1) Cruickshank JM, Prichard BNC:Historical. In:β-blockers in Clinical Practice, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1988, p.1-p.8
3) Powell CE, Slater IH:Blocking of inhibitory adrenergic receptors by a dichloro analog of isoproterenol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 122:480-488, 1958
4) Black JW, Stephenson JS:Pharmacology of new β-receptor-blocking compound (Nethalide). Lancet ii:311-314, 1962
5) Greenberg G, Brennan PJ, Miall WE:Effects of diuretic and β-blocker therapy in the Medical Research Council Trial. Am J Med 76 (2A):S45-S51, 1984
6) Aellig WH:Pindolol-A β-adrenoceptor blocking drugs with partial agonist activity:clinical pharmacological considerations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13 (Suppl 2):S187-S189, 1982
7) Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP et al:Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature 214:597-598, 1967
9) Mancia G, De Baker G, Dominiczak A et al; Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension; European Society of Cardiology:2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension:The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 25:1105-1187, 2007
10) Waagstein F, Hjalmarson A, Varnauskas E et al:Effect of chronic β-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 37:1022-1036, 1975
11) Clifton JE, Collins I, Hallett P et al:Arylethanolamines derived from salicylamide with α-and β-adrenoceptor blocking activities. Preparation of labetalol, its enantiomers, and related salicylamides. J Med Chem 25:670-679, 1982
12) Palazzuoli A, Calabria P, Versuri MS et al:Carvedilol:something else than a simple β-blocker? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 6:115-126, 2002
15) Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE et al; GEMINI Investigators:Differential effects of β-blockers on albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hypertension 46:1309-1315, 2005
16) Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group:Effects of carvedilol, a vasodilator-β-blocker, in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Circulation 92:212-218, 1995
18) Flannery G, Gehrig-Mills R, Billah B et al:Analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effect of magnitude of heart rate reduction on clinical outcomes in patients with systolic chronic heart failure receiving β-blockers. Am J Cardiol 101:865-869, 2008
20) 築山久一郎, 小林俊一, 峰岸慎太郎:高血圧から慢性心不全までの大規模介入試験からみたβ遮断薬の評価. Ther Res 29:9-32, 2008