臨床に直結する集中治療のエビデンス

出版社： 文光堂
著者：
発行日： 2013-02-26
分野： 臨床医学：一般  >  集中治療
ISBN： 9784830626272
電子書籍版： 2013-02-26 （第1版第3刷）
書籍・雑誌
≪全国送料無料でお届け≫
取寄せ目安：8～14営業日

13,200 円(税込)

購入する
電子書籍
章別単位での購入はできません
ブラウザ、アプリ閲覧

13,200 円(税込)

購入する

商品紹介

第一線の集中治療の現場で奮闘する若手医師から発せられた臨床上のナマの疑問点を集めて目次に集約。これらの疑問点に基づいて，(1)その背景およびその分野における歴史や生理学的知識を整理して疑問点の所在を明らかにし，(2)疑問点に関する主要な研究を一覧表にまとめ，(3)その中から重要な論文を採りあげて批判的吟味を行い，(4)現時点で最も妥当な考え方を提示する内容構成。良質なメタ解析や無作為化対照試験に限らず，必要に応じて観察研究も採用して十分な検討を加えた。エビデンスがない（現時点で，その治療を行う根拠を見いだせない）場合にも，エビデンスがない旨を明記しつつ，その上で妥当な臨床判断を提供できるよう心がけた。明日からの，ICUや救急病棟の臨床を心強くサポートする１冊！

目次

  • 臨床に直結する集中治療のエビデンス

    ―目次―

    総　論
    神　経
    呼　吸
    循　環
    腎・泌尿器，電解質，輸液
    腹部，栄養
    内分泌，代謝
    感　染
    血液・凝固
    外傷・熱傷
    心肺蘇生

おすすめ商品

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

総論

P.6 掲載の参考文献
1) Breslow MJ, Badawi O. Severity scoring in the critically ill : part 2 : maximizing value from outcome prediction scoring systems. Chest 2012 ; 141 : 518-27. PMID : 22315120.
 
2) Kelley MA. Predictive scoring systems in the intensive care unit. In : Basow DS, ed, UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2012.
 
3) Afessa B, Gajic O, Keegan MT. Severity of illness and organ failure assessment in adult intensive care units. Crit Care Clin 2007 ; 23 : 639-58. PMID : 17900487.
 
4) Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, et al. APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation : a physiologically based classification system. Crit Care Med 1981 ; 9 : 591-7. PMID : 7261642.
 
5) Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al. APACHE II : a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985 ; 13 : 818-29. PMID : 3928249.
 
6) Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA, et al. The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. Chest 1991 ; 100 : 1619-36. PMID : 1959406.
 
7) Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, McNair DS, et al. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV : hospital mortality assessment for today's critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006 ; 34 : 1297-310. PubMed PMID : 16540951.
 
8) Ho KM, Dobb GJ, Knuiman M, et al. A comparison of admission and worst 24-hour Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores in predicting hospital mortality : a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 2006 ; 10 : R4. PMID : 16356207.
 
9) Vincent JL. Severity of illness scoring systems. In : Roberts PR, ed, Comprehensive Critical Care : Adult, IL : Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2012 : 875-84.
 
10) http://www.jseptic.com/rinsho/questionnaire.html
 
11) Marino PL. 臨床的スコアリングシステム. In : 稲田英一監訳, ICUブック, 第3版, 東京 : メディカル・サイエンス・インターナショナル, 2008 : 865-68.
 
12) Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, Draper EA, et al. Evaluation of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation III predictions of hospital mortality in an independent database. Crit Care Med 1998 ; 26 : 1317-26. PMID : 9710088.
 
13) https://apachefoundations.cernerworks.com/apachefoundations/login/auth
 
14) Breslow MJ, Badawi O. Severity scoring in the critically ill : part 1-interpretation and accuracy of outcome prediction scoring systems. Chest 2012 ; 141 : 245-52. PMID : 22215834.
 
15) Keegan MT, Gajic O, Afessa B. Severity of illness scoring systems in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2011 ; 39 : 163-9. PMID : 20838329.
 
16) http://www.mecriticalcare.net/icu_scores/apacheIV.php
 
17) Le Gall JR, Loirat P, Alperovitch A, et al. A simplified acute physiology score for ICU patients. Crit Care Med 1984 ; 12 : 975-7. PubMed PMID : 6499483.
 
18) Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993 ; 270 : 2957-63. PubMed PMID : 8254858.
 
19) Moreno RP, Metnitz PG, Almeida E, et al. ; SAPS 3 Investigators. SAPS 3 -From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2 : Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Intensive Care Med 2005 ; 31 : 1345-55. PMID : 16132892.
 
20) http://www.saps3.org/
 
21) Lemeshow S, Teres D, Pastides H, et al. A method for predicting survival and mortality of ICU patients using objectively derived weights. Crit Care Med 1985 ; 13 : 519-25. PMID : 4006490.
 
22) Lemeshow S, Teres D, Klar J, et al. Mortality Probability Models (MPM II) based on an international cohort of intensive care unit patients. JAMA 1993 ; 270 : 2478-86. PMID : 8230626.
 
23) Higgins TL, Teres D, Copes WS, et al. Assessing contemporary intensive care unit outcome : an updated Mortality Probability Admission Model (MPM0-III). Crit Care Med 2007 ; 35 : 827-35. PMID : 17255863.
 
24) Vasilevskis EE, Kuzniewicz MW, Cason BA, et al. Mortality probability model III and simplified acute physiology score II : assessing their value in predicting length of stay and comparison to APACHE IV. Chest 2009 ; 136 : 89-101. PMID : 19363210
 
25) Lemeshow S, Klar J, Teres D, et al. Mortality probability models for patients in the intensive care unit for 48 or 72 hours : a prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care Med 1994 ; 22 : 1351-8. PMID : 8062556.
 
26) Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, et al. Multiple organ dysfunction score : a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1995 ; 23 : 1638-52. PMID : 7587228.
 
27) Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996 ; 22 : 707-10. PMID : 8844239.
 
28) Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, et al. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. JAMA 2001 ; 286 : 1754-8. PMID : 11594901.
 
29) Vincent JL, de Mendonca A, Cantraine F, et al. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units : results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on "sepsis-related problems" of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 1998 ; 26 : 1793-800. PMID : 9824069.
 
30) Sakr Y, Marques J, Mortsch S, et al. Is the SAPS II score valid in surgical intensive care unit patients? J Eval Clin Pract 2012 ; 18 : 231-7. PMID : 20860597.
 
31) Teres D, Lemeshow S. Why severity models should be used with caution. Crit Care Clin 1994 ; 10 : 93-110 PMID : 8118735.
 
32) Vincent JL, Moreno R. Clinical review : scoring systems in the critically ill. Crit Care 2010 ; 14 : 207. PMID : 20392287.
 
33) Chassin MR, Loeb JM, Schmaltz SP, et al. Accountability measures-using measurement to promote quality improvement. N Engl J Med 2010 ; 363 : 683-8. PMID : 20573915.
 
P.12 掲載の参考文献
1) ACR appropriateness criteria-routine chest radiograph. American College of Radiology 2011. http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/AppCriteria/Diagnostic/RoutineChestRadiographsInICUPatients.pdf
 
2) Oba Y, Zaza T. Abandoning daily routinechest radiography in the intensive care unit : meta-analysis. Radiology 2010 ; 255 : 386-95.
PubMed
3) Hejblum G, Chalumeau-Lemoine L, Ioos V, et al. Comparison of routine and on-demand prescription of chest radiographs in mechanically ventilated adults : a multicentre, cluster-randomised, two-period crossover study. Lancet 2009 ; 374 : 1687-93.
PubMed
4) Ganapathy A, Adhikari NK, Spiegelman J, et al. Routine chest x-rays in intensive care units : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2012 ; 16 : R68.
PubMed
5) O'Brien W, Karski JM, Cheng D, et al. Routine chest roentgenography on admission to intensive care unit after heart operations : is it of any value? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997 ; 113 : 130-3.
 
6) Silverstein DS, Livingston DH, Elcavage J, et al. The utility of routine daily chest radiography in the surgical intensive care unit. J Trauma 1993 ; 35 : 643-6.
PubMed
7) Hendrikse KA, Gratama JW, Hove WT, et al. Low value of routine chest radiographs in a mixed medical-surgical ICU. Chest 2007 ; 132 : 823-8.
 
8) Brunel W, Coleman DL, Schwartz DE, et al. Assessment of routine chest roentgenograms and the physical examination to confirm endotracheal tube position. Chest 1989 ; 96 : 1043-5.
PubMed
9) Marik PE, Janower ML. The impact of routine chest radiography on ICU management decisions : an observational study. Am J Crit Care 1997 ; 6 : 95-8.
PubMed
10) Gray P, Sullivan G, Ostryzniuk P, et al. Value of postprocedural chest radiographs in the adult intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1992 ; 20 : 1513-8.
PubMed
11) Henschke CI, Pasternack GS, Schroeder S, et al. Bedside chest radiography : diagnostic efficacy. Radiology 1983 ; 149 : 23-6.
PubMed
12) Graat ME, Choi G, Wolthuis EK, et al. The clinical value of daily routine chest radiographs in a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit is low. Crit Care 2006 ; 10 : R11.
 
13) Mets O, Spronk PE, Binnekade J, et al. Elimination of daily routine chest radiographs does not change on-demand radiography practice in post-cardiothoracic surgery patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007 ; 134 : 139-44.
 
14) Bekemeyer WB, Crapo RO, Calhoon S, et al. Efficacy of chest radiography in a respiratory intensive care unit. A prospective study. Chest 1985 ; 88 : 691-6.
 
15) Kollef MH, Legare EJ, Damiano M. Endotracheal tube misplacement : incidence, risk factors, and impact of a quality improvement program. South Med J 1994 ; 87 : 248-54.
PubMed
16) Bhagwanjee S, Muckart DJ. Routine daily chest radiography is not indicated for ventilated patients in a surgical ICU. Intensive Care Med 1996 ; 22 : 1335-8.
PubMed
17) Krivopal M, Shlobin OA, Schwartzstein RM. Utility of daily routine portable chest radiographs in mechanically ventilated patients in the medical ICU. Chest 2003 ; 123 : 1607-14.
PubMed
18) Kawati R, Rubertsson S. Malpositioning of fine bore feeding tube : a serious compilcation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005 ; 49 : 58-61.
PubMed
19) Sparks DA, Chase DM, Coughlin LM, et al. Pulmonary compilcations of 9931 narrow-bore nasoenteric tubes during blind placement : a critical review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011 ; 35 : 625-9.
 
20) Metheny NA. Preventing respiratory compilcations of tube feedings : evidence-based practice. Am J Crit Care 2006 ; 15 : 360-9.
 
21) Vigneau C, Baudel JL, Guidet B, et al. Sonography as an alternative to radiography for nasogastric feeding tube location. Intensive Care Med 2005 ; 31 : 1570-2. Epub 2005 Sep 20.
 
22) Burns SM, Carpenter R, Truwit JD. Report on the development of a procedure to prevent placement of feeding tubes in to the lungs using end-tidal CO2 measurements. Crit Care Med 2001 ; 29 : 936-9.
 
23) Lamont T, Beaumont C, Fayaz A, et al. Checking placement of nasogastric feeding tubes in adults (interpretation of x ray images) : summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency. BMJ 2011 ; 342 : d2586.
PubMed
24) Clec'h C, Simon P, Hamdi A, et al. Are daily routine chest radiographs useful in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients? A randomized study. Intensive Care Med 2008 ; 34 : 264-70. Epub 2007 Nov 10.
 
25) Leong CS, Cascade PN, Kazerooni EA, et al. Bedside chest radiography as part of a postcardiac surgery critical care pathway : a means of decreasing utilization without adverse clinical impact. Crit Care Med 2000 ; 28 : 383-8.
PubMed
26) Krinsley JS. Test-ordering strategy in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med 2003 ; 18 : 330-9.
PubMed
27) Kroner A, Binnekade JM, Graat ME, et al. On-demand rather than daily-routine chest radiography prescription may change neither the number nor the impact of chest computed tomography and ultrasound studies in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Anesthesiology 2008 ; 108 : 40-5.
 

神経

P.21 掲載の参考文献
1) Klimek M, Dammers R. Antiepileptic drug therapy in the perioperative course of neurosurgical patients. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2010 ; 23 : 564-7.
PubMed
2) Liu KC, Bhardwaj A. Use of prophylactic anticonvulsants in neurologic critical care : a critical appraisal. Neurocrit Care 2007 ; 7 : 175-84.
PubMed
3) Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota : 1935-1984. Epilepsia 1993 ; 34 : 453-68.
PubMed
4) Garga N, Lowenstein DH. Posttraumatic epilepsy : a major problem in desperate need of major advances. Epilepsy Curr 2006 ; 6 : 1-5.
 
5) Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Coan SP, et al. A population-based study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. N Engl J Med 1998 ; 338 : 20-4.
PubMed
6) Herman ST. Epilepsy after brain insult : targeting epileptogenesis. Neurology 2002 ; 59 (suppl 5) : S21-6.
 
7) Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Wilensky AJ et al. A randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures. N Engl J Med 1990 ; 323 : 497-502.
PubMed
8) Passero S, Rocchi R, Rossi S, et al. Seizures after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Epilepsia 2002 ; 43 : 1175-80.
PubMed
9) Yang TM, Lin WC, Chang WN, et al. Predictors and outcome of seizures after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2009 ; 111 : 87-93.
PubMed
10) Glantz MJ, Cole BF, Forsyth PA, Practice parameter : anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2000 ; 54 : 1886-93.
PubMed
11) Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. Circulation 2007 ; 115 : e478-e534.
PubMed
12) Ryvlin P, Montavont A, Nighoghossian N. Optimizing therapy of seizures in stroke patients. Neurology 2006 ; 67 (suppl 4) : s3-s9.
 
13) Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Anderson GD, et al. Valproate therapy for prevention of posttraumatic seizures : a randomized trial. J Neurosurg 1999 ; 91 : 593-600.
 
14) Temkin NR. Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs : meta-analysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia 2001 ; 42 : 515-24.
PubMed
15) Schierhout G, Roberts I. Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 4. CD000173.
 
16) Jones KE, Puccio AM, Harshman KJ, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus 2008 ; 25 : E3.
PubMed
17) Jensen FE. Introduction. Posttraumatic epilepsy : treatable epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 (suppl 2) : 1-3, 14-20.
 
18) Connolly ES Jr, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2012 ; 43 : 1711-37.
PubMed
19) Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, et al. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms : a randomised trial. Lancet 2002 ; 360 : 1267-74.
PubMed
20) Hart Y, Sneade M, Birks J, et al. Epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage : the frequency of seizures after clip occlusion or coil embolization of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm : results from the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial. J Neurosurg 2011 ; 115 : 1159-68.
PubMed
21) Dennis LJ, Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, et al. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2002 ; 51 : 1136-43 ; discussion 1144.
 
22) Little AS, Kerrigan JF, McDougall CG, et al. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in patients suffering spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2007 ; 106 : 805-11.
PubMed
23) Rhoney DH, Tipps LB, Murry KR, Anticonvulsant prophylaxis and timing of seizures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000 ; 55 : 258-65.
PubMed
24) Butzkueven H, Evans AH, Pitman A, et al. Onset seizures independently predict poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 2000 ; 55 : 1315-20.
PubMed
25) Choi KS, Chun HJ, Yi HJ, et al. Seizures and epilepsy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : incidence and risk factors. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2009 ; 46 : 93-8.
PubMed
26) Rosengart AJ, Huo JD, Tolentino J, et al. Outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with antiepileptic drugs. J Neurosurgery 2007 ; 107 : 253-60.
PubMed
27) Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N, et al. Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2005 ; 36 : 583-87.
PubMed
28) Murphy-Human T, Welch E, Zipfel G, et al. Comparison of short-duration levetiracetam with extended-course phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2011 ; 75 : 269-274.
PubMed
29) Szaflarski JP, Sangha KS, Lindsell CJ, et al. Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocrit Care 2010 ; 12 : 165-72.
PubMed
30) Woo KM, Yang SY, Cho KT. Seizures after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2012 ; 52 : 312-9.
PubMed
31) Messe SR, Sansing LH, Cucchiara BL. Prophylactic antiepileptic drug use is associated with poor outcome following ICH. Neurocrit Care 2009 ; 11 : 38-44.
PubMed
32) Naidech AM, Garg RK, Liebling S. Anticonvulsant use and outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2009 ; 40 : 3810-15.
PubMed
33) Cucchiara B, Messe S, Sansing L, et al. Hematoma growth in oral anticoagulant related intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2008 ; 39 : 2993-96.
PubMed
34) Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC, 3rd, Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage : a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2010 ; 41 : 2108-29.
PubMed
35) Tremont-Lukats IW, Ratilal BO, Armstrong T, et al. Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures in people with brain tumors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No. : CD004424.
 
36) Bahr O, Hermisson M, Rona S. Intravenous and oral levetiracetam in patients with a suspected primary brain tumor and symptomatic seizures undergoing neurosurgery : the HELLO trial. Acta Neurochir 2012 ; 154 : 229-35.
PubMed
37) Lim DA, Tarapore P, Chang E, et al. Safety and feasibility of switching from phenytoin to levetiracetam monotherapy for glioma-related seizure control following craniotomy : a randomized phase II pilot study. J Neurooncol 2009 ; 93 : 349-54.
PubMed
38) Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, et al. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke : the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 1997 ; 315 : 1582-7.
PubMed
P.33 掲載の参考文献
1) 主要死因別死亡者数, 総務省統計局・政策統括官・統計研修所ホームページ, http://www.stat.go.jp/data/nihon/g4921.htm (平成24年10月25日アクセス)
 
2) UCAS Japan Investigators, Morita A, Kirino T, Hashi K, et al. The natural course of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in a Japanese cohort. N Engl J Med 2012 ; 366 : 2474-82.
 
3) Vergouwen MD, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, et al. Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies : proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. Stroke 2010 ; 41 : 2391-5.
PubMed
4) Rabinstein AA, Lanzino G, Wijdicks EF. Multidisciplinary management and emerging therapeutic strategies in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol 2010 ; 9 : 504-19.
PubMed
5) Ecker A, Riemenschneider PA. Arteriographic demonstration of spasm of the intracranial arteries, with special reference to saccular arterial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1951 ; 8 : 660-7.
PubMed
6) Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 1980 ; 6 : 1-9.
PubMed
7) Fisher CM, Roberson GH, Ojemann RG. Cerebral vasospasm with ruptured saccular aneurysm-the clinical manifestations. Neurosurgery 1977 ; 1 : 245-8.
PubMed
8) Allen GS, Ahn HS, Preziosi TJ, et al. Cerebral arterial spasm-a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 1983 ; 308 : 619-24.
PubMed
9) Philippon J, Grob R, Dagreou F, et al. Prevention of vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage. A controlled study with nimodipine. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1986 ; 82 : 110-4.
PubMed
10) Neil-Dwyer G, Mee E, Dorrance D, et al. Early intervention with nimodipine in subarachnoid haemorrhage. Eur Heart J 1987 ; 8 : 41-7.
PubMed
11) Petruk KC, West M, Mohr G, et al. Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients. Results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg 1988 ; 68 : 505-17.
 
12) Jan M, Buchheit F, Tremoulet M. Therapeutic trial of intravenous nimodipine in patients with established cerebral vasospasm after rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1988 ; 23 : 154-7.
PubMed
13) Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, et al. Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage : British aneurysm nimodipine trial. BMJ 1989 ; 298 : 636-42.
PubMed
14) Ohman J, Servo A, Heiskanen O. Long-term effects of nimodipine on cerebral infarcts and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgery. J Neurosurg 1991 ; 74 : 8-13.
 
15) Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC. A randomized controlled trial of high-dose intravenous nicardipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg 1993 ; 78 : 537-47.
PubMed
16) Shibuya M, Suzuki Y, Sugita K, et al. Effect of AT877 on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results of a prospective placebo-controlled double-blind trial. J Neurosurg 1992 ; 76 : 571-7.
 
17) Zhao J, Zhou D, Guo J, et al. Effect of fasudil hydrochloride, a protein kinase inhibitor, on cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemic symptoms after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2006 ; 46 : 421-8.
PubMed
18) Kronvall E, Undren P, Romner B, et al. Nimodipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a randomized study of intravenous or peroral administration. J Neurosurg 2009 ; 110 : 58-63.
PubMed
19) Soppi V, Karamanakos PN, Koivisto T, et al. A randomized outcome study of enteral versus intravenous nimodipine in 171 patients after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2012 ; 78 : 101-9.
 
20) Veyna RS, Seyfried D, Burke DG, et al. Magnesium sulfate therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2002 ; 96 : 510-4.
PubMed
21) van den Bergh WM, Algra A, van Kooten F, et al. MASH Study Group. Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2005 ; 36 : 1011-5.
 
22) Wong GK, Chan MT, Boet R, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a prospective randomized pilot study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2006 ; 18 : 142-8.
PubMed
23) Muroi C, Terzic A, Fortunati M, et al. Magnesium sulfate in the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-adapted trial. Surg Neurol 2008 ; 69 : 33-9.
PubMed
24) Westermaier T, Stetter C, Vince GH, et al. Prophylactic intravenous magnesium sulfate for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical study. Crit Care Med 2010 ; 38 : 1284-90.
PubMed
25) Wong GK, Poon WS, Chan MT, et al. IMASH Investigators. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH) : a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke 2010 ; 41 : 921-6.
PubMed
26) Dorhout Mees SM, Algra A, Vandertop WP, et al. Magnesium for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (MASH-2) : a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2012 ; 380 : 44-9.
PubMed
27) Sanchez-Pena P, Nouet A, Clarencon F, et al. Atorvastatin decreases computed tomography and S100-assessed brain ischemia after subarachnoid aneurysmal hemorrhage : a comparative study. Crit Care Med 2012 ; 40 : 594-602.
PubMed
28) Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, et al. Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2005 ; 36 : 1627-32.
PubMed
29) Lynch JR, Wang H, McGirt MJ, et al. Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke 2005 ; 36 : 2024-6.
PubMed
30) Chou SH, Smith EE, Badjatia N, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2008 ; 39 : 2891-3.
PubMed
31) Vergouwen MD, Meijers JC, Geskus RB, et al. Biologic effects of simvastatin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009 ; 29 : 1444-53.
PubMed
32) Vergouwen MD, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, et al. Effect of statin treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and functional outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Stroke 2010 ; 41 : e47-52.
PubMed
33) Simvastatin in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (STASH) a Multicentre Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00731627 (平成24年11月13日アクセス)
 
34) Meyer R, Deem S, Yanez ND, et al. Current practices of triple-H prophylaxis and therapy in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2011 ; 14 : 24-36.
PubMed
35) Rosenwasser RH, Delgado TE, Buchheit WA, et al. Control of hypertension and prophylaxis against vasospasm in cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage : a preliminary report. Neurosurgery 1983 ; 12 : 658-61.
PubMed
36) Lennihan L, Mayer SA, Fink ME, et al. Effect of hypervolemic therapy on cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage : a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2000 ; 31 : 383-91.
 
37) Egge A, Waterloo K, Sjoholm H, et al. Prophylactic hyperdynamic postoperative fluid therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a clinical, prospective, randomized, controlled study. Neurosurgery 2001 ; 49 : 593-605.
PubMed
38) Treggiari MM, Deem S. Which H is the most important in triple-H therapy for cerebral vasospasm? Curr Opin Crit Care 2009 ; 15 : 83-6.
PubMed
39) Muench E, Horn P, Bauhuf C, et al. Effects of hypervolemia and hypertension on regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2007 ; 35 : 1844-51.
PubMed
40) Ekelund A, Reinstrup P, Ryding E, et al. Effects of iso-and hypervolemic hemodilution on regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery for patients with vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002 ; 144 : 703-12.
PubMed
41) Rowland MJ, Hadjipavlou G, Kelly M, et al. Delayed cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage : looking beyond vasospasm. Br J Anaesth 2012 ; 109 : 315-29.
PubMed
42) Velat GJ, Kimball MM, Mocco JD, et al. Vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses in the literature. World Neurosurg 2011 ; 76 : 446-54.
PubMed
43) Shaw MD, Vermeulen M, Murray GD, et al. Efficacy and safety of the endothelin, receptor antagonist TAK-044 in treating subarachnoid hemorrhage : a report by the Steering Committee on behalf of the UK/Netherlands/Eire TAK-044 Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Study Group. J Neurosurg 2000 ; 93 : 992-7.
 
44) Vajkoczy P, Meyer B, Weidauer S, et al. Clazosentan (AXV-034343), a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist, in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm following severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase IIa study. J Neurosurg 2005 ; 103 : 9-17.
PubMed
45) Macdonald RL, Kassell NF, Mayer S, et al. CONSCIOUS-1 Investigators. Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1) : randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial. Stroke 2008 ; 39 : 3015-21.
PubMed
46) Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, et al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping : a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol 2011 ; 10 : 618-25.
PubMed
47) Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, et al. Randomized trial of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing endovascular coiling. Stroke 2012 ; 43 : 1463-9.
PubMed
48) Vergouwen MD, Algra A, Rinkel GJ. Endothelin receptor antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Stroke 2012 ; 43 : 2671-6.
PubMed
P.42 掲載の参考文献
1) Brain Trauma Foundation ; American Association of Neurological Surgeons ; Congress of Neurological Surgeons ; Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care, AANS/CNS, Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. I. Blood pressure and oxygenation. J Neurotrauma 2007 ; 24 (suppl 1) : S1-7
 
2) Brain Trauma Foundation ; American Association of Neurological Surgeons ; Congress of Neurological Surgeons ; Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care, AANS/CNS, Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. IX. Cerebral perfusion thresholds. J Neurotrauma 2007 ; 24 (suppl 1) : S59-64.
 
3) Connolly ES Jr, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2012 ; 43 : 1711-37.
PubMed
4) Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC III, Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage : a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2010 ; 41 : 2108-29.
 
5) Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke : a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups : The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation 2007 ; 115 : e478-534.
PubMed
6) Dizdarevic K, Hamdan A, Omerhodzic I, et al. Modified Lund concept versus cerebral perfusion pressure-targeted therapy : a randomised controlled study in patients with secondary brain ischaemia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2012 ; 114 : 142-8.
PubMed
7) Shafi S, Diaz-Arrastia R, Madden C, et al. Intracranial pressure monitoring in brain-injured patients is associated with worsening of survival. J Trauma 2008 ; 64 : 335-40.
PubMed
8) Juul N, Morris GF, Marshall SB, et al. Intracranial hypertension and cerebral perfusion pressure : influence on neurological deterioration and outcome in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 2000 ; 92 : 1-6.
PubMed
9) Narotam PK, Morrison JF, Nathoo N. Brain tissue oxygen monitoring in traumatic brain injury and major trauma : outcome analysis of a brain tissue oxygen-directed therapy. J Neurosurg 2009 ; 111 : 672-82.
PubMed
10) Chesnut RM, Temkin N, Carney N, et al. A trial of intracranial-pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2012 ; 367 : 2471-81.
 
11) Brain Trauma Foundation ; American Association of Neurological Surgeons ; Congress of Neurological Surgeons ; Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care, AANS/CNS. Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. VIII. Intracranial pressure thresholds J Neurotrauma 2007 ; 24 (suppl 1) : S55-8.
 
12) Fearnside MR, Cook RJ, McDougall P, et al. The Westmead Head Injury Project outcome in severe head injury. A comparative analysis of pre-hospital, clinical and CT variables. Br J Neurosurg 1993 ; 7 : 267-79.
PubMed
13) Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 1993 ; 34 : 216-22.
PubMed
14) Manley G, Knudson MM, Morabito D, et al. Hypotension, hypoxia, and head injury : frequency, duration, and consequences. Arch Surg 2001 ; 136 : 1118-23.
PubMed
15) Chan KH, Dearden NM, Miller JD, et al. Multimodality monitoring as a guide to treatment of intracranial hypertension after severe brain injury. Neurosurgery 1993 ; 32 : 547-52 ; discussion 52-3.
 
16) Sahuquillo J, Amoros S, Santos A, et al. Does an increase in cerebral perfusion pressure always mean a better oxygenated brain? A study in head-injured patients. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2000 ; 76 : 457-62.
 
17) Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al. Fluid thresholds and outcome from severe brain injury. Crit Care Med 2002 ; 30 : 739-45.
PubMed
18) Steiner LA, Czosnyka M, Piechnik SK, et al. Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity allows determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 2002 ; 30 : 733-8.
PubMed
19) Robertson CS, Valadka AB, Hannay HJ, et al. Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury. Crit Care Med 1999 ; 27 : 2086-95.
PubMed
20) Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CF, et al. High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1988 ; 69 : 15-23.
PubMed
21) Narayan RK, Kishore PR, Becker DP, et al. Intracranial pressure : to monitor or not to monitor? A review of our experience with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1982 ; 56 : 650-9.
 
22) Schreiber MA, Aoki N, Scott BG, et al. Determinants of mortality in patients with severe blunt head injury. Arch Surg 2002 ; 137 : 285-90.
PubMed
23) Schmidt JM, Ko SB, Helbok R, et al. Cerebral perfusion pressure thresholds for brain tissue hypoxia and metabolic crisis after poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2011 ; 42 : 1351-6.
PubMed
24) Ohkuma H, Tsurutani H, Suzuki S. Incidence and significance of early aneurysmal rebleeding before neurosurgical or neurological management. Stroke 2001 ; 32 : 1176-80.
PubMed
25) Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, et al. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage : a systematic review. Crit Care 2010 ; 14 : R23.
 
26) Anderson CS, Huang Y, Arima H, et al. Effects of early intensive blood pressure-lowering treatment on the growth of hematoma and perihematomal edema in acute intracerebral hemorrhage : the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT). Stroke 2010 ; 41 : 307-12.
PubMed
27) Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH) investigators. Antihypertensive treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2010 ; 38 : 637-48.
PubMed
28) Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Spengos K, et al. U-shaped relationship between mortality and admission blood pressure in patients with acute stroke. J Intern Med 2004 ; 255 : 257-65.
PubMed
29) Sandset EC, Murray GD, Bath PM, et al. Relation between change in blood pressure in acute stroke and risk of early adverse events and poor outcome. Stroke 2012 ; 43 : 2108-14.
PubMed
30) Delcourt C, Huang Y, Wang J, et al. The second (main) phase of an open, randomised, multicentre study to investigate the effectiveness of an intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT 2). Int J Stroke 2010 ; 5 : 110-6.
PubMed
31) Qureshi AI, Palesch YY. Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH) II : design, methods, and rationale. Neurocrit Care 2011 ; 15 : 559-76.
PubMed
32) Potter JF, Robinson TG, Ford GA, et al. Controlling hypertension and hypotension immediately post-stroke (CHHIPS) : a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. Lancet Neurol 2009 ; 8 : 48-56.
PubMed
33) Yong M, Kaste M. Association of characteristics of blood pressure profiles and stroke outcomes in the ECASS-II trial. Stroke 2008 ; 39 : 366-72.
PubMed
P.51 掲載の参考文献
1) Venn RM, Bradshaw CJ, Spencer R, et al. Preliminary UK experience of dexmedetomidine, a novel agent for postoperative sedation in the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia 1999 ; 54 : 1136-42.
PubMed
2) Shehabi Y, Ruettimann U, Adamson H, et al. Dexmedetomidine infusion for more than 24 hours in critically ill patients : sedative and cardiovascular effects. Intensive Care Med 2004 ; 30 : 2188-96.
PubMed
3) FDA. HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION. Precedex (dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) injection.
 
4) MacLaren R, Forrest LK, Kiser TH. Adjunctive dexmedetomidine therapy in the intensive care unit : a retrospective assessment of impact on sedative and analgesic requirements, levels of sedation and analgesia, and ventilatory and hemodynamic parameters. Pharmacotherapy 2007 ; 27 : 351-9.
PubMed
5) Ryu JH, Lee SW, Lee JH, et al. Randomized double-blind study of remifentanil and dexmedetomidine for flexible bronchoscopy. Br J Anaesth 2012 ; 108 : 503-11.
PubMed
6) Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 1471-7.
 
7) Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004 ; 291 : 1753-62.
PubMed
8) van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, Evers AW, et al. Delirium in critically ill patients : impact on long-term health-related quality of life and cognitive functioning. Crit Care Med 2012 ; 40 : 112-8.
PubMed
9) Jones C, Griffiths RD, Humphris G, et al. Memory, delusions, and the development of acute posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms after intensive care. Crit Care Med 2001 ; 29 : 573-80.
PubMed
10) Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, et al. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients : the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007 ; 298 : 2644-53.
 
11) Riker RR, Shehabi Y, Bokesch PM, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients : a randomized trial. JAMA 2009 ; 301 : 489-99.
PubMed
12) Shehabi Y, Grant P, Wolfenden H, et al. Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery : a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study). Anesthesiology 2009 ; 111 : 1075-84.
PubMed
13) Jakob SM, Ruokonen E, Grounds RM, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation : two randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2012 ; 307 : 1151-60.
PubMed
14) Reade MC, O'Sullivan K, Bates S, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs. haloperidol in delirious, agitated, intubated patients : a randomised open-label trial. Crit Care 2009 ; 13 : R75.
 
15) Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial) : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008 ; 371 : 126-34.
 
16) Strom T, Stylsvig M, Toft P. Long-term psychological effects of a no-sedation protocol in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2011 ; 15 : R293.
PubMed
17) Strom T, Martinussen T, Toft P. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation : a randomised trial. Lancet 2010 ; 375 : 475-80.
 
18) Dasta JF, Kane-Gill SL, Pencina M, et al. A cost-minimization analysis of dexmedetomidine compared with midazolam for long-term sedation in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2010 ; 38 : 497-503.
PubMed
19) Wunsch H. Weighing the costs and benefits of a sedative. JAMA 2012 ; 307 : 1195-7.
PubMed
20) Maldonado JR, Wysong A, van der Starre PJ, et al. Dexmedetomidine and the reduction of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery. Psychosomatics 2009 ; 50 : 206-17.
PubMed
21) Ruokonen E, Parviainen I, Jakob SM, et al. Dexmedetomidine versus propofol/midazolam for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2009 ; 35 : 282-90.
PubMed
22) Corbett SM, Rebuck JA, Greene CM, et al. Dexmedetomidine does not improve patient satisfaction when compared with propofol during mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2005 ; 33 : 940-5.
 
23) Martin E, Ramsay G, Mantz J, et al. The role of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine in postsurgical sedation in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med 2003 ; 18 : 29-41.
PubMed
24) Herr DL, Sum-Ping ST, England M. ICU sedation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery : dexmedetomidine-based versus propofol-based sedation regimens. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003 ; 17 : 576-84.
PubMed
25) Triltsch AE, Welte M, von Homeyer P, et al. Bispectral index-guided sedation with dexmedetomidine in intensive care : a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled phase II study. Crit Care Med 2002 ; 30 : 1007-14.
PubMed
26) Venn RM, Grounds RM. Comparison between dexmedetomidine and propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit : patient and clinician perceptions. Br J Anaesth 2001 ; 87 : 684-90.
PubMed
27) Mirski MA, Lewin JJ 3rd, Ledroux S, et al. Cognitive improvement during continuous sedation in critically ill, awake and responsive patients : the Acute Neurological ICU Sedation Trial (ANIST). Intensive Care Med 2010 ; 36 : 1505-13.
 
P.60 掲載の参考文献
1) Mistraletti G, Pelosi P, Mantovani ES, et al. Delirium : Clinical approach and prevention. Best practice & research. Clinical Anaesthesiology 2012 ; 26 : 311-26.
PubMed
2) American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. text revision. 4th ed, Washington D. C., American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
 
3) Morandi A, Pandharipande PP, Jackson JC, et al. Understanding terminology of delirium and long-term cognitive impairment in critically ill patients. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2012 ; 26 : 267-76.
PubMed
4) Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying confusion : the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med 1990 ; 113 : 941-8.
 
5) Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients : validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med 2001 ; 29 : 1370-9.
PubMed
6) Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, et al. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist : evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med 2001 ; 27 : 859-64.
PubMed
7) Spronk PE, Riekerk B, Hofhuis J, et al. Occurrence of delirium is severely underestimated in the ICU during daily care. Intensive Care Med 2009 ; 35 : 1276-80.
PubMed
8) Ely EW, Gautam S, Margolin R, et al. The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay. Intensive Care Med 2001 ; 27 : 1892-900.
PubMed
9) Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Jr, Charpentier PA, et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med 1999 ; 340 : 669-76.
PubMed
10) Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004 ; 291 : 1753-62.
PubMed
11) Lat I, McMillian W, Taylor S, et al. The impact of delirium on clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated surgical and trauma patients. Crit Care Med 2009 ; 37 : 1898-905.
PubMed
12) Lin SM, Liu CY, Wang CH, et al. The impact of delirium on the survival of mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 2004 ; 32 : 2254-9.
PubMed
13) Thomason JW, Shintani A, Peterson JF, et al. Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay : a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients. Crit Care 2005 ; 9 : R375-81.
PubMed
14) Balas MC, Happ MB, Yang W, et al. Outcomes associated with delirium in older patients in surgical ICUs. Chest 2009 ; 135 : 18-25.
PubMed
15) Robinson TN, Raeburn CD, Tran ZV, et al. Postoperative delirium in the elderly : risk factors and outcomes. Ann Surg 2009 ; 249 : 173-8.
PubMed
16) Pisani MA, Kong SY, Kasl SV, et al. Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009 ; 180 : 1092-7.
 
17) Gottesman RF, Grega MA, Bailey MM, et al. Delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and late mortality. Ann Neurol 2010 ; 67 : 338-44.
PubMed
18) Francis J, Kapoor WN. Prognosis after hospital discharge of older medical patients with delirium. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992 ; 40 : 601-6.
PubMed
19) van Hemert AM, van der Mast RC, Hengeveld MW, et al. Excess mortality in general hospital patients with delirium : a 5-year follow-up of 519 patients seen in psychiatric consultation. J Psychosom Res 1994 ; 38 : 339-46.
PubMed
20) Rockwood K, Cosway S, Carver D, et al. The risk of dementia and death after delirium. Age Ageing 1999 ; 28 : 551-6.
PubMed
21) McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, et al. Delirium predicts 12-month mortality. Arch Intern Med 2002 ; 162 : 457-63.
PubMed
22) Edelstein DM, Aharonoff GB, Karp A, et al. Effect of postoperative delirium on outcome after hip fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004 ; (422) : 195-200.
PubMed
23) Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, et al. Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med 2010 ; 38 : 1513-20.
PubMed
24) Murray AM, Levkoff SE, Wetle TT, et al. Acute delirium and functional decline in the hospitalized elderly patient. J Gerontol 1993 ; 48 : M181-6.
 
25) Pompei P, Foreman M, Rudberg MA, et al. Delirium in hospitalized older persons : outcomes and predictors. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994 ; 42 : 809-15.
PubMed
26) Inouye SK, Rushing JT, Foreman MD, et al. Does delirium contribute to poor hospital outcomes? A three-site epidemiologic study. J Gen Intern Med 1998 ; 13 : 234-42.
PubMed
27) McCusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N, et al. Delirium in older medical inpatients and subsequent cognitive and functional status : a prospective study. CMAJ 2001 ; 165 : 575-83.
PubMed
28) Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975 ; 12 : 189-98.
 
29) Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional Evaluation : The Barthel Index. Md State Med J 1965 ; 14 : 61-5.
PubMed
30) Fillenbaum G. Multidimensional Functional Assessment : The OARS Methodology-A Manual, 2nd ed, Duke University, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, 1978.
 
31) Lundstrom M, Edlund A, Bucht G, et al. Dementia after delirium in patients with femoral neck fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003 ; 51 : 1002-6.
PubMed
32) Bickel H, Gradinger R, Kochs E, et al. High risk of cognitive and functional decline after postoperative delirium. A three-year prospective study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008 ; 26 : 26-31.
PubMed
33) Kat MG, Vreeswijk R, de Jonghe JF, et al. Long-term cognitive outcome of delirium in elderly hip surgery patients. A prospective matched controlled study over two and a half years. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008 ; 26 : 1-8.
 
34) Papadopoulos MC, Davies DC, Moss RF, et al. Pathophysiology of septic encephalopathy : a review. Crit Care Med 2000 ; 28 : 3019-24.
PubMed
35) Vasilevskis EE, Han JH, Hughes CG, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for delirium across hospital settings. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2012 ; 26 : 277-87.
PubMed
36) Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Wright RJ, et al. Reducing delirium after hip fracture : a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001 ; 49 : 516-22.
 
37) Cole MG, McCusker J, Bellavance F, et al. Systematic detection and multidisciplinary care of delirium in older medical inpatients : a randomized trial. CMAJ 2002 ; 167 : 753-9.
PubMed
38) Kalisvaart KJ, de Jonghe JF, Bogaards MJ, et al. Haloperidol prophylaxis for elderly hip-surgery patients at risk for delirium : a randomized placeb-ocontrolled study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005 ; 53 : 1658-66.
 
39) Liptzin B, Laki A, Garb JL, et al. Donepezil in the prevention and treatment of post-surgical delirium. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005 ; 13 : 1100-6.
PubMed
40) Prakanrattana U, Prapaitrakool S. Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2007 ; 35 : 714-9.
PubMed
41) Gamberini M, Bolliger D, Lurati Buse GA, et al. Rivastigmine for the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery-a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2009 ; 37 : 1762-8.
PubMed
42) Hudetz JA, Patterson KM, Iqbal Z, et al. Ketamine attenuates delirium after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2009 ; 23 : 651-7.
PubMed
43) Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009 ; 373 : 1874-82.
PubMed
44) Larsen KA, Kelly SE, Stern TA, et al. Administration of olanzapine to prevent postoperative delirium in elderly joint-replacement patients : a randomized, controlled trial. Psychosomatics 2010 ; 51 : 409-18.
PubMed
45) Al-Aama T, Brymer C, Gutmanis I, et al. Melatonin decreases delirium in elderly patients : a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011 ; 26 : 687-94.
PubMed
46) Ono H, Taguchi T, Kido Y, et al. The usefulness of bright light therapy for patients after oesophagectomy. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2011 ; 27 : 158-66.
PubMed
47) Siepe M, Pfeiffer T, Gieringer A, et al. Increased systemic perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with less early postoperative cognitive dysfunction and delirium. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011 ; 40 : 200-7.
PubMed
48) Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Van Drom W, et al. The effect of earplugs during the night on the onset of delirium and sleep perception : a randomized controlled trial in intensive care patients. Crit Care 2012 ; 16 : R73.
PubMed
49) Wang W, Li HL, Wang DX, et al. Haloperidol prophylaxis decreases delirium incidence in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery : a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2012 ; 40 : 731-9.
PubMed
50) Cole MG, Primeau FJ, Bailey RF, et al. Systematic intervention for elderly inpatients with delirium : a randomized trial. CMAJ 1994 ; 151 : 965-70.
PubMed
51) Han CS, Kim YK. A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics 2004 ; 45 : 297-301.
PubMed
52) Skrobik YK, Bergeron N, Dumont M, et al. Olanzapine vs haloperidol : treating delirium in a critical care setting. Intensive Care Med 2004 ; 30 : 444-9.
 
53) Reade MC, O'Sullivan K, Bates S, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs. haloperidol in delirious, agitated, intubated patients : a randomised open-label trial. Crit Care 2009 ; 13 : R75.
 
54) Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Carson SS, et al. Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium : the MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2010 ; 38 : 428-37.
PubMed
55) van Eijk MM, Roes KC, Honing ML, et al. Effect of rivastigmine as an adjunct to usual care with haloperidol on duration of delirium and mortality in critically ill patients : a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet 2010 ; 376 : 1829-37.
PubMed
56) Devlin JW, Roberts RJ, Fong JJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium : a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med 2010 ; 38 : 419-27.
PubMed
57) Tahir TA, Eeles E, Karapareddy V, et al. A randomized controlled trial of quetiapine versus placebo in the treatment of delirium. J Psychosom Res 2010 ; 69 : 485-90.
PubMed
58) Kim SW, Yoo JA, Lee SY, et al. Risperidone versus olanzapine for the treatment of delirium. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010 ; 25 : 298-302.
PubMed
59) Grover S, Kumar V, Chakrabarti S. Comparative efficacy study of haloperidol, olanzapine and risperidone in delirium. J Psychosom Res 2011 ; 71 : 277-81.
PubMed
60) Tagarakis GI, Voucharas C, Tsolaki F, et al. Ondansetron versus haloperidol for the treatment of postcardiotomy delirium : a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. J Cardiothorac Surg 2012 ; 7 : 25.
PubMed
61) Hakim SM, Othman AI, Naoum DO. Early treatment with risperidone for subsyndromal delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery in the elderly : a randomized trial. Anesthesiology 2012 ; 116 : 987-97.
PubMed
P.69 掲載の参考文献
1) Shapiro BA, Warren J, Egol AB, et al. Practice parameters for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient : an executive summary. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 1995 ; 23 : 1601-5. PMID : 7664564
 
2) Murray MJ, Cowen J, DeBlock H, et al. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, American College of Chest Physicians. Clinical practice guidelines for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 2002 ; 30 : 142-56. PMID : 11902255
 
3) Chamorro C, Borrallo JM, Romera MA, et al. Anesthesia and analgesia protocol during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest : a systematic review. Anesth Analg 2010 ; 110 : 1328-35. PMID : 20418296
 
4) McCall M, Jeejeebhoy K, Pencharz P, et al. Effect of neuromuscular blockade on energy expenditure in patients with severe head injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003 ; 27 : 27-35. PMID : 12549595
 
5) Osuka A, Uno T, Nakanishi J, et al. Energy expenditure in patients with severe head injury : Controlled normothermia with sedation and neuromuscular blockade. J Crit Care 2012 Jul 24. PMID : 22835423
 
6) Papiris SA, Manali ED, Kolilekas L, et al. Acute severe asthma : new approaches to assessment and treatment. Drugs 2009 ; 69 : 2363-91. PMID : 19911854
 
7) Warr J, Thiboutot Z, Rose L, et al. Current therapeutic uses, pharmacology, and clinical considerations of neuromuscular blocking agents for critically ill adults. Ann Pharmacother 2011 ; 45 : 1116-26. PMID : 21828347
 
8) Hansen-Flaschen JH, Brazinsky S, Basile C, et al. Use of sedating drugs and neuromuscular blocking agents in patients requiring mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. A national survey. JAMA 1991 ; 266 : 2870-5. PMID : 1942456
 
9) MacFarlane IA, Rosenthal FD. Severe myopathy after status asthmaticus. Lancet 1977 ; 2 : 615. PMID : 71437
 
10) Hanson P, Dive A, Brucher JM, et al. Acute corticosteroid myopathy in intensive care patients. Muscle Nerve 1997 ; 20 : 1371-80. PMID : 9342153
 
11) Puthucheary Z, Rawal J, Ratnayake G, et al. Neuromuscular blockade and skeletal muscle weakness in critically ill patients : time to rethink the evidence? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012 ; 185 : 911-7. PMID : 22550208
 
12) Strom T, Martinussen T, Toft P. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation : a randomised trial. Lancet 2010 ; 375 : 475-80. PMID : 20116842
 
13) Gainnier M, Roch A, Forel JM, et al. Effect of neuromuscular blocking agents on gas exchange in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2004 ; 32 : 113-9. PMID : 14707568
 
14) Forel JM, Roch A, Marin V, et al. Neuromuscular blocking agents decrease inflammatory response in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2006 ; 34 : 2749-57. PMID : 16932229
 
15) Papazian L, Forel JM, Gacouin A, et al. Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2010 ; 363 : 1107-16. PMID : 20843245
 
16) Neto AS, Pereira VG, Esposito DC, et al. Neuromuscular blocking agents in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome : a summary of the current evidence from three randomized controlled trials. Ann Intensive Care 2012 ; 2 : 33. PMID : 22835162
 
17) Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. GRADE Working Group. What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ 2008 ; 336 : 995-8. PMID : 18456631
 
18) De Jonghe B, Sharshar T, Lefaucheur JP, et al. Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit : a prospective multicenter study. JAMA 2002 ; 288 : 2859-67. PMID : 12472328
 
19) Garnacho-Montero J, Madrazo-Osuna J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, et al. Critical illness polyneuropathy : risk factors and clinical consequences. A cohort study in septic patients. Intensive Care Med 2001 ; 27 : 1288-96. PMID : 11511941
 
20) Stevens RD, Marshall SA, Cornblath DR, et al. A framework for diagnosing and classifying intensive care unit-acquired weakness. Crit Care Med 2009 ; 37 (10 suppl) : S299-308. PMID : 20046114
 
21) Deem S. Intensive-care-unit-acquired muscle weakness. Respir Care 2006 ; 51 : 1042-52 ; discussion 1052-3. PMID : 16934167
 
22) Zink W, Kollmar R, Schwab S. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in the intensive care unit. Nat Rev Neurol 2009 ; 5 : 372-9. PMID : 19578344
 
23) Vender JS, Szokol JW, Murphy GS, et al. Sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade in sepsis : an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004 ; 32 (11 suppl) : S554-61. PMID : 15542964
 
24) de Jonghe B, Lacherade JC, Sharshar T, et al. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness : risk factors and prevention. Crit Care Med 2009 ; 37 (10 suppl) : S309-15. PMID : 20046115
 
25) Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign : international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock : 2008. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 296-327. PMID : 18158437
 
26) Stevens RD, Dowdy DW, Michaels RK, et al. Neuromuscular dysfunction acquired in critical illness : a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2007 ; 33 : 1876-91. Epub 2007 Jul 17. PMID : 17639340
 
27) Schefold JC, Bierbrauer J, Weber-Carstens S. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) and muscle wasting in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2010 ; 1 : 147-157. PMID : 21475702
 
28) Segredo V, Caldwell JE, Matthay MA, et al. Persistent paralysis in critically ill patients after long-term administration of vecuronium. N Engl J Med 1992 ; 327 : 524-8. PMID : 1353252
 
29) Douglass JA, Tuxen DV, Horne M, et al. Myopathy in severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992 ; 146 : 517-9. PMID : 1362636
 
30) Behbehani NA, Al-Mane F, D'yachkova Y, et al. Myopathy following mechanical ventilation for acute severe asthma : the role of muscle relaxants and corticosteroids. Chest 1999 ; 115 : 1627-31. PMID : 10378560
 
31) Adnet F, Dhissi G, Borron SW, et al. Complication profiles of adult asthmatics requiring paralysis during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2001 ; 27 : 1729-36. PMID : 11810115
 
32) Garnacho-Montero J, Amaya-Villar R, Garcia-Garmendia JL, et al. Effect of critical illness polyneuropathy on the withdrawal from mechanical ventilation and the length of stay in septic patients. Crit Care Med 2005 ; 33 : 349-54. PMID : 15699838
 
33) Puthucheary Z, Hart N, Montgomery H. Neuromuscular blockers and ARDS. N Engl J Med 2010 ; 363 : 2563. PMID : 21175320
 
34) Rudis MI, Sikora CA, Angus E, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation of peripheral nerve stimulation versus standard clinical dosing of neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1997 ; 25 : 575-83. PMID : 9142020
 
35) Mehta S, Burry L, Fischer S, et al. Canadian survey of the use of sedatives, analgesics, and neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006 ; 34 : 374-80. PMID : 16424717
 
36) Lofberg E, Gutierrez A, Wernerman J, et al. Effects of high doses of glucocorticoids on free amino acids, ribosomes and protein turnover in human muscle. Eur J Clin Invest 2002 ; 32 : 345-53. PMID : 12027875
 
37) Kesler SM, Sprenkle MD, David WS, et al. Severe weakness complicating status asthmaticus despite minimal duration of neuromuscular paralysis. Intensive Care Med 2009 ; 35 : 157-60. PMID : 18807012
 
38) Leatherman JW, Fluegel WL, David WS, et al. Muscle weakness in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996 ; 153 : 1686-90. PMID : 8630621
 
39) Naguib M, Flood P, McArdle JJ, et al. Advances in neurobiology of the neuromuscular junction : implications for the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology 2002 ; 96 : 202-31. PMID : 11753022
 
40) Price D, Kenyon NJ, Stollenwerk N. A fresh look at paralytics in the critically ill : real promise and real concern. Ann Intensive Care 2012 ; 2 : 43. PMID : 23062076
 
P.78 掲載の参考文献
1) Desbiens NA, Wu AW, Broste SK, et al. Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized adults : findings from the SUPPORT research investigations. For the SUPPORT investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment. Crit Care Med 1996 ; 24 : 1953-61.
PubMed
2) 日本呼吸療法医学会人工呼吸中の鎮静ガイドライン作成委員会 : 人工呼吸中の鎮静のためのガイドライン. http://square.umin.ac.jp/jrcm/contents/guide/page03.html
 
3) Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awaking and Breathing Controlled trial) : a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2008 ; 371 : 126-34.
 
4) American Thoracic Society ; Infectious Diseases Society of America : Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005 ; 171 : 388-416.
 
5) Jones C, Griffiths RD, Humphris G, et al. Memory, delusions, and the development of acute posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms after intensive care. Crit Care Med 2001 ; 29 : 573-80.
PubMed
6) Pandharipande P, Shintani A, Peterson J, et al. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology 2006 ; 104 : 21-6.
PubMed
7) Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale : validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 ; 166 : 1338-44.
PubMed
8) Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, et al. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1999 ; 27 : 2609-15.
PubMed
9) Ramsay MA, Savege TM, Simpson BR, et al. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. BMJ 1974 ; 2 : 656-9.
PubMed
10) De Jonghe B, Bastuji-Garin S, Fangio P, et al. Sedation algorithm in critically ill patients without acute brain injury. Crit Care Med 2005 ; 33 : 120-7.
PubMed
11) Bucknall TK, Manias E, Presneill JJ. A randomized trial of protocol-directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 1444-50.
 
12) Pronovost PJ, Angus DC, Dorman T, et al. Physician staffing patterns and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients : a systematic review. JAMA 2002 ; 288 : 2151-6.
PubMed
13) Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 1471-77.
 
14) Mehta S, Burry L, Martinez-Motta JC, et al. A randomized trial of daily awakening in critically ill patients managed with a sedation protocol : a pilot trial. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 2092-99.
PubMed
15) Riker RR, Picard JT, Fraser GL, et al. Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1999 ; 27 : 1325-9.
PubMed
16) Strom T, Martinussen T, Toft P. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation : a randomized trial. Lancet 2010 ; 375 : 475-80.
 
17) de Wit M, Gennings C, Jenvey WI, et al. Randomized trial comparing daily interruption of sedation and nursing-implemented sedation algorithm in medical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care 2008 ; 12 : R70.
PubMed
18) Kress JP, Pohlman AS, Hall JB. Sedation and analgesia in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 ; 166 : 1024-8.
PubMed
19) Augustes R, Ho KM. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on daily sedation interruption for critically ill adult patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011 ; 39 : 401-9.
PubMed
20) Anifantaki S, Prinianakis G, Vitsaksaki E, et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in an adult medical-surgical intensive care unit : randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs 2009 ; 65 : 1054-60.
 
21) Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D, et al. Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol. JAMA 2012 ; 308 : e1-e8.
 
22) Jackson JC, Girard TD, Gordon SM, et al. Long-term cognitive and psychological outcomes in the awakening and breathing controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010 ; 182 : 183-91.
PubMed
23) Kress JP, Gehlbach B, Lacy M, et al. The long-term psychological effects of daily sedative interruption on critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 ; 168 : 1457-61.
 
24) Treggiari MM, Romand JA, Yanez ND, et al. Randomized trial of light versus deep sedation on mental health after critical illness. Crit Care Med 2009 ; 37 : 2527-34.
PubMed
25) Storm T, Stylsvig M, Toft P. Long-term psychological effects of a no-sedation protocol in critically ill patients. Critical Care 2011 ; 15 : R293.
 
26) Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients. : a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2009 ; 373 : 1874-82.
PubMed
27) Malacarne P, Langer M, Nascimben E, et al. Italian Group for the Evaluation of Interventions in Intensive Care Medicine. Building a continuous multicenter infection surveillance system in the intensive care unit : findings from the initial data set of 9,493 patients from 71 Italian intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 1105-13.
 
28) Nseir S, Malris D, Mathieu D, et al. Intensive care unit-acquired as a side effect of sedation. Crit Care 2010 ; 14 : R30.
 
29) Jackson DL, Proudfoot CW, Cann KF, et al. A systematic review of the impact of sedation practice in the ICU on resource use, costs and patient safety. Crit Care 2010 ; 14 : R59.
PubMed
30) Patel SB, Kress JP. Sedation and analgesia in the mechanically ventilated patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012 ; 185 : 486-97.
PubMed

呼吸

P.86 掲載の参考文献
1) Ware LB, Matthay MA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. New Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 1334-49.
PubMed
2) Tobin MJ. Advances in mechanical ventilation. New Engl J Med 2001 ; 344 : 1986-96.
PubMed
3) Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C, et al. Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome : a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999 ; 282 : 54-61.
PubMed
4) Grasso S, Mascia L, Del Turco M, et al. Effects of recruiting maneuvers in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilated with protective ventilatory strategy. Anesthesiology 2002 ; 96 : 795-802.
PubMed
5) Fan E, Wilcox ME, Brower RG, et al. Recruitment maneuvers for acute lung injury : a systematic review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008 ; 178 : 1156-63.
PubMed
6) Pelosi P, Cadringher P, Bottino N, et al. Sigh in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999 ; 159 : 872-80.
PubMed
7) Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Cressoni M, et al. Lung recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. New Engl J Med 2006 ; 354 : 1775-86.
PubMed
8) Borges JB, Okamoto VN, Matos GF, et al. Reversibility of lung collapse and hypoxemia in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 ; 174 : 268-78.
PubMed
9) Lim CM, Jung H, Koh Y, et al. Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy, etiological category of diffuse lung injury, and body position of the patient. Crit Care Med 2003 ; 31 : 411-8.
 
10) Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, et al. Effect of a protective ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. New Engl J Med 1998 ; 338 : 347-54.
PubMed
11) Villar J, Kacmarek RM, Perez-Mendez L, et al. A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome : a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2006 ; 34 : 1311-8.
PubMed
12) Grasso S, Mascia L, Del Turco M, et al. Effects of recruiting maneuvers in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilated with protective ventilatory strategy. Anesthesiology 2002 ; 96 : 795-802.
PubMed
13) Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Suter PM, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease : different syndromes? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 ; 158 : 3-11.
PubMed
14) Girgis K, Hamed H, Khater Y, et al, A decremental PEEP trial identifies the PEEP level that maintains oxygenation after lung recruitment. Respir Care 2006 ; 51 : 1132-9.
PubMed
15) Hodgson CL, Tuxen DV, Davies AR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an open lung strategy with staircase recruitment, titrated PEEP and targeted low airway pressures in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care 2011 ; 15 : R133.
 
16) Brower RG, Lanken PN, Maclntyre N, et al. Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. New Engl J Med 2004 ; 351 : 327-36.
 
17) Meade MO, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, et al. Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome : a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008 ; 299 : 637-45.
PubMed
18) Mercat A, Richard JCM, Vielle B, et al. Positive endexpiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome : a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008 ; 299 : 646-55.
 
19) Briel M, Meade M, Mercat A, et al. Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome : systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2010 ; 303 : 865-73.
PubMed
20) Putensen C, Theuerkauf N, Zinserling J, et al. Metaanalysis : ventilation strategies and outcomes of the acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. Ann Intern Med 2009 ; 151 : 566-76.
 
21) Oba Y, Thameem DM, Zaza T. High levels of PEEP may improve survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome : a meta-analysis. Respir Med 2009 ; 103 : 1174-81.
PubMed
22) Crotti S, Mascheroni D, Caironi P, et al. Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure : a clinical study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 ; 164 : 131-40.
PubMed
23) Pelosi P, Goldner M, McKibben A, et al. Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure : an experimental study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 ; 164 : 122-30.
PubMed
24) Talmor D, Sarge T, Malhotra A, et al. Mechanical ventilation guided by esophageal pressure in acute lung injury. New Engl J Med 2008 ; 359 : 2095-104.
PubMed
25) Phoenix SI, Paravastu S, Columb M, et al. Does a higher positive end expiratory pressure decrease mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome? : a Paravastu systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 2009 ; 110 : 1098-105.
PubMed
26) Dasenbrook EC, Needham DM, Brower RG, et al. Higher PEEP in patients with acute lung injury : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Care 2011 ; 56 : 568-75.
PubMed
P.96 掲載の参考文献
1) Wunsch H, et al. The epidemiology of mechanical ventilation use in the United States. Crit Care Med 2010 ; 38 : 1947-53.
PubMed
2) Esteban A, et al. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation : a 28-day international study. JAMA 2002 ; 287 : 345-55.
 
3) Epstein SK, Ciubotaru RL, Wong JB. Effect of failed extubation on the outcome of mechanical ventilation. Chest 1997 ; 112 : 186-92.
PubMed
4) Boles JM, et al. Weaning from mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 2007 ; 29 : 1033-56.
PubMed
5) McConville JF, Kress JP. Weaning patients from the ventilator. N Engl J Med 2012 ; 367 : 2233-9.
PubMed
6) MacIntyre NR, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support : a collective task force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians ; the American Association for Respiratory Care ; and the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 2001 ; 120 (6 suppl) : 375S-95S.
 
7) Esteban A, et al. A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1995 ; 332 : 345-50.
 
8) Brochard L, et al. Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994 ; 150 : 896-903.
PubMed
9) Tomlinson JR, et al. A prospective comparison of IMV and T-piece weaning from mechanical ventilation. Chest 1989 ; 96 : 348-52.
 
10) Gnanapandithan K, et al. Weaning by gradual pressure support (PS) reduction without an initial spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) versus PS-supported SBT : a pilot study. Rev Port Pneumol 2011 ; 17 : 244-52.
PubMed
11) Butler R, et al. Is there a preferred technique for weaning the difficult-to-wean patient? A systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 1999 ; 27 : 2331-6.
 
12) Esen F, et al. Comparison of pressure support ventilation (PSV) and intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) during weaning in patients with acute respiratory failure. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992 ; 317 : 371-6.
PubMed
13) Jounieaux V, Duran A, Levi-Valensi P. Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with and without pressure support ventilation in weaning patients with COPD from mechanical ventilation. Chest 1994 ; 105 : 1204-10.
PubMed
14) Ma YM, Liu YN, Pan L. [The effect of spontaneous breathing trial on weaning from ventilators]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2010 ; 33 : 179-82.
PubMed
15) Ma YJ, et al. [Comparison of computer-driven weaning and physician-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation : a randomized prospective study]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2010 ; 33 : 174-8.
PubMed
16) Grigolia GN, et al. [Transition of patients to spontaneous respiration after a prolonged mechanical ventilation with the involvement of various methods of auxiliary ventilation]. Georgian Med News 2006 ; 141 : 7-10.
PubMed
17) Cekmen N, Erdemli O. The comparison of the effects of T-piece and CPAP on hemodynamic parameters, arterial blood gases and success of weaning. Bratisl Lek Listy 2011 ; 112 : 512-6.
PubMed
18) Jones DP, et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure vs T-piece. Extubation after mechanical ventilation. Chest 1991 ; 100 : 1655-9.
PubMed
19) Esteban A, et al. Extubation outcome after spontaneous breathing trials with T-tube or pressure support ventilation. The Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 ; 156 : 459-65.
 
20) Haberthur C, et al. Extubation after breathing trials with automatic tube compensation, T-tube, or pressure support ventilation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002 ; 46 : 973-9.
PubMed
21) Matic I, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and weaning of difficult-to-wean patients from mechanical ventilation : randomized prospective study. Croat Med J 2007 ; 48 : 51-8.
PubMed
22) Matic I, Majeric-Kogler V. Comparison of pressure support and T-tube weaning from mechanical ventilation : randomized prospective study. Croat Med J 2004 ; 45 : 162-6.
 
23) Cohen JD, et al. Extubation outcome following a spontaneous breathing trial with automatic tube compensation versus continuous positive airway pressure. Crit Care Med 2006 ; 34 : 682-6.
PubMed
24) Figueroa-Casas, JB., et al. Comparison between automatic tube compensation and continuous positive airway pressure during spontaneous breathing trials. Respir Care 2010 ; 55 : 549-54.
PubMed
25) Cohen J, et al. Prediction of extubation outcome : a randomised, controlled trial with automatic tube compensation vs. pressure support ventilation. Crit Care 2009 ; 13 : R21.
PubMed
26) Esteban A, et al. Effect of spontaneous breathing trial duration on outcome of attempts to discontinue mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999 ; 159 : 512-8.
 
27) Koh Y, et al. Effect of an additional 1-hour T-piece trial on weaning outcome at minimal pressure support. J Crit Care 2000 ; 15 : 41-5.
 
28) Perren A, et al. Protocol-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation : clinical outcome in patients randomized for a 30-min or 120-min trial with pressure support ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2002 ; 28 : 1058-63.
PubMed
29) Taniguchi C, et al. Automatic versus manual pressure support reduction in the weaning of post-operative patients : a randomised controlled trial. Crit Care 2009 ; 13 : R6.
PubMed
30) Molina-Saldarriaga FJ, et al. [Spontaneous breathing trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) versus T-piece]. Med Intensiva 34 : 453-8.
PubMed
31) Blackwood B, et al. Use of weaning protocols for reducing duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients : Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011 ; 342 : c7237.
PubMed
32) East TD, et al. Efficacy of computerized decision support for mechanical ventilation : results of a prospective multi-center randomized trial. Proc AMIA Symp, 1999 ; 251-5.
PubMed
33) McKinley BA, et al. Computerized decision support for mechanical ventilation of trauma induced ARDS : results of a randomized clinical trial. J Trauma 2001 ; 50 : 415-24 ; discussion 425.
 
34) Lellouche F, et al. A multicenter randomized trial of computer-driven protocolized weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 ; 174 : 894-900.
PubMed
35) Schadler D, et al. Automatic control of pressure support for ventilator weaning in surgical intensive care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012 ; 185 : 637-44.
PubMed
36) Chaiwat O, et al. Protocol-directed vs. physician-directed weaning from ventilator in intra-abdominal surgical patients. J Med Assoc Thai 2010 ; 93 : 930-6.
PubMed
37) Roh JH, et al. A weaning protocol administered by critical care nurses for the weaning of patients from mechanical ventilation. J Crit Care 2012 ; 27 : 549-55.
PubMed
38) Krishnan JA. et al. A prospective, controlled trial of a protocol-based strategy to discontinue mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 ; 169 : 673-8.
PubMed
39) Rose L, et al. A randomised, controlled trial of conventional versus automated weaning from mechanical ventilation using SmartCare/PS. Intensive Care Med 2008 ; 34 : 1788-95.
 
40) Strickland JH Jr, Hasson JH. A computer-controlled ventilator weaning system. A clinical trial. Chest 1993 ; 103 : 1220-6.
PubMed
41) Ely EW, et al. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 1996 ; 335 : 1864-9.
PubMed
42) Kollef MH, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of protocol-directed versus physician-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1997 ; 25 : 567-74.
PubMed
43) Marelich GP, et al. Protocol weaning of mechanical ventilation in medical and surgical patients by respiratory care practitioners and nurses : effect on weaning time and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2000 ; 118 : 459-67.
PubMed
44) Namen AM, et al. Predictors of successful extubation in neurosurgical patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 ; 163 : 658-64.
PubMed
45) Simeone F, et al. Optimization of mechanical ventilation support following cardiac surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2002 ; 43 : 633-41.
PubMed
46) Navalesi P, et al. Rate of reintubation in mechanically ventilated neurosurgical and neurologic patients : evaluation of a systematic approach to weaning and extubation. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 2986-92.
PubMed
47) Stahl C, Dahmen G, Ziegler A, et al. Protocolised automated versus non-protocolised physiciandirected weaning from mechanical ventilation : a controlled clinical trial. Intensivmed Prax 2009 ; 46 : 441-6.
 
48) Piotto RF, et al. Effects of the use of mechanical ventilation weaning protocol in the Coronary Care Unit : randomized study. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2011 ; 26 : 213-21.
PubMed
49) Jiang H, S. Y. Yu, and L. W. Wang [Comparison of SmartCare and spontaneous breathing trials for weaning old patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2006 ; 29 : 545-8.
 
P.102 掲載の参考文献
1) Porhomayon J, El-Solh AA, Nader ND. Applications of airway pressure release ventilation. Lung 2010 ; 188 : 87-96. Epub 2010 Jan 5. Review. PubMed PMID : 20049471.
 
2) Stock MC, Downs JB, Frolicher DA. Airway pressure release ventilation. Crit Care Med 1987 ; 15 : 462-6. PubMed PMID : 3552443.
 
3) Myers TR, MacIntyre NR. Respiratory controversies in the critical care setting. Does airway pressure release ventilation offer important new advantages in mechanical ventilator support? Respir Care 2007 ; 52 : 452-8 ; discussion 458-60. PubMed PMID : 17417979.
 
4) Maxwell RA, Green JM, Waldrop J, et al. A randomized prospective trial of airway pressure release ventilation and low tidal volume ventilation in adult trauma patients with acute respiratory failure. J Trauma 2010 ; 69 : 501-10 ; discussion 511. PubMed PMID : 20838119.
 
5) Varpula T, Valta P, Markkola A, et al. The effects of ventilatory mode on lung aeration assessed with computer tomography : a randomized controlled study. J Intensive Care Med 2009 ; 24 : 122-30. PubMed PMID : 19188272.
 
6) Zhang NX, Qin YZ, Xu L, et al. [Clinical comparative study of airway pressure release ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure ventilation]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2005 ; 17 : 481-3. Chinese. PubMed PMID : 16105427.
 
7) Uyar M, Demirag K, Olgun E, et al. Comparison of oxygen cost of breathing between pressure-support ventilation and airway pressure release ventilation. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005 ; 33 : 218-22. PubMed PMID : 15960404.
 
8) Varpula T, Valta P, Niemi R, et al. Airway pressure release ventilation as a primary ventilatory mode in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004 ; 48 : 722-31. PubMed PMID : 15196105.
 
9) Varpula T, Jousela I, Niemi R, et al. Combined effects of prone positioning and airway pressure release ventilation on gas exchange in patients with acute lung injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003 ; 47 : 516-24. PubMed PMID : 12699507.
 
10) Putensen C, Zech S, Wrigge H, et al. Long-term effects of spontaneous breathing during ventilatory support in patients with acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 ; 164 : 43-9. PubMed PMID : 11435237.
 
11) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 1301-8. PubMed PMID : 10793162.
 
12) Maung AA, Schuster KM, Kaplan LJ, et al. Compared to conventional ventilation, airway pressure release ventilation may increase ventilator days in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012 ; 73 : 507-10. PubMed PMID : 23019679.
 
13) Liu L, Tanigawa K, Ota K, et al. Practical use of airway pressure release ventilation for severe ARDS -a preliminary report in comparison with a conventional ventilatory support. Hiroshima J Med Sci 2009 ; 58 (4) : 83-8. PubMed PMID : 20349751.
 
14) Gonzalez M, Arroliga AC, Frutos-Vivar F, et al. Airway pressure release ventilation versus assist-control ventilation : a comparative propensity score and international cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2010 ; 36 : 817-27. PubMed PMID : 20229042.
 
P.111 掲載の参考文献
1) Frutos-Vivar F, Nin N, Esteban A. Epidemiology of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004 ; 10 : 1-6.
PubMed
2) Estenssoro E, Dubin A, Laffaire E, et al. Incidence, clinical course, and outcome in 217 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2002 ; 30 : 2450-6.
PubMed
3) Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, et al. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation : a 28-day international study. JAMA 2002 ; 287 : 345-55.
 
4) Zaccardelli DS, Pattishall EN. Clinical diagnostic criteria of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1996 ; 24 : 247-51.
PubMed
5) Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, et al. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967 ; 2 : 319-23.
PubMed
6) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 1301-8.
PubMed
7) Stapleton RD, Wang BM, Hudson LD, et al. Causes and timing of death in patients with ARDS. Chest 2005 ; 128 : 525-32.
PubMed
8) Davidson TA, Caldwell ES, Curtis JR, et al. Reduced quality of life in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome compared with critically ill control patients. JAMA 1999 ; 281 : 354-60.
PubMed
9) Davey-Quinn A, Gedney JA, Whiteley SM, et al. Extravascular lung water and acute respiratory distress syndrome-oxygenation and outcome. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999 ; 27 : 357-62.
PubMed
10) Phua J, Badia JR, Adhikari NK, et al. Has mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome decreased over time? : A systematic review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009 ; 179 : 220-7.
 
11) Peek GJ, Elbourne D, Mugford M, et al. Randomised controlled trial and parallel economic evaluation of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR). Health Technol Assess 2010 ; 14 : 1-46.
PubMed
12) Peek GJ, Clemens F, Elbourne D, et al. CESAR : conventional ventilatory support vs extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure. BMC Health Serv Res 2006 ; 6 : 163.
PubMed
13) 讃井將満 : ARDSに対する非人工呼吸療法, 薬物療法を中心に : 過去, 現在, 未来- (3) ECMO, PCPSなどの体外循環. INTENSIVIST 2009 ; 1 : 91-95.
 
14) Lim MW. The history of extracorporeal oxygenators. Anaesthesia 2006 ; 61 : 984-95.
PubMed
15) Konstantinov IE, Alexi-Meskishvili VV. Sergei S. Brukhonenko : the development of the first heart-lung machine for total body perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg 2000 ; 69 : 962-6.
 
16) Wylie WD, Churchill-Davidson HC. A Practice of Anaesthesia, 3rd ed, Lloyd-Luke, London, 1972, 691-715.
 
17) Von Frey M, Gruber M. Untersuchungen uber den Stoffwechselisolierter Organe. Ein respirations-apparat fur isoisolierte organe. Virchow's Arch Physiol 1885 ; 9 : 519-32.
 
18) 新見能成監訳. 人工心肺-その原理と実際-MEDSI, 東京, 2010, 18-23.
 
19) Hill JD, O'Brien TG, Murray JJ, et al. Prolonged extracorporeal oxygenation for acute post-traumatic respiratory failure (shock-lung syndrome). Use of the Bramson membrane lung. N Engl J Med 1972 ; 286 : 629-34.
 
20) Zapol WM, Snider MT, Hill JD, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure. A randomized prospective study. JAMA 1979 ; 242 : 2193-6.
PubMed
21) Morris AH, Wallace CJ, Menlove RL, et al. Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994 ; 149 : 295-305.
PubMed
22) Brogan TV, Thiagarajan RR, Rycus PT, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults with severe respiratory failure : a multi-center database. Intensive Care Med 2009 ; 35 : 2105-14. Epub 2009 Sep 22.
 
23) International consensus conferences in intensive care medicine : Ventilator-associated Lung Injury in ARDS. This official conference report was cosponsored by the American Thoracic Society, The European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, and The Societe de Reanimation de Langue Francaise, and was approved by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999 ; 160 : 2118-24.
 
24) Rouby JJ, Brochard L. Tidal recruitment and overinflation in acute respiratory distress syndrome : yin and yang. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007 ; 175 : 104-6.
PubMed
25) Gajic O, Dara SI, Mendez JL, et al. Ventilator-associated lung injury in patients without acute lung injury at the onset of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2004 ; 32 : 1817-24.
PubMed
26) Gattinoni L, Pesenti A. The concept of "baby lung". Intensive Care Med 2005 ; 31 : 776-84.
PubMed
27) Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Avalli L, et al. Pressure-volume curve of total respiratory system in acute respiratory failure. Computed tomographic scan study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987 ; 136 : 730-6.
PubMed
28) Sugiura M, McCulloch PR, Wren S, et al. Ventilator pattern influences neutrophil influx and activation in atelectasis-prone rabbit lung. J Appl Physiol 1994 ; 77 : 1355-65.
 
29) Muscedere JG, Mullen JB, Gan K, et al. Tidal ventilation at low airway pressures can augment lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994 ; 149 : 1327-34.
PubMed
30) Gajic O, Dara SI, Mendez JL, et al. Ventilator-associated lung injury in patients without acute lung injury at the onset of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2004 ; 32 : 1817-24.
PubMed
31) The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 1301-8.
PubMed
32) Tuxen DV. Permissive hypercapnic ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994 ; 150 : 870-4.
PubMed
33) Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, et al. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998 ; 338 : 347-54.
PubMed
34) Villar J, Kacmarek RM, Perez-Mendez L, et al. A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome : a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2006 ; 34 : 1311-8.
PubMed
35) http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01470703?term=EOLIA&rank=1
 
36) http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/ppg/PD2010_028.pdf
 
37) REVA organization, SDRA liea la grippe A (H1N1) -2009, Recommandations pour l'assistance respiratoire ; 2009. http://www.srlf.org/rc/org/srlf/htm/Article/2011/20110903-134333-752/src/htm_fullText/fr/20090927_REVAGRIP_SDRA_grippe_A_H1N1_Recommandations_assistance_respiratoire.pdf. [Accessed 15 September 2011]
 
38) Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Caspani ML, et al. The role of total static lung compliance in the management of severe ARDS unresponsive to conventional treatment. Intensive Care Med 1984 ; 10 : 121-6.
PubMed
39) Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Mascheroni D, et al. Low-frequency positive-pressure ventilation with extracorporeal CO2 removal in severe acute respiratory failure. JAMA 1986 ; 256 : 881-6.
PubMed
40) Egan TM, Duffin J, Glynn MF, et al. Ten-year experience with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure. Chest 1988 ; 94 : 681-7.
PubMed
41) Wagner PK, Knoch M, Sangmeister C, et al. Extracorporeal gas exchange in adult respiratory distress syndrome : associated morbidity and its surgical treatment. Br J Surg 1990 ; 77 : 1395-8.
PubMed
42) Brunet F, Belghith M, Mira JP, et al. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal and low-frequency positive-pressure ventilation. Improvement in arterial oxygenation with reduction of risk of pulmonary barotrauma in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 1993 ; 104 : 889-98.
PubMed
43) Brunet F, Mira JP, Belghith M, et al. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal technique improves oxygenation without causing overinflation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994 ; 149 : 1557-62.
PubMed
44) Guinard N, Beloucif S, Gatecel C, et al. Interest of a therapeutic optimization strategy in severe ARDS. Chest 1997 ; 111 : 1000-7.
PubMed
45) Peek GJ, Moore HM, Moore N, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult respiratory failure. Chest 1997 ; 112 : 759-64.
PubMed
46) Lewandowski K, Rossaint R, Pappert D, et al. High survival rate in 122 ARDS patients managed according to a clinical algorithm including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Intensive Care Med 1997 ; 23 : 819-35.
PubMed
47) Ullrich R, Lorber C, Roder G, et al. Anesthesiology. Controlled airway pressure therapy, nitric oxide inhalation, prone position, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as components of an integrated approach to ARDS 1999 ; 91 : 1577-86.
PubMed
48) Mols G, Loop T, Geiger K, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation : a ten-year experience. Am J Surg 2000 ; 180 : 144-54.
 
49) Linden V, Palmer K, Reinhard J, et al. High survival in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome treated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, minimal sedation, and pressure supported ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2000 ; 26 : 1630-7.
PubMed
50) Liebold A, Reng CM, Philipp A, et al. Pumpless extracorporeal lung assist -experience with the first 20 cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000 ; 17 : 608-13.
PubMed
51) Frenckner B, Palmer P, Linden V. Extracorporeal respiratory support and minimally invasive ventilation in severe ARDS. Minerva Anesthesiol 2002 ; 68 : 381-6.
 
52) Hemmila MR, Rowe SA, Boules TN, et al. Extracorporeal life support for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. Ann Surg 2004 ; 240 : 595-605 ; discussion 605-7.
 
53) Cordell-Smith JA, Roberts N, Peek GJ, et al. Traumatic lung injury treated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Injury 2006 ; 37 : 29-32.
PubMed
54) Australia and New Zealand Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ANZ ECMO) Influenza Investigators, Davies A, Jones D, Bailey M, et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA 2009 ; 302 : 1888-95.
PubMed
55) Helviz Y, Einav S, Biderman P, et al. The timing to initiate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pH1N1 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2010 ; 38 : 2427-8 ; author reply 2428.
 
56) Mikkelsen ME, Woo YJ, Sager JS, et al. Outcomes using extracorporeal life support for adult respiratory failure due to status asthmaticus. ASAIO J 2009 ; 55 : 47-52.
PubMed
57) Maggio P, Hemmila M, Haft J, et al. Extracorporeal life support for massive pulmonary embolism. J Trauma 2007 ; 62 : 570-6.
PubMed
58) Haneya A, Philipp A, Mueller T, et al. Extracorporeal circulatory systems as a bridge to lung transplantation at remote transplant centers. Ann Thorac Surg 2011 ; 91 : 250-5.
PubMed
59) 方山真朱, 熊澤淳史, 大江恭司ほか. H1N1インフルエンザによる重症肺炎に対し膜型人工肺を用い救命した1例. 日集中医誌 2011 ; 18 ; 405-9
 
60) ANZIC Influenza Investigators, Webb SA, Pettila V, Seppelt I, et al. Critical care services and 2009 H1N1 influenza in Australia and New Zealand. N Engl J Med 2009 ; 361 : 1925-34.
PubMed
61) Viasus D, Pano-Pardo JR, Pachon J, et al. Pneumonia complicating pandemic (H1N1) 2009 : risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes. Medicine 2011 ; 90 : 328-36.
PubMed
62) Park PK, Dalton HJ, Bartlett RH. Point : Efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 2009 influenza A (H1N1) : sufficient evidence? Chest 2010 ; 138 : 776-8.
PubMed
63) World Health Organization. Human infection with new influenza A (H1N1) virus : clinical observations from Mexico and other affected countries, May 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 ; 84 : 185-9.
 
64) Writing Committee of the WHO Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza, Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al. Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. N Engl J Med 2010 ; 362 : 1708-19.
PubMed
65) Louie JK, Acosta M, Winter K, et al. Factors associated with death or hospitalization due to pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection in California. JAMA 2009 ; 302 : 1896-902.
 
66) Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, et al. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April-June 2009. N Engl J Med 2009 ; 361 : 1935-44.
PubMed
67) Perez-Padilla R, de la Rosa-Zamboni D, Ponce de Leon S, et al. Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. N Engl J Med 2009 ; 361 : 680-9.
PubMed
68) Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Pinto R, et al. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection in Canada. JAMA 2009 ; 302 : 1872-9.
PubMed
69) Chowell G, Bertozzi SM, Colchero MA, et al. Severe respiratory disease concurrent with the circulation of H1N1 influenza. N Engl J Med 2009 ; 361 : 674-9.
PubMed
70) Dominguez-Cherit G, Lapinsky SE, Macias AE, et al. Critically Ill patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. JAMA 2009 ; 302 : 1880-7.
PubMed
71) Noah MA, Peek GJ, Finney SJ, et al. Referral to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center and mortality among patients with severe 2009 influenza A (H1N1). JAMA 2011 ; 306 : 1659-68.
 
72) Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ECMO Registry Report of the ELSO : International Summary. ELSO, Ann Arbor, Michigan ; January 2012 http://www.elso.med.umich.edu/DataRequests.html
 
73) Bisdas T, Beutel G, Warnecke G, et al. Vascular complications in patients undergoing femoral cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Ann Thorac Surg 2011 ; 92 : 626-31.
PubMed
74) 中谷武嗣 : レジストリー. 新版経皮的人工心肺補助法 : PCPSの最前線, 松田暉監修, 秀潤社, 東京, 2004, 141-8
 
75) Combes A, Leprince P, Luyt CE, et al. Outcomes and long-term quality-of-life of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 1404-11.
PubMed
76) Zimmermann M, Bein T, Arlt M, et al. Pumpless extracorporeal interventional lung assist in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome : a prospective pilot study. Crit Care 2009 ; 13 : R10.
PubMed
77) Pipeling MR, Fan E. Therapies for refractory hypoxemia in acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 2010 ; 304 : 2521-7.
PubMed
78) 藤倉一郎. 人工心肺の発達史. 人工臓器 1972 ; 1 (2)
 
79) up to date. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adults
 
80) Bartlett RH, Gattinoni L. Current status of extracorporeal life support (ECMO) for cardiopulmonary failure. Minerva Anesthesiol 2010 ; 76 : 534-40.
 
81) Murray JF, Matthay MA, Luce JM, et al. An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988 ; 138 : 720-3.
PubMed
82) Brodie D, Bacchetta M. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for ARDS in adults. N Engl J Med 2011 ; 365 : 1905-14.
PubMed
P.124 掲載の参考文献
1) De Jonghe B, Sharshar T, Lefaucheur JP, et al. Groupe de Reflexion et d' Etude des Neuromyopathies en Reanimation. Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit : a prospective multicenter study. JAMA 2002 ; 288 : 2859-67.
 
2) Weinert CR, Calvin AD. Epidemiology of sedation and sedation adequacy for mechanically ventilated patients in a medical and surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2007 ; 35 : 393-401.
 
3) Goldhill DR, Badacsonyi A, Goldhill AA, et al. A prospective observational study of ICU patient position and frequency of turning. Anaesthesia 2008 ; 63 : 509-15.
PubMed
4) Dock W. The evil sequelae of complete bed rest. JAMA 1944 ; 125 : 1083-5.
 
5) Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, et al. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003 ; 348 : 683-93.
PubMed
6) Truong AD, Fan E, Brower RG, et al. Bench-to-bedside review : mobilizing patients in the intensive care unit -from pathophysiology to clinical trials. Crit Care 2009 ; 13 : 216.
PubMed
7) Garnacho-Montero J, Amaya-Villar R, Garcia-Garmendia JL, et al. Effect of critical illness polyneuropathy on the withdrawal from mechanical ventilation and the length of stay in septic patients. Crit Care Med 2005 ; 33 : 349-54.
PubMed
8) Nanas S, Kritikos K, Angelopoulos E, et al. Predisposing factors for critical illness polyneuro-myopathy in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Acta Neurol Scand 2008 ; 118 : 175-81.
 
9) Combes A, Costa MA, Trouillet JL, et al. Morbidity, mortality, and quality-of-life outcomes of patients requiring > or=14 days of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2003 ; 31 : 1373-81.
PubMed
10) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 1301-8.
PubMed
11) Zilberberg MD, Epstein SK. Acute lung injury in the medical ICU : Comorbid conditions, age, etiology, and hospital outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 ; 157 : 1159-64.
PubMed
12) Schweickert W, Kress J. Implementing early mobilization interventions in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. Chest 2011 ; 140 : 1612-7.
PubMed
13) Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matte A, et al. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2011 ; 364 : 1293-304.
PubMed
14) Stiller K. Physiotherapy in intensive care : towards an evidence-based practice. Chest 2000 ; 118 : 1801-13.
PubMed
15) Kopterides P, Siempos II, Armaganidis A. Prone positioning in hypoxemic respiratory failure : meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Crit Care 2009 ; 24 : 89-100.
PubMed
16) Alsaghir AH, Martin CM. Effect of prone positioning in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome : a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 603-9.
PubMed
17) Tiruvoipati R, Bangash M, Manktelow B, et al. Efficacy of prone ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure : a meta-analysis. J Crit Care 2008 ; 23 : 101-10.
PubMed
18) Alexiou VG, Ierodiakonou V, Dimopoulos G, et al. Impact of patient position on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia : a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Crit Care 2009 ; 24 : 515-22.
PubMed
19) Bailey P, Thomsen GE, Spuhler VJ, et al. Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Crit Care Med 2007 ; 35 : 139-45.
PubMed
20) Pohlman MC, Schweickert WD, Pohlman AS, et al. Feasibility of physical and occupational therapy beginning from initiation of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2010 ; 38 : 2089-94.
PubMed
21) Burtin C, Clerckx B, Robbeets C, et al. Early exercise in critically ill patients enhances short-term functional recovery. Crit Care Med 2009 ; 37 : 2499-505.
PubMed
22) Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients : a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009 ; 373 : 1874-82.
PubMed
23) Morris PE, Goad A, Thompson C, et al. Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 2238-43.
PubMed
24) Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004 ; 291 : 1753-62.
PubMed
25) Needham DM, Korupolu R, Zanni JM, et al. Early physical medicine and rehabilitation for patients with acute respiratory failure : a quality improvement project. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010 ; 91 : 536-42.
PubMed
26) Morris PE, Griffin L, Berry M, et al. Receiving early mobility during an intensive care unit admission is a predictor of improved outcomes in acute respiratory failure. Am J Med Sci 2011 ; 341 : 373-7.
PubMed
27) O'Connor ED, Walsham J. Should we mobilise critically ill patients? A review. Crit Care Resusc 2009 ; 11 : 290-300.
 
28) Thomsen GE, Snow GL, Rodriguez L, et al. Patients with respiratory failure increase ambulation after transfer to an intensive care unit where early activity is a priority. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 1119-24.
 
29) Garzon-Serrano J, Ryan C, Waak K, et al. Early mobilization in critically ill patients : patients' mobilization level depends on health care provider's profession. PM R 2011 ; 3 : 307-13.
PubMed
30) Ntoumenopoulos G, Presneill JJ, McElholum M, et al. Chest physiotherapy for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2002 ; 28 : 850-6.
PubMed
31) Patman S, Jenkins S, Stiller K. Physiotherapy does not prevent, or hasten recovery from, ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with acquired brain injury. Intensive Care Med 2009 ; 35 : 258-65.
 
32) Templeton M, Palazzo MG. Chest physiotherapy prolongs duration of ventilation in the critically ill ventilated for more than 48 hours. Intensive Care Med 2007 ; 33 : 1938-45.
PubMed
33) Pattanshetty RB, Gaude GS. Effect of multimodality chest physiotherapy in prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia : A randomized clinical trial. Indian J Crit Care Med 2010 ; 14 : 70-6.
PubMed
34) Alsaghir AH, Martin CM. Effect of prone positioning in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome : a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 603-9.
PubMed
35) Sud S, Sud M, Friedrich JO, et al. Effect of mechanical ventilation in the prone position on clinical outcomes in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure : a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2008 ; 178 : 1153-61.
PubMed
36) Sud S, Friedrich JO, Taccone P, et al. Prone ventilation reduces mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure and severe hypoxemia : systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2010 ; 36 : 585-99.
PubMed
37) Abroug F, Ouanes-Besbes L, Dachraoui F, et al. An updated study-level meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on proning in ARDS and acute lung injury. Crit Care 2011 ; 15 : R6.
PubMed
38) Castro AA, Calil SR, Freitas SA, et al. Chest physiotherapy effectiveness to reduce hospitalization and mechanical ventilation length of stay, pulmonary infection rate and mortality in ICU patients. Respir Med 2012 Oct 18. pii : S0954-6111 (12) 00357-5. doi : 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.09.016. [Epub ahead of print]
 
39) Bissett B, Leditschke IA, Paratz JD, et al. Respiratory dysfunction in ventilated patients : can inspiratory muscle training help? Anaesth Intensive Care 2012 ; 40 : 236-46.
PubMed
40) Cader SA, Vale RG, Castro JC, et al. Inspiratory muscle training improves maximal inspiratory pressure and may assist weaning in older intubated patients : a randomised trial. J Physiother 2010 ; 56 : 171-7.
 
41) Moodie L, Reeve J, Elkins M. Inspiratory muscle training increases inspiratory muscle strength in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation : a systematic review. J Physiother 2011 ; 57 : 213-21.
PubMed
42) Martin AD, Smith BK, Davenport PD, et al. Inspiratory muscle strength training improves weaning outcome in failure to wean patients : a randomized trial. Crit Care 2011 ; 15 : R84.
PubMed
P.132 掲載の参考文献
1) Ciaglia P, Firsching R, Syniec C. Elective percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. A new simple bedside procedure ; preliminary report. Chest 1985 ; 87 : 715-9. PMID : 3996056.
 
2) Byhahn C, Lischke V, Halbig S, et al. Ciaglia blue rhino : a modified technique for percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy. Technique and early clinical results. Anaesthesist 2000 ; 49 : 202-6. PMID : 10788989.
 
3) Griggs WM, Worthley LI, Gilligan JE, et al. A simple percutaneous tracheostomy technique. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990 ; 170 : 543-5. PMID : 2343371.
 
4) Fantoni A, Ripamonti D. A non-derivative, non-surgical tracheostomy : the translaryngeal method. Intensive Care Med 1997 ; 23 : 386-92. PMID : 9142576.
 
5) Frova G, Quintel M. A new simple method for percutaneous tracheostomy : controlled rotating dilation. A preliminary report. Intensive Care Med 2002 ; 28 : 299-303. PMID : 11904659.
 
6) Zgoda MA, Berger R. Balloon-facilitated percutaneous dilational tracheostomy tube placement : preliminary report of a novel technique. Chest 2005 ; 128 : 3688-90. PMID : 16304334.
 
7) 内野滋彦. JSEPTIC簡単アンケート. 第9弾 : 気管切開. INTENSIVIST 2012 ; 4 : 406-9.
 
8) Kluge S, Baumann HJ, Maier C, et al. Tracheostomy in the intensive care unit : a nationwide survey. Anesth Analg 2008 ; 107 : 1639-43. PMID : 18931225.
 
9) Veenith T, Ganeshamoorthy S, Standley T, et al. Intensive care unit tracheostomy : a snapshot of UK practice. Int Arch Med 2008 ; 1 : 21. PMID : 18950520.
 
10) Hazard P, Jones C, Benitone J. Comparative clinical trial of standard operative tracheostomy with percutaneous tracheostomy. Crit Care Med 1991 ; 19 : 1018-24. PMID : 1860325.
 
11) Crofts SL, Alzeer A, McGuire GP, et al. A comparison of percutaneous and operative tracheostomies in intensive care patients. Can J Anaesth 1995 ; 42 : 775-9. PMID : 7497556.
 
12) Friedman Y, Fildes J, Mizock B, et al. Comparison of percutaneous and surgical tracheostomies. Chest 1996 ; 110 : 480-5. PMID : 8697854.
 
13) Gysin C, Dulguerov P, Guyot JP, et al. Percutaneous versus surgical tracheostomy : a double-blind randomized trial. Ann Surg 1999 ; 230 : 708-14. PMID : 10561096.
 
14) Cheng E, Fee WE Jr. Dilatational versus standard tracheostomy : a meta-analysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000 ; 109 : 803-7. PMID : 11007080.
 
15) Freeman BD, Isabella K, Lin N, et al. A meta-analysis of prospective trials comparing percutaneous and surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients. Chest 2000 ; 118 : 1412-8. PMID : 11083694.
 
16) Massick DD, Yao S, Powell DM, et al. Bedside tracheostomy in the intensive care unit : a prospective randomized trial comparing open surgical tracheostomy with endoscopically guided percutaneous dilational tracheotomy. Laryngoscope 2001 ; 111 : 494-500. PMID : 11224782.
 
17) Freeman BD, Isabella K, Cobb JP, et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing percutaneous with surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2001 ; 29 : 926-30. PMID : 11378598.
 
18) Melloni G, Muttini S, Gallioli G, et al. Surgical tracheostomy versus percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. A prospective-randomized study with long-term follow-up. J Cardiovasc Surg 2002 ; 43 : 113-21. PMID : 11803342.
 
19) Antonelli M, Michetti V, Di Palma A, et al. Percutaneous translaryngeal versus surgical tracheostomy : A randomized trial with 1-yr double-blind follow-up. Crit Care Med 2005 ; 33 : 1015-20. PMID : 15891330.
 
20) Delaney A, Bagshaw SM, Nalos M. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy versus surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2006 ; 10 : R55. PMID : 16606435.
 
21) Silvester W, Goldsmith D, Uchino S, et al. Percutaneous versus surgical tracheostomy : A randomized controlled study with long-term follow-up. Crit Care Med 2006 ; 34 : 2145-52. PMID : 16775568.
 
22) Higgins KM, Punthakee X. Meta-analysis comparison of open versus percutaneous tracheostomy. Laryngoscope 2007 ; 117 : 447-54. PMID : 17334304.
 
23) Oliver ER, Gist A, Gillespie MB. Percutaneous versus surgical tracheotomy : an updated meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2007 ; 117 : 1570-5. PMID : 17667139.
 
24) Pappas S, Maragoudakis P, Vlastarakos P, et al. Surgical versus percutaneous tracheostomy : an evidence-based approach. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011 ; 268 : 323-30. PMID : 20957486.
 
25) Dulguerov P, Gysin C, Perneger TV, et al. Percutaneous or surgical tracheostomy : a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1999 ; 27 : 1617-25. PMID : 10470774.
 
26) Byhahn C, Lischke V, Meininger D, et al. Peri-operative complications during percutaneous tracheostomy in obese patients. Anaesthesia 2005 ; 60 : 12-5. PMID : 15601266.
 
27) Aldawood AS, Arabi YM, Haddad S. Safety of percutaneous tracheostomy in obese critically ill patients : a prospective cohort study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008 ; 36 : 69-73. PMID : 18326135.
 
28) Romero CM, Cornejo RA, Ruiz MH, et al. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy-assisted percutaneous tracheostomy is safe in obese critically ill patients : a prospective and comparative study. J Crit Care 2009 ; 24 : 494-500. PMID : 19327297.
 
29) Heyrosa MG, Melniczek DM, Rovito P, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy : a safe procedure in the morbidly obese. J Am Coll Surg 2006 ; 202 : 618-22. PMID : 16571432.
 
30) Ganuza JR, Garcia Forcada A, Gambarrutta C, et al. Effect of technique and timing of tracheostomy in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury undergoing mechanical ventilation. J Spinal Cord Med 2011 ; 34 : 76-84. PMID : 21528630.
 
31) Sustic A, Krstulovic B, Eskinja N, et al. Surgical tracheostomy versus percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in patients with anterior cervical spine fixation : preliminary report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002 ; 27 : 1942-5. PMID : 12221364.
 
32) Byhahn C, Rinne T, Halbig S, et al. Early percutaneous tracheostomy after median sternotomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000 ; 120 : 329-34. PMID : 10917950.
 
33) Ngaage DL, Cale AR, Griffin S, et al. Is post-sternotomy percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy a predictor for sternal wound infections? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008 ; 33 : 1076-9. PMID : 18328721.
 
34) Trouillet JL, Luyt CE, Guiguet M, et al. Early percutaneous tracheotomy versus prolonged intubation of mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery : a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011 ; 154 : 373-83. PMID : 21403073.
 
35) Kluge S, Meyer A, Kuhnelt P, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy is safe in patients with severe thrombocytopenia. Chest 2004 ; 126 : 547-51. PMID : 15302743.
 
36) Auzinger G, O'Callaghan GP, Bernal W, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with severe liver disease and a high incidence of refractory coagulopathy : a prospective trial. Crit Care 2007 ; 11 : R110. PMID : 17922915.
 
37) Al Dawood A, Haddad S, Arabi Y, et al. The safety of percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2007 ; 19 : 37-49. PMID : 17511181.
PubMed
38) Pandian V, Vaswani RS, Mirski MA, et al. Safety of percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in coagulopathic patients. Ear Nose Throat J 2010 ; 89 : 387-95. PMID : 20737378.
 
39) Byhahn C, Wilke HJ, Halbig S, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy : ciaglia blue rhino versus the basic ciaglia technique of percutaneous dilational tracheostomy. Anesth Analg 2000 ; 91 : 882-6. PMID : 11004042.
 
40) Nates JL, Cooper DJ, Myles PS, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy in critically ill patients : a prospective, randomized comparison of two techniques. Crit Care Med 2000 ; 28 : 3734-9. PMID : 11098982.
 
41) Van Heurn LW, Mastboom WB, Scheeren CI, et al. Comparative clinical trial of progressive dilatational and forceps dilatational tracheostomy. Intensive Care Med 2001 ; 27 : 292-5. PMID : 11280651.
 
42) Johnson JL, Cheatham ML, Sagraves SG, et al. Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy : a comparison of single-versus multiple-dilator techniques. Crit Care Med 2001 ; 29 : 1251-4. PMID : 11395616.
 
43) Cantais E, Kaiser E, Le-Goff Y, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy : prospective comparison of the translaryngeal technique versus the forceps-dilational technique in 100 critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 2002 ; 30 : 815-9. PMID : 11940751.
 
44) Byhahn C, Westphal K, Meininger D, et al. Single-dilator percutaneous tracheostomy : a comparison of PercuTwist and Ciaglia Blue Rhino techniques. Intensive Care Med 2002 ; 28 : 1262-6. PMID : 12209274.
 
45) Ambesh SP, Pandey CK, Srivastava S, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy with single dilatation technique : a prospective, randomized comparison of Ciaglia blue rhino versus Griggs' guidewire dilating forceps. Anesth Analg 2002 ; 95 : 1739-45. PMID : 12456450.
 
46) Anon JM, Escuela MP, Gomez V, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy : Ciaglia Blue Rhino versus Griggs' Guide Wire Dilating Forceps. A prospective randomized trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004 ; 48 : 451-6. PMID : 15025607.
 
47) Kaiser E, Cantais E, Goutorbe P, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of progressive dilational vs forceps dilational percutaneous tracheostomy. Anaesth Intensive Care 2006 ; 34 : 51-4. PMID : 16494150.
 
48) Yurtseven N, Aydemir B, Karaca P, et al. PercuTwist : a new alternative to Griggs and Ciaglia's techniques. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007 ; 24 : 492-7. PMID : 17207301.
 
49) Birbicer H, Doruk N, Yapici D, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy : a comparison of PercuTwist and multi-dilatators techniques. Ann Card Anaesth 2008 ; 11 : 131. PMID : 18603757.
 
50) Cianchi G, Zagli G, Bonizzoli M, et al. Comparison between single-step and balloon dilatational tracheostomy in intensive care unit : a single-centre, randomized controlled study. Br J Anaesth 2010 ; 104 : 728-32. PMID : 20413380.
 
51) Montcriol A, Bordes J, Asencio Y, et al. Bedside percutaneous tracheostomy : a prospective randomised comparison of PercuTwist versus Griggs' forceps dilational tracheostomy. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011 ; 39 : 209-16. PMID : 21485668.
 
52) Fikkers BG, Staatsen M, van den Hoogen FJ, et al. Early and late outcome after single step dilatational tracheostomy versus the guide wire dilating forceps technique : a prospective randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2011 ; 37 : 1103-9. PMID : 21484081.
 
53) Cabrini L, Monti G, Landoni G, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy, a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012 ; 56 : 270-81. PMID : 22188176.
 
54) Oberwalder M, Weis H, Nehoda H, et al. Videobronchoscopic guidance makes percutaneous dilational tracheostomy safer. Surg Endosc 2004 ; 18 : 839-42. PMID : 15216870.
 
55) Jackson LS, Davis JW, Kaups KL, et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy : to bronch or not to bronch -that is the question. J Trauma 2011 ; 71 : 1553-6. PMID : 22182866.
PubMed
P.139 掲載の参考文献
1) Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007 ; 176 : 532-55.
PubMed
2) Kim V, Benditt JO, Wise RA, et al. Oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008 ; 5 : 513-8.
PubMed
3) Bowton DL, Scuderi PE, Haponik EF. The incidence and effect on outcome of hypoxemia in hospitalized medical patients. Am J Med 1994 ; 97 : 38-46.
PubMed
4) Campbell EJM. The J Burns Amberson Lecture. The management of acute respiratory failure in chronic bronchitis & emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967 ; 96 : 626-39.
 
5) Aubier M, Murciano D, Milic-Emili J, et al. Effects of the administration of O2 on ventilation and blood gases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980 ; 122 : 747-54.
PubMed
6) Sassoon CS, Hassell KT, Mahutte CK. Hyperoxic-induced hepercapnea in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987 ; 135 : 907-11.
PubMed
7) Hanson CW 3rd, Marshall BE, Frasch HF, et al. Causes of hypercarbia with oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med 1996 ; 24 : 23-8.
PubMed
8) Dick CR, Liu Z, Sassoon CS, et al. O2-induced change in ventilation and ventilator drive in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 ; 155 : 609-14.
 
9) Robinson TD, Freiberg DB, Regnis JA, et al. The role of hypoventilation and ventilation-perfusion redistribution in oxygen-induced hypercapnia during acute exacerbation s of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000 ; 161 : 1524-9.
PubMed
10) Calverley PMA. Oxygen-induced hepercapnea revisited. Lancet 2000 ; 356 : 1538-9.
 
11) New A. Oxygen : Kill or cure? Prehospital hypoxia in the COPD patient. Emerg Med J 2006 ; 23 : 144-6.
PubMed
12) Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease : a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1980 ; 93 : 391-8.
 
13) Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party. Long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet 1981 ; 1 (8222) : 681-6.
PubMed
14) Gorecka D, Gorzelak K, Sliwinski P, et al. Effect of long-term oxygen therapy on survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with moderate hypoxemia. Thorax 1997 ; 52 : 674-9.
PubMed
15) Haidl P, Clement C, Wiese C, et al. Long-term oxygen therapy stops the natural decline of endurance in COPD patients with reversible hypercapnea. Respiration 2004 ; 71 : 342-7.
 
16) Fltecher EC, Luckett RA, Goodnight-White S, et al. A double-blind trial of nocturnal supplemental oxygen for sleep desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a daytime PaO2 above 60mmHg. Am Rev of Respir Dis 1992 ; 145 : 1070-6.
 
17) Chaouat A, Weitzenblum E, Kessler R, et al. A randomized trial of nocturnal oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 1999 ; 14 : 1002-8.
 
18) Croxton TL, Bailey WC : Long-term oxygen treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : recommendations for future research : an NHLBI workshop report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 ; 174 : 373-8.
PubMed
19) Hutchison DCS, Flenley DC, Donald KW. Controlled oxygen therapy in respiratory failure. BMJ 1964 ; 2 : 1159-66.
 
20) Jeffrey AA, Warren PM, Flenley DC. Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease ; risk factors and use of guidelines for management. Thorax 1992 ; 47 : 34-40.
PubMed
21) Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliot MW. One year period prevalence study of respiratory acidosis in acute exacerbations of COPD : implications for the provision of non-invasive ventilation and oxygen administration. Thorax 2000 ; 55 : 550-4.
 
22) Joosten SA, Koh MS, Bu X, et al. The effects of oxygen therapy in patients presenting to an emergency department with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med J Aust 2007 ; 186 : 235-8.
 
23) Gomersall CD, Joynt GM, Freebairn RC, et al. Oxygen therapy for hypercapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure : a randomized, controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med 2002 ; 30 : 113-6.
PubMed
24) O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Davidson AG. BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. Thorax 2008 ; 63 (suppl VI) : vi1-68.
 
25) Murphy R, Driscoll P, O'Driscoll R. Emergency oxygen therapy for the COPD patient. Emerg Med J 2001 ; 18 : 333-9.
 
26) Austin MA, Wills KE, Blizzard L, et al. Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting : randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2010 ; 341 : c5462.
PubMed
27) Agusti AG, Carrera M, Barbe F, et al. Oxygen therapy during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1999 ; 14 : 934-9.
PubMed
28) Moloney ED, Kiely JL, McNicholas WT. Controlled oxygen therapy and carbon dioxide retention during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2001 ; 357 : 526-8.
PubMed
29) Lal S. Blood gases in respiratory failure. Lancet 1965 ; 1 : 339-41.
PubMed
30) Bazuaye EA, Stone TN, Corris PA, et al. Variability of inspired oxygen concentration with nasal cannulas. Thorax 1992 ; 47 : 609-11.
PubMed
31) Hoo GW, Hakimian N, Santiago SM. Hypercapnic respiratory failure in COPD patients : response to therapy. Chest 2000 ; 117 : 169-77.
PubMed
32) Lightowler JV, Wedzicha JA, Elliott MW, et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : Cochrane systemic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003 ; 326 : 185.
 
33) Keenan SP, Sinuff T, Cook DJ, et al. Which patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease benefit from noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation? A systematic review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 2003 ; 138 : 861-70.
PubMed
34) Plant PK, Elliot MW. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease *9 : management of ventilator failure in COPD. Thorax 2003 ; 58 : 537-42.
 
35) Keenan SP, Powers C, McCormack DG. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with milder chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations : a randomized controlled trial. Respir Care 2005 ; 50 : 610-6.
PubMed
36) Ambrosino N, Vagheggini G. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the acute care setting : Where are we? Eur Respir J 2008 ; 31 : 874-86.
PubMed
37) Mehta S, Hill NS. Noninvasive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 ; 163 : 540-77.
PubMed
38) Putinati S, Ballerin L, Piattella M, et al. Is it possible to predict the success of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to COPD? Respir Med 2000 ; 94 : 997-1001.
PubMed
39) Budweiser S, Jorres RA, Pfeifer M, et al. Treatment of respiratory failure in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2008 ; 4 : 605-18.
PubMed
40) Anton A, Guell R, Gomez J, et al. Predicting the result of noninvasive ventilation in severe acute exacerbations of patients with chronic airflow limitation. Chest 2000 ; 117 : 828-33.
PubMed
41) Schmidbauer W, Ahlers O, Spies C, et al. Early prehospital use of non-invasive ventilation improves acute respiratory failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Emerg Med J 2011 ; 28 : 626-7.
PubMed

循環

P.147 掲載の参考文献
1) Talley RC, Goldberg LI, Johnson CE, et al. A hemodynamic comparison of dopamine and isoproterenol in patients in shock. Circulation 1969 ; 39 : 361-78.
PubMed
2) Majerus TC, Chodoff P, Borel CO. Dopamine and dobutamine in septic shock. A comparison. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1984 ; 92 : S65-7.
PubMed
3) Worthley LI, Tyler P, Moran JL. A comparison of dopamine, dobutamine and isoproterenol in the treatment of shock. Intensive Care Med 1985 ; 11 : 13-9.
PubMed
4) Levy B, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, et al. Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock : a prospective, randomized study. Intensive Care Med 1997 ; 23 : 282-7.
PubMed
5) Duranteau J, Sitbon P, Teboul JL, et al. Effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or the combination of norepinephrine and dobutamine on gastric mucosa in septic shock. Crit Care Med 1999 ; 27 : 893-900.
PubMed
6) Malay MB, Ashton RC Jr, Landry DW, et al. Lowdose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. J Trauma 1999 ; 47 : 699-703 ; discussion 703-5.
 
7) Sakr Y, Reinhart K, Vincent JL, et al. Does dopamine administration in shock influence outcome? Results of the Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients (SOAP) Study. Crit Care Med 2006 ; 34 : 589-97.
PubMed
8) Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A, et al. Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock : a randomised trial. Lancet 2007 ; 370 : 676-84.
PubMed
9) Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004 ; 32 : 858-73.
PubMed
10) Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign : international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock : 2008. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 296-327.
PubMed
11) Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A, et al. A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2008 ; 34 : 2226-34.
PubMed
12) De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010 ; 362 : 779-89.
 
13) Russell JA. Bench-to-bedside review : Vasopressin in the management of septic shock. Crit Care 2011 ; 15 : 226.
PubMed
14) Patel BM, Chittock DR, Russell JA, et al. Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock. Anesthesiology 2002 ; 96 : 576-82.
PubMed
15) Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, et al. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2008 ; 358 : 877-87.
PubMed
16) Klinzing S, Simon M, Reinhart K, et al. High-dose vasopressin is not superior to norepinephrine in septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003 ; 31 : 2646-50.
 
17) Dunser MW, Mayr AJ, Ulmer H, et al. Arginine vasopressin in advanced vasodilatory shock : a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Circulation 2003 ; 107 : 2313-9.
 
18) Lauzier F, Levy B, Lamarre P, et al. Vasopressin or norepinephrine in early hyperdynamic septic shock : a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2006 ; 32 : 1782-9.
PubMed
19) J ochberger S, Velik-Salchner C, Mayr VD, et al. The vasopressin and copeptin response in patients with vasodilatory shock after cardiac surgery : a prospective, controlled study. Intensive Care Med 2009 ; 35 : 489-97.
 
20) Torgersen C, Dunser MW, Wenzel V, et al. Comparing two different arginine vasopressin doses in advanced vasodilatory shock : a randomized, controlled, open-label trial. Intensive Care Med 2010 ; 36 : 57-65.
 
P.152 掲載の参考文献
1) Romero-Bermejo FJ, Ruiz-Bailen M, Gil-Cebrian J, et al. Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011 ; 7 : 163-83.
PubMed
2) Fernandes CJ, Akamine N, Knobel E. Cardiac troponin : a new serum marker of myocardial injury in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 1999 ; 25 : 1165-8.
PubMed
3) Blanco J, Muriel-Bombin A, Sagredo V, et al. Incidence, organ dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis : a Spanish multicentre study. Crit Care 2008 ; 12 : R158.
 
4) Zanotti-Cavazzoni SL, Hollenberg SM. Cardiac dysfunction in severe sepsis and septic shock. Curr Opin Crit Care 2009 ; 15 : 392-7.
PubMed
5) Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Bacharach SL, et al. Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock. Ann Intern Med 1984 ; 100 : 483-90.
PubMed
6) Jardin F, Fourme T, Page B, et al. Persistent preload defect in severe sepsis despite fluid loading : A longitudinal echocardiographic study in patients with septic shock. Chest 1999 ; 116 : 1354-9.
PubMed
7) Vieillard-Baron A, Schmitt JM, Beauchet A, et al. Early preload adaptation in septic shock? A transesophageal echocardiographic study. Anesthesiology 2001 ; 94 : 400-6.
PubMed
8) Flynn A, Chokkalingam Mani B, Mather PJ. Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy : a review of pathophysiologic mechanisms. Heart Fail Rev 2010 ; 15 : 605-11.
PubMed
9) Parrillo JE. Pathogenetic mechanisms of septic shock. N Engl J Med 1993 ; 328 : 1471-7.
PubMed
10) Zanotti-Cavazzoni SL, Guglielmi M, Parrillo JE, et al. Ventricular dilation is associated with improved cardiovascular performance and survival in sepsis. Chest 2010 ; 138 : 848-55.
PubMed
11) Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, et al. Acute left ventricular dilatation and shock-induced myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2009 ; 37 : 441-7.
PubMed
12) Poelaert J, Declerck C, Vogelaers D, et al. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 1997 ; 23 : 553-60.
PubMed
13) Parker MM, McCarthy KE, Ognibene FP, et al. Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation, similar to left ventricular changes, characterize the cardiac depression of septic shock in humans. Chest 1990 ; 97 : 126-31.
PubMed
14) Jafri SM, Lavine S, Field BE, Left ventricular diastolic function in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1990 ; 18 : 709-14.
PubMed
15) Munt B, Jue J, Gin K, et al. Diastolic filling in human severe sepsis : an echocardiographic study. Crit Care Med 1998 ; 26 : 1829-33.
PubMed
16) Hochstadt A, Meroz Y, Landesberg G. Myocardial dysfunction in severe sepsis and septic shock : More questions than answers? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011 ; 25 : 526-35.
PubMed
17) Cunnion RE, Schaer GL, Parker MM, et al. The coronary circulation in human septic shock. Circulation 1986 ; 73 : 637-44.
PubMed
18) Dhainaut JF, Huyghebaert MF, Monsallier JF, et al. Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism of lactate, free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in patients with septic shock. Circulation 1987 ; 75 : 533-41.
PubMed
19) Jozwiak M, Persichini R, Monnet X, et al. Management of myocardial dysfunction in severe sepsis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011 ; 32 : 206-14.
PubMed
20) Hunter JD, Doddi M. Sepsis and the heart. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009 ; 104 : 3-11.
 
21) Rudiger A, Singer M. Mechanisms of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2007 ; 35 : 1599-608.
PubMed
22) Flierl MA, Rittirsch D, Huber-Lang MS, et al. Molecular events in the cardiomyopathy of sepsis. Mol Med 2008 ; 14 : 327-36.
PubMed
23) Chockalingam A, Mehra A, Dorairajan S, et al. Acute left ventricular dysfunction in the critically ill. Chest 2010 ; 138 : 198-207.
PubMed
24) From AM, Prasad A, Pellikka PA, et al. Are some false-positive stress echocardiograms a forme fruste variety of apical ballooning syndrome? Am J Cardiol 2009 ; 103 : 1434-8.
PubMed
25) Evans TW, Smithies M. ABC of intensive care : organ dysfunction. BMJ 1999 ; 318 : 1606-9.
PubMed
26) Werdan K, Oelke A, Hettwer S, et al. Septic cardiomyopathy : hemodynamic quantification, occurrence, and prognostic implications. Clin Res Cardiol 2011 ; 100 : 661-8.
PubMed
27) Combes A, Berneau J-B, Luyt C-E, et al. Estimation of left ventricular systolic function by single transpulmonary thermodilution. Intensive Care Med 2004 ; 30 : 1377-83.
PubMed
28) Jabot J, Monnet X, Bouchra L, et al. Cardiac function index provided by transpulmonary thermodilution behaves as an indicator of left ventricular systolic function. Crit Care Med 2009 ; 37 : 2913-8.
PubMed
29) Monnet X, Anguel N, Naudin B, et al. Arterial pressure-based cardiac output in septic patients : different accuracy of pulse contour and uncalibrated pressure waveform devices. Crit Care 2010 ; 14 : R109.
PubMed
30) Sharkey SW, Shear W, Hodges M, et al. Reversible myocardial contraction abnormalities in patients with an acute noncardiac illness. Chest 1998 ; 114 : 98-105.
PubMed
31) Ruiz-Bailen M, Aguayo de Hoyos E, Lopez Martnez A, et al. Reversible myocardial dysfunction, a possible complication in critically ill patients without heart disease. J Crit Care 2003 ; 18 : 245-52.
PubMed
32) Witthaut R, Busch C, Fraunberger P, et al. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide are increased in septic shock : impact of interleukin-6 and sepsis-associated left ventricular dysfunction. Intensive Care Med 2003 ; 29 : 1696-702.
PubMed
33) Charpentier J, Luyt C-E, Fulla Y, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide : A marker of myocardial dysfunction and prognosis during severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2004 ; 32 : 660-5.
PubMed
34) Hartemink KJ, Twisk JWR, Groeneveld ABJ. High circulating N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is associated with greater systolic cardiac dysfunction and nonresponsiveness to fluids in septic vs nonseptic critically ill patients. J Crit Care 2011 ; 26 : 108. e1-8.
 
35) Maeder M, Fehr T, Rickli H, et al. Sepsis-associated myocardial dysfunction : diagnostic and prognostic impact of cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides. Chest 2006 ; 129 : 1349-66.
PubMed
36) Rosjo H, Varpula M, Hagve T-A, et al. Circulating high sensitivity troponin T in severe sepsis and septic shock : distribution, associated factors, and relation to outcome. Intensive Care Med 2011 ; 37 : 77-85.
PubMed
37) Wong C-K, White HD. Implications of the new definition of myocardial infarction. Postgrad Med J 2005 ; 81 : 552-5.
PubMed
38) Scirica BM. Acute coronary syndrome : emerging tools for diagnosis and risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 ; 55 : 1403-15.
PubMed
39) Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign : International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock : 2008. Crit Care Med 2008 ; 36 : 296-327.
PubMed
40) Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada T-A, et al. Fluid resuscitation in septic shock : a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 2011 ; 39 : 259-65.
PubMed
41) Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 : 1368-77.
PubMed
42) De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010 ; 362 : 779-89.
 
43) Silverman HJ, Penaranda R, Orens JB, et al. Impaired beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in human septic shock : association with myocardial hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines. Crit Care Med 1993 ; 21 : 31-9.
PubMed
44) Kumar A, Schupp E, Bunnell E, et al. Cardiovascular response to dobutamine stress predicts outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care 2008 ; 12 : R35.
PubMed
45) Heyland DK, Cook DJ, King D, et al. Maximizing oxygen delivery in critically ill patients : a methodologic appraisal of the evidence. Crit Care Med 1996 ; 24 : 517-24.
PubMed
46) Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH, et al. Oxygen transport patterns in patients with sepsis syndrome or septic shock : influence of treatment and relationship to outcome. Crit Care Med 1997 ; 25 : 926-36.
PubMed
47) Gore DC, Wolfe RR. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of selective beta1 adrenergic blockade during sepsis. Surgery 2006 ; 139 : 686-94.
PubMed
48) Gutierrez J, Hossam A, Lazarezcu R, et al. Effect of beta blockers on sepsis outcome. Med Sci Monit 2009 ; 15 : CR499-503.
PubMed
49) Schmittinger CA, Dunser MW, Haller M, et al. Combined milrinone and enteral metoprolol therapy in patients with septic myocardial depression. Crit Care 2008 ; 12 : R99.
PubMed
50) Salmenpera M, Eriksson H. Levosimendan in perioperative and critical care patients. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009 ; 22 : 496-501.
PubMed
51) Pinto BB, Rehberg S, Ertmer C, et al. Role of levosimendan in sepsis and septic shock. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008 ; 21 : 168-77.
PubMed
52) Morelli A, De Castro S, Teboul J-L, et al. Effects of levosimendan on systemic and regional hemodynamics in septic myocardial depression. Intensive Care Med 2005 ; 31 : 638-44.
PubMed
53) Morelli A, Teboul J-L, Maggiore SM, et al. Effects of levosimendan on right ventricular afterload in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome : a pilot study. Crit Care Med 2006 ; 34 : 2287-93.
PubMed
54) Morelli A, Donati A, Ertmer C, et al. Levosimendan for resuscitating the microcirculation in patients with septic shock : a randomized controlled study. Crit Care 2010 ; 14 : R232.
PubMed
55) Memis D, Inal MT, Sut N. The effects of levosimendan vs dobutamine added to dopamine on liver functions assessed with noninvasive liver function monitoring in patients with septic shock. J Crit Care 2012 ; 27 : 318. e1-6.
PubMed
P.166 掲載の参考文献
1) Walkey AJ, Wiener RS, Ghobrial JM, et al. Incident stroke and mortality associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients hospitalized with severe sepsis. JAMA 2011 ; 306 : 2248-54. PMID 22081378.
 
2) Clemo HF, Wood MA, Gilligan DM, et al. Intravenous amiodarone for acute heart rate control in the critically ill patient with atrial tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1998 ; 81 : 594-8. PMID 9514456.
 
3) Wood MA, Brown-Mahoney C, Kay GN, et al. Clinical outcomes after ablation and pacing therapy for atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis. Circulation 2000 ; 101 : 1138-44. PMID 10715260.
 
4) Sleilaty G, Madi-Jebara S, Yazigi A, et al. Postoperative oral amiodarone versus oral bisoprolol as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery : a prospective randomized trial. Int J Cardiol 2009 ; 137 : 116-22. PMID 18694603.
 
5) Halonen J, Loponen P, Jarvinen O, et al. Metoprolol versus amiodarone in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery : a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010 ; 153 : 703-9. PMID 21135293.
 
6) Acikel S, Bozbas H, Gultekin B, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of metoprolol and carvedilol for preventing atrial fibrillation after coronary bypass surgery. Int J Cardiol 2008 ; 126 : 108-13. PMID 17499863.
 
7) Haghjoo M, Saravi M, Hashemi MJ, et al. Optimal beta-blocker for prevention of atrial fibrillation after on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery : carvedilol versus metoprolol. Heart Rhythm 2007 ; 4 : 1170-4. PMID 17765616.
 
8) Redle JD, Khurana S, Marzan R, et al. Prophylactic oral amiodarone compared with placebo for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Am Heart J 1999 ; 138 : 144-50. PMID 10385778.
 
9) Lee SH, Chang CM, Lu MJ, et al. Intravenous amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2000 ; 70 : 157-61. PMID 10921701.
 
10) Treggiari-Venzi MM, Waeber JL, Perneger TV, et al. Intravenous amiodarone or magnesium sulphate is not cost-beneficial prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Br J Anaesth 2000 ; 85 : 690-5. PMID 11094581.
 
11) Giri S, White CM, Dunn AB, et al. Oral amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery, the Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (AFIST) : a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001 ; 357 : 830-6. PMID 11265951.
 
12) Delle Karth G, Geppert A, Neunteufl T, et al. Amiodarone versus diltiazem for rate control in critically ill patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias. Crit Care Med 2001 ; 29 : 1149-53. PMID 11395591.
 
13) Yazigi A, Rahbani P, Zeid HA, et al. Postoperative oral amiodarone as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2002 ; 16 : 603-6. PMID 12407614.
 
14) Bernard EO, Schmid ER, Schmidlin D, et al. Ibutilide versus amiodarone in atrial fibrillation : a double-blinded, randomized study. Crit Care Med 2003 ; 31 : 1031-4. PMID 12682468.
 
15) Bagshaw SM, Galbraith PD, Mitchell LB, et al. Prophylactic amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery : a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2006 ; 82 : 1927-37. PMID 17062287.
 
16) Budeus M, Hennersdorf M, Perings S, et al. Amiodarone prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation of high-risk patients after coronary bypass grafting : a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Eur Heart J 2006 ; 27 : 1584-91. PMID 16760210.
 
17) Roshanali F, Mandegar MH, Yousefnia MA, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting via atrial electromechanical interval and use of amiodarone prophylaxis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009 ; 8 : 421-5. PMID 19144672.
 
18) Tisdale JE, Wroblewski HA, Wall DS, et al. A randomized trial evaluating amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary resection. Ann Thorac Surg 2009 ; 88 : 886-93 ; discussion 94-5. PMID 19699916.
 
19) Tisdale JE, Wroblewski HA, Wall DS, et al. A randomized, controlled study of amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic esophagectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010 ; 140 : 45-51. PMID 20381077.
 
20) Ho KM, Sheridan DJ, Paterson T. Use of intravenous magnesium to treat acute onset atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis. Heart 2007 ; 93 : 1433-40. PMID 17449500.
 
21) Bakhsh M, Abbas S, Hussain RM, et al. Role of magnesium in preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2009 ; 21 : 27-9. PMID 20524462.
 
22) Solomon AJ, Berger AK, Trivedi KK, et al. The combination of propranolol and magnesium does not prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000 ; 69 : 126-9. PMID 10654500.
PubMed
23) Piper SN, Kiessling AH, Suttner SW, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery using a potassium-magnesium-aspartate solution (Inzolen). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007 ; 55 : 418-23. PMID 17902062.
 
24) Andrews TC, Reimold SC, Berlin JA, et al. Prevention of supraventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. A meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Circulation 1991 ; 84 : III236-44. PMID 1682069.
 
25) Jakobsen CJ, Bille S, Ahlburg P, et al. Perioperative metoprolol reduces the frequency of atrial fibrillation after thoracotomy for lung resection. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1997 ; 11 : 746-51. PMID 9327317.
 
26) Connolly SJ, Cybulsky I, Lamy A, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of prophylactic metoprolol for reduction of hospital length of stay after heart surgery : the beta-Blocker Length Of Stay (BLOS) study. Am Heart J 2003 ; 145 : 226-32. PMID 12595838.
 
27) Auer J, Weber T, Berent R, et al. A comparison between oral antiarrhythmic drugs in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery : the pilot study of prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (SPPAF), a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am Heart J 2004 ; 147 : 636-43. PMID 15077078.
 
28) Burgess DC, Kilborn MJ, Keech AC. Interventions for prevention of post-operative atrial fibrillation and its complications after cardiac surgery : a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2006 ; 27 : 2846-57. PMID 17015402.
 
29) Halonen J, Hakala T, Auvinen T, et al. Intravenous administration of metoprolol is more effective than oral administration in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation 2006 ; 114 : I1-4. PMID 16820555.
 
30) Sezai A, Minami K, Nakai T, et al. Landiolol hydrochloride for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting : new evidence from the PASCAL trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011 ; 141 : 1478-87. PMID 21269646.
 
31) Laub GW, Janeira L, Muralidharan S, et al. Prophylactic procainamide for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting : a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med 1993 ; 21 : 1474-8. PMID 8403955.
 
32) Van Mieghem W, Tits G, Demuynck K, et al. Verapamil as prophylactic treatment for atrial fibrillation after lung operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1996 ; 61 : 1083-5 ; discussion 6. PMID 8607661.
 
33) Farquharson AL, Metcalf RG, Sanders P, et al. Effect of dietary fish oil on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 2011 ; 108 : 851-6. PMID 21762871.
 
34) Saravanan P, Bridgewater B, West AL, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not reduce risk of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery : a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010 ; 3 : 46-53. PMID 20042769.
 
35) Chen WT, Krishnan GM, Sood N, et al. Effect of statins on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery : a duration-and dose-response meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010 ; 140 : 364-72. PMID 20381820.
 
36) Kourliouros A, Valencia O, Hosseini MT, et al. Preoperative high-dose atorvastatin for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery : a randomized controlled trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011 ; 141 : 244-8. PMID 20624624.
 
37) Chopra V, Wesorick DH, Sussman JB, et al. Effect of perioperative statins on death, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and length of stay : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Surg 2012 ; 147 : 181-9. PMID 22351917.
 
38) Yared JP, Bakri MH, Erzurum SC, et al. Effect of dexamethasone on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery : prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2007 ; 21 : 68-75. PMID 17289483.
 
39) Eslami M, Badkoubeh RS, Mousavi M, et al. Oral ascorbic acid in combination with beta-blockers is more effective than beta-blockers alone in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Tex Heart Inst J 2007 ; 34 : 268-74. PMID 17948074.
 
40) Papoulidis P, Ananiadou O, Chalvatzoulis E, et al. The role of ascorbic acid in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after elective on-pump myocardial revascularization surgery : a single-center experience-a pilot study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2011 ; 12 : 121-4. PMID 21098510.
 
41) Horbach SJ, Lopes RD, da C Guaragna JC, et al. Naproxen as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery : the NAFARM randomized trial. Am J Med 2011 ; 124 : 1036-42. PMID 22017782.
 
42) Levy T, Fotopoulos G, Walker S, et al. Randomized controlled study investigating the effect of biatrial pacing in prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 2000 ; 102 : 1382-7, PMID 10993856
 
43) Gerstenfeld EP, Khoo M, Martin RC, et al. Effectiveness of bi-atrial pacing for reducing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2001 ; 5 : 275-83. PMID 11500582.
 
44) Neto VA, Costa R, Da Silva KR, et al. Temporary atrial pacing in the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007 ; 30 suppl 1 : S79-83. PMID 17302724.
 
45) Fitzgerald RD, Fritsch S, Wislocki W, et al. Transvenous, intracardial cardioversion for the treatment of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Ann Card Anaesth 2008 ; 11 : 111-5. PMID 18603751.
 
46) Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T, et al. Magnesium prophylaxis for arrhythmias after cardiac surgery : a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004 ; 117 : 325-33. PMID 15336582
 
47) Henyan NN, Gillespie EL, White CM, et al. Impact of intravenous magnesium on post-cardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation and length of hospital stay : a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2005 ; 80 : 2402-6. PMID 16305929
 
48) Maisel WH, Epstein AE, American College of Chest Physicians. The role of cardiac pacing : American College of Chest Physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest 2005 ; 128 (2 suppl) : 36S-38S. PMID 16167663
 
49) Mitchell LB, CCS Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines Committee. Canadian Cardiovascular Society atrial fibrillation guidelines 2010 : prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. Can J Cardiol 2011 ; 27 : 91-7. PMID 21329866
 
P.180 掲載の参考文献
1) Landesberg G, Beattie WS, Mosseri M, et al. Perioperative myocardial infarction. Circulation 2009 ; 119 : 2936-44.
PubMed
2) Devereaux PJ, Goldman L, Yusuf S, et al. Surveillance and prevention of major perioperative ischemic cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery : a review. CMAJ 2005 ; 173 : 779.
PubMed
3) Landesberg G, Mosseri M, Zahger D, et al. Myocardial infarction after vascular surgery : the role of prolonged stress-induced, ST depression-type ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001 ; 37 : 1839-45.
PubMed
4) Devereaux J, Xavier D, Pogue J, et al. Characteristics and short-term prognosis of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery : a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2011 ; 154 : 523-8.
 
5) Sabate S, Mases A, Guilera N, et al. Incidence and predictors of major perioperative adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in non-cardiac surgery. Bri J Anaesth 2011 ; 107 : 879-90.
 
6) Dawood MM, Gutpa DK, Southern J, et al. Pathology of fatal perioperative myocardial infarction : implications regarding pathophysiology and prevention. Int J Cardiol 1996 ; 57 : 37-44.
PubMed
7) Cohen MC, Aretz TH. Histological analysis of coronary artery lesions in fetal postoperative myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Pathol 1999 ; 8 : 133-9.
 
8) Badner NH, Knill RL, Brown JE, et al. Myocardial infarction after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1998 ; 88 : 572-8.
PubMed
9) VISION Pilot Study Investigators, Devereaux PJ, Bradley D, et al. An international prospective cohort study evaluating major vascular complications among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery : the VISION Pilot Study. Open Med 2011 ; 5 : e193-200.
PubMed
10) McFalls EO, Ward HB, Moritz TE, et al. Predictors and outcomes of a perioperative myocardial infarction following elective vascular surgery in patients with documented coronary artery disease : results of the CARP trial. Eur Heart J 2008 ; 29 : 394-401.
PubMed
11) Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation 2012 ; 126 : 2020-35.
PubMed
12) Hanson I, Kahn J, Dixon S, et al. Angiographic and clinical characteristics of type 1 versus type 2 perioperative myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012 Aug 24. [Epub ahead of print]
 
13) Gualandro DM, Campos CA, Calderaro D, et al. Coronary plaque rupture in patients with myocardial infarction after noncardiac surgery : frequent and dangerous. Atherosclerosis 2012 ; 222 : 191-95.
PubMed
14) Albaladejo P, Marret E, Samama CM, et al. Noncardiac surgery in patients with coronary stents : the RECO study. Heart 2011 ; 97 : 1566-72.
 
15) McFalls EO, Ward HB, Santilli S, et al. The influence of perioperative myocardial infarction on long-term prognosis following elective vascular surgery. Chest 1998 ; 113 : 681-6.
PubMed
16) Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation 1999 ; 100 : 1043-9.
PubMed
17) Auerbach A, Goldman L. Assessing and reducing the cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery. Circulation 2006 ; 113 : 1361-76.
PubMed
18) Ford MK, Beattie WS, Wijeysundera DN, et al. Systematic review : prediction of perioperative cardiac complications and mortality by the revised cardiac risk index. Ann Intern Med 2010 ; 152 : 26-35.
PubMed
19) Bertges DJ, Goodney PP, Zhao Y, et al. The Vascular Study Group of New England Cardiac Risk Index (VSG-CRI) predicts cardiac complications more accurately than the Revised Cardiac Risk Index in vascular surgery patients. J Vasc Surg 2010 ; 52 : 674-83.
 
20) Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology/World Health Organization. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. Report of the Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology/World Health Organization task force on standardization of clinical nomenclature. Circulation 1979 ; 59 : 607-9.
PubMed
21) Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, et al. Myocardial infarction redefined -a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 ; 36 : 959-69.
 
22) Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD ; Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction, et al. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation 2007 ; 116 : 2634-53.
PubMed
23) Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Jesse RL, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines : Clinical Characteristics and Utilization of Biochemical Markers in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Circulation 2007 ; 115 : e356-75.
PubMed