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ファーマナビゲーター　Ca拮抗薬編

出版社：	メディカルレビュー社
著者：	浦信行･金勝慶･熊谷裕行･堀内正嗣･森下竜一／編
発行日：	2003-12-20
分野：	薬学 > 薬学一般
ISBN：	4896006593
シリーズ：	ファーマナビゲーター
電子書籍版：	2003-12-20 （第1版第1刷）

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本書は、Ca拮抗薬の分子生物学、pleiotrophicな作用、新世代Ca拮抗薬の登場などを解説するとともに、日常臨床での使用を考慮した処方例も高血圧の専門家に示していただいた。

目次

ファーマナビゲーター　Ｃａ拮抗薬編

―目次―

第1章　薬理作用
第2章　臨床からみた分類
第3章　病態と治療（合併症を含む）
・低リスク高血圧
・脳
・心臓
・腎臓
・血管
・糖尿病合併症
・脂質代謝異常合併
・高齢者高血圧

第4章　EBM
・脳
・心臓
・腎臓

第5章　併用療法
・利尿剤
・α遮断薬
・β遮断薬
・ACE I
・ARB
・アスピリン
・スタチン

第6章　Q&A
1　日内変動にCa拮抗薬はどのように影響するか
2　最近のCa拮抗薬は交感神経系にどう影響するか
3　認知機能にCa拮抗薬はどう影響するか
4　狭心症を伴ったCa拮抗薬は良い適応ですか
5　透析患者にCa拮抗薬は良い適応ですか
6　Ca亀甲薬に腎保護作用はありますか
7　高血圧緊急症例におけるCa拮抗薬の使い方を教えてください
8　Ca拮抗薬は動脈硬化をもつ患者に効果がありますか
9　Ca拮抗薬で癌が増えると聞いたのですが、本当ですか
10　Ca拮抗薬は脳卒中を予防する効果はありますか
11　Ca拮抗薬で血圧を下げると脳虚血の恐れがありますか
12　心拍数を増やさないCa拮抗薬はありますか

第7章　使用上の注意・副作用対策
第8章　薬物代謝と相互作用

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

Chapter1 薬理作用

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Chapter2 臨床からみた分類

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Chapter3 病態と治療(合併症を含む)

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20) Simon A, Gariepy J, Moyse D et al:Differential effects of nifedipine and co-amilozide on the progression of early carotid wall changes. Circulation 103:2949-2954, 2001

21) Zanchetti A, Bond MG, Hennig M et al:Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis:principal results of the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA), a randomized, double-blind, long-term trial. Circulaion 106:2422-2427, 2002

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27) Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al:Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension:principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomisedtrial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 351:1755-1762, 1998

28) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al:The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289:2560-2572, 2003

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P.74 掲載の参考文献

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3) The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group:The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 319:385-392, 1988

4) VA Cooperative Study Group on Hypertensive Agents:Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. JAMA 213:1143-1152, 1970

5) Elkayam U, Amin J, MehraA et al:A prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study to compare the efficacy and safety of chronic nifedipine therapy with that of isosorbide dinitrate and their combination in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation 82:1954-1961, 1990

6) The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group:The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 319:385-392, 1988

7) Cohn JN, Ziesche S, Smith R et al. Effect of the calciumant agonist felodipine as supplementary vasodilator therapy in patients with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril:V-HeFT III. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group. Circulation 96:856-863, 1997

8) Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK et al:Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group.N Engl J Med 335:1107-1114, 1996

9) Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L et al:Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet 350:757-764, 1997

10) Gong L, Zhang W, Zhu Y et al:Shanghai trial of nifedipine in the elderly (STONE) . J Hypertens 14:1237-1245, 1996

11) Shaffer EM, Rocchini AP, Spicer RL et al:Effects of verapamil on left ventricular diastolic filling in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 61:413-417, 1988

12) Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al:Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 97:48-54, 1998

13) Devereux RB, Palmieri V, Sharpe N et al:Effects of once-daily angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium channel blockade-based antihypertensive treatment regimens on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic filling in hypertension:the prospective randomized enalapril study evaluating regression of ventricular enlargement (preserve) trial. Circulation 104:1248-1254, 2001

14) Devereux RB, Palmieri V, Sharpe N et al:Effects of once-daily angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium channel blockade-based antihypertensive treatment regimens on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic filling in hypertension:the prospective randomized enalapril study evaluating regression of ventricular enlargement (preserve) trial. Circulation 104:1248-1254, 2001

15) Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Massie BM et al:Effect of single-drug therapy on reduction of left ventricular mass in mild to moderate hypertension:comparison of six antihypertensive agents. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Groupon Anti-hypertensive Agents. Circulation 95:2007-2014, 1997

16) Zhang X, Hintze TH:Amlodipine releases nitric oxide from canine coronary microvessels:an unexpected mechanism of action of a calcium channel-blocking agent. Circulation 97:576-580, 1998

17) Kitakaze M, Node K, Minamino T et al:A Ca channel blocker, benidipine, increases coronary blood flow and attenuates the severity of myocardial ischemia via NO-dependent mechanisms in dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:242-249, 1999

18) Kitakaze M, Asanuma H, Takashima S et al:Nifedipine-induced coronary vasodilation in ischemic hearts is attributable to brady-kinin-and NO-dependent mechanisms in dogs. Circulation 101:311-317, 2000

19) Mason RP, Leeds PR, Jacob RF et al:Inhibition of excessive neuronal apoptosis by the calcium antagonist amlodipine and antioxidants in cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem 72:1448-1456, 1999

20) Simon A, Gariepy J, Moyse D et al:Differential effects of nifedipine and co-amilozide on the progression of early carotid wall changes. Circulation 103:2949-2954, 2001

P.82 掲載の参考文献

1) Takenaka T, Suzuki H, Ikenaga H et al:Effects of a calcium channel blocker, nicardipine, on pressure-natriuresis in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 16:77-88, 1994

2) Ikenaga H, Suzuki H, Saruta T:Effects of manidipine on blood pressure and renal function in salt-loaded, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Blood Press Suppl 3:75-79, 1992

3) Christensen PK, Akram K, Konig KB, Parving H-H:Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 2 diabetes during isradipine therapy. Diabetes Care 26:156-162, 2003

4) Ligtenberg G, Blankestijn PJ, Oey PL et al:Reduction of sympathetic hyperactivity by enalapril in patients with chronic renal failure. N Engl J Med 340:1321-1328, 1999

5) Hayashi K, Epstein M, Saruta T:Altered myogenic responsiveness of the renal microvasculature in experimental hypertension. J Hypertens 14:1387-1401, 1996

6) Suzuki H:Treatment of hypertension in chronic renal insufficiency. Intern Med 39:773-777, 2000

7) Suzuki H, Moriwaki K, Kanno Y et al:Comparison of the effects of an ACE inhibitor and α1β blocker on the progression of renalfailure with left ventricular hypertrophy:preliminary report. Hypertens Res 24:153-158, 2001

8) Kumagai H, Hayashi K, Kumamaru H, Saruta T:Amlodipine is comparable to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor for longterm renoprotection in hypertensive patients with renal dysfunction:a one-year, prospective, randomized study. Am J Hypertens 13:980-985, 2000

9) Hayashi K, Kumagai H, Saruta T:Effect of efonidipine and ACE inhibitors on proteinuria in human hypertension with renal impairment. Am J Hypertens 16:116-122, 2003

10) Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Ikeda N et al:Selection of the dose of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor for patients with diabetic nephropathy depends on the presence or absence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertens Res 25:865-873, 2002

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P.91 掲載の参考文献

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2) Lichtlen PR, Hugenholtz PG, Rafflenbeul W et al:Retardation of angiographic progression of coronary artery disease by nifedipine. Results of the international nifedipine trial on antiatherosclerotic therapy (INTACT) . Lancet 335:1109-1113, 1990

3) Pitt B, Byington RP, Furberg CD et al:Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. Circulation 102:1503-1510, 2000

4) Nakao J, Ito H, Ooyama T et al:Calcium dependency of aortic smooth muscle cell migration induced by 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. Atherosclerosis 46:309-319, 1983

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14) Zhang X, Hintze T:Amlodipine releases nitric oxide from canine coronary microvessels. An unexpected mechanism of action of a calcium channel-blocking agent. Circulation 97:576-580, 1998

15) Berkels R, Egink G, Marsen TA et al:Nifedipine increases endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability by antioxidative mechanisms. Hypertension 37:240-245, 2001

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17) Vergnani L, Hatrik S, Ricci F et al:Effect of native and oxidized low-density lipoprotein on endothelial nitric oxide and superoxide production:key role of L-arginine availability. Circulation 101:1261-1266, 2000

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P.100 掲載の参考文献

1) 日本高血圧学会高血圧治療ガイドライン作成委員会:高血圧治療ガイドライン2000年版. 日本高血圧学会

2) American Diabetes Association:Treatment of hypertension in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:S71-S89, 2002

3) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al:The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:The JNC 7. JAMA 289:2560-2572, 2003

4) Guideline Committee:2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 21:1011-1053, 2003

5) Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al:Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension:principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 351:1755-1762, 1998

6) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001

7) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002

8) Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Birkenhager WH et al:Effects of calcium-channel blocker in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. N Engl J Med 340:677-684, 1999

9) Kosegawa I, Inaba M, Morita T et al:Effect of thevasodilatory β-blocker, nipradilol, and Ca-antagonist, barnidipine, on insulin sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 20:751-761, 1998

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11) Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A et al:Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with along-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study:Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT).Lancet 356:366-372, 2000

P.110 掲載の参考文献

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4) Agata J, Miyazaki Y, Takada M et al:Association of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia with disturbed lipid metabolism in patient with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 21:57-62, 1998

5) Kjeldsen SE, Rostrup M, Moan A et al:The sympathetic nervous system may modulate the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc, Pharmacol 20 (Suppl 8) :S32-S39, 1992

6) Lithell HO:Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and the treatment of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 9:150S-154S, 1996

7) Harada N, Ohnaka M, Sakamoto S et al:Cilnidipine improves insulin sensitivity in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat, a model of spontaneous NIDDM. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 13:519-523, 1999

8) Fukuzawa M, Satoh J, Ohta S et al:Modulation of tumor necrosis factor-α production with anti-hypertensive drugs. Immunopharmacology 48:65-74, 2000

9) Harano Y, Kageyama A, Omae T et al:Improvement of insulin sensitivity for glucose metabolism with the long-acting Ca channel blocker amlodipine in essential hypertensive subjects. Metabolism 44:315-319, 1995

10) Lender D, Arauz-Pacheco C, Breen L et al:A double blind comparison of the effects of amlodipine and enalapril on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 12:298-303, 1999

11) 福岡将匡, 島本和明, 飯村攻:本態性高血圧患者におけるCa拮抗薬 (塩酸マニジピン) の血圧, インスリン感受性ならびに高インスリン血症の腎Na代謝, 昇圧系作用に及ぼす影響. 札幌医誌 65:323-332, 1996

12) Kageyama S, Yamamoto J, Mimura A et al:Comparison of effects of nicardipine and trichlormethiazide on insulinsensitivity in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 7:474-477, 1994

13) de Courten M, Ferrari P, Schneider M et al:Lack of effect of longterm amlodipine on insulin sensitivity and plasma insulin in obese patients with essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 44:457-462, 1993

14) 本間康彦:Nifedipineの血清脂質, リポ蛋白に対する影響および降圧効果. Prog Med 8:2191-2204, 1988

15) 中島譲, 日高秀樹, 河盛隆造ほか:本態性高血圧症におけるベシル酸アムロジピンの糖・脂質代謝に及ぼす影響. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 19:3205-3219, 1991

P.119 掲載の参考文献

1) 荻原俊男ほか:老年者の高血圧治療ガイドライン1995 (長寿科学総合研究班試案).日老医誌 33:945-975, 1995

2) 日和田邦男, 荻原俊男, 松岡博昭ほか:老年者の高血圧治療ガイドライン-1999年改訂版-. 日老医誌 36:576-603, 1999

3) 荻原俊男ほか:老年者の高血圧治療ガイドライン-2002年改訂版-. 日老医誌 39:322-351, 2002

Chapter4 EBM

P.128 掲載の参考文献

1) Staessen JA, Tagard R, Thijs L et al:Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 350:757-764, 1997

2) Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Birkenhager WH et al:Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. N Engl J Med 340:677-684, 1999

3) Gong L, Zhang W, Zhu Y et al:Shanghai trial of nifedipine in the elderly (STONE) . J Hypertens 14:1237-1245, 1996

4) Liu L, Wang JG, Gong L et al:Comparison of active treatment and placebo for older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J Hypertens 16:1823-1829, 1998

5) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al:Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999

6) Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A et al:Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the international nifedipine GITs study:Intervention as a goal in hypertension treatment (INSIGHT) . Lancet 356:366-372, 2000

7) Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al:Randomised trial of effects of calciumant agonists compared with diuretics and β-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Nordic diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 356:359-365, 2000

8) Opie LH, Schall R:Evidence-based evaluation of calcium channel blockers for hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:315-322, 2002

9) The ALLHAT Officers, Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. The antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002

10) Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L:Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressu rereduction:a quantitative overview updated until I March 2003. J Hypertens 21:1055-1076, 2003

11) Forette F, Seux M-L, Staessen JA et al:Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 352:1347-1351, 1998

12) Forette F, Seux M-L, Staessen JA et al:The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment. New evidence from the systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Intern Med 162:2046-2052, 2002

13) Appelgate WB, Pressel S, Wittes J et al:Impact of the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in behavioral variables. Results from the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Arch Intern Med 154:2154-2160, 1994

14) Maxwell CJ, Hogan DB, Ebly EM:Calcium-channel blockers and cognitive function in elderly people:results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. CMAJ 161:501-506, 1999

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1) Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al:Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension:principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet 351:1755-1762, 1998

2) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al:Randomized trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trialin Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999

3) Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A et al:Morbidity and Mortality in patients randomized to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study:Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT) . Lancet 356:366-372, 2000

4) Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al:Randomised trial of effects of calciumantagonists compared with diuretics and β-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 356:359-365, 2000

5) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT).JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002

6) Pitt B, Byington RP, Furberg CD et al:Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. PREVENT Investigators. Circulation 102:1503-1510, 2000

7) Devereux RB, Palmieri V, Sharpe N et al:Effects of once-daily angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium channel blockade-based antihypertensive treatment regimens on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic filling in hypertension:the prospective randomized enalapril studyevaluating regression of ventricular enlargement (PRESERVE) trial. Circulation 104:1248-1254, 2001

8) Terpstra WF, May JF, Smit AJ et al:Long-term effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in elderly, previously untreated hypertensive patients:the ELVERA trial. J Hypertens 19:303-309, 2001

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1) Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL et al:Blood Pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. N Engl J Med 334:13-18, 1996

2) Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM et al:Blood Pressure control, proteinurea, and the progression of renal disease. Ann Intern Med 123:754-762, 1995

3) Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Birkenhager WH et al:Effect of calcium channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. N Engl J Med 340:677-684, 1999

4) 黒川清:高血圧を伴う腎疾患の長期治療試験結果概要. Ther Res 22:275-282, 2001

5) Baba S:Nifedipine and enalapril equally reduce the progression of nephropathy in hypertensive type 2 diabetics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 54:191-201, 2001

6) Hansen PB, Jensen BL, Andreasen D et al:T-type and L-type voltage dependent calcium channels (VDCC) are differentially expressed in renal resistance vessels. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:346, 1999

7) 紀田康雄:高血圧を合併した糖尿病患者に対する塩酸エホニジピンの有用性. Ther Res 23:1939-1947, 2002

8) The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic；the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. JAMA 288:2998-3007, 2002

9) Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L et al:Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes:a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis 36:646-661, 2000

10) Herlitz H, Harris K, Risler T et al:The effect of an ACE inhibitor and a calcium antagonist on progression of renal disease:Nephros Study. NephrolDial Transplant 16:2158-2165, 2001

11) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effect of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001

12) Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL et al:Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis:a randomized controlled trail. JAMA 285:2719-2728, 2001

13) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001

Chapter5 併用療法

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3) Fiad TM, Cunnigham SK, Hayes FJ et al:Effect of nifedipine treatment on the renin-angiotensin axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:457-460, 1997

4) Luft FC, Fineberg NS, Weinberger MH:Long-term effect of nifedipine and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and sodium homeostasis at varying levels of salt intake in mildly hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 4:752-760, 1991

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6) Garthoff B, Bellenmann P:Effect of salt loading and nitrendipine on dihydropyridine receptors in hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10:S36-S38, 1987

7) Leenen FFH, Yuan B:Dietary sodium and the antihypertensive effect of nifedipine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 5:515-519, 1992

8) Nicholson JP, Resnick LM, Laragh JH:Hydrochlorothiazide is not additive to verapamil in treating essential hypertension. Arch Intern Med 149:125-128, 1989

9) Cappucio FP, Markandu ND, Singer DR et al:Adouble-blind crossover study of the effect of concomitant diuretic therapy in hypertensive patients treated with amlodipine. Am J Hypertens 4:297-302, 1991

10) Chrysant SG, Chrysant C, Trus J et al:Antihypertensive effectiveness of amlodipine in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Am J Hypertens 2:537-541, 1989

11) Manning G, Joy A, Mathias CJ et al:Double-blind, parallel, comparative multicentre study of a new combination of diltiazem and hydrochlorothiazide with individual components in patients with mild or moderate hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 10:443-448, 1996

12) Carney S, Wing L, Riberio A et al:The addition of mibefradil to chronic hydrochlorothiazide therapy in hypertensive patients is associated with a significant antihypertensive effect. J Hum Hypertens 11:459-466, 1997

13) Elliote WJ, Polascik TB, Murphy MB:Equivalent antihypertensive effects of combination therapy using diuretic+calcium antagonist compared with diuretic + ACE inhibitor. J Hum Hypertens 4:717-723, 1990

14) Chrysant SG, Stimpel M:A comparison of theantihypertensive effectiveness of acombination of moexipril or sustained-release varapamil with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide. J Clin Pharmacol 36:701-706, 1996

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1) Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L:Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction:a quantitative overview updated until 1 March 2003. J Hypertens 21:1055-1076, 2003

2) Ruzicka M, Leenen FH:Combination therapy as first-line treatment of arterial hypertension. Can J Cardiol 18:1317-1327, 2002

3) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al:The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 289:2560-2257, 2003

4) Dahlof B, Jonsson L, Borgholst O et al:Improved antihypertensive efficacy of the felodipine-metoprolol extended-release tablet compared with each drug alone. Blood Press 1 (Suppl) :37-45, 1993

5) Mettimano M, Pichetti F, Fazzari L et al:Combination therapy with beta-adrenergic blockade and amlodipine as second line treatment ine ssential hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 54:424-428, 2000

6) Prisant LM:Fixed low-dose combination in first-line treatment of hypertension. J Hypertens 20 (Suppl 1) :S11-S19, 2002

7) Brown MJ, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak AF et al:Better blood pressure control:how to combine drugs. J Hum Hypertens 17:81-86, 2003

8) Davies RF, Habibi H, Klinke WP et al:Effect of amlodipine, atenolol and their combination on myocardial ischemia during treadmill exercise and ambulatory monitoring. Canadian Amlodipine／Atenolol in Silent Ischemia Study (CASIS) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:619-625, 1995

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1) Guidelines Sub-Committee:1993 Guideline for the management of mild hypertension:memorandum form a World Health Organization／International Society of Hypertension meeting. J Hypertens 11:905-918, 1993

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3) Fogari R, Zoppi A, Tettamanti F et al:Effects of nifedipine and indomethacin on cough induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors:a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19:670-673, 1992

4) de Leeuw PW, Notter T, Zilles P:Comparison of different fixed anti-hypertensive combination drugs:a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. J Hypertens 15:87-91, 1997

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1) Akishita M, Iwai M, Wu L et al:Inhibitory effect of AT2 receptor on coronary arterial remodeling after aortic banding in mice. Circulation 102:1684-1689, 2000

2) Wu L, Iwai M, Nakagami H et al:Roles of AT2 receptor stimulation associated with selective AT1 receptor blockade with valsartan in the improvement of inflammation-induced vascular injury. Circulation 104:2716-2721, 2001

3) Eguchi S, Iwasaki H, Inagami T et al:Involvement of PYK2 in angiotensin II signaling of vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 33:201-206, 1999

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1) Pristipino C, Beltrame JF, Finocchiaro ML et al:Major racial differences in coronary constrictor response between Japanese and Caucasians with recent myocardial infarction. Circulation 101:1102-1108, 2000

2) Morgan T, Anderson A:The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on blood pressure in patients treated with different antihypertensive drugs. J Clin Hypertens 5:53-57, 2003

3) Yasue H, Ogawa H, Tanaka H et al:Effects of aspirin and trapidil on cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 83:1308-1313, 1999

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2) Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD et al:The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies. JAMA 274:620-625, 1995

3) Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L et al:Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet 350:757-764, 1997

4) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al:Randomisedtrial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study., Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999

5) Pitt B, Byington RP, Furberg CD et al:Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. PREVENT Investigators. Circulation 102:1503-1510, 2000

6) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT).JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002

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11) Ahsan CH, Shah A, Ezekowitz M:Acute statin treatment in reducing risk after acute coronary syndrome:the MIRACL (Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering) Trial. Curr Opin Cardiol 16:390-393, 2001

12) Essig M, Nguyen G, Prie D et al:3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors increase fibrinolytic activity in rat aortic endothelial cells. Role of geranylgeranylation and Rho proteins. Circ Res 83:683-690, 1998

13) Hussein O, Schlezinger S, Rosenblat M et al:Reduced susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to lipid peroxidation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with the hypocholesterolemic effect of the drug and its binding to the LDL. Atherosclerosis 128:11-18, 1997

14) Laufs U, Marra D, Node K, Liao JK:3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors attenuate vascular smooth muscle proliferation by preventing rho GTPase-induced down-regulation of p27 (Kip 1) . J Biol Chem 274:21926-21931, 1999

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17) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Reseach Group:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. JAMA 288:2998-3007, 2002

18) Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR et al:Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastat in inhypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA) :a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361:1149-1158, 2003

Chapter6 Q&A

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4) Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H et al:Relation between nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensives:Advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extremedippers. Hypertension 27:130-135, 1996

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3) Kuramoto K, Ichikawa S, Hirai A et al:Azelnidipine and amlodipine:a comparison of their pharmacokinetics and effects on ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertens Res 26:201-208, 2003

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2) The ALLHAT Officers and Ca coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic. JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002

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3) 藤島正敏:脳血管障害を伴った高血圧. 日本内科学会雑誌 79:65-70, 1990

4) Cai H, Yao H, Ibayashi S et al:Amlodipine, a Ca2+ channel antagonist, modifies cerebral blood flow autoregulation in hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 313:103-106, 1996

5) 有廣昇司, 井林雪郎:脳血管障害患者にどの降圧薬を選ぶか. 臨床成人病と生活習慣病 32:482-486, 2002

6) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomised trial of perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6, 105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001

7) Irie K, Yamaguchi T, Minematsu K et al:The J-curve phenomenon in stroke recurrence. Stroke 24:1844-1849, 1993

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1) Binggeli C, Corti R, Sudano I et al:Effects of chronic calcium channel blockade on sympathetic nerve activity in hypertension. Hypertension 39:892-896, 2002

2) 松本直道, 荒川規矩男:ベシル酸アムロジピン. 現代医療 26:2063-2067, 1994

3) Tominaga M, Ohya Y, Tsukashima A et al:Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with essential hypertension treated with a new calcium antagonist, cilnidipine. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 11:43-48, 1997

4) Harada K, Nomura M, Nishikado A et al:Clinical Efficacy of efonidipine hydrochloride, a T-type calcium channel inhibitor, on sympathetic activities. Circ J 67:139-145, 2003

5) Kuramoto K, Ichikawa S, Hirai A et al:Azelnidipine and amlodipine:a comparison of their pharmacokinetics and effects on ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertens Res 26:201-208, 2003

Chapter7 使用上の注意・副作用対策

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1) Murakami M, Murakami E, Takekoshi N et al:Antihypertensive effect of (4-2'-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonic acid dimethylester (Nifedipine, Bay-a 1040) , a new coronary dilator. Jpn Heart J 13:128-135, 1972

2) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al:Randomised trial of old and newantihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999

3) Palmer RC, Castaigne A:Morbidity and Mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study:Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT) . Lancet 356:366-372, 2000

4) The GLANT Study Group:A 12-Month Comparison of ACE Inhibitor and Ca Antagonist Therapy in Mild to Moderate Essential Hypertension-The GLANT Study-. Hypertens Res 18:235-244, 1995

5) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2987, 2002

6) Prisant LM, Herman W:Calcium channel blocker induced gingival overgrowth. J Clin Hypertens 4:310-311, 2002

7) Tanner LA, Bosco LA:Gynecoymastia associated with calcium channel blocker therapy. Arch Intern Med 148:379-380, 1988

8) Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD et al:The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies. JAMA 274:620-625, 1995

9) Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV:Nifedipine. Does-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation 92:1326-1331, 1995

10) Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Furberg CD et al:Risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage with calcium antagonists in hypertensive personsover 67 years old. Lancet 347:1061-1065, 1996

11) Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Salive ME et al:Do calcium channel blockers increase the risk of cancer? Am J Hypertens 9:695-699, 1996

12) Staessen JA, Fagar dR, Thijs L et al:Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet 350:757-764, 1997

13) Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW:Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23 (Suppl 2) :B54-B64, 2000

14) Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP et al:Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 21:597-603, 1998

15) Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al:Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension:principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 351:1755-1762, 1998

16) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001

Chapter8 薬物代謝と相互作用

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1) 猿田享男:カルシウム拮抗薬. Medicina 37:395-397, 2000

2) 東純一:危険な薬物相互作用とは?. 現代薬処方匙加減考「クスリに弱いヒト」と「困ったクスリ」たち. じほう, 東京, 2001, p69-105

3) Lown KS, Bailey DG, Fontana RJ et al:Grapefruit juice increases felodipine oral availability in humans by decreasing intestinal CYP 3A protein expression. J Clin Invest 99:2545-2553, 1997

4) Bailey DG, Arnold JMO, Spence JD:Grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 46:101-110, 1998

5) Vincent J, Harris SI, Foulds G et al:Lack of effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamica of amlodipine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 50:455-463, 2000

6) 菅原和信, 宇野司:グレープフルーツジュースによる薬物相互作用. 日薬理誌 121:268-274, 2003

7) Baur S, Stormer E, Johne A et al:Alteration in cyclosporine A pharmacokinetics and metabolism during treatment with St John's wort in renal transplant patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 55:203-211, 2003

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