baken L, Wuorenma J, et al. The health and economic benefits associated with pneumococcal vaccination of elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Arch Intern Med 1999 ; 159 : 2437-2442
39) Christenson B, Lungdbergh P, Hedlund J, et al. Effects of a large-scale intervention with influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccines in adults aged 65 years or older : a prospective study. Lancet 2001 ; 357 : 1008-1011
40) Jackson LA, Neuzil KM, Yu O, et al. Vaccine Safety Datalink. Effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med 2003 ; 348 : 1747-1755
41) Vila-Corcoles A, Ochoa-Gondar O, Hospital I, et al. EVAN Study Group. Protective effects of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly population : the EVAN-65 study. Clin Infect Dis 2006 ; 43 : 860-868