脳神経外科学大系　9閉塞性脳血管障害

出版社： 中山書店
発行日： 2004-06-10
分野： 臨床医学：外科  >  雑誌
雑誌名：
シリーズ： 脳神経外科学大系
電子書籍版： 2004-06-10 （第1版第1刷）
書籍・雑誌
≪全国送料無料でお届け≫
品切れ

59,400 円(税込)

電子書籍
章別単位で購入
ブラウザ、アプリ閲覧

59,400 円(税込)

購入する
特記事項：
  • 【電子書籍】電子書籍版にはDVDは付属しません。予めご了承ください。

目次

  • 脳神経外科学大系　９閉塞性脳血管障害

    ―目次―

    ■１章 総論
    疫学
    病理
    病型とストロークスケール
    血液凝固機能

    ■２章 診断・検査法
    CT
    MRI
    脳血管撮影
    SPECT
    PET
    超音波検査

    ■３章 薬物治療総論

    ■４章 急性期脳虚血
    ストロークユニット、ストロークケアユニット
    急性期脳虚血の病態
    治療法
    　血栓溶解療法のEBM
    　局所血栓溶解療法
    　急性期PTA、ステント
    　急性期CEA
    　減圧開頭術
    　低体温療法

    ■５章 慢性期脳虚血
    EBMに基づく治療指針
    　総論
    　薬物治療
    　頭蓋内外バイパス術
    　CEAとCAS
    血行力学的脳虚血の病態
    治療法
    　CEA
    　CAS
    　EC-ICバイパス
    　後頭蓋窩血行再建術
    　CEA以外の頭蓋外血行再建術
    　椎骨動脈、鎖骨下動脈に対するステント留置術
    　頭蓋内動脈に対するPTA

    ■６章 その他の閉塞性脳血管障害
    脳動脈解離
    もやもや病
    大動脈炎症候群および類縁の自己免疫疾患

    ■７章 無症候性脳梗塞

    ■８章 脳血管性痴呆

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

1章 総論

P.8 掲載の参考文献
1) World Health Statistics Annual. Geneve : World Health Organization : 1966-1999.
 
2) 国民衛生の動向. 厚生の指標 2002 ; 49 (Suppl) : 47-54.
 
3) 藤島正敏. 高齢者の心血管病-久山町研究から. 日老医会誌 1999 : 36 : 16-21.
 
4) Tanizaki Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for subtypcs of ccrcbral infarction in a general population : the Hisayama study. Stroke 2000 : 31 : 2616-22.
 
5) 清原裕. 脳卒中の動向-疫学調査から. 診断と治療 2001 : 89 : 1924-8.
 
6) 有馬久富ほか. 久山町における長期追跡調査. 日臨 2000 : 58 (Suppl 1) : 607-10.
 
7) Fujishima M, et al. Smoking as cardiovaseular risk fractor in low cholesterol population : the Hisayama study. Clin Exp Hypertens 1992 : A14 : 99-108.
 
8) 清原裕, 藤島正敏. 脳卒中の疫学. 井村裕夫ほか編. 最新内科学大系 第66巻脳血管障害. 東京 : 中山書店 ; 1996. p3-11.
 
9) 谷崎弓裕ほか. 久山町の地域住民におけるJNC VIの血圧分類とタイプ別脳梗塞発症率の関係. 血圧 2001 : 8 : 737-40.
Medical*Online
10) The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch intern Med 1997 : 157 : 2413-46.
PubMed
11) Collins R, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reductions in blood pressure : overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990 ; 335 : 827-38.
PubMed
12) Arima H, et al. Validity of the JNC VI recommendations for the management of hypertension in a general population of Japanese elderly : the Hisayama study. Arch Intern Med 2003 : 163 : 361-6.
 
13) Amery A, et al. Efficacy of antihypertensive drug treatment according to age, sex, blood pressure, and previous cardiovaseular disease in patients over the age of 60 Lancet 1986 : 2 : 589-92.
 
14) 大村隆夫ほか. 一般住民の22年間追跡調査における耐糖能異常と脳卒中発症の関係-久山町研究. 糖尿病 1993 : 36 : 17-24.
 
15) 清原裕ほか. 血管障害の危険因子としての境界型. 日本糖尿病学会編. 糖尿病学の進歩 第35集. 東京 : 診断と治療社 ; 2001. p58-61.
 
16) Boysen G, et al. Stroke incidence and risk factors for stroke in Copenhagen. Denmark Stroke 1988 : 19 : 1345-53.
 
17) Iso H, et al. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. N Engl J Med 1989 ; 320 : 904-10.
 
18) 清原裕. 疫学 (危険因子を含む). 福内靖男編. 最新医学別冊, 新しい診断と治療のABC脳血管障害. 東京 : 最新医学社 ; 2003. p.19-26.
 
19) 中山敬三ほか. 一般住民における肥満に伴う合併症と生命予後-久山町研究. 日老医会誌 1997 ; 34 : 935-41.
 
20) Abbott RD, et al. Body mass index and thromboembolic stroke in nonsmoking men in older middle age ; the Honolulu Heart Program Stroke 1994 : 25 : 2370-6.
PubMed
21) 清原裕, 上田一雄. 脳卒中の危険因子. 臨と研 1985 ; 62 : 3535-40.
Medical*Online
22) 藤島正敏. 日本人の脳血管障害. 日内会誌 1996 ; 85 : 1407-18.
 
23) Camargo CA Jr. Moderate alcohol consumption and stroke ; the epidemiological evidence. Stroke 1989 ; 20 : 1611-26.
 
24) Kiyohara Y, et al. The impact of alcohol and hypertension on stroke incidence in a general population : the Hisayama study. Stroke 1995 ; 26 : 368-72.
 
P.17 掲載の参考文献
1) Caplan LR, Hennerici M. Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 1998 : 55 : 1475-82.
PubMed
2) National Onstitute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Ad Hoc Committee. Classifocation of Cerebrovaseular Disease, III. Stroke 1990 ; 21 : 637-76.
 
3) Masuda J, et al. Artery-to-artery embolism from a thrombus formed in stenotic middle cerebral artery : Report of an autopsy case. Stroke 1987 : 18 : 680-4.
PubMed
4) Ogata J, et al. Mechanisms of cerebral artery thrombosis : A histopathological analysis on eight necropsy cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 : 57 : 17-21.
 
5) Henney AM, et al. Localization of stromelysin gene expression in atheroselerotic changes by in situ hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 199 ; 188 : 8154-8.
 
6) Wilcox JN, et al. Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atheroselerotic plaque. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989 ; 86 : 2839-43.
 
7) Ogata J, et al. Ball thrombus in carotid artery plaque. Stroke 1987 ; 18 : 959-60.
PubMed
8) Ogata J, et al. Rupture of the atheromatous plaque as a cause of thrombotic occlusion of stenotic internal carotid artery. Stroke 1990 ; 21 : 1740-5.
PubMed
9) 深尾繁治ほか. 頸部動脈粥状硬化症の病理学的所見から見た脳虚血の発生機序. 脳卒中の外科 1994 : 22 : 235-40.
 
10) 緒方絢. 頸動脈プラークの病理組織学的所見と超音波所見. Neurosonology 1997 : 10 : 61-5.
 
11) Masuda J, et al. Atheromatous embolism in the brain : A clinicopathologic analysis of 15 autopsy cases. Neurology 1994 : 44 ; 1231-7.
 
12) Ferguson GG. Intracranial arterial ancurysms : A surgical perspective. In : Toole JF, editor Handbook of Clinical Neurology Vol. 11 (55) : Vascular disease Part III. New York : Elsevicr Science ; 1989. p. 41-87.
 
13) Lownie SP, et al. Cerebral angiography. In : Barnett HJM, et al, editors. Stroke, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York : Churchill Livingstone ; 1992. p. 215-39.
 
14) Ogata J, et al. Hemorrhagic infarct of the brain without a reopening of the occluded arteries in cardioembolic stroke. Stroke 1989 ; 20 : 876-83.
PubMed
15) Reagan TJ, Okazaki H. The thrombotic syndrome associated with carcinoma : A clinical and neuropathologic study. Arch Neurol 1974 : 31 : 390-5.
PubMed
16) Saku Y, et al. Hemorrhagic infarct induced by arterial hypertension in cat brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 1990 ; 21 : 589-95.
PubMed
17) Kimura K, et al. Massive pontine hemorrhagic infarction associated with embolic basilar artery occlusion. Int Med 2001 ; 40 : 658-61.
 
18) Caplan LR. "Top of the basilar" syndrome. Neurology 1980 : 30 : 72-9.
PubMed
19) New PF, et al. Cerebral angiography in cardiac myxoma. Radiology 1970 : 96 : 335-45.
PubMed
20) Knepper LE, et al. Neurologic manifestations of atrial myxoma. Stroke 1988 : 19 : 1435-40.
 
21) Fisher CM. Lacunes : Small, deep cerebral infarcts. Neurology 1964 ; 15 : 774-84.
 
22) Fisher CM. Lacunar strokes and infarcts : A review Neurology 1982 : 32 : 871-6.
PubMed
23) Fisher CM. The arterial lesions underlying lacuncs0 Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1969 ; 12 : 1-15.
 
24) 三原樹. 基底核・視床の小梗塞の成り立ちに関する病理学的研究. 北関東医 1980 ; 30 : 387-402.
 
25) Fisher CM, Caplan LR Basilar artery branch occlusion : A cause of pontine infarction. Neurology 1971 ; 21 : 900-5.
PubMed
26) Fisher CM. Bilateral occlusion of basilar artery branches. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977 : 40 ; 1182-9.
PubMed
27) Caplan LR. Intracranial branch atheromatous disease : A neglected, understudied, and underused concept. Neurology 1989 ; 39 : 1246-50.
PubMed
28) Fisher CM. Capsular infarcts : The underlying vaseular lesions. Arch Neurol 1979 ; 36 : 65-73.
 
29) Nishida N, et al. Cerebral artery thrombosis as a cause of striatocapsular infarction : A histopathological case study. Cerebrovase Dis 2000 ; 10 : 151-4.
 
30) Wardlaw JM, et al. Imaging appearance of the symptomatic perforating artery in patients with lacunar infarction : Occlusion or other pathology? Ann Neurol 2001 : 50 : 208-15.
PubMed
P.30 掲載の参考文献
1) Whisnant JP, et al. Special report from the National Institute of Neurological Disordcrs and Stroke : Classification of cerebrovaseular diseases III. Stroke 1990 : 21 : 637-76.
 
2) Koudstaal PJ, et al. TIA, RIND, minor stroke : A continuum or different subgroups? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992 : 55 : 95-7.
PubMed
3) Sacco RL. et al. Classification of ischemic stroke. In : Barnett HMJ, et al, editors Stroke : Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management 3rd edition New York, Churchill Livingstone : 1998. p. 341-54.
 
4) Antonio C, et al. Practice guidclines for the use of imaging in transient ischemic attacks and acute stroke : A report of the stroke council, American Heart Association Stroke 1997 : 28 : 1480-97.
 
5) Kidwell CS, et al. Diffusion MRI in patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 1999 : 30, 1174-80.
PubMed
6) Albers GW, et al. Sounding Board : Transient ischemic attack : Proposal for a new definition. N Engl J Med 2002 : 347 : 1713-6.
 
7) Sculz UG, Rothwell PM. Transient ischaemic attacks mimicking focal motor seizures. Postgrad Med J 2002 ; 78 : 246-47.
 
8) Minematsu K, et al. 'Spectacular shrinking deficits' : Rapid recovery from a major hemispheric syndrome by migration of an embolus. Neurology 1992 : 42 : 157-62.
 
9) Guan H, et al. Subclavian steal syndrome : Report of 28 cases. Chin Med J 1999 ; 112 : 1005-7.
PubMed
10) Foye PM, et al. Pain, dizziness, and central nervous system blood flow in cervical extension : Vascular correlations to beauty parlor stroke syndrome and sation sink radiculopathy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002 ; 81 : 395-9.
 
11) Johnston SC, et al. Short-term prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TIA. JAMA 2000 ; 284 : 2901-6.
PubMed
12) Bogousslavsky J, Regli F Unilateral watershed cerebral infarcts. Neurology 1986 ; 36 : 373-7.
PubMed
13) Caplan LR, Hennerici M Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 1998 ; 55 : 1475-82.
PubMed
14) Fisher CM Lacunar infarcts : A review. Cerebrovas Dis 1991 ; 1 : 311-20.
 
15) 脳動脈解離ワーキンググループ. 脳動脈解離. 峰松一夫編. 若年者脳卒中診療の手引き. 2003. 循環器病研究委託12指-2 若年世代の脳卒中の診断, 治療, 予防戦略に関する全国多施設共同研究. 2003. p. 83-120.
 
16) Amarenco P, et al. The prevalence of ulcerated plaqucs in the aortic arch in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 1992 ; 326 : 221-5.
PubMed
17) 寺山靖男. 脳血管障害治療の評価-stroke scale. 後藤文雄ほか編. Annual Review 神経 1995. 東京 : 中外医学社 : 1995. p. 124-33.
 
18) Lyden PD, et al. Assessment Scales for the evaluation of stroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovas Dis 1998 : 7 : 113-27.
 
19) Asplund A. Clinimetrics in stroke research. Stroke 1987 : 18 : 528-30.
 
20) 日本脳卒中学会Stroke Scale委員会. 日本脳卒中学会・脳卒中重症度スケール (急性期) Japan Stroke Scale (JSS). 脳卒中 1997 ; 19 : 2-5.
 
21) Gotoh F, et al. Development of a novel, weighted, quantinable stroke scale. Japan Stroke Scale Stroke 2001 ; 32 : 1800-7.
PubMed
22) Brott T, et J Measurement of acute cerebral infarction : A clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989 ; 20 : 864-70.
 
23) Lyden P, et al. Improved reliability of the NIH stroke scale using video training. Stroke 1994 ; 25 : 2220-6.
PubMed
24) D'Olhabendague L, et al. A reappraisal of reliability and validity studies in stroke. Stroke 1996 ; 27 : 2331-6.
 
25) Van Swieten JC, et al. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. stoke 1988 ; 19 : 604-7.
 
26) Jennet B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975 : i : 480-4.
 
27) Mahoney FI, Barthel DW Functional evaluation : The Barthel Index. Md State Med J 1965 ; 14 : 61-5.
PubMed
28) 日本脳卒中学会Stroke Scale委員会. 日本脳卒中学会・脳卒中運動機能障害重症度スケールJapan Stroke Scale (Motor Function) (JSS-M). 脳卒中 1999 ; 21 : 353-6.
 
29) 日本脳卒中学会Stroke Scale委員会. 日本脳卒中学会・脳卒中高次脳機能スケールJapan Stroke Scale (Higher cortical Function) (JSS-H). 脳卒中 2001 ; 23 : 284-91.
 
30) Lyden PD, et al. A modified Natonal Institute of Health Stroke Scale for use in stroke clinical trials : Preliminary reliability and validity. Stroke 2001 ; 32 : 1310-7.
 
P.42 掲載の参考文献
1) Uchiyama S, et al. Platelet function tests in thrombotic cerebrovasculal disorders. Stroke 1983 ; 14 : 511-7.
PubMed
2) 内山真一郎. 血液凝固異常と脳血管障害. 井村裕夫ほか編. 脳血管障害. 最新内科学大系 66. 東京 : 中山書店 ; 1996. p. 54-64.
 
3) 内山真一郎ほか. 脳虚血と血小板活性化. 特集 : 脳循環と脳虚血. 神研の進歩 1996 : 40 ; 666-78.
 
4) Uchiyama S, et al. Alterations of platelet, coagulation, and fibrinolysis markers in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Semin Thromb Hemost 1997 ; 23 : 535-41.
PubMed
5) 内山真一郎, 山崎昌子. 血小板活性化. 山口武典ほか編. 脳卒中学. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 1998, p172-82.
 
6) 内山真一郎. 虚血と血小板凝集. 脳と分子生物学. 脳と循環 1998 : 3 : 243-9.
 
7) Weksler BB. Platelet function and antiplatelet therapy in ischemic cerebrovaseular disease. In : Barnett HJM, et al, editors Stroke : Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management 2nd edition New York ; Churchill Livingstone ; 1998. p. 1041-59.
 
8) 内山真一郎. 血栓の形成される病態. 特集 : ブレインアタック. Medicina 2000 ; 37 : 1048-51.
 
9) 内山真一郎. 血小板活性化と血液凝血学的異常. 特集 : 脳梗塞急性期. 神経内科 2000 : 52 : 10-7.
 
10) Uchiyama S, et al. Platelet activation and antiplatelet therapy in patients with ischemic stroke. In : Satoh K, et al, editors Advances in Brain Research : Cerebrovaseular Disorders and Neurodegeneration. Excepta Medica International Congress. Scries 1251, Amsterdam : Elsevier Science BV : 2003. p. 57-70.
 
11) Galis ZS, et al. Increased expression of matrix-metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1994 : 94 : 2493-503.
PubMed
12) Dachary-Prigent, et al. Physiological significance of catalytic phospholipids in the generation of thrombin. Semin Thromb Hamost 1997 : 22 : 157-64.
 
13) Yamaguchi T, et al, for the Japanese Antiplatelet Stroke Prevention Study Group. Benefits and hazards of antiplatelet therapy in ischemic cerebrovaseular diseases. J Jpn Coll Angiol 1993 : 34 : 279-85.
 
15) Caplan LR. Intracranial branch atheromatous disease : A neglected, understudied, and underused concept. Neurology 1989 ; 39 ; 1246-50.
PubMed
16) 宇高不可思ほか. Branch atheromatous disease. 特集 : 脳循環と脳虚血. 神研の進歩 1996 : 40 : 698-704.
 
17) 内山真一郎, 堤由紀子. 脳血管障害における超音波. 脳と神 1998 : 50 : 1059-70.
 
18) 内山真一郎ほか. 心原性脳足栓症における心内血栓の画像診断と血小板・凝固・線溶活性化. 臨神経 1996 ; 36 : 429-35.
 
19) Streifler JY. et al. Cardiogenic brain embolism : Incidence, varieties, treatment. In : Barnett HJM, et al. editors. Stroke : Pathophysiology, Diagnosis. and Management. 2nd edition. New York : Churchill Livingstone ; 1998. p. 1089-119.
 
20) 内山真一郎. 血液凝固異常症と脳梗塞の臨床. 特集 :脳梗塞の発症メカニズム . 脳と循環 1996 ; 1 : 311-7.
 
21) Coull BM, et al. Coagulation abnormalities in stroke. In : Barnet HJM, et al, editors. Stroke : Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. 2nd edition. New York, Churchill Livingstone ; 1998. p. 963-78.
 
22) 内山真一郎. 血液凝固異常症による脳綬塞の診断と治療の手引き. 矢坂正弘編. 新年者脳卒中診療の手引き-循環器病研究委託費12指2 若年世代の脳卒中の診断, 治療, 予防戦略に関する全国多施設共同研究 (主任研究者. 峰松一夫). 大阪 : 国立循環器病センター内科脳血管部分 ; 2003. p. 31-7.
 
23) Aster R. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia : Understandingi improves bllt questionr emain. J Lab Clin Med 1996 ; 127 : 418-9.
 
24) 辻肇, 中川雅夫. ヘパリン・低分子量ヘパリン. 桜川信男ほか編. 抗凝間薬の適正な使い方. 東京. 医歯薬出版 ; 2000. p. 211-32.
 
25) Shulman NR, Reid DM. Platelet immunology. In : Colman RW. et al, editors. Hemostasisa nd Thrombosis Basic Principles and Clinical P ractice. 3rd edition. Philadelphia : L ippincot JB ; 1994. p. 414-68.
 
26) 内山真一郎ほか. 脳虚血における血小板凝集のmultipathwayと血小板放出反応. 臨神経 1998 ; 28 : 1065-71.
 
27) Uchiyama S, et al. Shear-induced platelet aggregation and its inhibition by antiplatelet agents in cerebral ischemia. Clin Hemorheol 1993 : 13 : 623-36.
 
28) Uchiyama S, et al. Shear-induced platelet aggregaiton in cerebralis chemia. Stroke 1994 ; 25 : 1547-51.
 
29) Yamazaki M, et al. Measurement of platelet fibrinogen binding and P-selectin expression in patients with ischemic cerebrovaseular disease. Thrornb Res 2001 ; 104 : 197-205.
 
30) O'Brien JR. The investigation of platelets in the thrornbotic diathesis. Blood & Vessel 1980 ; 11 : 1-15.
 
31) Takano K, et al. Activation of coagulationi n acutei schemic stroke. Stroke 1991 ; 22 : 12-6.
 
32) Yamazaki M, et al. Alterations of heamostatic markers in various subtypes and phases of stroke. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1993 ; 4 : 707-12.
 
33) Nakamura T, et al. Flow cytometrica nalysiso fre ticulatedp latelets in paitents with ischernicc erebrovaseular disease. Thromb Res 2002 ; 106 : 171-7
 
34) Donnan GA, et al. Classification of subcorticalin farcts. In : Donnan GA, et al, editors. Lacunara nd Other Subcortical Infarctions. Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1995. p. 233-7.
 
35) 内山真一郎. 無症候性脳梗塞への対応. 特集 : 脳ドックの現状と今後の展開. 脳と循環 2002 ; 7 : 201-5.
 
36) 内山真一郎ほか. 抗血小板療法薬剤モニターと検査. 特集 : 血栓症に関する臨床検査. 血栓と循環 2000 ; 8 : 155-61.
 
37) Tsai HM, Lian EC. Antibodies to von Willebrand factor-cleavingp rotease in acute thrornbotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1998 ; 339 : 1585-94.
PubMed
38) Kokame K, et al. Mutations and common polymorphisrnsin ADAMTS13 gene responsible for von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease acitvity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 ; 99 : 11903-7.
 
39) Greinacher A. et al. Laboratory diagnosis of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and cornparison of platelet aggregation test, heparin-induced platelet activation test, and platelet factor 4/heparin enzyme-linked imrnunosorbent assay. Transfusion 1994 ; 34 : 381-5.
PubMed
40) Schmitz G, et al. European Working Group on clinical cell analysis : Consensus protocol for the flow cytometric characterization of platelet function. Thromb Haemost 1998 ; 79 : 885-96.
 
41) Feldmann E, Levine SR. Cerebrovaseular disease with antiphospholipid antibodies : Immune mechanisms, significance, and therapeutic options. Ann Neurol 1995 ; 37 (Suppl 1) : S114-30.
 
42) 北川泰久. 抗リン脂質抗体症候群. 山口武典ほか編. 脳卒中学. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 1998. p. 215-28.
 
43) Wilson WA, et al. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1999 : 42 : 1309-11.
PubMed
44) Asherson RA. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992 : 19 : 508-12.
 
45) Levine SR, et al. Sneddon's syndrome : An antiphosphoilpid antibody syndrome? Neurology 1988 ; 38 : 798-800.
 
46) Engelt H, et al. Degos' disease : Association with anticarcliolipin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1984 ; 289 : 576.
 
47) 宮田敏行, 内山真一郎. 血栓性素因. 山口武典ほか編. 脳卒中学. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 1998. p. 199-214.
 
48) Bertina RM. Molecular risk factors for thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1999 ; 82 : 601-9.
PubMed
49) Lane DA. et al. Antithrornbin mutation database : First update. Thromb Haemost 1993 ; 70 : 361-9.
PubMed
50) Reirsma PH, et al. Protein C deficiency : A database of mutations. 1995 Update. Thromb Haemost 1995 : 73 : 876-89.
PubMed
51) Simmonds RE, et al. Genetic and phenotype analysis of alarge (122-member) protein S-deficient kindred provides an explanation for the familiar coexistence of type I and type III plasma phenotype. Blood 1997 ; 89 : 4364-70.
 
52) 内山真一郎. DIC. 脳血管障害を起こす各種疾患と病態. Clin Pharmacother 1999 ; 5 : 121-8.
 
53) 内山真一郎, 清水優子. 悪性腫瘍患者にみられる脳梗塞 (Trousseau症候群). 特集 : 悪性腫瘍と大脳病変. 神経内科 2003 ; 58 : 463-7.
 
54) Coull BM, et al. Elevated palsma homocyst (e) ine concentration as apossible independent risk factor for stroke. Stroke 1990 ; 21 : 572-6.
 
55) 浜野均. ホモシステイン血症と脳血管障害. 臨成人病 2000 ; 30 : 201-4.
 
56) Kang SS, et al. Thermolabile defect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in coronary artery disease. Circulation 1993 ; 88 : 1463-9.
PubMed
57) 滝沢俊也, 浜野均. メチレンテトラヒドロ葉酸還元酵素欠損症. 別冊日本臨牀・領域別症候群 19 (先天代謝異常症候群・下巻). 大阪 : 日本臨牀社 ; 1998. p. 207-10.
 
58) Ridker PM, et al. Plasma concentration of lipoprotein (a) and the risk of future stroke. JAMA 1995 ; 273 : 1269-73.
PubMed
59) 奥村太郎, 一ノ瀬白帝. Lipoprotein (a) と脳血管障害. 臨成人病 2000 ; 30 : 189-93.
 
60) McLean JW, et al. cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein (a) is hornologous to plasminogen. Nature 1987 ; 330 : 132-7.
PubMed
61) 一ノ瀬白帝. アポリポプロテイン (a). 動脈硬化と血栓症. 血栓止血誌 1993 ; 4 : 363-71.
 
62) Ichinose A, Kuriyama M. Detection of polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking region of the gene for apolipoprotein (a). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995 ; 209 ; 372-8.
PubMed
63) Suzuki K, et al. Plasma lipoprotein (a) levels and expression of the apolipoprotein (a) gene are dependent on the nucleotides polymorphism in its 5'-flanking region. J Clin Invest 1997 ; 99 : 1361-6.
PubMed
64) Hassan A , Markus HS. Geneties and ischemic stroke. Brain 2000 ; 123 : 1784-812.
 
65) Read SJ, et al. Stroke genomics : Approaches to identify, validate, and understand ischemic stroke gene expression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001 ; 21 : 755-78.
PubMed
66) Bertina RM, Genetic approach to thrombophilia. Thromb Haemost 2001 ; 86 : 92-103.
PubMed
67) Hirano M, et al. A mutation in plasma platelet-acuvating factor acetylhydrolase (Va1279→ Phe) is a genetic risk factor for stroke. Stroke 1997 : 28 : 2417-20.
 
68) Bang CO, et al. 4G/5G polymorphism of the plasminogen acivator inhibitor-1 gene and insertion/deletion polymorphism of the tissue-type plasminogen activator gene in atherothrombotic stroke. Cerebrovase Dis 2001 : 11 : 294-9.
 
69) 内山真一郎. ずり応力惹起血小板凝集と脳虚血. 日バイオレオロジー会誌 1997 ; 11 : 76-85.
 
70) Tool JF. Microcircualatory and hematological disorders affecting the nervous system. In : Tool JE, editor. Cerebrovaseular Disorders, New York : Raven Pressi 1990. p. 420-37.
 
71) 内山真一郎. 血液検査. 脳血管障害の検査法. 脳血篭障害の臨床. 生涯教育シリーズ-56, 日医師会誌特別号 2001 : 125 : S129-31.
 
Mohr JP. Lacunes. In : Bamett HJM, et al, editors. Stroke : Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management 2nd edition. New York : Churchill Livingstone : 1998. p. 913-28.
 

2章 診断・検査法

P.52 掲載の参考文献
1) Adams HP, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke : A scicntific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association. Stroke 2003 : 34 : 1056-83.
PubMed
2) Moulin T, et al. Eally CT signs in acute middle cerebral artery infaretion : Predictive value for subsequent infarct lesions and outcome. Neurology 1996 : 47 : 366-75.
 
3) Tomura N. et al. Early CT findings in cerebral infarction : Obscuration of the lentiform nucleus. Radiology 1988 ; 168 : 463-7.
PubMed
4) von Kummer R et al. Detectability of cerebral hemisphere ischaemic infarcts by CT within 6 h or stroke. Neuroradiology 1996 : 38 : 31-3.
 
5) von Kummer R, et al. Acute stroke : Usefulness of eally CT findings before thrombolytic therapy. Radiology 1997 ; 205 : 327-33.
 
6) Larrue V, et al. Hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke : Potential contributing factors in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study. Stroke 1997 : 28 : 957-60.
PubMed
7) The NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group. Intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous t-PA therapy for ischemic stroke. Stroke 1997 : 28 : 2109-18.
 
8) von Kummer R, et al. interobserver agreement in assessing early CT signs of middle carebral artery infarction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996 ; 17 : 1743-8.
PubMed
9) Kalafut MA, et al. Deteetion of early CT signs of > 1/3 middle carebral artery infarctions : Interater reliability and sensitivity of CT interpretation by physicians involved in acute stroke care. Stroke 2000 : 31 : 1667-71.
 
10) 小川彰. 平成13年度厚生科学研究費補助金21世紀型医療開拓推進研究事業研究報告書H13-21世紀 (生活) -25「超急性期脳梗塞に対する局所線溶療法の効果に関する臨床研究」. 岩手医科大学 ; 2002. p131-54.
 
11) Yamaguchi T, et al. Clinical and neuroradiological analysis of thrombotic and embolic cerebral infarction. Jpn Circ J 1984 : 48 : 50-8.
PubMed
12) Okada Y, et al. Hemorrhagic transformation in cerebral embolism. Stroke 1989 ; 20 : 598-603.
PubMed
13) Schramm P, et al. Comparison of CT and CT angiography source images with diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with acute stroke within 6 hours after onset. Stroke 2002 : 33 : 2426-32.
PubMed
14) Baird AE, Warach S. Magnetic resonance imaging of acute stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998 ; 18 : 583-609.
PubMed
15) Wintermark M, et al. Prognostic accuracy of cerebral blood flow measurement by perfusion computed tomography, at the time of emergency room admission, in acute stroke patients. Ann Neurol 2002 ; 51 : 417-32.
PubMed
16) Wintermark M, et al. Comparison of admission perfusion computed tomography and quantitative diffusion- and perfusionweighted magnetic resonanca imaging in acute stroke patients. Stroke 2002 ; 33 : 2025-31.
 
P.65 掲載の参考文献
1) Le Bihan D, et al. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions : Application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 1986 ; 161 : 401-7.
PubMed
2) Moseley ME. et al. Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats ; Comparison of diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI and spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1990 : 14 : 330-46.
PubMed
3) Warach S, et al. Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1995 : 37 : 231-41.
PubMed
4) Yamada N, et al. Value of diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent dirusion coefficient in recent cerebral infarctions : A correlative study with contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999 ; 20 : 193-8.
PubMed
5) Burdette JH. et al. Acute cerebral infarction : Quantification of spin-density and T2 shine-through phenomena on diffusion-weighted MR images. Radiology 1999 : 212 : 333-9.
PubMed
6) Virapongse C, et al. Human brain infarcts : Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging Radiology 1986 : 161 : 785-94.
PubMed
7) Moseley ME, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of anisotropic water diffusion in cat central nervous system. Radiology 1990 : 176 : 439-45.
PubMed
8) Pierpaoli C, et al. Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain Radiology 1996 : 201 : 637-48.
PubMed
9) Basser PJ, et al. In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data. Magn Reson Med 2000 ; 44 : 625-32.
PubMed
10) Mamata H, et al. High-resolution line scan diffusion tensor MR imaging of white matter fiber tract anatomy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002 : 23 : 67-75.
PubMed
11) Schaefer PW, et al. Assessing tissue viabihty with MR diffusion and perfusion imaging AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003 : 24 : 436-43.
PubMed
12) Korogi Y. et al. Intracranial vaseular stenosis and occlusion : MR angiographic indings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997 : 18 : 135-43.
 
13) Kominami M, et al. MR angiography of steno-occlusive lesions of intracranial arteries : A comparative study between turbo MRA and conventional MRA. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 1999 ; 59 : 504-9.
PubMed
14) Hosoya T. et al. Clinical and neuroradiological features of intracranial vertebrobasilar altery dissection. Stroke 1999 : 30 : 1083-90.
PubMed
15) Moody AR, et al. Direct magnetic resonance imaging of carotid artery thrombus in acute stroke. Lancet 1999 : 353 : 122-3.
PubMed
16) Toussaint JF, et al. Magnetic resonance images lipid, fibrous, calcified, hemorrhagic, and thrombotic components of human atherosclerosis in vivo. Circulation 1996 : 94 : 932-8.
PubMed
17) Hatsukami TS, et al. Visualization of fibrous cap thickness and rupture in human atherosclerotic carotid plaque in vivo with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2000 : 102 : 959-64.
PubMed
18) Grandin CB, et al. Which MR-derived perfusion parameters are the best predictors of infarct growth in hyperacute stroke? Comparative study between relative and quantitative measurements. Radiology 2002 : 223 : 361-70.
PubMed
19) Rempp KA, et al. Quantification of regional cerebral blood flow and volume with dynamic susceptibility contrast-cnhanced MR imaging. Radiology 1994 ; 193 : 637-41.
 
20) Ostergaard L, et al. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravaseular tracer bolus passages. Part I : Mathematical approach and statistical analysis Magn Reson Med 1996 : 36 : 715-25.
 
21) Ostergaard L, et al. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravaseular tracer bolus passages. Part II : Experimental comparison and preliminary results. Magn Reson Med 1996 : 36 : 726-36.
 
22) Calamante F, et al. Quantification of perfusion using bolus tracking magnetic resonance imaging in stroke : Assumptions, limitations, and potential implications for clinical use. Stroke 2002 : 33 : 1146-51.
PubMed
23) Kato H, et al. Silent cerebral microbleeds on T2*-weighted MRI : Correlation with stroke subtype, stroke recurrence, and leukoaraiosis. Stroke 2002 : 33 : 1536-40.
PubMed
24) Yamada N, et al. Intracranial calcification on gradient-echo phase image : Depiction of diamagnetic susceptibility. Radiology 1996 : 198 : 171-8.
PubMed
25) Yamada N, et al. Evaluation of the susceptibility effect on gradicnt echo phase images in vivo : A sequential study of intracerebral hematoma. Magn Reson Imaging 1992 : 10 : 559-71.
PubMed
26) Wardlaw JM, et al. Is diffusion imaging appcarance an independent predictor of outcome after ischemic stroke? Neurology 2002 : 59 : 1381-7.
PubMed
P.80 掲載の参考文献
1) Solomon R, et al. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med 1994 ; 331 : 1416-20.
PubMed
2) Dion JE, et al. Clinical events following neuroangiography : A prospective study. Stroke 1987 ; 18 : 997-1004.
PubMed
3) Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy fbr asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995 : 273 : 1421-8.
 
4) Young B, et al. An analysis of perioperative surgical mortality and morbidity in the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study. ACAS Investigators : A symptomatic Carotid Artheriosclerosis Study. Stroke 1996 ; 2l : 2216-24.
 
5) Earnest F 4th, etal. Complications of cerebral angiography : Prospective assessment of risk. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984 : 142 : 247-53.
PubMed
6) Hobson RW 2nd, et al. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis : The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993 ; 328 : 221-1.
 
7) Bendszus M, et al. Silent embolism in diagnostic cerebral angiography and neurointerventional procedures : A prospective study. Lancet 1999 : 354 : 1594-7.
PubMed
8) Akers DL, et al. The value of aortic arch study in the evaluation of cerebrovaseular insufficiency. Am J Surg 1987 ; 154 : 230-2.
PubMed
9) Eggers FM, et al. Neuroradiologic applications of intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1983 ; 4 : 854-6.
PubMed
10) Lopez-Bresnahan MV, et al. Anterior communicating artery collateral flow protection against ischemic change during carotid endarterectomy. 1993 : 19 : 319-82.
 
11) Schomer DF, et al. The anatomy of the posterior communicating artery as a risk tactor lbr ischemic cerebral intarction. N Engl J Med 1994 : 330 : 1565-70.
 
12) Hennerici M, et al. The subclavian steal phenomenon : A common vaseular disorder with rare neurologic deficits. Neurology 1988 ; 38 : 669-73.
 
13) Tindall GT, et al. Studies on carotid artery flow and pressure : Observations in 18 patients during graded occlusion of proximal carotid artery. J Neurosurg 1962 ; 19 : 917-23.
 
14) von Ruden WJ, et al. Multiple arterial stenoses : Effect on blood flow. Arch Surg 1964 ; 89 ; 307-15.
 
15) Bladin CF, et al. Carotid Stenosis Index : A new method of measuring internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1995 ; 26 : 230-4.
PubMed
16) Wityk RJ, et al. Race and sex differences in the distribution of cerebral atherosclerosis. Stroke 1996 ; 27 : 1974-80.
PubMed
17) Special report from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Classification of cerebrovaseular diseases III. Stroke 1990 ; 21 : 637-76.
PubMed
18) Eliasziw M. et al. Significance of plaque ulceration in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis : North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Stroke 1994 ; 25 : 304-8.
PubMed
19) Kishore PR, Dick AR. Spontaneous disappearance of carotid stenosis. Radiology 1978 ; 129 : 721-2.
PubMed
20) O'Donnell TFJ, et al. Correlation of B-mode ultrasound imaging and arteriography with pathologic findings at carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 1985 : 120 : 443-9.
 
21) Roberson GH, et al. Thrombi at the site ofcarotid stenosis : Radiographic diagnosis. Radiology 1973 ; 109 : 353-6.
 
22) Pessin MS, et al. Angiographic appearance of carotid occlusion in acute stroke. Stroke 1980 ; 11 : 485-7.
PubMed
23) Kemeny V, et al. Collateralization of an occluded internal carotid artery via a vas vasorum. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 521-3.
 
24) Chimowitz MI, et al. The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study. Neurology 1995 ; 45 : 1488-93.
PubMed
25) Roederer GO, et al. Is siphon disease important in predicting outcome of carotid endarterectomy? Arch Surg 1983 ; 118 : 1177-81.
PubMed
26) Ehrenfeld WK, Wylie EJ. Spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery. Arch Surg 1976 : 111 : 1294-301.
PubMed
27) Ojemann RG, et al. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. Stroke 1972 ; 3 : 434-40.
PubMed
28) Harris KC, Yuh WT. Intracranial vaseulitis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1994 ; 4 : 773-97.
 
29) Harris KG, et al. Diagnosing intracranial vaseulitis : The roles of MR and angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994 ; 5 : 317-30.
 
30) Alhalabi M, Moore PM. Serial angiography in isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. Neurology 1994 ; 4 : 1221-6.
 
31) Kudo T. Spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis : A disease apparently confined to Japanese. Neurology 1968 ; 18 : 485-96.
PubMed
32) Suzuki J, Takaku A. Cerebrovaseular "moyamoya" disease : Disease showing abnormal net-like vessels in base of brain. Arch Neurol 1969 : 20 : 288-99.
PubMed
33) Takahashi M. Magnification angiography in moyamoya disease : New observations on collateral vessels. Radiology 1980 ; 136 : 379-86.
PubMed
34) Hamada J, et al. Moyamoya disease with repeated intraventricular hemorrhage due to aneurysm rupture : Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1994 ; 80 : 328-31.
 
35) D'Andrea F, et al. Megadolichobasilar anomaly. Clinical and diagnostic considerations on 30 cases. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 1992 ; 14 : 611-9.
PubMed
36) Anson JA, et al. Characteristics and surgical treatment of dolichoectatic and fusiform aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1996 ; 84 : 185-93.
PubMed
37) Pico F, et al. Intracranial arterial dolichoectasia and its relation with atherosclerosis and stroke subtype. Neurology 2003 ; 61 : 1736-42.
PubMed
38) Passero S, Filosomi G. Posterior circulation infarcts in patients with vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. Stroke 1998 : 29 : 653-9.
PubMed
39) Smoker WR, et al. High-resolution computed tomography of the basilar artery : 1. Normal size and position. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1986 : 7 : 55-60.
PubMed
40) Yu YL, et al. The clinical picture of ectasia of the intracerebral arteries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982 ; 45 : 29-36.
PubMed
41) Pessin MS, et al. Stroke in patients with fusiform vertebrobasilar aneurysms. 1989 : 39 : 16-21.
PubMed
42) Steel JG, et al. Fusiform basilar aneurysm as a cause of embolic stroke. Stroke 1982 : 13 : 712-6.
PubMed
43) Horowitz M. et al. Treatment of dural sinus thrombosis using selective catheterization and urokinase. Ann Neurol 1995 ; 38 : 58-67.
PubMed
P.93 掲載の参考文献
1) Devous MD Sr, et al. Dual-isotope SPECT imaging with technetiin-99m and iodine-123 : Clinical validation using xenon-133 SPECT J Nucl Med 1992 : 33 : 1919-24.
PubMed
2) Ichihara T, et al. Compton scatter compensation using the triple energy window method for single-and dual-isotope SPECT. J Nucl Med 1993 : 34 : 2216-21.
PubMed
3) Sorenson JA. Methods for quantitative measurement of radio-activity in vivo by whole-body counting. In : Hine GJ, Sorenson JA, editors. Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine, vol 2. New York : Academic Press : 1974. p. 311-48.
 
4) Chang LT. A method for attenuation correction in radionuclide computed tomography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1978 : 25 : 638-42.
 
5) Kashiwagi T, et al. Correction of nonuniform attenuation and image fusion in SPECT imaging by means of separate X-ray CT. Ann Nucl Med 2002 ; 16 : 255-61.
PubMed
6) 米倉義晴. 放射性医薬品. 小西淳二編. 臨床医のための核医学検企-脳. 東京 : 金芳堂 ; 1991. p. 15-24.
 
7) Kanno I, Lassen NA. Two methods for calculaing regional celebral blood flow from emission computed tomography of inert gas concentration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1979 : 3 : 71-6.
 
8) Kuhl DE, et al. Quantifying local celebral blood flow by N-isopropyl-p- [123I] iodoamphetamine (IMP) tomography. J Nucl Med 1982 : 23 : 196-203.
 
9) Yonekura Y, et al. Temporal changes in accumulation of N-isoplopyl-p-iodoamphetamine in human brain : Relation to lung clearance. J Nucl Med 1989 ; 30 : 1977-81.
 
10) 中川原譲二. SPECTで測定可能な脳血流, 血行動態のパラメーターを如何に臨床応用するか-DIAMOX(R) testを含めて. Neurosurgeons 1991 : 10 : 104-19.
 
11) Neirinckx RD, et al. Technetium-99m d,l-HMPAO : A new radiopharmaccutical for SPECT imaging of regional cerebral blood perfusion. J Nucl Med 1987 : 28 : 191-202.
 
12) 中川原譲二ほか. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECTによるballoon occlusion test施行時の局所脳循環動態の評価について. 第4回日本脳神経血管内手術法研究会講演集. 名古屋 ; 1987. p. 195-202.
 
13) Lassen NA, et al. The retention of [99mTc] -d,l-HMPAO in the human brain after intracarotid bolus injection : A kinetic analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1988 : 8 : S13-22.
 
14) Sperling B, Lassen NA. Hyperfixation of HMPAO in subacute ischemic stroke leading to spuriously high estimates of cerebral blood flow by SPECT. Stroke 1993 : 24 : 193-4.
PubMed
15) Walovitch RC, et al. Characterization of technetium-99m-L, L-ECD for brain perfusion imaging, Part 1 : Pharmacology of technetium-99m ECD in nonhuman primates. J Nucl Med 1989 : 30 : 1892-901.
 
16) Leveille J, et al. Characterization of technetium-99m-L, L-ECD for brain perfusion imaging, Part 2 biodistribution and brain imagingin humans. J Nucl Med 1989 : 30 : 1902-10.
 
17) Walovitch RC, et al. Metabolism of 99Tc-l, l-ethyl cisteinate dimer in healthy volunteers. Neuropharmacology 1991 : 30 : 283-92.
 
18) Nakagawara J, et al. Assessment of postischemic reperfusion and Diamox activation test in stroke using 99mTc-ECD SPECT. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994 : 14 (Suppl 1) : 49-57.
 
19) 中川原譲二ほか. 血栓溶解療法における画像診断 (SPECT/PET, CT/MRI) の役割. 脳と神 2000 : 52 : 873-82.
 
20) Powers WT, et al. Physiological responses to focal cerebral ischemia in humans. Ann Neurol 1984 ; 16 : 546-52.
 
21) Gibbs JM, et al. Evaluation of cerebral perfusion reserve in patients with carotid artery occlusion. Lancet 1984 : 1 ; 310-4.
PubMed
22) Sette G, et al. In vivo mapping of brain benzodiazepine receptor changes by positron emission tomography after focal ischemia in the anesthetized baboon. Stroke 1993 ; 24 : 2046-58.
PubMed
23) Nakagawara J, et al. Incomplete brain infarction may be quantitated with iomazenil. Stroke 1997 ; 28 : 124-32.
PubMed
24) 鳥塚莞爾ほか. 中枢性ベンブジアゼピン受容体イメージング剤. 123I-イオマゼニルの第3相臨床試験 (第4報) -脳血管障害における臨床的有用性の検討. 核医学 1996 ; 33 : 329-44.
 
25) Iida H, et al. A multicenter validation of regional cerebral blood flow quantitation using [123I] iodoamphetamine and single photon emission computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996 : 16 : 781-93.
PubMed
26) Renkin EM. Regulation of the microcirculation. Microvase Res 1985 : 30 : 251-63.
 
27) Iida H, et al. Quantitative mapping of regional cerebral blood flow using iodine-123-IMP and SPECT. J Nucl Med 1994 ; 35 : 2019-30.
PubMed
28) Friston KJ, et al. Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging : A general linear approach. Hum Brain Mapp 1995 ; 2 : 189-210.
 
29) Minoshima S, et al. A diagnostie approach in Alzheimer's disease using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections of fluorine-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 1995 : 36 : 1238-48.
 
30) Minoshima S, et al. Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1997 : 42 : 85-94.
PubMed
31) Babak AA, et al. A fully automade multimodality image registration algorithm. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995 : 19 : 615-23.
 
32) Astrup J, et al. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia : The ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981 ; 12 : 723-5.
PubMed
33) Lassen NA, et al. Ischemic penumbra and neuronal dcathi Comments of the therapcutic window in acute stroke with particular reference to thrombolytic therapy. Cerebrovase Dis 1991 : 1 (Suppl 1) : 32-5.
 
34) Jones TH, et al. Thrcsholds of focal cerebral ischcmia in awake monkeys. J Neurosurg 1981 ; 54 : 773-83.
 
35) National Institute of Neurological Disordcrs and Stroke Ad Hok Committee. Classification of cerebrovaseular disease III. Stroke 1990 : 21 : 637-76.
 
36) 中川原譲二. SPECTとPET. 山口武典ほか編. 脳卒中学The Frontiers of Strokology. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 1998. p139-54.
 
37) Baron JC, et al. Reversal of "misery pelfusion syndrome" by extra-intracranial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia : A case study with 15O positron emission tomography. Stroke 1981 : 12 : 454-9.
PubMed
38) Feeney DM, Baron JC. Diaschisis. Stroke 1986 ; 17 : 817-30.
PubMed
39) Baron Jc, et al. "Crossed cerebellar diaschisis" in human supratentorial brain infarction Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1980 ; 105 : 459-61.
 
40) Garcia JH, et al. Ischemic stroke and incomplete infarction. Stroke 1996 : 27 : 761-5.
PubMed
P.106 掲載の参考文献
1) 向井孝夫. PET装置. 鳥塚莞爾監修. クリニカルPET. 東京 : 先端医療技術研究所 ; 1997. p. 22-33.
 
2) 石井賢二. 測定法と正常画像. クリニカルPET編集委員会編. 臨床医のためのクリニカルPET. 東京 : 先端医療技術研究所 ; 2001. p. 113-21.
 
3) Baron JC, et al. Use of PET methods for measurement of cerebral energy metabolism and hemodynamics in cerebrovaseular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989 : 9 : 723-42.
 
4) Frackowiak RSJ, et al. Quandtative measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in man using 15O and positron emission tomography : Theory, procedure, and normal values. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1980 : 4 : 727-6.
 
5) Lammertsma AA, Jones T. Correction br the presence of intravaseular oxygen-15 in the steady-state technique for measuring regional oxygen extraction ratio in the brain : I. Description of the method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1983 : 3 : 416-24.
 
6) Okazawa H, et al. Quandtative comparison of the bolus and steady-state methods for measurement of cerebral perfusion and oxygen metabolism : PET study using 15O-gas and, vater. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001 : 21 : 793-803.
 
7) Okazawa H, et al. Effects of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen metabolism : A PET study with healthy volunteers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001 : 21 : 1472-9.
PubMed
8) Power WJ. Cerebral hemodynamics in ischemic cerebrovaseular disease. Ann Neurol 1991 : 29 : 231-40.
 
9) Fox Pr. et al. Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiological neural activity. Science 1988 : 241 : 462-4.
 
10) Baron JC, et al. Reversal of focal "misery-perfusion syndrome" by extra-intracranial artcrial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischcmia : A case study with 150 positron emission tomography. Stroke 1981 ; 12 : 454-9.
 
11) Heiss WD. Ischemic penumbral Evidence from functional imaging in man. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000 ; 20 : 1276-93.
 
12) Astrup J, et al. Thresholds in cercbral ischemia : The ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981 : 12 : 723-5.
PubMed
13) Furlan M, et al. Spontaneous neurological recovery after stroke and the fate of the ischemic penumbra. Ann Neurol 1996 : 40 : 216-26.
PubMed
14) 茨木正信ほか. 虚血性脳血管障害急性期におけるPETを用いた脳循環代謝の画像化-H2 15Oと15O2を用いた測定とその誤差解析. 脳卒中 2002 : 24 ; 90 (学会抄録) .
 
15) 上村和夫. ポジトロンCTと脳卒中の局所脳循環代謝. 脳卒中 1987 : 9 : 489-98.
 
16) Lassen NA. The Luxury perfusion syndrome and its possible relation to acute metabolic acidosis localized within the brain. Lancet 1966 : ii : 1113-5.
 
17) Yamauchi H, et al. Evidence of misery perusion and risk for recurrent stroke in major cerebral arterial occlusive diseases from PET. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996 ; 61 : 18-25.
 
18) Yamauchi H, et al. Significance of increased oxygen extraction fraction in 5-year prognosis of major cerebral arterial occlusive diseases. J Nuck Med 1999 : 40 : 1992-8.
 
19) Grubb RL Jr, et al. Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA 1998 : 280 : 1055-60.
PubMed
20) Derdeyn CP, et al. Cerebral hemodynamic impairment : Methods of measurement and association with stroke risk. Neurology 1999 : 53 : 251-9.
PubMed
21) Kuroda S, et al. Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with internal caroid or middle cerebral artery occlusion : Can acetazolamide test prediet it? Stroke 2001 : 32 : 2110-16.
 
22) Nakane H, et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with silent brain infarction : Occult misery perfusion in the cerebral cortex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 : 65 : 317-21.
PubMed
23) Feeney DM, Baron JC. Diaschisis Stroke 1986 : 17 : 817-30.
PubMed
24) Baron JC, et al. "Crossed cerebellar diaschisis" in human supratentorial brain infarction. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1980 : 105 : 459-61.
 
25) Pantano P, et al. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis : Further studies. Brain 1986 : 109 : 677-94.
PubMed
26) Yamauchi H, et al. Hemodynamic and metabolic changes in crossed cerebellar hypoperfusion. Stroke 1992 : 23 : 855-60.
PubMed
27) Yamauchi H, et al. Crossed cerebellar hypoperfusion indicates the degree of uncoupling between blood flow and metabolism in major cerebral arterial ocelusion. Stroke 1994 : 25 : 1945-51.
PubMed
28) Baron JC. Posiron emisslon tomography. In : Bamett HJM, et al, editors. Stroke : Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management 3rd edition New York : Churchill Livingstone : 1998. p. 101-19.
 
29) Heiss WD, et al. Penumbral probability thresholds of cortical numazenil binding and blood flow predieting tissue outcome in patients with cerebralischaemia. Brain 2001 : 124 : 20-9.
 
30) Read SJ, et al. The fate of hypoxic tissue on 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography after ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2000 ; 48 : 228-35.
PubMed
31) Matsumoto K, et al. Evaluation of phosphoinositide turnover on ischemic human brain with 1-[1-11C] -butyryl-2-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol using PET. J Nucl Med 1999 ; 40 : 1590-94.
 
32) Wang PY, et al. Leukoeyte infiltration in acute hemispheric ischemic stroke. Stroke 1993 : 24 : 236-40.
PubMed
33) Gerhard A, et al. In vivo imaging of activated microglia uinng [11C] PK11195 and positron emission tomography in patients after ischemic stroke. Neuroreport 2000 : 11 : 2957-60.
PubMed
34) Pappata Ss, et al. Thalamic microglial activation in ischemic stroke detected in vivo by PET and [11C] PK11195. Neurology 2000 : 55 : 1052-54.
 
35) De Reuck J, et al. The signiflcance of cobalt-55 positron emission tomography in ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovase Dis 1999 : 8 : 17-21.
 
36) Stevens H, et al. Cobalt-57 and technetium-99m-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte for visualization of ischemic stroke. J Nucl Med 1998 : 39 : 495-8.
PubMed
37) Frackowiak RSJ, et al, editors. Human Brain Function San Diego : Academic Press : 1997.
 
38) Herholz K, Heiss WD. Functional imaging correlates of recovery after stroke in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000 : 20 : 1619-31.
PubMed
39) Yamauchi H, et al. Changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism during visual stimulation in carotid artery disease : Effect of baseline perfusion and oxygen metabolism. Stroke 2002 : 33 : 1294-300.
PubMed
40) Koepp MJ, et al Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature 1998 : 393 : 266-8.
PubMed
P.119 掲載の参考文献
1) North Amcrican Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Bencficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991 : 325 : 445-53.
PubMed
2) European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial : Interim results for symptomatic Patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 1991 ; 337 : 1235-43.
 
3) 岡田靖ほか. 脳血管内科からみた頸動脈血行再建術の適応症例の選択基準. 脈管学 2002 : 42 : 803-8.
 
4) 日本脳神経超計波学会頸動脈エコー検査ガイドライン作成委員会動脈硬化性疾患のスクリーニング法に関する研究班. 頸動脈エコーによる動脈硬化性病変評価のガイドライン (案). 神経超音波医学 2002 ; 15 : 20-33.
 
5) O'Leary DH, et al. Distribution and correlates of sonographically detected carotid artery disease in the Cardiovaseular Health Study : The CHS Collaborative Rescarch Group. Stroke 1992 ; 23 ; 1752-60.
 
6) Burke GL, et al. Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovaseular disease in middle-aged adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Stroke 1995 : 26 : 386-91.
 
7) Allan PL, et al. Relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease : The Edinburgh Artery Study. Stroke 1997 ; 28 : 348-53.
PubMed
8) Hodis HN, et al. Reduction in carotid arterial wall thickness using lovastain and dietary therapy : A randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1996 ; 24 : 548-56.
 
9) Taylor AJ, et al. ARBITER : Arterial biology for the investigation of the treatment effects of reducing cholesterol : A randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation 2002 ; 106 : 2055-60.
PubMed
10) Derdeyn CP, et al. Role of Doppler US inscreening fbr carotid atherosclerotic disease. Radiology 1995 ; 197 : 635-43.
 
11) Hunink MG, et al. Detection and quantification of carotid artery stenosis : Efficacy of various Doppler velocity parameters. Am J Roentgenol 1993 : 160 : 619-25.
 
12) Moneta GL, et al. Correlation of Nonh American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) angiographic definition of 70% to 99% internal carotid artery stenosis with duplex scanning. J Vase Surg 1993 ; 17 : 152-9.
 
13) Faught WE. et al. Color-flow duplex scanning of carotid arteries : New velocity criteria based on receiver operator characteristic analysis for threshold stenoses used in the symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid trial. J Vasc Surg 1994 ; 19 : 818-28.
 
14) Neale ML, et al. Reappraisal of duplex criteria to assess signiticant carotid stenosis with special referent to reports from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and European Carotoid Surgery trial. J Vasc Surg 1994 ; 20 : 642-9.
 
15) Robinson ML, et al. Diagnostic criteria tbr carotid duplex sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988 ; 151 : 1045-9.
 
16) Koga M, et al. Diagnosis of internal carotid artery stenosis greater than 70% with power Doppler duplex sonography. Am J Neuroradiol 2001 ; 22 : 413-1.
PubMed
17) 藤本茂ほか. 頸動脈高度狭窄の超音波診断の意義. 医療 2003 : 57 : 135-40.
 
18) Steinke W, et al. Sonographic assessment of carotid artery stenosis : Comparison of power Doppler imaging and color Doppler flow imaging. Stroke 1996 ; 27 : 91-4.
PubMed
19) Griewing B, et al. Cerebrovaseular disease asscssed by color-flow and power Doppler ultrasonography : Comparison with digital subtraction angiography in internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1996 : 27 : 95-100.
PubMed
20) Steinke W, et al. Power Doppler imaging of carotid artery stenosis ; Comparison with color Doppler flow imaging and angiography. Stroke 1997 : 28 : 1981-7.
PubMed
21) Schmidt P, et al. High grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery assessment by color and power Doppler imaging. J Clin Ultrasound 1998 : 26 : 85-9.
PubMed
22) Yasaka M, et al. Transoral carotid ultrasonography. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 1383-8.
PubMed
23) Kishikawa K. et al. Evaluation of distal extracranial internal carotid artery by transoral carotid ultrasonography in patients with severe carotid stenosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2002 : 23 : 924-8.
PubMed
24) 岸川和裕, 岡田靖. 頸動脈高度狭窄患者の手術適応と経口腔頸部血管エコー法. 峰松肇夫編. 脳卒中診療のコツと落とし穴. 東京 : 中山書店 ; 2003. p. 172-3.
 
25) Kimura K, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of vertebral artery to detect vertebrobasilar axis occlusion. Stroke 1994 ; 25 : 1006-9.
PubMed
26) Aaslid R, Nornes H Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocities in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg 1982 : 57 : 769-74.
PubMed
27) Tsuchiya T, et al. Imaging of the basal cerebral arteries and measurement of blood velocity in adults by using transcranial real-time color flow Doppler sonography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991 : 12 : 497-502.
PubMed
28) Nabavi DG, et al. Diagnostic benefit of echocontrast enhancement for the insufficient transecmporal bone window. J Neuroimaging 1999 : 9 ; 102-7.
 
29) 藤本茂, 岡田靖. 脳血管障害における経頭蓋カラードプラの臨床的意義. 医療 2003 : 57 : 214-20.
 
30) Griewing B, et al. Transcranial duplex sonography of middle cerebral artery stenosis : A comparison of colour-coding techniques-frequency-or power-based Doppler and contrast enhancement. Neuroradiology 1998 : 40 : 490-5.
PubMed
31) Goertler M, et al. Diagnostic impact and prognostic relevance of carly contrast-cnhanced transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in acute stroke. Stroke 1998 : 29 : 955-62.
 
32) Postert T, et al. Comparison of transcranial power Doppler and contrast-cnhanced color-coded sonography in the identification of intracranial arteries. J Ultrasound Med 1998 : 17 : 91-6.
 
33) Gahn G, et al. Noninvative assessment of the circle of Willis in cerebral ischemia : The potential of CT angiography and contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex spnography. Cerebrovase Dis 1999 ; 9 : 290-4.
 
34) Baumgartner RW, et al. Assessment pf ≧ 50% and < 50% intracranial stenosis by transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Stroke 1999 : 30 : 87-92.
 
35) Kimura K, et al. Diagnosis of middle cerebral artery stenosis by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Am J Neuroradiol 1998 : 19 : 1893-6.
 
36) Kimura K, et al. Diagnosis of middle cerebral artery occlusion with transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Am J Neurordiol 1996 ; 17 : 895-9.
 
37) Kimura K, et al. Evaluation of posterior cerebral artery flow velocity by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Ultrasound Med Blol 2000 ; 26 : 195-9.
 
38) Koga M, et al. Relalonship between findings of conventional and contrast-cnhanced transcranial color-eoded real-time sonography and angiography in patients with basilar artery occlusion. Am J Neuroradiol 2002 : 23 : 568-71.
 
39) Bernstein ME, et al. Cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy : A cause of cerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1984 : 15 : 50-6.
 
40) Powers AD, Smith RR Hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy : A transcranial Doppler evaluation. Neurosurgery 1990 ; 26 : 56-60.
PubMed
41) White PM, et al. Power transcranial Doppler ultrasound in detection of intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 2001 ; 32 : 1291-7.
PubMed
42) 藤本茂ほか. 超音波造影剤を用いたTranscranial color-coded duplex sonographyによる脳動脈瘤の検出. 脳神外ジャーナル 2003 ; 12 : 179-84.
 
43) Nabavi DG, et al. Detection of microembolic signals in patients with middle cerebral anery stenosis by means of a bigate probe. Stroke 1996 : 27 : 687-90.
 
44) Teague SM, Sharma MK Detection of paradoxical cerebral echo contrast embolizaton by transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 1991 ; 22 : 740-5.
 

3章 薬物治療総論

P.137 掲載の参考文献
1) Watanabe T, et al. Protective effects of MCI 186 on cerebral ischemia : Possible involvement of free radical scavenging and antioxidant actions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994 ; 268 : 1597-604.
PubMed
2) Watanabe T, et al. Preventive effect of MCI 186 on 15 HPETE induced vaseular endothelial cell injury in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1988 ; 33 : 81-7.
 
3) Abe K, et al. Strong attenuation of ischemic and postischemic brain edema in rats by a novel free radical scavenger. Stroke 1988 ; 19 : 480-5.
 
4) Nishi H, et al. Effect of MCI-186 on brain edema in rats. Stroke 1989 : 20 : 1236-40.
PubMed
5) Kawai H, et al. Effects of a novel free radical scavenger, MCI-186, on ischemic brain damage in the rat distal middle cerebral artery occlusion model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997 ; 281 : 921-7.
 
6) Yamamoto T, et al. Delayed neuronal death prevented by inhibition of increased hydroxyl radical formation in a transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1997 ; 762 : 240-2.
 
7) 大友英一ほか. MCI-186の脳梗塞急性期に対する効果-前期第二相臨床試験. Ther Res 1998 ; 19 : 531-52.
 
8) MCI-186脳梗塞急性期研究会. MCI-186の脳梗塞急性期に対する後期第II相臨床試験-二重盲検法による用量検討試験. 医学のあゆみ 1998 : 185 : 841-63.
 
9) 大友英肇. 脳梗塞 (脳血栓症, 脳塞栓症) 急性期の新しい脳保護薬edaravoneの有用性. 脳の科学 2001 : 23 : 783-8.
 
10) The Edaravone Acute Brain Infarction Study Group (Chair : Otomo E). Effect of a novel free radical scavenger, edaravone (MCI-186), on acute brain infarction : Randomizcd, placeo-controlled, double-blind study at multicenters. Cerebrovase Dis 2003 ; 15 : 222-9.
 
11) 大友英一ほか. 脳血栓症におけるウロキナーゼの臨床的有用性について-Placeboを対照とした多施設群間二重盲検法による試験. 臨評価 1985 ; 13 : 711-51.
 
12) Donnan GA, et al. Streptokinase for acute ischacmic stroke with relationship to time administration. JAMA 1996 : 276 : 961-6.
PubMed
13) Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial-Italy (MAST-I) Group Randomised controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acutc ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1995 ; 346 : 1509-14.
 
14) Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial--Europe Study Group Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in acute ischacmic stroke. N Engl J Med 1996 : 335 : 145-50.
 
15) The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group : Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995 ; 333 : 1581-7.
 
16) Hacke W, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke : The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 1995 : 274 : 1017-25.
PubMed
17) Hacke W, et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet 1998 : 352 : 1245-51.
PubMed
18) Wardlaw JM, et al. Thrombolysis for acute ischacmic stroke (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 ; 2 : CD 000213.
 
19) Lees KR. Thrombolysis. Br Med Bull 2000 ; 56 : 389-400.
PubMed
20) Wardlaw JM, et al. Systematic review of evidence on thrombolytic therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997 : 350 : 607-14.
PubMed
21) Report of the Quality of Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Practice advisory : Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke--Summary statement. Neurology 1996 : 47 : 835-9.
 
22) Adams HP Jr, et al. Guidelines for thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke : A supplement to the guidelines for the management of patiEnts with acute ischemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council, American Healt Association. Stroke 1996 ; 27 : 1711-8.
 
23) Naito J, et al. Effects of thromboxanc synthetase inhibitors on aggregation of rabbit platelcets. Eur J Pharmacol 1983 ; 91 : 41-8.
PubMed
24) 小原克之ほか. 選択的Thromboxane合成酵素阻害剤 (OKY-046)の実験的脳虚血急性期の血小板血栓形成, および血管口径に及ぼす影響. 脈管学 1988 : 28 : 447-55.
 
25) 山下哲男ほか. 脳虚血の急性期血流再開における選択的Thromboxane A2合成酵素阻害剤 (OKY-046)の効果. 現代医療 1986 ; 18 : 652-4.
 
26) 清水純ほか. 再開通モデルにおける脳浮腫および脳エネルギー代謝へのアラキドン酸代謝物の関与. 脳と神 1987 ; 39 : 355-60.
 
27) 佐渡島省三ほか. 実験的脳虚血に及ぼすトロンボキサン合成酵素阻害剤 (OKY-046)の効果-脳血流と脳組織代謝. 脳卒中 1989 : 11 : 373-80.
 
28) 大友英一ほか. 選択的トロンボキサン合成酵素阻害剤OKY-046の脳血栓症急性期に対する臨床効果-多施設オープン試験による初期第II相試験. 臨医薬 1991 : 7 : 299-320.
 
29) 大友英一ほか. 脳血栓症急性期におけるOKY-046の効果-多施設二重盲検比較試験による用量設定試験. 臨医薬 1991 ; 7 : 321-51.
Medical*Online
30) 大友英一ほか. 脳血栓症急性期におけるOKY-046の臨床的有用性-プラセボを対照とした多施設二重盲検試験. 臨医薬 1991 : 7 : 353-88.
Medical*Online
31) Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy-I : Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Br Med J 1994 ; 308 : 81-106.
 
32) 内山真一郎. 脳血栓症・脳塞栓症. 池田康夫編. 血栓症治療. 東京 : メデxィカルレビュー社 ; 1996. p. 245-69.
 
33) International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST) : A randomised tril of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997 : 349 : 1569-81.
PubMed
34) CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Couaborative Group CAST : Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997 ; 349 : 1641-9.
 
35) The Intercollegiate Working Party for Stroke National clinical guideline for stroke. Clinical Effectiveness & Evaluation Unit. London : Royal College of Physician : 2000.
 
36) Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. Br Med J 2002 : 324 : 71-86.
 
37) Hart RG, et al. Aspirin for the primary prevention of stroke and other major vascular events : Meta-analysis and hypotheses. Arch Neurol 2000 : 57 : 326-32.
PubMed
38) Peto R, et al. A randomized trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors. Br Med J 1988 ; 296 : 313-7.
 
39) Steering Committee of the Physician's Health Study Research Group. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing physician's health study. N Engl J Med 1989 ; 321 : 129-35.
 
40) Johnson AG, et al. Do nonstcroid anti-inflammatory drugs effect blood pressure? A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1994 : 121 : 289-300.
PubMed
41) Harker LA, Finch CA. Thrombokinctics in man. J Clin Invest 1969 ; 48 : 963-74.
 
42) Uchida T, Yui T. Platelet kinetics in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Haematol Jpn 1983 : 46 : 1526-40.
 
43) Uchiyama S, et al. Shear induced platelet aggregation in cerebral ischcmia. Stroke 1994 : 25 : 1547-51.
 
44) Yamaguchi T, et al for the Japanese Antiplatelet Stroke Prevention Study Group. Benefits and hazards of antiplatelet therapy in ischemic cerebrovaseular diseases. 脈管学 1994 ; 34 : 279-85.
 
45) 安部英ほか. 血小板凝集抑制剤OPC-13013の第I相試験. 臨評価 1985 : 13 : 257-80.
 
46) Yasunaga K, Mase K. Aniaggregatow effect of oral cilostazol and recovery of platelet aggregability in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Alzneimittelforsehung 1985 ; 35 : 1189-92.
PubMed
47) 勝村達喜, 正木久男. 動脈硬化性疾患におけるシロスタゾール (OPC-13013)の血小板凝集能に及ぼす影響の検討. 薬理と治療 1986 : 14 ; 531-6.
 
48) Gotoh F, Ohashi Y, the Cilostazol Stroke Prevention Study Group. Design and organization of the clostazol stroke prevention study. J Stroke Cerebrovase Dis 2000 ; 9 : 36-44.
 
49) Gotoh F, et al. Cilostazol stroke prevention study : A placebo-controlled double-blind trial for secondary prevention of cerebral infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovase Dis 2000 ; 9 : 147-57.
 
50) 後藤文男ほか. 一過性脳虚血発作 (TIA) に対する抗血小板薬シロスタゾールの効果-アスピリンを対照薬とした二重盲検ランダム化比較試験による検討. 臨評価 2000 ; 27 : 615-43.
 
51) Diener HC, et al. European stroke prevention study 2 : Dipyndamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996 : 143 : 1-13.
PubMed
52) CAPRIE Steering Committee A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996 ; 348 : 1329-39.
 
53) 池田康夫ほか. 硫酸クロピドグレルの血小板凝集抑制作用-用量比較臨床薬理試験. 脳卒中 2002 : 24 : 381-92.
 
54) 清水美衣ほか. 急性期および慢性期脳梗塞患者における活性化血小板の検出. 脳卒中 2002 : 24 ; 234-9.
Medical*Online
55) Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Cardiogenic brain embolism. Arch Neurol 1986 : 43 : 71-84.
PubMed
56) Chcsebro JH, et al. Atrial fibrillation : Risk marker for stroke. N Engl J Med 1990 : 323 : 1556-8.
 
57) Atrial Fibrillation Invesugators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation : Analysis of pooled data from five randomized clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 1994 ; 154 : 1949-57.
 
58) Laupacis A, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest 1995 ; 108 (Suppl) : 352S-9S.
 
59) Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for thromboembolism during aspirin therapy in atrial fibrillation. J Stroke Cerebrovase Dis 1995 : 5 : 147-57.
 
60) The SPAF III Writing Committee for the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke during treatment with aspirin : Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III study. JAMA 1998 ; 279 : 1273-7.
PubMed
61) Hart RG, et al. Prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Neurology 1998 ; 51 : 674-81.
PubMed
62) Fuster V, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation : Executive summary : A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for practice guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001 : 104 : 2118-50.
 
63) Yamaguchi T, Japanese Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation-Embolism Secondaly Prevendon Cooperative Study Group. Optimal intensity of warfarin therapy for secondary prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation : A multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. Stroke 2000 : 31 : 817-21.
 
64) Yasaka M, et al. Optimal intensity of international normalized ratio in warfarin therapy for secondary prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Intern Med 2001 : 40 : 1183-8.
PubMed
65) Homma S. Antiplatelet versus anticoagulant therapy in patients with cerebral infarction-latest information on Warfarin Aspirin in Recurrent Stroke Study (WARSS) and its substudies : Program and Proceeding pf the Fourth Meeting of the Japan Society of Embolus Detection and Treatment 2001. p. 15-6.
 
66) The Secretary, British Society for Haematology Guidelines on the investigation and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol 2000 : 109 : 704-15.
 
67) 上塚芳郎ほか. 経口抗凝血薬療法におけるトロンボテスト (%) とプロトロンビン時間 (INR)の臨床的意義について. 日血栓止血会誌 1992 : 3 : 123-30.
 
68) Millikan CH, McDowcll FH. Treatment of progressing stroke. Stroke 1981 : 12 : 397-409.
 
69) Gautier JC. Stroke-in-progression. Stroke 1985 ; 16 : 729-33.
PubMed
70) Sandercock PAG, et al. The International Stroke Trial (IST) : A randomized trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997 : 349 : 1569-81.
PubMed
71) Kay R, et al. Low-molecular-weight hepann for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995 : 333 : 1588-93.
PubMed
72) The Publications Committce for the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Inveslgators. Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 (danaparoid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke : A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998 : 279 ; 1265-72.
PubMed
73) Adams HP Jr, et al. Antithrombotic treatment of ischemic stroke among patients with occlusion or severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery : Areport of the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Neurology 1999 ; 53 : 122-5.
 
74) Bath PMW, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparins and heparinoids in acute ischemic stroke : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2000 ; 31 : 1770-8.
 
75) Kawai H, et al. Effect of argatroban on microthrombi formation and brain damage in the rat middle cerebral artery thrombosis model. Jpn J Pharmacol 1995 : 69 : 143-8.
PubMed
76) Kawai H, et al. Effects of a thrombin inhibitor, argatroban, on ischemic brain damage in the rat distal middle cerebral artery occlusion model. J Pharnlacol Exp Ther 1996 : 278 : 780-5.
 
77) 田崎義昭ほか. 抗トロンビン剤MD-805の脳血栓症急性期に対する治療効果-二重盲検による第二相臨床試験. 臨と研 1986 ; 63 : 259-69.
 
78) 田崎義昭ほか. 選択的抗トロンビン剤MD-805の脳血栓症に対する治療効果-組織培養ウロキナーゼとの多施設二重盲検比較試験成績. 医学のあゆみ 1987 : 141 : 499-515.
 
79) 田崎義昭ほか. 脳血栓症急性期に対する抗トロンビン薬MD-805の臨床的有用性-プラセボを対照とした多施設二重盲検群間比較試験. 医学のあゆみ 1992 : 161 : 887-907.
 
80) 福内靖男ほか. 脳血栓急性期におけるargatrobanの効果-sodium ozagrelとの比較臨床試験. 神経治療学 2001 : 18 : 273-82.
 
81) Liu M, et al. A systematic review of randomized evidence for fibrinogen-depleting agents in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovase Dis 1998 : 7 : 63-9.
 
82) 小畠敬太郎ほか. 脳血管障害患者の脳血流動態に及ぼす抗脳浮腫剤の影響. 第5回日本脳卒中学会総会. 東京 ; 1980年2月8日.
 
83) 福内靖男ほか. 高張グリセロール静脈内投与による神経疾患の治療-I 10% (W/V) グリセロール加生理食塩水 (CG-A2P)の臨床効果について, 臨と研 1978 ; 55 : 929-37.
 
84) 後藤文男ほか. 高張グリセロール静脈内投与による神経疾患の治療-II 10% (W/V) グリセロール, 5% (W/V) フルクトース加生理食塩水 (CG-A30)の臨床効果について. 臨と研 1978 : 55 : 2327-35.
 
85) Bayer AJ, et al. Double-blind randomised trial of intravenous glycerol in acute stroke. Lancet 1987 ; i : 405-8.
PubMed
86) Yu YL, et al. Treatment of acute cortical infarct with intravenous glycerol : A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Stroke 1993 : 24 : 1119-24.
PubMed
87) Rogvi-Hansen B, Boysen G Glycerol for acute ischaemic stroke (Cochranc Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 ; 2 : CD000096.
 
88) Bereczki D, et al. Cochrane report : A systematic review of mannitol therapy for acute ischemic stroke and cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage. Stroke 2000 ; 31 : 2719-22.
PubMed
89) Qizilbash N, et al. Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 ; 2 : CD 000064.
 
90) 篠原幸人, 折笠秀樹. メタアナリシスを用いた脳循環代謝改善薬臨床効果の再検討. 脳卒中 1997 : 19 : 308-17.
Medical*Online
91) Alexopoulos GS, et al. 'Vascular depression' hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 : 54 : 915-22.
PubMed
92) Lipsey JR, et al. Nortriptyline treatment of post-stroke depression : A double-blind study Lancet 1984 : i : 297-300.
PubMed
93) Reding MJ, et al. Antidepressant therapy after stroke : A double-blind trial. Arch Neurol 1986 ; 43, 763-5.
PubMed
94) Wiart L, et al. Πuoxetinc in early poststroke dcpression : A double-blind placcbo-controlled study Stroke 2000 ; 31 : 1829-32
 
95) Chobanian AV, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Conumttee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure : The JNC7 report. JAMA 2003 : 289 : 2560-72.
 
96) The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. JAMA 2002 ; 288 : 2981-97.
PubMed
97) Guidelines Committee 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003 ; 21 : 1011-53.
 
98) PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001 : 358 : 1033-41.
PubMed
99) Lithell H, et al. for the SCOPE study group. The study on cognition and progress in the elderly (SCOPE) : Principal results of a randomised double-blind intewention trial. J Hypertens 2003 : 21 : 875-86.
 
100) Liao JK Beyond lipid lowering : The role of statins in vaseular protection. Int J Cardiol 2002 ; 86 : 5-18.
 
101) Francis GA, et al. PPAR-α effects on the heart and other vascular tissue. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003 : 285 : H1-9.
 
102) Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Baseline serum cholesterol alld treatment effect in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1995 : 345 : 1274-5.
 
103) Plehn JF, et al. Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin. Circulation 1999 ; 99 : 216-23.
PubMed
104) Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Discase (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broal range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998 : 339 : 1349-57.
 
105) The Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study Group. Pravastatin use and risk of coronary events and cerebral infarction in Japanese men with moderate hypercholesterolemia : The Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2000 ; 7 : 110-21.
PubMed
106) Rubins HB, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med 1999 : 341 : 410-8.
PubMed

4章 急性期脳虚血

P.147 掲載の参考文献
1) 中山博文. Stroke Unitの役割と意義. 脳と循環 1997 : 2 : 297-300.
 
2) 米原敏郎. Stroke Unit (SU) とStroke Care Unit (SCU). 小林祥泰監修. 脳卒中ナビゲーター. 東京 : メディカルレビュー社 ; 2002. p. 218-9.
 
3) 長束一行ほか. 当院のSCUの現状と問題点. 脳卒中 2000 : 22 : 546-8.
 
4) Langhorne P, et al. Do Stroke Units save lives? Lancet 1993 : 342 : 395-8.
PubMed
5) Langhorne P, et al. A formal overiew of stroke unit trials. Rev Neurol (Barc) 1995 : 23 : 394-8.
 
6) Joergensen HS, et al. The effect of a stroke unit : Reductions in mortality, discharge rate to nursing home, length of hospital stay, and cost. A community-based study. Stroke 1995 : 26 : 1178-82.
 
7) Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. How do stroke unit improve patient outcomes? Stroke 1997 ; 28 : 2139-44.
PubMed
8) Indredavik B, et al. Stroke unit treatment : Long-term effects. Stroke 1997 ; 28 : 1861-6.
PubMed
9) Indredavik B, et al. Stroke unit treatment improves long-term quality of life : A randomized controlled trial. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 895-9.
PubMed
10) Stroke unit Trialists' Collaboration Organized inpatient (Stroke Unit) care for stroke : The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. http://www.update-software.com/abstracts/ab000197.htm
 
11) Aboderin I, Venables G. Stroke management in Europe. Pan European Consensus Meeing on Stroke Management. J Intern Med 1996 ; 240 : 173-80.
PubMed
12) Ebrahim S, Redfern J. Stroke Care : A matter of chance. A National Survey of Stroke Services. London : The Stroke Association ; 1999. p. 10-5.
 
13) Busse O, et al. What a stroke unit does? Stroke Units. Gernany : The German Stroke Foundation ; 1998. p. 1-5.
 
14) 山口武典. 脳梗塞急性期医療の実態に関する研究. 平成10年度厚生科学研究費補助金 健康科学総合研究事業研究報告書 ; 1999. p. 8-11.
 
15) 橋本洋一郎監修. この一冊でわかる, 導入できる脳神経疾患ケアプランに生かすクリニカルバス. ブレインナーシング 2003年増刊, 大阪 : メディカ出版 ; 2003.
 
16) Kwan J, et al. In-hospital care pathways for stroke. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. http://www.update-software.com/abstracts/ab002924.htm
 
17) 稲富雄一郎, 中島誠. 感染対策と栄養管理. Prog Med 2002 : 22 : 1169-75.
Medical*Online
18) 橋本洋一郎ほか. 脳卒中の診療体制-地域完結型. 脳卒中 2001 ; 23 : 364-9.
Medical*Online
P.155 掲載の参考文献
1) Powers WJ, et al. Cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen requirements for cerebral function and viability in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985 : 5 : 600-8.
PubMed
2) Powers WJ, et al. The effect of hemodynamically significant carotid artery disease on the hemodynamic status oi the cerebral circulation. Ann Intern Med 1987 : 106 : 27-34.
 
3) The EC/IC Bypass Study Group Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke : Rcesults of an international randomized trial. N Engl J Med 1985 : 313 : 1191-200.
 
4) 脳血行再建術の効果に関する共同研究グループ. 閉寒性脳血管障害に対する脳血行再建術の効果-多施設共同研究の成績. 脳卒中 1997 : 19 ; 217-24.
 
5) Ausman JI, Diaz FG. Critique of the extracranial-intracranial bypass study. Surg Neurol 1986 ; 26 : 218-21.
PubMed
6) Awad IA, Spetzler RF. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery : A critical analysis in light of the International Cooperative Study. Neurosurgery 1986 : 19 : 655-64.
 
7) Day AL, et al. The extracranial-intracranial bypass study. Surg Neurol 1986 : 26 : 222-6.
PubMed
8) Yamauchi H, et al. Evidence of misery perfusion and risk for recurrent stroke in major cerebral arterial occlusive diseases from PET. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996 ; 61 : 18-25.
 
9) Grubb RL Jr, et al. Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA 1998 ; 280 : 1055-60.
PubMed
10) Ogasawara K, et al. Cerebrovaseular reactivity to acetazolamide and outcome in patients with symptomatic internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion : A xenon- 133 single-photon emission computed tomography study. Stroke 2002 ; 33 : 1857-62.
 
11) Kuroda S, et al. Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion : Can acetazolamide test prediet it? Stroke 2001 ; 32 : 2110-6.
 
12) Yokota C, et al. Effect of acetazolamide reactivity on [corrected] long-term outcome in patients with major cerebral artery occlusive diseases. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 640-4.
PubMed
13) Yonas H, et al. Qualitative versus quantitative assessment of cerebrovaseular reserves. Neurosurgery 1998 ; 42 : 1005-10 ; discussion 1011-2.
 
14) Ogasawara K, et al. Use of cerebrovaseular reactivity in patients with symptomatic major cerebral artery occlusion to predict 5-year outcome : Comparison of xenon 133 and iodine- 123-IMP single photon emission computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002 ; 22 : 1142-8.
PubMed
15) Moseley ME, et al. Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats : Comparison of diffusion and T2 weighted MRI and spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1990 ; 14 : 330-46.
PubMed
16) Moseley ME, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of anisotropic water diifusion in cat central nervous system. Radiology 1990 : 176 : 439-45.
PubMed
17) Matsumoto K, et al. Role of vasogenic edema and tissue cavitation in ischemic evolution on diffusion weighted imaging : Comparison with multiparameter MR and immunohistochemistry. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995 ; 16 : 1107-15.
PubMed
18) Benveniste H, et al. Mechanism of detection of acute cerebral ischemia in rats by diffusion weighted magnetic resonance microscopy. Stroke 1992 ; 23 : 746-54.
PubMed
19) Minematsu K, et al. Ditfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging : Rapid and quantitative detection of focal brain ischemia. Neurology 1992 ; 42 : 235-40.
PubMed
20) Mintorovitch J, et al. Comparison of diffusion and T2 weighted MRI for the early detection of cerebral ischemia and repertusion in rats. Magn Reson Med 1991 ; 18 : 39-50.
 
21) Kuker W, et al. MRI characteristics of acute and subacute brainstem and thalamic infarctions : Value of T2- and diffusionweighted sequences. J Neurol 2002 ; 249 : 33-42.
PubMed
22) Parsons MW. et al. Combined (1) H MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted MRI improves the prediction of stroke outcome. Neurology 2000 ; 55 : 498-505.
PubMed
23) Pereira AC, et al. Measurement of initial N-acetyl aspartate concentration by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and initial infarct volume by MRI predicts outcome in patients with middle cerebral artery territory infarction. Stroke 1999 ; 30 : 1577-82.
PubMed
24) van der Grond J, et al. Assessment of borderzone ischemia with a combined MR imaging MR angiography-MR spectroscopy protocol. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999 ; 9 : 1-9.
PubMed
25) Nakada T, et al. Magnetic resonance axonography of the rat spinal cord. Neuroreport 1994 ; 5 : 2053-6.
PubMed
26) Inoue T, et al. Spatial functional distribution in the corticospinal tract at the corona radiata : A three-dimensional anisotropy contrast study. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2001 ; 41 : 293-8 ; discussion 298-9.
 
27) Miura H, et al. Evolution of crossed cerebellar diaschisis in middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neuroimaging 1994 ; 4 : 91-6.
PubMed
28) Enra M, et al. Evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow using single photon emission tomography for the selection of patients for local fibrinolytic therapy of acute cerebral embolism. Neurosurg Rev 1996 ; 19 : 231-6.
 
29) Sasaki O, et al. Complete recanalization via fibrinolytic therapy can reduce the number of ischemic territories that progress to infarction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996 ; 17 : 1661-8.
PubMed
30) Ueda T, et al. Outcome in acute stroke with successful intra-arterial thrombolysis and predictive value of initial single photon emission-computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999 ; 19 : 99-108.
 
31) rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. N Engl J Med 1995 ; 333 : 1581-7.
 
P.168 掲載の参考文献
1) Bendszus M, et al. Outcome after local intra arterial fibrinolysis compared with the natural course of patients with a dense middle cerebral artery on early CT. Neuroradiology 1998 ; 40 : 54-8.
PubMed
2) Weber J, er al. Diffusion-weighted imaging in ischaemic stroke : A follow-up study. Neuroradiology 2000 ; 42 : 184-91.
 
3) Karonen JO, et al. Combined diffusion and perfusion MRI with correlation to single-photon emission CT in acute ischemic stroke : Ischemic penumbra predicts infarct growth. Stroke 1999 ; 30 : 1583-90.
PubMed
4) Sorensen AG, et al. Hyperacute stroke : Evaluation with combined multisection diffusion weighted and hemodynamically weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology 1996 ; 199 : 391-401.
PubMed
5) Ueda T, et al. Evaluation of risk of hemorrhagic transformation in local intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke by initial SPECT. Stroke 1994 : 25 : 298-303.
PubMed
6) Klotz E, et al. Perfusion measuremenls of the brain : Using dynamic CT for the quantitative assessment of cerebral ischemia in acute stroke. Eur J Radiol 1999 ; 30 : 170-84.
PubMed
7) Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction : Collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994 ; 343 : 311-22.
 
8) Donnan GA, et al. Trials of streptokinase in severe acute ischemic stroke. Lancet : 1995 ; 345 : 578-9.
 
9) Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial-Italy (MAST-1) Group. Randomized controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1995 : . 346 : 1509-14.
PubMed
10) 大友英一ほか. 脳血栓症におけるウロキナーゼの臨床的有用性について-Placeboを対照とした多施設二重盲検法による試験. 臨床評価 1985 ; 13 : 711-51.
 
11) Albers GW, et al. The Standard Treatment with Alteplase to Reverse Stroke (STARS) study. JAMA 2000 ; 283 : 1145-50.
PubMed
12) The National Institute of Neurological Disordcrs and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischcmic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995 : 333 : 1581-7.
 
13) Clark WM, et al. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen acuvator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to t hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study : A randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic. JAMA 1999 : 282 : 2019-26.
 
14) Hacke W, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke : The European Coopcrative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 1995 ; 274 : 1017-25.
PubMed
15) Hacke W, et al. Randomised double-blind placcbo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet 1998 : 352 : 1245-51.
 
16) Kwiatkowski TG, et al. Effects of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke at one year. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999 ; 340 : 1781-7.
 
17) The NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group. Intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous t-PA therapy for ischemic stroke. Stroke 1997 : 28 : 2109-18.
 
18) Fiorelli M, et al. Hemorrhagic transformation within 36 hours of a cerebral infarct : Relationships with early clinical deterioration and 3-month outcome in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I (ECASS I) cohort. Stroke 1999 ; 30 : 2280-4.
 
19) Katzan IL, et al. Use of tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke : The Cleveland area experience. JAMA 2000 : 283 : 1151-8.
PubMed
20) Reed SD. Treatment with tissue plasminogen activator and inpatient mortality rates for patients with ischemic stroke treated in community hospitals. Stroke 2001 : 32 : 1832-40.
PubMed
21) Barnwell SL, et al. Safety and efficacy of delayed intraarterial urokinase therapy with mechanical clot disruption for tluomboembolic stroke. Am J Neuroradiol 1994 ; 15 : 1817-22.
PubMed
22) del Zoppo GJ, et al. PROACT : A phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. PROACT Investigators Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism Stroke 1998 : 29 : 1255-6.
 
23) Lewandowski CA, et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-TPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke : Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke 1999 : 30 : 2598-605.
PubMed
24) Adams HP, Jr Guideline for thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke : A statement of guidelines for thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke : A supplement to the guideline for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1996 ; 27 : 1711-8.
 
25) Zeumer H, et al. Local intra-arterial fibrinolytic therapy in patients with stroke : Urokinase versus recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA). Neuroradiology 1993 : 35 : 159-62.
PubMed
26) Larrue V, et al. Risk Factors for Severe Hemorrhagic Transformation in Isehemic Stroke Patients Treated With Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator. A Secondary Analysis of the European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS II) Stroke 2001 : 32 : 438-41.
 
27) von Kummer R, et al. Acute stroke : Usefulness of cally CT findings before thrombolytic therapy. Radiology 1997 ; 205 : 327-33.
 
28) Keris V, et al. Combined intraarterial/intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Am J Neuroradiol 2001 : 22 : 352-8.
PubMed
29) Frey JL, et al. Intrathrombus administration of tissue plasminogen activator in acute cerebrovaseular occlusion. Angiology 1995 ; 46 : 649-56.
PubMed
30) Ouriel K, et al. Prourokinase versus urokinase for recanalization of peripheral occlusions, safety and efficacy : The PURPOSE trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1999 ; 10 : 1083-91.
 
31) Furlan A, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic strok. The PROACT II study : A randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism JAMA 1999 : 282 : 2003-11.
 
32) Kase CS, et al. Cerebral hemorhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis for ischemic stroke : The PROACT II trial Neurology 2001 : 57 : 1603-10.
 
33) Theron J, et al. Local intaanerial thrombolysis in the carotid territory. Intervent Neuroradiol 1996 ; 2 : 111-26.
 
34) Jensen O, et al. Thrombolytic therapy in acute occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid artery bifurcation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995 ; 16 : 1977-86.
 
35) 小川彰ほか. 平成13年度厚生科学研究費補助金21世紀型医療開拓推進事業研究報告書. 超急性期脳梗塞に対する局所線溶療法の効果に関する臨床研究. 2002年4月.
 
36) International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST) : A randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997 : 349 : 1569-81.
PubMed
37) Saxena R, et al. Risk of early death and recurrent stroke and effect of heparin in 3169 patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 2001 : 32 : 2333-7.
PubMed
38) 田崎義昭ほか. 脳血栓症急性期に対する抗トロンビン薬MD-805の臨床的有用性-プラセボを対照とした多施設二重盲検群間比較試験. 医学のあゆみ 1992 : 161 : 887
 
39) CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group CAST : Randomised placebo-controlled trial of carly aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997 ; 349 : 1641-9.
 
40) ZhengMing Chen, et al. On behalf of the CAST and IST collaborative groups Indications for Early Aspirin Use in Acute Ischenmic Stroke A Combined Analysis of 40 000 Randomized Patients From the Chinese Acute Stroke Trial and the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 2000 : 31 : 1240.
 
41) 大友英一ほか. 脳血栓症急性期におけるOKY-046の臨床的有用性-プラセボを対象とした多施設二重盲検試験. 臨床医薬 1991 ; 7 : 353-88.
 
P.180 掲載の参考文献
1) National institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group Tissuc plasminogcn activator for acute ischcmic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995 ; 333 : 1581-7.
 
2) Furlan A, et al. Intra-artcrial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke : The PROACT II study : A randomized controlled trial JAMA 1999 ; 282 : 2003-11.
PubMed
3) Astrup J, et al. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia? : The ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981 ; 12 : 723-5.
PubMed
4) Jones TH, et al. Thresholds of focal ischemia in awake monkeys. J Neurosurg 1981 ; 54 : 773-82.
PubMed
5) Hossmann KA Viability thresholds and the penumbra of focal ischcmia. Ann Neurol 1994 ; 36 : 557-65.
 
6) Gonner F, et al. Local intra-artenal thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998 : 29 : 1894-900.
 
7) 宮地茂ほか. 内頸動脈系脳塞栓に対する急性期局所血栓溶解療法の適応と問題点について. 日救急医会誌 1996 ; 7 : 660-8.
 
8) 大田元ほか. 中大脳動脈閉塞に対する急性期血栓溶解療法. 脳外誌 1997 : 684-9.
 
9) 桑山直也ほか. 脳主幹動脈閉塞症超急性期における局所線溶療法-転帰と再開通時間の検討. 脳卒中の外科 1999 ; 27 : 85-91.
 
10) 高橋明. 血管内脳神経外科手術. 脳と神経 1992 : 44 ; 193-204.
 
11) 江面正幸, 高橋明. 超選択的局所線溶療法. 脳と神 2000 ; 52 : 865-70.
 
12) 小林繁樹ほか. 脳塞栓症に対する急性期血栓溶解療法-特に側副血行・残存血流量の評価の重要性について. 第13回Brain Function Imaging Conference記録集. 1998. p71-76.
 
13) 玉谷真一ほか. 急性期脳梗塞に対する局所線溶療法の有用性およびその限界. 脳卒中の外科 1999 ; 27 : 43-8.
Medical*Online
14) Urbach H, et al. Local intra-artenal fibrimolysis in thromboembolic "T" occlusions of the internal carotid artery. Neuroradiology 1997 : 39 : 105-10.
 
15) Nesbit GM, et al. Intracranial intraarterial thrombolysis facilitated by microcatheter navigation through an occluded cervical internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg 1996 : 84 : 387-92.
PubMed
16) Brandt T, et al. Thrombolytic therapy of acute basilar artery occlusion. Stroke 1996 ; 27 : 875-81.
PubMed
17) Cross DWT, et al. Collateral circulation and outcome after basilar artery thrombolysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998 ; 19 : 1557-63.
 
18) Moulin T, et al. Early CT signs in acute middle cerebral artew infarction : Predictive value for subsequent infarct locations and outcomc Neurology 1996 ; 47 : 366-75.
PubMed
19) 大浦義典ほか. 超急性期脳塞栓症に対する血栓溶解療法の適応決定におけるperfusion CTの有用性. 脳卒中の外科 2003 : 31 : 191-6.
Medical*Online
20) Ezura M, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI and selection of patients for fibrinolytic therapy of acute cerebral ischemia. Neuroradiology 2000 ; 42 : 379-83.
PubMed
21) 中川原譲二. 急性期脳梗塞におけるischemic coreとpenumbraの同定. 脳外誌 2002 ; 11 : 567-73.
 
22) Ueda T, et al. Evaluation of risk of hernorrhagic transformaton in local intra-arterial thombolysis in acute ischemic stroke by initial SPECT. Stroke 1994 : 25 : 298-303.
 
23) Tsai LM, et al. Natural history of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1997 ; 80 : 897-900.
PubMed
24) 峰松一夫. 血栓溶解および脳保護法による虚血性脳血管障害の内科的治療戦略. 脳卒中の外科 1999 ; 27 : 91-5.
Medical*Online
25) Adams HP Jr, et al. Guidelines for Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Stroke : A Supplement to the Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association Stroke 1996 ; 27 : 1711-8.
 
26) Komiyama M, et al. Extravasation of contrast medium from the lenticulostriate artery following local intracarotid fibrinolysis. Surg Neurol 1993 ; 39 : 315-9.
PubMed
27) Suarez JI, et al. Predictors of clinical improvecment, angiographic recanalizalon, and intracranial hemorrhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999 ; 30 : 2094-100.
PubMed
28) 岡田和悟. 超急性期脳梗塞に対する血栓溶解療法の実態とレビュー. 最新医学 2003 ; 31 : 835-40.
 
P.188 掲載の参考文献
1) Brott T, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction : A clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989 : 20 : 864-70.
PubMed
2) The National Institute of Neurological Disorders, and Stroke rtPA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995 : 333 : 1581-7.
 
3) Hyogo T, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for cerebral embolism Interventional. Neuroradiology 1998 ; 4 (Suppl 1) : 23-5.
 
4) Dotter CT, et al. Transluminal treatment of arteriosclerotic obstruction : Desctiption of a new technique and preliminar/report of its application. Circulation 1964 ; 30 : 654-70.
 
5) Gruentzig AR, et al. Coronary transluminal angioplasty. Circulation 1977 ; 55, 56 (Suppl III) : III-84, 319.
 
6) 瓢子敏夫ほか. 椎骨動脈の動脈硬化性病変に対するballon angioplasty. 第7回日本脳神経血管内手術研究会講演集. 1991. p257-63.
 
7) 瓢子敏夫. ステント. 坂井信幸ほか編. 脳神経外科医のための血管内治療. 東京 : 先端医療技術研究所 ; 2001. p. 15-8.
 
8) del Zoppo GJ, et al. PROACT : A phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinasc by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke : PROACT Investigators : Prolyse in acute cerebral thromboembolism. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 4-11.
PubMed
9) Furlan AJ, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke, The PROACT II Study : A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999 : 282 : 2004-11.
 
10) Uno J. Direct PTA for acute ischemic stroke. Interventional Neuroradiology 1997 : 3 (Suppl 2) : 47-50.
 
11) 宇野昌明, 永廣信治. 頸動脈内膜剥離術 (CEA). 田中耕太郎ほか編. 脳卒中ナビゲーター. 東京 : メディカルレビュー社 ; 2002. p. 262-3.
 
12) 小笠原邦昭, 小川彰. 血行再建術. 田中耕太郎ほか編. 脳卒中ナビゲーター. 東京 : メディカルレビュー社 ; 2002. p. 260-10
 
13) 坂井信幸. 頸動脈およびその他の脳主幹動脈狭窄. 吉田純, 宮地茂編. 脳血管内治療のDo's & Don'ts. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2002. p. 213-39.
 
P.198 掲載の参考文献
1) North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991 : 325 : 445-53.
PubMed
2) Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995 : 273 : 1421-8.
PubMed
3) Biller J, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy : A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council. American Heart Association Circulation 1998 : 97 : 501-9.
PubMed
4) Barnett HJ, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in padents with symptomatic moderate and severe stenosis. N Engl J Med 1998 : 339 : 1415-25.
 
5) European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Conaborative Group Randomized trial of endarterectomy for recent symptomatic carotid stenosis : Final results of MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998 : 351 : 1279-387.
 
6) Albers GW, et al. Supplement to the guidelines for the management of transient ischeinic attacks : A statement from the Ad Hoc Committee. American Hcart Association. Stroke 19991 30 : 2502-11.
 
7) Ogata J, et al. Rupture of atheromatous plaque as a cause of thrombotic occlusion of stenotic internal carotid artery. Stroke 1990 : 21 : 1740-5.
PubMed
8) Carr S, et al. Atherosclerotic Plaque rupture in symptomade carold artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg 1996 : 23 : 755-65.
 
9) Dirksen MT, et al. Distribution of iflammatory cells in atheroselerotic plaques relates to the direction of flow. Circulation 1998 : 98 : 2000-3.
 
10) Golledge J, et al. The symptomatic carotid plaque. Stroke 2000 : 31 : 774-81.
PubMed
11) Yuan C, et al. Idenrification of fibrous cap rupture wih magnetic resonance imaging in highly associated wih recent transient ischemic attack or stroke. Circulation 2002 : 105 : 181-5.
PubMed
12) Endo S, et al. Acute pathological features with angiographic correlates of the nearly or completely occluded lesions of the cervical internal carotid artery Surg Neurol 1996 : 46 : 222-8.
PubMed
13) The National institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group Tissue plasminogen acjvator for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995 : 333 : 1581-7.
 
14) Hacke W, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke : The Europian Coopcrative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 1995 : 274 : 1017-59.
 
15) Adams HP JR, et al. Guidelines for thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke : A supplement to the guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Circulation 1996 : 94 : 1167-74.
 
16) Hennessy MJ, Britton TC Transient ischemic attacks : Evaluation and management. Int J Clin Pract 2000 ; 54 : 432-6.
PubMed
17) 桑山直也, 遠藤俊郎ほか. 脳主幹動脈閉塞超急性期における局所線溶療法-転帰と再開通時間の検討. 脳卒中の外科 1999 : 27 : 85-90.
 
18) Archie JP. Carotid endarterectomy when the distal internal carotid artery is small or poorly visualized. J Vasc Surg 1994 : 19 : 23-31.
PubMed
19) Fredericks RK. et al. Implications of the angiographic string sign in carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 1990 ; 21 : 476-9.
PubMed
20) O'Leary DH, et al. Atheromatous pseudo-occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Stroke 1989 ; 20 : 1168-73.
PubMed
21) Walters BB, et al. Emergency carotid endarrerectomy. J Neurosurg 1987 ; 66 : 817-23.
PubMed
22) Eckstein HH, et al. Emergency carotid endarterectomy. Cerebrovase Dis 1999 ; 9 : 270-81.
 
23) Sobolev B, et al. Access to elective vaseular surgery within the recommended time according to emergency referrals. Clin Invest Med 2001 ; 30 : 236 41.
 
24) Peiper C, et al. Prophylactic urgent revaseularization of the internal carotid artery in the symptomatic patient. Yasa 2001 ; 30 : 247-51.
 
25) Brandi R, et al. Urgent carotid endarterectomy for stroke in evolution. Vasa 2001 ; 30 : 115-21.
 
26) Hugenholtz H, Ekgif RG. Carotid thromboendarterectomy : A reappraisal criteria for patient selection. J Neurosurg 1980 ; 53 : 776-83.
 
27) Kusunoki T, et al. Thromboendarterectomy for total occlusion of the internal carotid artery : A reappraisal of risks, success rate and potential benefits. Stroke 1978 ; 9 : 34-8.
PubMed
28) Novick WM, et al. Management of acute postoperative thrombosis following carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 1985 ; 120 : 922-5.
PubMed
29) Meyer FB, et al. Emergency carotid endarterectomy for patients with acute carotid occlusion and profound neurological deficits. Ann Surg 1986 ; 203 : 82-9.
PubMed
30) McCormick PW, et al. Thrombo-endarterectomy of the symptomatic occluded internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg 1992 ; 16 : 752-8.
 
31) Endo S, et al. Results of urgent thrombolysis in patients with major stroke and atherothrombotic occlusion of the cervical carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998 ; 19 : 1169-75.
 
32) Schneider C, et al. Emergency carotid thromboendarterectomy : Safe and effectiveness. World J Surg 1999 ; 23 : 1163-7.
PubMed
33) Kasper GC, et al. Carotid thromboendarterectomy for recent total occlusion of the internal carotid artery. J Vasc Surg 2001 ; 33 : 242-9.
PubMed
34) Uno M, et al. Combined therapeutic approach of intra arterial thrombolysis and carotid endarterectomy in selected patients with acute thrombotic carotid occlusion. J Vasc Surg 2001 ; 34 : 532-40.
PubMed
35) Komiyama M, et al. Endovaseular treatment of acute thrombotic occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery associated with embolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery : Case report. Neurosurgery 1994 : 34 : 359-64.
 
36) Speaman MP, et al. Angioplasty of the occluded intemal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995 ; 16 : 1791-6.
 
37) Nesbit GM, et al. Intracranial intraarterial thrombolysis facilitated by microcatheter navigation through an occluded cervical internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg 1996 ; 84 : 387-92.
PubMed
38) Eckstein HH, et at. Carotid endarterectomy and intracranial thrombolysis : Simultaneous and staged procedures in ischemic stroke. J Vasc Surg 1999 29 : 459-71.
PubMed
39) Anzuini A, et al. Emergency stenting to treat neurological complications occuring after carotid endarterectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001 ; 15 : 2074-9.
PubMed
40) Hayashi K, et al. Endovaseular treatment for cervical carotid artery stenosis presenting with progressing stroke : Three case reports. Surg Neurol 2002 ; 58 : 148-54.
 
P.204 掲載の参考文献
1) Hacke w, et al. Malignant middle cerebral artery temtory infarctior Clinical course and prognostic signs Arch Neurol 1996 ; 53 : 309-15.
PubMed
2) Berrouschot J, et al. Mortality of space-occupying (malignant) middle cerebral artery infarction under conservive intensive care. Intensive Care Med 1998 ; 24 : 620-3.
PubMed
3) Heinsius T, et al. Large infarcts in the middle cerebral artery territory. Etiology and outcome patterns. Neurology 1998 ; 50 : 341-50.
PubMed
4) Petty GW, et al. Fatal or severely disabling cerebral infarction during hospitalization for stroke or transient ischemic attack. J Neurol 1990 ; 237 : 306-9.
 
5) Wijdicks EF, Diringer MN. Middle cerebral artery territory infarction and early brain swelling : Progression and effect of age on outcome. Mayo Clin Proc 1998 : 73 : 829-36.
PubMed
6) Kerr FWL. Radical decompression and dural grafting in severe cerebrd edema. Mayo Clin Proc 1968 : 43 : 852-64.
 
7) Schwab S, et al. Early hemicraniectomy in patents with complete middle cerebral artery infraction. Stroke 1998 : 29 : 1888-93.
 
8) Sasaki K, et al. Outcome after external decompression for massive cerebral infarction. Neurol Med chir (Tokyo) 1998 ; 38 : 131-5.
 
9) 黒木一彦ほか. 中大脳動脈領域広範囲梗塞に対する減圧開頭術の試み. 脳神外科 2001 ; 29 : 831-5.
 
10) 種田護ほか. 小脳梗塞と減圧術の選択. 脳神外科 1979 ; 7 : 555-61.
 
11) 小笠原邦昭ほか. 重症小脳梗塞に対する外科的減圧術. 脳神外科 1995 ; 23 : 43-8.
 
12) Carter Bs, et al. One-year outcome for decompressive surgery for massive non-dominant hemispheric infarction. Neurosurgery 1997 : 40 : 1168-75.
PubMed
13) Shaw CW, et al. Swelling of the brian following ischemic infarction with arterial occlusion. Arch Neurol 1959 ; 1 : 161-77.
 
14) 塩貝敏之ほか. 激症脳梗塞と減圧開頭術の適応選択. 脳卒中 1981 ; 3 : 259-67.
 
15) 上野一義ほか. 重症脳梗塞に対する予防的外減圧術. 脳神外科 1984 ; 12 : 261-7.
 
16) 藤田勝三ほか. 急性期脳虚血性浮腫に対する外科的治療, 特に海馬回切除術の有効性についての検討. 脳神外科 1982 : 10 : 849-55.
 
17) 山浦晶ほか. 外減圧開頭術後の諸問題. 頭蓋形成術に関して. 脳神外科 1977 ; 5 : 345-53.
 
18) Yamaura A, Makino H. Neurological deficits in the presence of the sinking skin flap following decompressive craniectomy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1977 ; 70 : 21-30.
 
P.211 掲載の参考文献
1) Iacobs MA, et al. Muldparametric MRI tissue characterization in clinical stroke with correlation to clinical outcome : Part 2. Stroke 2001 : 32 : 950-7.
 
2) Oppenheim C, et al. Is there an apparent diffusion coefficient threshold in predicting tissue viability in hyperacute stroke? Stroke 2001 : 32 : 2486-91.
PubMed
3) Takasato Y, et al. Combined therapy of local intraarterial thrombolysis and brain hypothermia for acute occlusion of the cerebral main trunk arterics. In : Hayashi N, editor. Brain Hypothermia Tokyo : Springer-Verlag : 2000. p. 187-93.
 
4) 高里良男ほか. 重症脳梗塞に対する脳低体温療法の適応. 脳卒中 2000 : 22 : 435-9.
Medical*Online
5) Busto R. Small difference in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischeinic neuronal injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987 ; 7 : 729-38.
PubMed
6) Onesti ST, et al. Transient hypothermia reduces focal ischemic brain injury in the rat. Neurosurgery 1991 : 29 : 369-73.
PubMed
7) Kader A, et al. The effect of mild hypothermia on permanent focal ischemia in the rat. Neurosurgery 1992 : 31 : 1056-61.
PubMed
8) Markarian GZ, et al. Mild hypothermial Therapeutic window after experimental cerebral ischemia. Neurosurgery 1996 : 38 : 542-51.
 
9) Reith J, et al. Body temperature in acute stroke : Relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet 1996 : 347 : 422-5.
PubMed
10) Schwab S, et al. Moderate hypothcrmia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 2461-6.
PubMed
11) 成富博章. 急性期脳梗塞に対する低体温療法. 神経内科 2000 ; 52 : 185-91.
 
12) Krieger DW, et al. Cooling for acute ischemic brain damage (C00L AID) : An open pilot study of induced hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2001 ; 32 : 1847-54.
PubMed
13) Naritomi H, et al. The importance of thermal changes in the pathophysiology of stroke : Post-stroke fever and hypothermia therapy. In : Kikuchi H, editor Strategic Medical Science Against Brain Attack Tokyo : Springer-Verlag : 2002. p. 171-85.
 
14) Dietrich WD, et al. Interrelationship between increased vaseular permiability and acute neuronal damage following temperature-controlled brain ischemia in rats. Acta Neuropathol 1991 : 81 : 615-25.
 
15) Warach S. Tissue viability thresholds in acutec stroke : The 4-factor model. Stroke 2001 : 32 : 2460-1.
 
16) The National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995 ; 333 : 1581-7.
 
17) Furlan A, et al. Intra-atterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study : A randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cere bral Thromboembolism. JAMA 1999 ; 282 : 2003-11.
 
18) Warach S, et al. Pitfalis and potential of clinical diffusion-weighted MR imaging in acute stroke. Stroke 1997 ; 28 : 481-2.
 
19) Gonzalez RG, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging : Diagnostic accuracy in patients imaged within 6 hours of stroke symptom onset. Radiology 1999 ; 210 : 155-62.
PubMed
20) Kidwell CS, et al. Thrombolytic reversal of acute human cercbral ischemic injury shown by diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 2000 : 47 : 462-9.
PubMed
21) Burdette JB, et al. Acute cerebral infarction quantification of spin-density and T2 Shine through phenomenon on diffusion-weighted MR images. Radiology 1999 ; 212 : 333-9.
 
22) 高里良男. 急性重症脳梗塞における低体温療法. Medical Practice 2001 ; 18 : 618-9.
Medical*Online
23) 山口武典. 脳梗塞急性期医療の実態に関する研究. 平成10年度厚生科学研究費補助金による健康科学総合研究事業研究報告書. 国立循環器病センター ; 1999.
 

5章 慢性期脳虚血

P.222 掲載の参考文献
1) Hart RG, et al. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation : A meta analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999 ; 131 : 492-501.
PubMed
2) Berge E, Sandercock P. Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet agents for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 ; (4) : CD003242.
PubMed
3) Law MR, et al. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke : Systematic review and meta analysis. BMJ 2003 : 326 : 1423.
PubMed
4) Collins R, et al. Effects of cholesterol-krwering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vaseular events in 20536 people with cerebrovtrscular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet 2004 ; 363 : 757-61.
PubMed
5) Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy fbr prevention of death. myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002 ; 324 : 71-86.
 
6) Diener HC, et al. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996 : 143 : 1-13.
PubMed
7) Hankey GJ. et al. Thienopyridines or aspirin to prevent stroke and other serious vaseular events in patients at high risk of vaseular disease? A systematic review of the evidence from randomized trials. Stroke 2000 ; 31 : 1779-84.
 
8) PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001 ; 358 : 1033-41.
PubMed
9) Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high grade carotid stenosis. North American Symptornatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1991 ; 325 : 445-53.
 
10) Barnett HJ, et al. Benetlt of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1998 ; 339 : 1415-25.
 
11) Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis : Final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) . Lancet 1998 ; 351 : 1379-87.
PubMed
12) Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid arlery stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 1995 : 273 : 1421-8.
 
13) Failure of extracranial intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. The EC/IC Bypass Study Group N EnglJ Med 1985 : 313 : 1191-200.
 
14) 森悦朗. EBMと医療統計 : 8. 文献の批判的吟味, EC-IC bypass. 分子脳血管病 2003 ; 2 : 451-7.
 
15) Greenhalgh T. How to read paper Assessing the methodological quality of published papers BMJ 1997 ; 315 : 305-8.
 
16) Cook DJ, et al. Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the usc of antithrombotic agents. Chest 1992 ; 102 (Suppl 4) : 305S-11S.
 
17) Phllips B, et al. Oxford Centre for Evidence based Medicine Levels of Evidence (May 2001). http://www.cebm.net/levels_of_evidence.asp
 
18) 森悦朗. EBMと医療統計 : 1. 臨床研究のすすめ. 分子脳血管病 2002 ; 1 : 91-5.
 
19) 森悦朗, 博野信次. BMと医療統計 : 2. 研究方法の質. 分子脳血管病 2002 ; 1 : 205-10.
 
20) Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. Getting your bearings (deciding what the paperis about). BMJ 1997 ; 315 : 243-6.
 
21) 博野信次, 森悦朗. EBMと医療統計 : 4. アウトカムの尺度とエンドポイントの評価法. 分子脳血管病 2002 ; 1 : 443-8.
 
22) Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. Statistics for the non-statistician. II : "Significant" relations and their pitfalls. BMJ 1997 ; 315 : 422-5.
 
23) 博野信次, 森悦朗. EBMと医療統計 : 3. データ分析の方法-統計学的手法. 分子脳血管病 2002 : 1 : 311-6.
 
P.235 掲載の参考文献
1) Wolf PA, et al. Preventing ischemic stroke in patients with prior stroke and transient ischemic attack : A statement for healtheare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke 1999 : 30 : 1991-4.
 
2) Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy I : Prevention of death, myocartlial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 1994 : 308 : 81-106.
PubMed
3) Antithromboic Trialists' Collaboration Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet thecrapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high Hisk patients. BMJ 2002 : 324 : 71-86.
 
4) Hankey GJ, et al. Thienopyridines or aspirin to prevent stroke and other serious vaseular events in patients at risk of vascular disease? : A systemic review of the evidence from randomized truals. Stroke 2000 : 31 : 1779-84.
 
5) Gotoh F, et al. Cilostazol Stroke Prevention Study : A placebo-controned double-blind trial for secondary prevention of cerebral infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovase Dis 2000 ; 9 : 147-57.
 
6) Hart RG, et al. Antithrombole therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atnal fibrillation : A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999 ; 154 ; 1949-57.
 
7) ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidclincs ACC/AHA/ESC guidclincs for the management of paticnts with atrial fibrillation : Executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Europcan Socicty of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences. Circulation 2001 : 104 : 2118-50.
 
8) Hylek EM, et al. An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anicoagulation for patients with nonrheumade atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1996 ; 335 : 540-6.
PubMed
9) Yamaguchi T, for Japanese NVAF-Embolism Secondary Prevention Cooperative Study Group. Optimal intensity of warfarin therapy for secondary prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation : A multicenter prospective randomized trial. Stroke 2000 : 31 : 817-210
 
10) Homma S, et al. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale : Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation 2002 : 105 : 2625-31.
PubMed
11) Mohr J, et al, Forthe Walfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study Group. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 : 1444-51.
 
12) PROGRESS Collaborative Group Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet 2001 : 358 : 1033-41.
PubMed
13) 谷崎弓裕ほか. 久山町の地域住民におけるJNC VIの血圧分類とタイプ別脳梗塞発症率の関係-血圧レベルの時代的変化を考慮に入れた検討. 第21回日本高血圧学会総会プログラム抄録集. 1998. p. 22.
 
14) Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-presssure-lowering drugs : Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2000 : 356 : 1955-64.
 
15) Staessen JA, et al. Cardiovaseular protection and blood pressure reduction : A meta-analysis. Lancet 2001 : 358 : 1305-15.
 
16) 日本高血圧学会高血圧治療ガイドライン作成委員会. 高血圧治療ガイドライン2000年版.
 
17) Bum J, et al. Long-term risk of recurrent stroke after a first-ever stroke : The Oxlordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke 1994 ; 25 : 333-7.
 
18) Irie K, et al. The J-curve phenomenon in stroke recurrence. Stroke 1993 ; 24 : 1844-9.
 
19) Chobanian AV, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure : The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003 : 289 : 2560-72.
PubMed
20) Prospective Studies Collaboration Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and stroke ; 13000 strokes in 450000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Lancet 1995 : 346 : 1647-53.
 
21) Iso H, et al. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med 1989 : 320 : 904-10.
 
22) Amarenco P. Hypercholesterolemia, lipid-lowering agents, and the risk for brain infarction. Neurology 2001 : 57 (Suppl 2) : S35-44.
 
23) Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease : The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Lancet 1994 : 344 : 1383-9.
 
24) Plehn JF, et al, for the CARE Investigators. Reduction of stroke incidence following myocardial infarction with pravastatin : The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Study. Circulation 1999 : 99 : 216-23.
 
25) The Long-term Invitation with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovaseulal events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998 : 339 : 1349-57.
 
26) The Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals : A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002 : 360 : 7-22.
 
27) The Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study Group. Pravastatin use and risk of coronary events and cerebral infarction in Japanese men with moderate hypercholesterolemia : The Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2000 ; 7 : 110-21.
PubMed
28) 日本動脈硬化学会. 動脈硬化性疾患診療ガイドライン2002年版.
 
29) Gorelick PB. Stroke prevention therapy beyond antithrombotics : Unifying mechanisms in ischemic stroke pathogenesis and implications for therapy : An invited review. Stroke 2002 : 33 : 862-75.
PubMed
P.243 掲載の参考文献
1) The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Special report fiom the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke : Classification ofcerebrovaseular diseases III. Stroke 1990 : 21 : 637-76.
 
2) Binder LM, et al. Behavioral effects of superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass surgery : heliminary report. Neurology 1982 : 32 : 422-4.
PubMed
3) Younkin D, et al. Superficial temporal middle cerebral artery anastomosis : Effects on vaseular, neurologic, and neuropsychological functions. Neurology 1985 ; 35 : 462-9.
 
4) Drinkwater JE, et al. Cerebral function before and atter extra intracranial carotid bypass. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984 ; 47 : 1041-3.
 
5) Whisnant JP, et al. Long-term mortality and stroke morbidity after superticial temporal artery middle cerebral artery bypass operation. Mayo Clin Proc 1985 ; 60 : 241-6.
 
6) Weinstein PR, et al. Results of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass for intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis : Review of 105 cases. Neurosurgery 1984 ; 15 : 787-94.
PubMed
7) Andrews BT, et al. Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass for middle cerebral artery stenosis and occlusion ; Operative results in 65 cases. J Neurosurg 1985 ; 62 : 831-8.
 
8) Gumerlock MK, et al. Can a patent extracranial-intracranial bypass provoke the converson of an intracranial artcrial stenosis to a symptomatic occlusion? Neurosurgcry 1983 : 12 : 391-400.
 
9) Baron JC, et al. Reversal of focal "misery-perfusion syndrome" by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia : A case study with 150 positron emission tomography. Stroke 1981 : 12 : 454-9.
 
10) Yasargil MG. Microsurgery Applied to Neuro-surgery. Stuttgart ; Georg Thieme ; 1969. p. 105-15.
 
11) The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. The Intenational Cooperative Study of Extracranial/Intracranial Arterial Anastomosis (EC/IC Bypass Study) : Methodology and entry charactcristics. Stroke 1985 : 16 : 397-406.
 
12) The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke : Results of an international randomized trial. N Engl J Med 1985 : 313 : 1191-200.
 
13) Ausman JI, Diaz FG. Critique of the extracranial-intracranial bypass study. Surg Neurol 1986 ; 26 ; 218-21.
PubMed
14) Awad IA, Spetzler RF. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery : A critical analysis in light of the international cooperative study. Neurosurgery 1986 ; 19 : 655-64.
 
15) Day AL, et al. The extracranial-intracranial bypass study. Surg Neurol 1986 : 26 : 222-6.
PubMed
16) Derdeyn CP, et al. Cerebral hemodynamic impairment : Methods of measurement and association with stroke risk. Neurology 1999 : 53 : 251-9.
PubMed
17) Vorstrup S, et al. Effect of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen. J Clin Invest 1984 : 74 : 1634-9.
PubMed
18) Grubb RL Jr, et al. Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA 1998 : 280 : 1055-60.
PubMed
19) Hasegawa Y, et al. Sequential change of hemodynamic reserve in patients with major cerebral artery occlusion or severe stenosis. Neuroradiology 1992 : 34 : 15-21.
PubMed
20) Kleiser B, Widder B. Course of carotid artery occlusions with impaired cerebrovaseular reactivity. Stroke 1992 : 23 : 171-4.
PubMed
21) Kuroda S, et al. Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion ; Can acetazolamide test predict it? Stroke 2001 : 32, 2110-6.
 
22) Powers WJ, et al. Influence of cerebral hemodynamics on stroke risk : One-year follow-up of 30 medically treated patients. Ann Neurol 1989 : 25 ; 325-30.
PubMed
23) Ogasawara K, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity to acetazolamide and outcome in patients with symptomatic internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion : A xenon-133 single-photon emission computed tomography study. Stroke 2002 : 33 : 1857-62.
 
24) Yamauchi H, et al Evidence of misery perfusion and risk for recurrent stroke in major cerebral arterial occlusive diseases from PET. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996 : 61 : 18-25.
 
25) Yonas H, et al. Increased stroke risk predicted by compromised cercebral blood flow reactivity. J Neurosurg 1993 : 79 : 483-90
 
26) Schmiedek P, et al. Improvement of cerebrovascular reserve capacity by EC-IC arterial bypass surgery in patients with ICA occlusion and hemodynamic cercbralischcmia. J Neurosurg 1994 : 81 : 236-44.
PubMed
27) Kuroda S, et al. Acetazolamide test in detecting reduced cerebral perfusion reserve and predicting long-term prognosis in patients with internal carotid artery occlusion. Neurosurgery 1993 ; 32 : 912-8.
PubMed
28) Fishcr CM. Senile dementia : A new explanation for its causation. Can Med Assoc J 1951 ; 65 : 1-7.
 
29) Paulson GW, et al. Dementia associated with bilateral carotid artery disease. Geriatrics 1966 : 21 : 159-66.
PubMed
30) Yamauchi H, et al. Atrophy of the corpus callosum associated with cognitive impairment and widespread cortical hypometabolism in carotid artery occlusive disease. Arch Neurol 1996 ; 53 : 1103-9.
PubMed
31) Nielsen H, et al. A neuropsychological study of 12 patients with transicnt ischemic attacks before and after EC/IC bypass surgery. Acta Neurol Scand 1985 : 71 : 317-20.
 
32) Nielsen H, et al. Reversible ischemic neurological deficit and minor strokes before and after EC/IC bypass surgery : A neuropsychological study. Acta Neurol Scand 1986 : 73 : 615-8.
PubMed
33) Younkin D, et al. Superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis : Effects on vaseular, neurologic, and neuropsychological functions. Neurology 1985 : 35 : 462-9.
 
34) Sasoh M, et al. Effects of EC-IC bypass surgery on cognitive impairment in patients with hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. Surg Neurol 2003 : 59 : 455-63.
PubMed
35) JET Study Group. Japanese EC-IC Bypass Trial (JET Study) : Study designと中間解析. 脳卒中の外科 2002 ; 30 : 97-100.
 
36) JET Study Group. Japanese EC-IC Bypass Trial (JET Study) : 中間解析結果 (第二報). 脳卒中の外科 2002 ; 30 : 434-7.
 
37) Yokota C, et al. Effect of acetazolamide reactivity on long-term outcome in patients with major cerebral artery occlusive diseases. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 640-4.
PubMed
38) Yonas H, et al. Qualitative versus quantitative assessment of cerebrovaseular reserves. Neurosurgery 1998 : 42 : 1005-10.
PubMed
39) Ogasawara K, et al. Quantitative measurement of regional cerebrovascular reactivity to acetazolamide using 123 I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphctamine autoradiography with SPECT : Validation study using H2 15O with PET. J Nucl Med 2003 ; 44 : 520-5.
 
40) Ogasawara K, et al. Qualitaive versus quantitative assessment of cerebrovaseular reacivity to acetazolamide using iodine-123-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphctamine SPECT in patients with unilateral major cerebral artery occlusive disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003 ; 24 : 1090-5.
 
41) Ogasawara K, et al. Use of cerebrovaseular reactivity in patients with symptomatic major cerebral artery occlusion to predict 5-year outcome : Comparison of xenon-133 and iodine-123-IMP single-photon emission computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002 ; 22 : 1142-8.
PubMed
42) 小笠原邦昭. 臨床脳循環 : 最近の動向. 脳神経外科 2002 ; 30 : 1041-51.
 
P.253 掲載の参考文献
1) Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high grade carotid stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1991 ; 325 : 445-53.
 
2) Barnen HJ, et al. Benetit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endanerectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1998 ; 339 : 1415-25.
 
3) Fields WS. et al. Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion. JAMA 1970 ; 211 : 1993-2003.
PubMed
4) MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial : Interim results fbr symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet 1991 : 337 : 1235-43.
 
5) Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis : Final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998 : 351 : 1379-87.
PubMed
6) Rothwell PM, et al. Reanalysis of the final results of the European Carotid Surgery Trial. Stroke 2003 : 34 : 514-23.
PubMed
7) Rothwell PM, et al. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet 2003 : 361 : 107-16.
PubMed
8) Mayberg MR, et al. Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of cerebral ischemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program 309 Trialist Group. JAMA 1991 : 266 : 3289-94.
PubMed
9) Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 1995 ; 273 : 1421-8.
PubMed
10) Carotid surgery versus medical therapy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The CASANOVA Study Group. Stroke 1991 ; 22 : 1229-35.
 
11) Hobson RW II, et al. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993 ; 328 : 221-7.
 
12) Panayiotopoulos YP, et al. Surgery for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Br J Clin Pract 1996 ; 50 : 335-8.
PubMed
13) Moore WS, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy. A multidisciplinary consensus statement from the ad hoc Committee, American Heart Association. Stroke 1995 ; 26 : 188-201.
 
14) Biller J, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy : A statement for healthcare professionals fiom a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 554-62.
 
15) Rothwell PM, et al. Clinical and angiographic predictors of stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy : Systematic review. BMJ 1997 ; 315 : 1571-7.
PubMed
16) Ferguson GG. et al. The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial : Surgical results in 1415 patients. Stroke 1999 ; 30 : 1751-8.
PubMed
17) Paciaroni M, et al. Medical complications associated with carotid endarterectomy. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET). Stroke 1999 ; 30 : 1759-63.
PubMed
18) Frericks H, et al. Carotid recurrent stenosis and risk of ipsilateral stroke : A systematic review of the literature. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 244-50.
PubMed
19) Endovaseular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS) : A randomised trial. Lancet 2001 ; 357 : 1729-37.
 
20) Henry M, et al. Angioplasty and stenting of the extracranial carotid arteries. Tex Heart Inst J 2000 ; 27 : 150-8.
PubMed
21) Mathur A. et al. Predictors of stroke complicating carotid artery stenting. Circulation 1998 ; 97 : 1239-45.
PubMed
22) Qureshi AI, et al. Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic and ischemic complications associated with endovaseular procedures : Part II-Clinical aspects and recommendations. Neurosurgery 2000 : 46 : 1360-75.
 
23) Roubin GS, et al. Immediate and late clinical outcomes of carotid arlery stenting in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis : A 5-year prospective analysis. Circulation 2001 ; 103 : 532-7.
 
24) Shawl FA. Carotid artery stenting : A cute and long-term results. Curr Opin Cardiol 2002 : 17 : 671-6.
 
25) Wholey MH, et al. Management of neurological complications of carotid artery stenting. J Endovase Ther 2001 ; 8 : 341-53.
PubMed
26) Wholey MH, et al. Current global status of carotid artery stent placement. Cathet Cardiovase Diagn 1998 ; 44 : 1-6.
PubMed
27) Wholey MH, et al. Global experience incervical carotid artery stent placement. Catheter Cardiovase Interv 2000 ; 50 : 160-7.
 
28) Al-MubarakN. et al. Multicenter evaluation of carotid artery stenting with a filter protection system. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002 ; 39 : 841-6.
 
29) Guimaraens L, et al. Carotid angioplasty with cerebral protection and stenting : Report of 164 patients (194 carotid percutaneous transluminal angioplasties). Cerebrovase Dis 2002 : 13 : 114-9.
 
30) Henry M, et al. Carotid stenting with cerebral protection : First clinical experience using the Percu Surge Guard Wire system. J Endovase Surg 1999 ; 6 : 321-31.
 
31) Macdonald S, et al. Protected carotid stenting : Safety and efficacy of the Med Nova Neuro Shield filter. J Vasc Surg 2002 ; 35 : 966-72.
 
32) Reimers B. et al. Cerebral protection with filter devices during carotid artery stenting. Circulation 2001 ; 104 : 12-5.
PubMed
33) Whitlow PL, et al. Carotid artery stenting protected with an emboli containment system. Stroke 2002 ; 33 : 1308-14.
PubMed
34) Hobson RW 2nd. CREST (Carotid Revaseularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial) : Background, design, and current status. Semin Vasc Surg 2000 ; 13 : 139-43.
PubMed
P.266 掲載の参考文献
1) North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Collabolations. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991 : 325 : 445-53.
 
2) The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke : Results of an international randomized trial. N Engi J Med 1985 : 313 : 1191-200.
 
3) Powers WJ. Cerebral hemodynamics in ischemic cerebrovaseular disease. Ann Neurol 1991 : 29 : 231-40.
PubMed
4) Klijn CJ, et al. Symptomatic carotid artery occlusion : A reappraisal of hemodynamic factors. Stroke 1997 : 28 : 2084-93.
PubMed
5) Yamauchi H, et al. Evidence of misery perfusion and risk for recurrent stroke in major cerebral arterial occlusive diseases from PET. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996 : 61 : 18-25.
 
6) Yamauchi H, et al. Significance of increased oxygen extraction fraction in 5-year prognosis of major cercbral arterial occlusive diseases. J Nucl Med 1999 : 40 : 1992-8.
PubMed
7) Grubb RL Jr, et al. Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA 1998 : 280 : 1055-60.
PubMed
8) JET Study Group. Japanease EC-IC Bypass Trial (JET Study) : Study designと中間解析. 脳卒中の外科 2002 : 30 : 97-100.
 
9) Adams HP Jr, et al. Preview of a new trial of extracranial-to-intracranial arterial anastomosis : The carotid occlusion surgery study. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2001 : 12 : 613-24.
PubMed
10) Caplan LR, Hennerici M. Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 1998 : 55 : 1475-82.
PubMed
11) Derdeyn CP, et al. Cerebral hemodynamic impairment : Methods of measurement and association with stroke risk. Neurology 1999 ; 53 : 251-9.
PubMed
12) Baron JC, et al. Reversal of focal "nusery-perfusion syndrome" by extra-intracranial artehal bypass in hemodynamic celebral ischemia : A case study with 150 positron emission tomography Stroke 1981 : 12 : 454-9.
 
13) Gibbs JM, et al. Evaluation of cerebral perfusion reserve in patients with carotid artery occlusion. Lancet 1984 ; 1 : 310-4.
PubMed
14) Yonas H, Pindzola RR. Physiological determination of cerebrovaseular reserves and its use in clinical management. Cerebrovase Brain Metab Rev 1994 : 6 : 325-40.
 
15) Okazawa H, et al. Effects of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen metabolism : A PET study with healthy volunteers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001 ; 21 : 1472-9.
PubMed
16) Yamauchi H, et al. Reduced blood flow response to acetazolamide reflects pre-existing vasodilation and decreased oxygen metabolism in major cerebral arterial occlusive disease. Eur J Nucl Med 2002 ; 29 : 1349-56.
 
17) Yamauchi H, et al. Oxygen extraction fraction and acetazolamide reactivity in symptomatic carotid artery disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004 : 75 : 33-7.
PubMed
18) Pinzola RR, et al. Cerebrovaseular reserve in patients with carotid occlusive disease assessed by stable xenon-enhanced CT cerebral blood flow and transcranial. Doppler Stroke 2001 : 32 : 1811-7.
 
19) Yonas H, et al. Quantative versus quantitaive assessment of cerebrovaseular reserves. Neurosurgery 1998 : 42 : 1005-10.
 
20) Ogasawara K, et al. Use of cerebrovaseular reactivity in patients with symptomatic major cerebral artery occlusion to predict 5-year outcome ; Companson of xenon-133 and iodine-123-IMP single-photon emission computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002 : 22 : 1142-8.
 
21) Powers WJ, et al. Influence of cerebral hemodynamics on stroke risk : One year follow up of 30 medically treated patients. Ann Neurol 1989 ; 25 : 325-30.
PubMed
22) Yamauchi H, et al. Long-term changes of hemodynamics and metabolism after carotid artery occlusion. Neurology 2000 : 54 : 2095-102.
PubMed
23) Derdeyn CP, et al. Compensatory mechanisms for chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in patients with carotid occlusion. Stroke 1999 : 30 : 1019-24.
PubMed
24) Powers WJ, et al. Benign prognosis of never-symptomatic carotid occlusion. Neurology 1999 : 54 : 878-82.
 
25) Yonas H, et al. Increased stroke risk predicted by compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity. J Neurosurg 1993 ; 79 : 483-9.
PubMed
26) Kuroda S, et al. Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion : Can acetazolamide test predict it? Stroke 2001 : 32 : 2110-6.
 
27) Klijn CJ, et al. Recurrent ischemia in symptomatic carotid occlusion: Prognostic value of hemodynamic factors. Neurology 2000 : 55 : 1806-12.
PubMed
28) Yokota C, et al. Effect of acetazolamidc reacivity and long-term outcome in patients with major cerebral artery occlusive diseases. Stroke 1998 : 29 : 640-4.
 
29) Widder B, et al. Course of cerebrovaseular reactivity in patients with carotid artery occlusions. Stroke 1994 : 25 : 1963-7.
PubMed
30) Cao B, et al. Spontancous improvement in reduced vasodilatory capacity in major cerebral artcrial occlusive disease. Neuroradiology 2000 42 : 19-25.
 
31) Randolph S, et al. Monitoring of cerebral vasodilatory capacity with transcranial Doppler carbon dioxide inhalation in patients with severe carotid artery disease. Stroke 2003 ; 34 : 945-9.
 
32) Yamauchi H, et al. Progression of atrophy of the corpus callosum with deterioration of cerebral cortical oxygen metabolism after carotid artery occlusion : A follow up study with MRI and PET. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995 ; 59 : 420-6.
 
33) Yamauchi H, et al. Hemodilution improves cerebral hemodynamics in internal carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 1993 ; 24 : 1885-90.
PubMed
34) Gibbs JM, et al. Cerebral haemodynamic changes after extracranial intracranial bypass surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987 : 50 : 140-50.
PubMed
35) Powers WJ, et al. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery : Hemodynamic and metabolic effects. Neurology 1984 ; 34 : 1168-74.
PubMed
36) Samson Y, et al. Effects of extra-intracranial arterial bypass on ccrebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in humans. Stroke 1985 : 16 : 609-16.
PubMed
37) Graham DI. Hypoxia and vascular disorders. In : Adams JH, Duchen LW, editors Greenfield's Neuropathology. London : Edward Amord ; 1992. p. 153-268.
 
38) Wodarz R, Watershed infarctions and computed tomography : A topographical study in cases with stenosis or occlusion of the carotid artery. Neuroradiology 1980 ; 19 : 245-8.
PubMed
39) Bogousslavsky J, Regli FA. Borderzone infarctions distal to intemal carotid artery occlusion : Prognostic implications. Ann Neurol 1986 ; 20 : 346-350.
 
40) Yamauchi H, et al. Hemodynamics in internal carotid artery occlusion examined by positron emission tomography. Stroke 1990 ; 21 : 1400-6.
PubMed
41) Yamauchi H, et al. Sclective cerebral hematocrit decrease in the ccntrum semiovale after carotid artery occlusion : A PET study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999 ; 19 : 109-14.
 
42) Yamauchi H, et al. High intensity area in the deep white matter indicating hemodynamic compromise in internal carotid artery occlusive disorders. Arch Neurol 1991 : 48 : 1067-71.
PubMed
43) Garcia H, et al. Ischemic stroke and incomplete infaretion. Stroke 1996 : 27 : 761-5.
 
44) Dong Y, et al. Assessment of benzodiazepine receptors using iodine-123-labeled iomazenil single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with ischemic cerebrovaseular disease : A comparison with PET study. Stroke 1997 ; 28 : 1776-82.
PubMed
45) Yamauchi H, et al. Atrophy of the corpus callosum associated with a decrease in cortical benzodiazepine receptor in large cerebral arterial occlusive diseases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000 : 68 : 317-22.
PubMed
46) Bakker FC, et al. Cognitive disorders in patients with occlusive disease of the carotid artery. J Neurol 2000 ; 247 : 669-76.
PubMed
47) Yamauchi H, et al. Atrophy of the corpus callosum associated with cognitive impainnent and widespread cortical hypometabolism in carotid artery occlusive disease. Arch Neurol 1996 ; 53 : 1103-9.
 
P.282 掲載の参考文献
1) Archic JP Jr, Feldman RW. Critical stenosis of the internal caroid artery. Surgery 1981 ; 89 : 67-72.
 
2) Bauer RB, et al. Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion : III Progress report of controlled study of long-term survival in patient with and without operation. JAMA 1969 : 208 : 509-18.
 
3) 深尾繁治ほか. 頸部頸動脈粥状硬化症の病理学的所見から見た脳虚血の発症機序. 脳卒中の外科 1994 ; 22 : 235-40.
Medical*Online
4) Guppy KH, et al. Hemodynamics of the internal carotid artery : When is carotid endarterectomy indicated? Surg Neurol 2000 ; 54 : 145-54.
PubMed
5) European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Conaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial : Interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) stenosis. Lancet 1991 : 337 : 1235-43.
PubMed
6) Excutive Committee for the Asymptomadc Carotid Atherosclerosis Study : Endartcrcctomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995 ; 273 : 1421-8.
 
7) North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterecctomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991 : 325 : 445-53.
PubMed
8) 遠藤俊郎ほか. シャントシステムを用いないCEA. 脳神外科 2001 : 29 : 605-15.
 
9) Loftus CM. Technical aspects of carotid endanerectomy with Hemashield patch graft. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1997 ; 37 : 805-18.
PubMed
10) Reigner B, et al. Eversion endarterectomy of the internal carotid artery : Midterm results of a new technique. Ann Vasc Surg 1995 ; 9 : 241-6.
PubMed
11) 島健. 私の手術法. 頸動脈血栓内膜摘除術-シャントチューブを使用しての安全な手術を目指して. 東京 : にゅーろん社 ; 1995. p. 1-37.
 
12) Sundt TM. Techcnique of carotid endarterectomy. In : Occlusive Cerebrovaseular Disease : Diagnosis and surgical management Philadelphia : WB Saunders : 1987. p. 191-225.
 
13) Moore WS, et al. Guidclines for carotid endarterectomy : A Multidisciplinary Consensus Statement from the Ad Hoc Committee, American Heart Association. Stroke 1995 ; 26 : 188-201.
 
14) Kagawa R, et al. Validity of B-mode ultrasonographic findings in patients undergoing carotid endartercctomy in comparison with angiographic and clinicopathologic features. Stroke 1996 ; 27 : 700-5.
PubMed
15) 村谷浩ほか. 内頸動脈血栓内膜剥離術に必要な微小外科解剖. 顕微鏡下手術のための脳神経外科解剖 XI. 福岡 : サイメッドパブリケーション ; 1999. p. 71-9.
 
16) Hatayama T, et al. Persistent primtive hypoglossal artery associated with cerebral aneurysm and cervical internal carotid artery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1999 : 39 : 372-5.
 
17) Bove E, et al. Hypotension and hypertension as consequences of baroceptor dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 1979 ; 85 : 633-7.
 
18) Davies MJ, et al. Carotid endarterectomy under cervical plexux block : A prospective clinical audit. Anesth Intensive Care 1990 ; 18 : 219-23.
 
19) 岡田芳和, 島健. Carotid endarterectomyの術中モニタリング. 岡田芳和, 島健編. 脳神経外科手術術中モニタリング. 東京 : 現代医療社 ; 1995. p. 3-37.
 
20) Archie JP Jr, Feldman RW. Intraoperative assessment of carotid endarterectomy by electromagnetic blood flow measurements. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984 ; 158 : 457-60.
 
21) Hunter GC, et al. The accuracy of carotid back pressure as an index for shunt requirements. Stroke 1982 ; 13 : 319-26.
PubMed
22) Markland ON, et al. Monitoring of somatosensory evoked responses during carotid endarterectomy. Arch Neurol 1984 : 41 : 375-8.
 
23) Trojaburg W, Boysen G. Relationship between EEG, regional cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Electroenecphalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1973 : 34 : 61-9.
 
24) Barnes RW. Hemodynamics for the vaseular surgeon. Arch Surg 1980 : 115 : 216-23.
 
25) Sundt TM, et al. Correlation of cerebral blood flow and electroencephalographic changes during carotid endarterectomy : With results of surgery and hemodynamic of cerebral ischemia. Mayo Clin Proc 1981 ; 56 : 533-43.
PubMed
26) 島健ほか. シャントチューブを使用しての頸動脈血栓内膜剥離術. 脈管学 1989 ; 29 : 1257-61.
 
27) Javid H. Can surgery prevent stroke? Surgery 1966 : 59 : 1147-53.
PubMed
28) Furui T, Hasuo M. Indwelling double balloon shunt for carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 1984 ; 60 : 861-3.
PubMed
29) Brener BJ, et al. A T-shaped carotid shunt. Arch Surg 1975 ; 110 : 1249-50.
 
30) Shima T, et al. A newly developed shunt system for carotid surgery : T-shaped silicone shunt tubes and clamping devices. Neurosurgery 1998 : 42 : 1182-5.
PubMed
31) 宇野昌明ほか. 難易度の高い症例に対する頸動脈内膜剥離術の問題点と対策. 脳卒中の外科 1997 : 25 : 40-6.
Medical*Online
32) 豊田章宏ほか. 頸部頸動脈分岐部の放射線学的検討-邦人とハンガリー人の比較. 脳と神 1997 : 49 : 633-7.
 
33) Rosenberg N. Results of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In : Handbook of Carotid Altery Surgery : Facts and figures. London : CRC Press : 1989. p. 189-221.
 
34) 山田和雄ほか. 単一のチームによる頸動脈内膜剥離の手術成績. 脳卒中の外科 1992 ; 20 : 276-81.
 
35) Hertzer NR, et al. A prospective study of the incidence of injury to the cranial nerves during carotid endarterectomy. Surg Gyneeol Obstet 1980 ; 151 : 781-4.
 
P.305 掲載の参考文献
1) North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomaticpatientswithhigh gradecarotidstenosis. N Engl J Med 1991 ; 325 : 445-53.
PubMed
2) European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial : Interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 1991 ; 337 : 1235-43.
 
3) Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Exective Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 1995 ; 273 : 1421-8.
 
4) Biller J, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy : A statement fbr healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council. AHA. Circulation 1998 ; 97 : 501-9.
 
5) Dotter CT. Judkins MP. Transluminal treatment of atherosclerotic obstruction. Description of a new technic and a preliminary repon of its application- Circulation 1964 ; 30 : 654-70.
 
6) Grilntzig A, Hopff H. Perkutane Rekanalisation chronischer arterieller Verschlusse mit einem neuen Dilatationkatheter. Modifikation der Dotter Technik. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1974 ; 99 : 2502-11.
PubMed
7) Gruntzig A, Schneider HJ. The percutaneous dilatation of chronic coronary stenoses : Experiments and morphology. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1977 : 107 : 1588.
PubMed
8) Kerber CW. et al. Catheter dilatation of proximal carotid stenosis during distal bifurcation endarterectomy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1980 : 1 : 348-9.
PubMed
9) Martin EC, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in non-atheroscklerotic disease. Radiology 19801 135 : 27-33.
 
10) Bachman DM, Kim RM. Transluminal dilatation for subclavian steal syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1980 ; 135 : 995-6.
PubMed
11) Theron J, et al. New triple coaxial catheter system for carotid angioplasty with cerebral protection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990 ; 11 : 869-74.
PubMed
12) Palmaz JC. Balloon-expandable intravaseular stent. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988 ; 150 : 1263.
 
13) Strecker EP, et al. Current status of the Strecker stent. Cardiol Clin 1994 ; 12 : 673-87.
PubMed
14) Dorros G. Complications associated with extracranial carotid artery interventions. J Endovase Surg 1996 ; 3 : 166-70.
PubMed
15) Roubin GS, et al. Carotid stent supported angioplasty : A neurovaseular intervention to prevent stroke. Am J Cardiol 1996 ; 78 : 8-12.
PubMed
16) Diethrich EB, et al. Stenting in the carotid artery : Initial experience in 110 patients. J Endovase Surg 1996 ; 3 : 42-62.
PubMed
17) Theron JG, et al. Carotid artery stenosis : Treatment with protected balloon angioplasly and stent placement. Radiology 1996 : 201 : 627-36.
PubMed
18) Joint Officers of CNS and AANS. Carotid angioplasty and stent : An alternative to carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 1997 : 40 : 344-5.
 
19) Barnett HJ, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. NASCET Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1998 ; 339 : 1415-25.
 
20) European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of endarterectomy for recentry symptomatic carotid stenosis : Final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998 ; 35 ; 1379-87.
 
21) Mayo Asymptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Study Group. Results of a randomized controlled trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1992 ; 67 : 513-8.
 
22) Hobson RW 2nd, et al. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993 ; 328 : 221-7.
 
23) Halliday AW, et al. The asymptomatic carotid surgery trial (ACST). Int Angiol 1995 ; 14 : 18-20.
PubMed
24) The CASANOVA Study Group. Carotid surgery versus medical therapy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 1991 ; 22 : 1229-35.
 
25) European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Risk of stroke in the distribution of an asymptomatic carotid artery. Lancet 1995 : 345 : 209-12.
 
26) Benavente O, et al. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis : A meta analysis. BMJ 1998 : 317 : 1477-80.
PubMed
27) Wennberg DE, et al. Variation in carotid endarterectomy mortality in the Medicare population : Trial hospitals, volume, and patien characteristics. JAMA 1998 : 219 : 1278-81.
 
28) Paciaroni M, et al. Medical complications associated with carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1999 ; 30 : 1759-63.
PubMed
29) Bydon A, et al. Carotid endarterectomy in patients with contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion without intraoperative shunting. Surg Neurol 2002 ; 57 : 325-30.
PubMed
30) Pulli R, et al. Carotid endarterectomy with contralateral carotid artery occlusion : Is this a higher risk subgroup? Eur J Endovase Surg 2002 ; 24 : 63-8.
 
31) Harbaugh RE, Magnadottir HB. Carotid endarterectomy in high risk patients. Neurol Res 2002 ; 24 : 566-70.
 
32) Rell T, et al. The safety of carotid endarterectomy in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction. Ann Vasc Surg 2002 ; 16 : 176-80.
 
33) Wholey MH, et al. Global experience in cervical carotid artery stent placement. Catheter Cardiovase Interv 2000 : 50 : 160-7.
PubMed
34) Shawl F, et al. Safety and efficacy of elective carotid artery stenting in high-risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 ; 35 : 1721-8.
PubMed
35) Henry M, et al. Angioplasty and stenting of extracranial carotid arteries. Tex Heart Inst J 2000 ; 27 : 150-8.
PubMed
36) Al-Mubarak N. et al. Multicenter evaluation of carotid artery stenting with a filter protection system. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002 ; 39 : 841-6.
PubMed
37) Endovaseular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS) : A randomized trial. Lancet 2001 ; ii : 357 : 1729-37.
 
38) Hobson R. CREST (Carotid Revaseularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial) : Background, design and current status. Semin Vasc Surg 2000 ; 13 : 139-43.
PubMed
P.315 掲載の参考文献
1) Matsushima T, et al. An indirect revaseularization method in the surgical treatment of moyamoya disease : Various kinds of indirect procedures and a multiple combined indirect procedures. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1998 ; 38 Suppl : 297-302.
 
2) Yasargil MG. Experimental small vessel surgery in the dog including patching and grafting of cerebral vessels and the formation of functional extra intracranial shunts. In : Donaghy RMP, Yasargil MC, editors. Micro-Vascular Surgery. St Louis : Mosby ; 1967. p. 87-124.
 
3) Yonekawa Y, Yasargil MG. Extra intracranial arterial anastomosis. In : Advances and Technical Standard in Neurosurgery vol 3. Wien, New York ; Springer-Verlag ; 1976. p. 47-80.
 
4) 江口恒良. 脳動脈の微小血管吻合STA-MCA anastomosis. 脳神外科 1983 ; 11 : 575-80.
 
5) 宝金清博. 頭蓋外-頭蓋内バイパス術. 脳神外科 1997 : 25 : 587-98.
 
6) JET Study Group Japanese EC-IC Bypass Trial (JET Study) -Study designと中間解析結果. 脳卒中の外科 2002 ; 30 : 97-100.
 
7) Marty F, et al. Subcutaneous tissue in the scalp : Anatomical, physiological, and clinical study. Ann Plast Surg 1986 : 16 : 368-76.
PubMed
8) Abul-Hassan HS, et al. Surgical anatomy and blood supply of the fascial layers of the temporal region. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986 : 77 : 17-24.
PubMed
9) Gray H, et al. (editors). Gray's Anatomy. 38th edition. New York : Churchill Livingstone ; 1995.
 
10) David SK, Cheney ML. An anatomic study of the temporoparietal fascial flap. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995 ; 121 : 1153-6.
PubMed
11) Marano SR, et al. Anatomical study of the superficial temporal artery. Neurosurgery 1985 ; 16 : 786-90.
PubMed
12) Stock AL, et al. Anatomy of the superficial temporal anery. Head Neck Surg 1980 ; 2 : 466-9.
 
13) Kamiyama H, et al. Visualization of theostium of an arteriotomy in bypass surgery. Neurosurgery 1993 ; 33 : 1109-13.
PubMed
14) Adams WP Jr, et al. Patency of different arterial and venous end-to-side microanastomosis techniques in a rat model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000 ; 105 : 156-61.
 
15) Dash H, et al. A simple aneriotomy method for microsurgical end-to-side anastomoses : Technical aspects of use in training and laboratory applications. J Reconstr Microsurg 1993 ; 9 : 381-4.
 
16) Yonekawa Y, et al. Laboratory training in microsurgical techniques and microvaseular anastomosis. Operative Techniques in Neurosurgery 1999 ; 2 : 149-58.
 
P.325 掲載の参考文献
1) Hopkins LN, et al. Vertebrobasilar insufficicncy : Part 2 Microsurgical treatment of intracranial vertebrobasilar disease. J Neurosurg 1987 : 66 : 662-74.
 
2) Patrick BK, et al. Temporal profile of vertcbrobasilar territory infarction : Prognostic implications. Stroke 1980 : 11 : 643-8.
PubMed
3) Jones HR Jr, et al. Temporal profilc (clinical course) of acute vertebrobasilar system cerebral infarction. Stoke 1980 : 11 : 173-7.
 
4) Ausman JI, et al. Superficial temporal to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis for distal basilar artery stenosis. Surg Neurol 1979 ; 12 : 277-82.
PubMed
5) Ausman JI, et al. Posterior circulation revaseularization : Superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis. J Neurosurg 1982 : 56 : 766-76.
PubMed
6) Ausman JI, et al. Superficial temporal and occipital artery bypass pedicles to superior, anterior inferior, and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. J Neurosurg 1990 : 72 : 554-8.
PubMed
7) Khodadad G. Occipital artery-posterior cerebellar artery anastomosis. Surg Neurol 1976 : 5 : 225-7.
PubMed
8) Sundt TM Jr, Piepgras DG Occipital to posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass surgery. J Neurosurg 1978 : 48 : 916-28.
PubMed
9) Roski RA, et al. Occipital artery to posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass for vertebrobasilar ischemia. Neurosurgery 1982 : 10 : 44-8.
PubMed
10) 菊池晴彦ほか. 脳動脈の微小血管吻合手術-後頭動脈・後下小脳動脈吻合手術. 脳神外科 1983 : 11 : 1023-5
 
11) Hopkins LN, et al. Revaseularization of the rostral brain stem. Neurosurgery 1982 : 10 : 364-9.
PubMed
12) Ausman JI, et al. Anastomosis of occipital artery to anterior inferior cerebellar artery for vertebrobasilar junction stenosis. Surg Neurol 1981 : 16 : 99-102.
PubMed
13) Ogawa A, et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism following supeficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery bypass for vertebrobasilar occlusive dsease. J Neurosurg 1992 ; 76 : 955-60.
 
14) The EC/IC bypass group. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke : Results of an intracranial randonlized trial. N Engl J Med 1985 ; 313 : 1191-200.
 
15) Burnett HJ, et al. Funher conclusions from the extracranial-intracranial bypass trial. Surg Neurol 1986 ; 26 : 227-35.
 
16) JET Study Group. Japanese EC-IC Bypass Trial (JET Study) Study designと中間解析結果. 脳卒中の外科 2002 : 30 : 97-100.
 
17) Ito M, et al. Superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis via the presigmoid retrolabyrinthine transtentorial approach. No Shinkei Geka 1995 ; 23 : 869-74.
PubMed
18) Ito M, et al. Superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis via the presigmoid retrolabyrinthine transtentorial approach. Surg Neurol 1995 ; 43 : 360-2.
PubMed
19) Hopkins LN, Budny JL Complications of intracranial bypass for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. J Neurosurg 1989 ; 70 : 207-11.
PubMed
20) 中川翼, 武田利兵衛. 頭蓋外・内吻合手術 (バイパス手術). 阿部弘ほか編. 脳神経外科疾患の手術と適応 II. 東京 : 朝倉書店 ; 1990. p. 113-61.
 
21) 立木光, 小川彰. Posterior circulationの再建術. (1) 頭蓋内血行再建術. 脳血管の再建 [Neurosurgery Headline 5]. 東京 : 三輪書店 ; 1999. p. 40-8.
 
22) 上山博康, 宝金清博. OA-PICA吻合術. 脳血行再建術. 東京 : 中外医学社 ; 2000. p. 76-86.
 
23) Margolis MT, Newton TH. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery. In : Newton TH, Potts DG, editors. Radiology of the Skull and Brain. Vol. 2. Saint Louis : CV Mosby ; 1974. p. 1710-74.
 
24) 永田泉ほか. 椎骨脳底動脈閉塞症に対するEC/ICバイパス手術-とくに後頭動脈-後下小脳動脈吻合術. 脳虚血性病変の治療と予防. The 3rd Meeting of the Mt. Fuji Workshop on CVD. 1985 ; p. 181-6.
 
P.334 掲載の参考文献
1) Piepgrass DG Revaseularization of the distal extracranial veretebral artery. In : Meyer FB, editor Sundt's Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease. 2nd edition. Philadelphia : WB Saunders ; 1994. p. 416-21.
 
2) 小川彰. 椎骨動脈起始部病変の手術. 脳神外科 1991 : 19 : 7-13.
 
3) 上田伸. 頭蓋外血管の再建. 脳神外科 1993 ; 21 : 493-501.
 
4) 宝金清博. 鎖骨下動脈, 椎骨動脈再建術. 上山博康, 監. 脳血行再建術. 東京 : 中外医学社 ; 2000. p. 145-66.
 
5) Thevenet A. Ruotolo C. Surgical reptair of vertebral artery stenoses. J Cardiovase Surg 1984 : 25 : 101-10.
PubMed
6) Berguer R. Distal vertebral artery bypass : Technique, the "occipital connection" and potential use. J Vasc Surg 1985 : 2 : 621-6.
PubMed
7) Corkill G. et al. External carotid-vertebral artery anastomosis for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Surg Neurol 1977 : 7 : 109-15.
PubMed
8) Edwards WH, Mulherin JL Jr. The surgical reconstruction of the proximal subclavian and veltebral artery. J Vase Surg 1985 ; 2 : 634-42.
 
9) Imparano AM. Vertebral arterial reconstruction : A nineteen-year experience. J Vasc Surg 1985 : 2 : 626-34.
 
10) Kobayashi T, et al. Transverse cervical artery bypass pedicle for treatment of common carotid artery occlusion : New adjunct for revascularization of the internal carotid artery domain. Neurosurgery 1999 : 45 : 299-302.
PubMed
11) Mehigan JT et al. Subclavian-carotid transposition for the subclavian steal syndrome. Am J Surg 1978 : 136 : 15-20.
PubMed
12) Meyer WO, et al. Axillo-axillary bypass for subclavian steal syndrome. Arch Surg 1979 : 114 : 394-9.
 
13) Boon AJ, et al. Vertebral artery reconstruction. Am J Surg 1979 : 138 : 29-36.
 
14) Hennerici M. et al. The subclavian steal phenomenon : A common vaseular disorder with rare neurologic defieits. Neurology 1988 : 38 : 669-73.
 
15) Berguer R, Feldman AJ. Surgical reconstruction of the vertebral artery. Surgery 1983 : 93 : 670-5.
PubMed
16) Bohmfalk GL, et al. Subclavian steal syndrome Part 1 : Proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition in three patients, and historical review. J Neurosurg 1979 : 51 : 628-40.
PubMed
17) Bohmfalk GL, et al. Subclavian steal syndrome. Part 2 : Intraoperative vertebral artery blood flow measurement. J Neurosurg 1979 ; 51 : 641-3.
PubMed
18) Hallett JW, et al. Brachicephalic reconstruction : Operative technique. In : Meyer FB, editor. Sundt's Occlusive Cerebrovaseular Disease. 2nd edition Philadelphia : WB Saunders ; 1994. p. 400-15.
 
19) Posner MP, et al. Axillo-axillary bypass for symptomatic stenosis of the subclavian artery. Am J Surg 1983 ; 145 : 644-6.
 
P.346 掲載の参考文献
1) Bachmann DM, Kim RM. Transluminal dilatation for subclavian steal syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1980 ; 135 : 995-6.
 
2) Herbrang A, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian arteries : Long-term results in 52 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1991 ; 156 : 1091-4.
 
3) Malek AM, et al. Treatment of posterior circulation ischemia with extracranial balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Stroke 1999 : 30 : 2073-85.
PubMed
4) Martinez R, et al. Stenting for occlusion of the subclavian arteries. Tex Heart Inst J 1997 ; 24 : 23-1.
PubMed
5) Mathias KD, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of proximal subclavian artery occlusion. Cardiovase Intervent Radiol 1993 : 16 : 214-8.
PubMed
6) Motarjeme A, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the vertebral arteries. Radiology 1981 ; 139 : 715-7.
PubMed
7) Caplan LR, et al. Embolism from vertebral artery origin occlusive disease. Neurology 1992 ; 42 : 1505-12.
PubMed
8) Sawada M, et al. Detection of embolic signals during and after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of subclavian and vertebral arteries using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Neurosurgery 1997 ; 41 : 535-41.
PubMed
9) Sausa JE, et al. Sustained supression of neointimal proliferation by sirolimus-eluting stents : One year angiographic and intravaseular ultrasound follow-up. Circulation 2001 ; 104 : 2007-11.
 
P.356 掲載の参考文献
1) Connors JJ III, Wojak JC. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic lesions : Evolution of technique and short-term results. J Neurosurg 1999 ; 91 : 415-23.
 
2) Dae Chul Suh, et al. Transluminal angioplasty for middle cerebral artery stenosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Am J Neuroradiol 1999 ; 20 : 553-8.
 
3) Higashida RT, et al. Transluminal angioplasty for atherosclerotic disease of the vertebral and basilar arteries. J Neurosurg 1993 ; 78 : 192-8.
PubMed
4) Hyodo A, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for stenotic lesion of the intracranial or skull base cerebral arteries. In : Taki W, et al, editors. Advances in Interventional Neuroradiology and Intravaseular Neurosurgery. Amsterdam : Elsevier (Amsterdam) ; 1996. p. 375-8.
 
5) Hyodo A, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for atheroscrelotic stenosis of the intracranial cerebral arteries : Special reference to the device for reducing the complications drawn from the analysis of our complicated data. Interventional Neuroradiology 1998 ; 4 (Suppl 1) : 57-62.
 
6) Uori T, et al. Follow up study after intracranial percutaneous transluminal cerebral balloon angioplasty. Am J Neuroradiol 1998 ; 19 : 1525-33.
 
7) Nahser HC, et al. Intracranial vertebrobasilar stenosis : Angioplasty and follow-up. Am J Neuroradiol 2000 ; 21 : 1293-301.
PubMed
8) Takis C, et al. Intracranial angioplasty : Experience and complications. Am J Neuroradiol 1997 ; 18 : 1661-8.
PubMed
9) Touho H. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of atherosclerotic disease of the anterior cerebral circulation and hemodynamic evaluation. J Neurosurg 1995 ; 82 : 953-60.
PubMed
10) Gomez CR, et al. Elective stenting of symptomatic basilar artery stenosis. Stroke 2000 ; 31 : 95-9.
PubMed
11) Lylyk P, et al. Endovaseular reconstruction of intracranial arteries by stent placement and combined techniques. J Neurosurg 2002 ; 97 : 13O6-11.
 
12) Lylyk P, et al. Angioplasty and stent placement in intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses and dissections. Am J Neuroradiol 2002 ; 23 : 430-6.
PubMed
13) Phatouros CC, et al. Primary stenting for high-grade basilar artery stenosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2000 ; 21 : 1744-9.
PubMed
14) Rasmussen PA, et al. Stent-assisted angioplasty of intracranial vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis : An initial experience. J Neurosurg 2000 ; 92 : 771-8.
PubMed
15) Sam Shin Y, et al. Early experiences of elective stenting for symptomatic stenosis of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery : Reports of three cases and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci 2003 ; 10 : 53-9.
 

6章 その他の閉塞性脳血管障害

P.365 掲載の参考文献
1) Stehbens WE. Structure and pathophysiology. In : Pathology of the Cerebral Blood Vessels Saint Louis : CV Mosby : 1972. p.60-97.
 
2) Wilkinson IM. The vertebral artery. Extracranial and intracranial structure. Arch Neurol 1972 : 27 : 392-6.
PubMed
3) 山浦晶ほか. 非外傷性頭監内解離性動脈瘤の全国調査 (第1報). 脳卒中の外科 1998 ; 26 : 79-86.
 
4) 山浦晶ほか. 非外傷性頭蓋内解離性動脈瘤の全国調査 (第2報). 脳卒中の外科 1998 ; 26 : 87-95.
 
5) Sasaki O. et al. A clinicopathological study of dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery. J Neurosurg 1991 : 75 : 874-82.
PubMed
6) Kurata A, et al. Coil embolization for the treatment of ruptured dissecting vertebral aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001 : 22 : 11-8.
PubMed
7) Ohkuma H, et al. Dissecting aneurysms of intracranial carotid circulation. Stroke 2002 : 33 : 941-7.
PubMed
8) 山浦晶ほか. 非外傷性頭蓋内解離性動脈瘤の検討-内頸動脈系病変と椎骨動脈系病変の比較. 脳卒中の外科 1993 : 21 : 341-6.
 
9) 山浦晶ほか. 頭蓋内解離性動脈瘤について-本邦例の分析と外国例との比較. Neurosurgeons 1996 : 15 : 54-61.
 
10) Kurino M, et al. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of anterior and middle cerebral artery associated with brain infarction : A case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 2002 ; 57 : 428-38.
PubMed
11) Schievink WI. Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 344 : 898-906.
PubMed
12) Bogousslavsky J, et al. Spontaneous carotid dissection with acute stroke. Arch Neurol 1987 : 44 ; 137-40.
PubMed
13) Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Ischemic stroke in adults younger than 30 years of age ; Cause and prognosis. Arch Neurol 1987 : 44 : 479-82.
PubMed
14) Mokri B. Dissections of cervical and cephalic arteries. In : Sundt TM, editor. Occlusive Cerebrovaseular Disease : Diagnosis and Surgical Management Philadelphia : WB Saunders ; 1987. p. 38-59.
 
15) Singer RJ, Ogilvy CS. Management of dissections of the carotid and vertebral arteries. In ; Schmidek HH, editor. Operative Neurosurgical Techniques : Indications, methods, and results Marion : WB Saunders : 2000. p. 1085-92.
 
16) Pilz P, Hartjes HJ. Fibromuscular dysplasia and multiple dissecting aneurysms of intracranial artelles : A further cause of moyamoya syndrome. Stroke 1976 ; 7 : 393-8.
PubMed
17) Hegedus K. Reticular fiber deficiency in the intracranial arteries of patients with dissecting aneurysm and review of the possible pathogenesis of previously reported cases. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1985 ; 235 : 102-6.
PubMed
18) Mizutani T, et al. Proposed classification of nonatherosclerotic cerebral fusiform and dissecting aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1999 ; 45 : 253-60.
PubMed
19) Yasui T, et al. Fusiform vertebral artery aneurysms as a cause of dissecting aneurysms : Report of two autopsy cases and a review of the literature. J Neurosurg 1999 : 91 : 139-44.
 
20) Brandt T, et al. Pathogenesis of cervical artery dissection : Association with connective tissue abnormalities. Neurology 2001 : 57 : 24-30.
PubMed
21) Andoh T, et al. Clinical analysis of a serics of vertebral aneurysm cases. Neurosugery 1992 : 31 : 987-93.
 
22) Yoshimoto Y, Wakai S. Unruptured intracranial vertebral aretry dissection : Clinical course and serial radiographic imagings. Stroke 1997 : 28 : 370-4.
 
23) Nakagawa K, et al. Long-term follow-up study of unruptured vertebral artery dissection : Clinical outcomes and serial angiographic findings. J Neurosurg 2000 : 93 : 19-25.
 
24) 奥地一夫ほか. Wallenberg症候群の原因としての椎骨動脈解離性動脈瘤. 脳神外科 1990 ; 18 : 721-7.
 
25) Yamaura A, et al. Dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery. J Neurosurg 1990 : 72 : 183-8.
PubMed
26) Farrell MA, et al. Fatal intracranial arterial dissection : Clinical pathological correlation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat, 1985 ; 48 : 111-21.
PubMed
27) Mizutani T, et al. Pathological mechanism and thre-dimensional structure of cerebral dissecting aneurysms. J Neurosurg 2001 : 94 : 712-7.
 
28) 村井達哉ほか. 解離性椎骨動脈瘤破裂によるクモ膜下出血の臨床病理学的検討. 法医の実際と研 1993 ; 36 : 75-83.
 
29) Sakata N, et al. Pathology of a dissecting intracranial ancurysm. Neuropathology 2000 ; 1 : 104-8.
 
30) Endo S, et al. A pathological study of intacranial postcrior circulation dissecting aneurysms with subarachnoid hcmorrhage : Report of three autopsied cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgcry 1993 : 33 : 732-8.
 
31) Yonas H, et al. Dissecting intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol 1977 ; 8 : 407-15.
PubMed
32) Yamaura A, Ono J. Current diagnosis and treatment of intracranial dissecting aneurysms. Neurosurgery Quarterly 1994 ; 4 : 67-81.
 
33) Kitanaka C, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of unmptured intracranial vertebral artery dissection with serial follow-up angiography. J Neurosurg 1994 : 80 : 667-74.
PubMed
34) Hosoya T. et al. Clinical and neuroradiological features of intracranial vertebrobasilar artery dissection. Stroke 1999 : 30 : 1083-90.
PubMed
35) Kitanaka C, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging study of intracranial vertebrobasilar artery dissections. Stroke 1994 : 25 : 571-5.
PubMed
36) 上山博康ほか. 頭蓋内解離性動脈瘤の診断. 脳卒中の外科 1990 ; 18 : 50-6.
 
37) Rabb CH, Barnwell SL. Catastrophic subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from ruptured vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia : Case report. Neurosurgcry 1998 : 42 : 379-82.
PubMed
38) 橋本卓雄ほか. 椎骨動脈解離性動脈瘤-特に虚血症状で発症した症例に対する外科的治療法について. 脳卒中 1992 : 14 : 355-60
 
39) Yamaura I, et al. Endovaseular treatment of ruptured dissecting aneurysms aimed at occlusion of the dissected sitc by using Guglielmi dctachable coils. J Neurosurg 1999 : 90 : 853-6.
 
40) Manninen HI, et al. Dissecing aneurysms of an four cervicocranial arteries in fibromuscular dysplasia : Treatment with self-expanding endovaseular stents, coil embolization, and surgical ligation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997 ; 18 : 1216-20.
 
41) Phatouros CC, et al. Stent-supported coil embolization : The treatment of fusiform and wide-neek aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms. Neurosurgery 2000 ; 47 : 107-15.
 
42) Lylyk P, et al. Combined endovaseular treatment of dissecting vertebral artery aneurysms by using stents and coils. J Neurosurg 2001 : 94 : 427-32.
 
43) Iihara K, et al. Dissecung aneuwsms of the vertebral artery : A management strategy. J Neurosurg 2002 : 97 : 259-67.
PubMed
44) Sagoh M, et al. Late hemorrhage from persistent pseudoaneurysm in vertebral artery dissection presenting with ischemia : Case report. Surg Neurol 1999 : 52 : 480-4.
PubMed
45) Wakabayashi Y, et al. Dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery requiring surgical treatment. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2000 : 40 : 624-7.
PubMed
P.375 掲載の参考文献
1) Cahan LD. Failure of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis procedure in moyamoya disease. Pediatr Neurosci 1985-86 ; 12 : 58-62.
 
2) Dalser RC, et al. Dural inversion procedure for moyamoya disease : T echnical note. J Neurosurg 1997 ; 86 : 719-23.
 
3) Endo M, et al. Cranial burr hole for revaseularization in moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg 1989 ; 71 : 180-5.
PubMed
4) Hojo M, et al. Role of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the pathogenesis of moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg 1998 ; 89 : 623-9.
PubMed
5) Houkin K, et al. Surgical therapy for adult moyamoya disease : Can surgical revaseularization prevent the recurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage? Stroke 1996 ; 27 : 1342-6.
PubMed
6) Ishii R, et al. Anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery to thedistal anterior cerebral artery with interposed cephailc vein graft : Case report. J Neurosurg 1983 ; 58 : 425-9.
 
7) Iwama T, et al. Direct revascularization to the anterior cerebral artery territory in patients with moyamoya disease : Report of five cases. Neurosurgery 1998 ; 42 : 1157-61 ; discussion 1161-2.
 
8) Iwama T, et al. The relevance of hemodynamic factors to perioperative ischemic complications in childhood moyamoya disease. Neurosurgery 1996 ; 38 : 1120-5 ; discussion 1125-6.
 
9) Kamiyama H, et al. Visuailzation of the ostium of an arteriotomy in bypasss urgery. Neurosurgery 1993 ; 33 : 1109-10.
 
10) Karasawa J, et al. A surgical treatment of "moyamoya" disease "encephalo-myo synangiosis". Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1977 ; 17 : 29-37.
PubMed
11) Karasawa J, et al. Treatment of moyamoya disease with STA-MCA anastomosis. J Neurosurg 1978 : 49 : 679-88.
PubMed
12) Karasawa J, et al. Long-term follow-up study after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for antetior circulation ischemia in childhood moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg 1992 ; 77 : 84-9.
 
13) Karasawa J, et al. Cerebral revaseularization using omental transplantation for childhood moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg 1993 : 79 : 192-6.
PubMed
14) Kashiwagi S, et al. Use of a split dura for revaseularization of ischemic hemispheres in moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg 1996 : 85 : 380-3.
PubMed
15) Kawaguchi T, et al. Multiple burr-hole operation for adult moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg 1996 : 84 : 468-76.
PubMed
16) Kawano T, et al. Follow-up study of patients with "unilateral" moyamoya disease. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1994 : 34 : 744-7.
PubMed
17) Kinugasa K, et al. Surgical treatment of moyamoya disease : Operative technique for encephalo-duro-arterio-myo-synangiosis, its follow-up, clinical results, and angiograms. Neurosurgery 1993 : 32 : 527-31.
PubMed
18) Kobayashi E, et al. Long-term natural history of hcmorrhagic moyamoya disease in 42 patients. J Neurosurg 2000 ; 93 : 976-80.
PubMed
19) Kuwabara Y, et al. Response to hypercapnia in moyamoya disease : Cerebrovaseular response to hypercapnia pediatric and adult patients with moyamoya disease. Stroke 1997 : 28 : 701-7.
PubMed
20) Matsushima T, et al. Surgical treatment for paediatric patients with moyamoya disease by indirect revaseularization procedures (EDAS, EMS, EMAS). Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1989 ; 98 : 135-40.
PubMed
21) Matsushima T, et al. Surgical treatment of moyamoya disease in pediatric padents ; Comparison between the results of indirect and direct revaseularization procedures. Neurosurgery 1992 : 31 : 401-5.
 
22) Matsushima Y, Inaba Y Moyamoya disease in children and its surgical treatment : Introduction of a new surgical procedure and its follow-up angiograms. Childs Brain 1984 ; 11 : 155-70.
PubMed
23) 松島善治. Encephalo-duro-arterio synangiosis-解剖と手術手技. 脳神外科 1990 ; 18 : 989-99.
 
24) Matsushima Y, et al. Perioperative complications of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis : Prevention and treatment. Surg Neurol 1991 : 36 : 343-53.
PubMed
25) 宮本享, 高木康志. もやもや病. 松谷雅生, 田村晃編. 脳神経外科-周術期管理のすべて. 東京 : メジカルビュー社 ; 2000. p. 55-67.
 
26) Miyamoto S, et al. Pitfalls in the surgical treatment of moyamoya disease : Opcrative techniques for refractory cases. J Neurosurg 1988 : 68 : 537-43.
 
27) 宮本享ほか. 解剖を中心とした脳神経外科手術手技-Omental graft. 脳神外科 1993 : 21 : 1083-8.
 
28) Mizoi K, et al. Indirect revascularization for moyamoya disease : Is there a beneficial effect for adult patients? Surg Neurol 1996 : 45 : 541-8 ; discussion 548-9.
 
29) Nakagawa Y, et al. Revaseularization surgery for moyamoya disease. Neurol Res 1988 : 10 : 32-9.
PubMed
30) Okada Y, et al. Effectiveness of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis in adult moyamoya disease : Cerebral hemodynamics and clinical course in ischemic and hemorrhage vanetics. Stroke 1998 : 29 : 625-30.
PubMed
31) Oshima H, et al. intracerebral steal phenomenon associated with global hyperemia in moyamoya disease during revaseularization surgery. J Neurosurg 2000 : 92 : 949-54.
PubMed
32) Suzuki Y, et al. Surgical treatment for pediatric moyamoya disease : Use of the superfoicial temporal artery for both areas supplied by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Neurosurgery 1997 : 40 : 324-9 : discussion 329-30.
 
33) Touho H, et al. Surgical reconstruction of failed indirect anastomosis in childhood Moyamoya disease. Neurosurgery 1993 : 32 : 935-40 ; discussion 940.
PubMed
34) Yamamoto M, et al. Differences in cellular responses to mitogens in arterial smooth muscle cells derived from patients with moyamoya disease. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 1188-93.
PubMed
35) Waga S, Tochio H. Intracranial ancurysnl associated with moyamoya disease in childhood. Surg Neurol 1985 ; 23 : 237-43.
PubMed
P.390 掲載の参考文献
1) Shimizu K, Sano K. Pulscless disease. J Neuropathol Clin Neurol 1951 : 1137-47.
 
2) Kerr GS, et al. Takayasu arteritis. Ann Intern Med 1994 : 120 : 919-29.
PubMed
3) Sano K, et al. Angiography in pulseless disease. Radiology 1970 ; 94 : 69-74.
PubMed
4) 沼野藤夫. 高安動脈炎. 篠山重成, 矢崎義雄編. 循環器疾患最新の治療 2000-2001. 東京 : 南江堂 ; 2000. p348-52.
 
5) Hata A, et al. Angiographic findings of Takayasu arteritis : New classification. Int J Cardiol 1996 : 54 : S155-63.
PubMed
6) Takano K, et al. Altered cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in Takayasu's arteritis with neurological deficits. Stroke 1993 : 24 : 1501-6.
PubMed
7) 永田泉ほか. 高安動脈炎における脳血行再建術. 脈管学 1997 : 37 : 773-9.
 
8) Taguchi J, et al. Bypass surgery for aortitis syndrome : Aortocarotid bypass with saphenous vein graft. Surg Neurol 1992 : 37 : 300-6.
PubMed
9) Maltin EC. et al. Percutancous transluminal angioplasty in non-atheroscklcrotic disease. Radiology 1980 : 135 : 27-33.
 
10) Nomura M, et al. Prcutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement for subclavian and brachiocephalic altery stenosis in aortitis syndrome. Cardiovase Intervent Radiol 1999 ; 22 : 427-32.
 
11) Sakaida H, et al. Stenting for the occlusive carotid and subclavian arteries in Takayasu arteritis. No Shinkei Geka 2001 : 29 : 1033-41.
PubMed
12) Ford RG, Siekert RG. Centlal nervous system manifestations of periancritis nodosa. Neurology 1965 ; 15 : 114-22.
PubMed
13) Travers RL, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa : A clinical and angiographic analysis of 17 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1979 ; 8 : 184-99.
PubMed
14) Bagegni A, et al. Visual recovery in orbital vaseulitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1988 : 72, 737-40.
 
15) Guillevin L. et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome : A prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1996 : 75 : 17-28.
PubMed
16) Harle JR, et al. Curable dementia and panarteritis nodosa. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1991 ; 147 : 148-50.
PubMed
17) Beattic DK, et al. Stroke-induced cardiovaseular changes : A rare cause of death from polyarteritis nodosa. Br J Neurosurg 1995 : 9 : 223-6.
 
18) Takahashi JC, et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured anterior cerebral artery aneurysm caused by polyarteritis nodosa : Case report. J Neurosurg 2002 ; 96 : 132-4.
PubMed
19) Leib ES. et al. Immunosuppressive and corticostcroid therapy of polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 1979 : 67 : 941-7.
 
20) Wilkinson IM, Russell RW. Arteries of the head and neck in giant cell arteritis : A pathological study to show the pattern of arterial involvement. Arch Neurol 1972 : 27 : 378-91.
PubMed
21) Goodman BWJ. Temporal arteritis. Am J Med 1979 : 67 : 839-52.
 
22) Imakita M, et al. Giant cell arteritis involving the cerebral artery. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993 : 117 : 729-33.
PubMed
23) Enzmann D, Scott WR. Intracranial involvement of giant-cell arteritis. Neurology 1977 : 8 : 794-7.
PubMed
24) Reich KA, et al. Neurologic manifestadons of giant cell arteritis. Am J Med 1990 : 89 : 67-72.
PubMed
25) Huston KA, et al. Temporal arteritis : A 25-year epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic study. Ann Intern Med 1978 : 88 : 162-7.
PubMed
26) Caselli RJ, et al. Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology 1988 : 38 : 352-9.
PubMed
27) Cohen DN, Damaske MM. Temporal arteritis : A spectrum of ophthalmic complications. Ann Ophthalmol 1975 : 7 : 1045-54.
PubMed
28) Hayreh Ss Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch Neurol 1981 : 38 : 675-8.
PubMed
29) Cull RE. Internal carotid artery occlusion caused by giant cell arteritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979 ; 42 : 1066-7.
PubMed
30) Howard GF 3rd, et al. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis. Ann Neurol 1984 ; 15 : 204-7.
PubMed
31) Lie JT. Aortic and extracranial large vessel giant cell arteritis : A review of 72 cases with histopathologic documentation. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995 : 24 : 422-31.
PubMed
32) Pollock M, et al. Giant cell arteritis and the subclavian steal syndrome. Neurology 1973 : 23 : 653-7.
PubMed
33) Hall S, et al. The therapeutic impact of temporal artery biopsy. Lancet 1983 : 2 : 1217-20.
PubMed
34) Huston KA, Hunder GG. Giant cell (cranial) arteritis : A clinical review. Am Heart J 1980 : 100 : 99-105.
PubMed
35) Hankey GJ. Isolated angiitis/angiopathy of the central nervous system. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991 : 1 : 2-15.
 
36) Vollmer TL, et al. Idiopathic granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system : Diagnostic challenges. Arch Neurol 1993 : 50 : 925-30.
PubMed
37) Moore PM. Diagnosis and management of isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. Neurology 1989 : 39 : 167-73.
PubMed
38) Alhalabi M, Moore PM. Serial angiography in isolated angiids of the central nervous system. Neurology 1994 : 44 : 1221-6.
PubMed
39) Cupps TR, et al. Isolated angiitis of the central nervous system : Prospective diagnostic and therapeutic experence. Am J Med 1983 ; 74 : 97-105.
 
40) Fauci AS, et al. Wegener's granulomatosis : Prospectivc clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 padents for 21 years. Ann Intern Med 1983 : 98, 76-85.
 
41) Drachman DA. Neurological complications of Wegener's granulomatosis. Arch Neurol 1963 ; 8 : 145-55.
 
42) Nishino H, et al. Neurological involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis : An analysis of 324 consecutive paticnts at the Mayo Clinic. Ann Neurol 1993 : 33 : 4-9.
 
43) Tishler S, et al. Wegener granulomatosis with meningeal involvement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1993 ; 14 : 1248-52.
PubMed
44) Murphy JM, et al. Wegener granulomatosis : MR imaging findings in brain and meninges. Radiology 1999 ; 213 : 794-9.
PubMed
45) Mickle JP, et al. Cortical vein thrombosis in Wegener's granulomatosis. Case report. J Neurosurg 1977 : 46 : 248-51.
PubMed
46) Specks U, et al. Anticytoplasmic autoandbodies in the diagnosis and follow-up of Wegener's granulomatosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1989 ; 64 : 28-36.
PubMed
47) Liebow AA, et al. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Hum Pathol 1972 : 3 : 457-558.
PubMed
48) Katzenstein AL, et al. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis : A chnicopathologic study of 152 cases. Cancer 1979 ; 43 : 360-73.
PubMed
49) Kerr RS, et al. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis apparently confined to one temporal lobe : Case report. J Neurosurg 1987 : 67 : 612-5.
PubMed
50) Mills JA. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1994 : 330 : 1871-9.
PubMed
51) Hay EM, Snaith ML. ABC of rheumatology : Systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus-like syndromes. BMJ 1995 : 310 : 1257-61.
PubMed
52) Devinsky O, et al. Clinical and neuropathological findings in systemic lupus erythematosus : The role of vaseulitis, heart emboli, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Neurol 1988 : 23 : 380-4.
 
53) Kitagawa Y, et al. Stroke in systemic lupus crythematosus. Stroke 1990 ; 21 : 1533-9.
 
54) Johnson RT, Richardson EP. The neurologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus : A clinico-pathological study of 24 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1968 ; 47 : 337-69.
 
55) Futrell N, Millikan C. Frequency, etiology, and prevention of stroke in patients with systemic lupus ewthematosus. Stroke 1989 ; 20 : 583-91.
PubMed
56) Gharavi AE, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies : Isotype distribution and phospholipid specificity. Ann Rheum Dis 1987 : 46 : 1-6.
PubMed
57) Venables PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. BMJ 1993 ; 307 : 663-6.
PubMed

7章 無症候性脳梗塞

P.402 掲載の参考文献
1) Ad Hoc Committee on Cereblovaseular Disease. A classification of cerebrovaseular diseases II. Stroke 1975 : 6 : 564-616.
 
2) National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke Ad Hoc Committee. Classification of cerebrovaseular diseases III. Stroke 1990 : 21 : 637-76.
 
3) 平井俊策. 脳の動脈硬化性疾患の定義および診断基準に関する研究. 平成元年度厚生省循環器病研究報告, 国立循環器病センター ; 1990. p. 80.
 
4) 澤田徹. 無症候性脳血管障害は本当に無症候か. 臨成人病 1994 : 24 : 147-52.
 
5) Kase CS, et al. Prevalence of silent stroke in paticnts prcscnting with initial stroke : The Franlingham study. Stroke 1989 : 20 : 850-2.
 
6) Chodosh EH. et al. Silent stroke in the NINCDS Stroke. Data Bank Neurology 1988 : 38 : 1674-9.
PubMed
7) Shinkawa A, et al. Silent cerebral infaretion in a community-based autopsy series in Japan : The Hisayama study. Stroke 1995 : 26 : 380-5.
 
8) 清原裕. 無症候性脳梗塞の疲学-久山町の最近の実態. Clin Neurosci 1999 : 17 : 157-9.
 
9) Lechner H, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance image white matter lesions and risk factors for stroke in normal individuals. Stroke 1988 : 19 : 263-5.
 
10) 亀山正邦. 脳卒中例の血管病変-脳出血を中心として. 臨神経 1964 : 4 : 387-91.
 
11) 宇高不可思. 無症候性脳梗塞の画像と病理 無症候性脳梗塞の脳内分布-MRIと病理の対比. Clin Neurosci 1999 ; 17 : 173-6.
 
12) 吉田泰二. 無症候性脳梗塞の画像と病理-ラクナ梗塞とetat cribleとの鑑別. Clin Neurosci 1999 : 17 : 164-8.
 
13) Hachinski VC, et al. Leuko-Araiosis. Arch Neurol 1987 : 44 : 21-3.
PubMed
14) Kertesz A, et al. Periventricular and subcortical hyperintensitics on magnetic recsonance imaging : "Rims, caps, and unidentified bright objects". Arch Neurol 1988 : 45 : 404-8.
PubMed
15) Sze G. et al. Foci of MRI signal (pseudo lesions) anterior to the frontal horns : Histologic correlations of a normal finding. Am J Neuroradiol 1986 : 147 : 331-7.
 
16) 鈴木一夫. 無症候性脳梗塞の疫学-疫学動向. Clin Neurosd 1999 : 17 : 153-6.
 
17) Kempster PA. et al. Asymptomatic cerebral infarction in patients with chronic arterial fibrillation. Stroke 1988 : 19 : 955-7.
 
18) Petersen P, et al. Silent cerebral infarction in chronic atrial fibrillation. Stroke 1987 : 18 : 1098-100.
PubMed
19) 鈴木一夫. 無症候性脳梗塞の危険因子と脳卒中危険因子としての無症候性脳梗塞の検討. 綜合臨 1994 ; 43 : 2744-8.
 
20) 延原幸嗣, 西丸雄也. 無症候性脳梗寒患者の長期予後. 脳卒中 1996 ; 18 : 302-9.
 
21) Kobayashi S, et al. Subcortical silent brain infarction as a risk factor for clinical stroke. Stroke 1997 : 28 : 1932-9.
PubMed
22) Yamaguchi T, et al. Benefits and hazards of andphtelet therapy in ischemic cerebrovaseular diseases. 脈管学 1994 ; 34 : 279-85.
 
23) 佐々木一裕, 東儀英夫. 無症候性脳血管障害の予後. 日本医師会誌 1997 : 118 : 671-5.
 
24) Tohgi H, et al. Twenty-four-hour variation of blood pressure in vaseular demenia of the Binswanger type. Stroke 1991 : 22 : 603-8.
 
25) Kario K, et al. Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovaseular damage in elderly hypenensive padents : Advanced silent cerebrovaseular damage in extreme dippers. Hypertension 1996 : 27 : 130-5.
 
26) Hunt AL, et al. Clinical significance of MRI white matter lesions in the eldelly. Neurology 1989 : 39 : 1470-4.
PubMed
27) O'Brien JT, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of memory impairment in the healthy elderly : Association with medial temporallobe atrophy but not white matter lesions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997 : 12 : 369-74.
 
28) Ylikoski R, et al. White matter changes in healthy elderly persons correlate with attention and speed of mental processing. Arch Neurol 1993 : 50 : 818-24.
PubMed
29) Breteler MM, et al. Cognitive correlates of ventricular enlargement and cerebral white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging : The Rotterdam Study. Stroke 1994 ; 25 : 1109-15.
PubMed
30) Boone KB, et al. Neuropsychological correlates of white-matter lesions in healthy elderly subjects : A threshold effect. Arch Neurol 1992 : 49 : 549-54.
PubMed
31) Dc Groot JC, et al. Periventricular cerebral white matter lesions predict rate of cognitive decline. Ann Neurol 2002 : 52 : 335-41.
 
32) Longstreth WT Jr, et al. Lacunar infarcts defined by magnetic resonance imaging of 3660 elderly people : The cardiovaseular health study. Arch Neurol 1998 : 55 : 1217-25.
 
33) Howard G, et al. Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for silent cerebral infarction in the general population. Stroke 1998 : 29 : 913-7.
PubMed
34) Vermeer SE, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke 2002 ; 33 : 21-5.
PubMed
35) Fushimi H, et al. Asymptomatic lacunes and their relationship to intellectual disturbances. Intern Med 1994 : 33 : 317-20.
PubMed
36) 高橋智ほか. 老年者における脳梗塞後遺症と痴呆症の診断と薬物療法-treatable demeniaを見逃すな! 脳梗塞後遺症の診断と鑑別診断-脳血管性痴呆と脳血管性うつ状態を中心に. Mebio 2001 ; 18 : 81-6.
 
37) Tohgi H, et al. Symptomatic characteristics of parkinsonism and the width of substantia nigra pars compacta on MRI according to ischcnllc changcs in the putamcn and cerebral white matter : Implications for the diagnosis of vaseular parkinsonism Eur Neurol 2001 : 46 : 1-10.
 
38) Pohjasvaara T, et al. Clinical determinants of poststroke dcmenda. Stroke 1998 ; 29 : 75-81.
PubMed
39) Desmond DW, et al. Frequency and clinical determinants of dementia. after ischemic stroke. Neurology 2000 : 54 : 1124-31.
PubMed
40) Henon H, et al. Poststroke dementia : Incidence and relationship to prestroke cognitive decline. Neurology 2001 : 57 : 1216-22.
PubMed
41) Snowdon DA, et al. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease : The Nun study. JAMA 1997 ; 277 : 813-7.
PubMed
42) Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Lancet 2001 : 357 : 169-75.
 
43) Heyman A, et al. Cerebral infarcts in patients with autopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease : CERAD, part XVIII. Neurology 1998 : 51 : 159-62.
PubMed
44) Berg L, et al. Clinicopathologic studies in cognitively healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease : Rclation of histologic markers to dementia sevcrity, age, sex, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Arch Neurol 1998 ; 55 : 326-35.
PubMed
45) Petrovitch H, et al. Midlife blood pressure and neuritic plaques, neulofibrillary tangles, and brain weight at death ; the HAAS. Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurobiol Aging 2000 : 21 : 57-62.
PubMed
46) de la Monte SM, et al. Aberrant expression of nitric oxide synthase III in Alzheimer's disease : Relevance to cerebral vaseulopathy and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Aging 2000 : 21 : 309-19.
PubMed
47) Skoog I, et al. A population-based study of dementia in 85-year-olds. N Engl J Med 1993 : 328 : 153-8.
 
48) Barber R, et al. White matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, vaseulal dementia, and normal aging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999 ; 67 : 66-72.
PubMed
49) Vermeer SE, et al. Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N Engl J Med 2003 : 348 : 1215-22.
PubMed
50) Alexopoulos GS, et al. Clinically defined vaseular depression. Am J Psychiatlry 1997 : 154 : 562-5.
 
51) Alexopoulos GS, et al. "Vascular depression" hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 : 54 : 915-22.
PubMed
52) Krishnan KR, et al. MRI-defined vaseular depression. Am J Psychiatry 1997 : 154 : 497-501.
 
53) Robinson RG, et al. Mood disorders in stroke patients : Importance of location of lesion. Brain 1984 ; 107 : 81-93.
PubMed
54) 中川賀嗣, 日辺敬貴. 気分障害 ; 最新の知見-脳血管障害とうつ病. 臨精医 2000 ; 29 : 1009-14.
 
55) 柳井一郎, 山脇成人. 抑うつ状態と無症候性脳梗塞-その疫学, 病態, 治療. Clin Pharmacother 1999 ; 5 : 214-9.
 
56) 岡田和悟ほか. やる気スコアを用いた脳卒中後の意欲低下の評価. 脳卒中 1998 ; 20 : 318-23.
Medical*Online
57) Hatazawa J, et al. Subcortical hypopcrfusion associated with asymptomauc white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 1997 ; 28 : 1944-7.
PubMed
58) Meguro K, et al. Cerebral circulation and oxygen metabolism associated with subclinical periventricular hyperintensity as shown by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1990 : 28 : 378-83.
PubMed
59) Tohgi H, et al. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in senile demenia of Alzheimer's type and vaseular dementia with deep white matter changes. Neuroradiology 1998 ; 40 : 131-7.
 
60) Kobayashi S, et al. Incidence of silent lacunar lesion in normal adults and its relationship to cerebral blood flow and risk factors. Stroke 1991 ; 22 : 1379-83.
 

8章 脳血管性痴呆

P.415 掲載の参考文献
1) Fisher CM. Lacunes : Small deep cerebral infarcts. Neurology 1965 : 15 : 774-84.
PubMed
2) Fisher CM. Lacunar strokes and infarcts : A review. Neurology 1982 : 32 : 871-6.
PubMed
3) Tomlinson BE, et al. Obscrvations on the brains of demented old people. J Neurol Sci 1970 : 11 : 205-42.
 
4) Hachinski VC, et al. Multi-infarct dementia : A cause of mental deterioration in the elderly. Lancet 1974 ; ii : 207-9.
 
5) Wond Health Organization. ICD-10 精神および行動の障害-臨床記述と診断ガイドライン. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 1993. p. 4262-4.
 
6) American Psychiattic Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM-IV. 4th edition. Washington : American Psychiatric Association ; 1994.
 
7) 高橋三郎ほか訳. DSM-IV 精神疾患の診断・統計マニュアル. American Psychiatric Association編. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 1996. p. 137-76.
 
8) Chui HC, et al. Critella for the diagnosis of ischemic vaseular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers. Neurology 1992 : 42 : 473-80.
 
9) Roman GC. et al. Vascular dementia : Diagnostic criteria for research studics : Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993 ; 43 : 250-60.
 
10) 山之内博, 朝長正徳. 脳血管性痴呆の分類と多発梗塞性痴呆の位置づけ. 医学の歩み 1986 ; 139 : 1003-4.
 
11) Yamanouchi H, et al. Subtypes and proportions of cerebrovaseular disease in an autopsy series in a Japanese geriatric hospital Klin Wochenschr 1990 : 68 : 1173-7.
 
12) Mckhann GC, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease : Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1984 : 34 : 939-44.
 
13) Hachinski VC, et al. Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch Neurol 1975 ; 32 : 632-7.
PubMed
14) Alaftlzoff I, et al. Histopathological criteria for progressive dementia disorders : Clinicalpathological correlation and classification by multivariate data analysis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1987 : 74 : 209-25.
PubMed
15) Gold G, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of newly proposed clinical criteria for possible vaseular dementia. Neurology 1997 : 49 : 690-4.
 
16) Binswanger O. Die Abgrenzung der allgemeinen progressiven Paralyse. Berl Klin Wochcnschr 1894 ; 31 : 1103-5, 1137-9, 1180-6.
 
17) Jellinger K, Neumayer E Progressive subcorticale vaseulare Encephalopathic Binswanger : Eine klinischneuropathologische Studie. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1964 ; 205 : 523-54.
 
18) 山之内博. Binswanger病. 日内会誌 1997 ; 86 : 803-7.
 
19) Yamanouchi H, et al. Decrease in nerve fibres in cerebral white matter in progressive subcortical vaseular encephalopathy of Binswanger type : An electron microscopic study. J Neurol 1989 ; 236 : 382-7.
 
20) Yamanouchi H. Loss of white matter oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in progressive subcortical vaseular encephalopathy of Binswanger type. Acta Neurol Scand 1991 : 83 : 301-5.
 
21) Okeda R. Morphometrische Vergleichsuntcrsucheungen an Hirnarterien bei Binswangcrschcr Encephalopathie und Hochdruckencephalopathie. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1973 : 26 : 23-43.
PubMed
22) 山之内博ほか. Progresive subcortical vaseular encephalopathy (Binswanger型) における脳の動脈系の病理学的研究. 脳卒中 1988 : 10 : 404-11.
 
23) Bennett DA, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Binswanger's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990 : 53 : 961-5.
PubMed
24) Hachinski VC, et al. Leukoaralosis. Arch Neurol 1987 ; 44 : 21-3.
PubMed
25) DeReuck J, et al. Pathogenesis of Binswanger chronic progressive subcortical encephalopathy. Neurology 1980 : 30 : 920-8.
 
26) Pratt RD. Patient populations in clinical trials of the efficacy and tolerability of donepczil in patients with vaseular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2002; 203 : 57-65.
 
27) Pratt RD, Perdomo CA. Donepezil-treated patients with probable vaseular dementia demonstrate cognitive benefits. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002 ; 977 : 513-22.
 
28) Erkinjuntti T, et al. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovaseular disease : A randomized trial. Lancet 2002 ; 359 : 1283-90.
PubMed

書評

最近チェックした商品履歴

Loading...