整形外科　感染対策エッセンシャルズ

出版社： メジカルビュー社
著者：
発行日： 2021-11-30
分野： 臨床医学：外科  >  整形外科学
ISBN： 9784758321501
電子書籍版： 2021-11-30 （第1版第1刷）
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2018年7月に開催された第2回国際コンセンサス会議で採択された，整形外科に関連する感染症対策についての合意事項から特に重要な推奨項目を厳選。整形外科のほぼ全領域を網羅する約160の「クリニカルクエスチョン」を掲載し，それぞれに推奨とエビデンスレベルを示した上で，その根拠を解説。
手術を行う施設には必携の一冊！

目次

  • Part I　総論
    　Section 1：予防
    　　宿主関連，局所因子／宿主関連，一般的因子／宿主リスクの軽減，局所因子／
    　　宿主リスクの軽減，全身因子／リスクの軽減，局所因子／リスクの軽減，全身因子／
    　　予防：抗菌薬（全身投与）／予防：抗菌薬（局所投与）／術野／手術室，麻酔／
    　　手術室，スタッフ／手術室，環境／手術室，外科手術／洗浄液
    　　手術室，外科手技／輸血医療／創管理
    　Section 2：診断
    　　臨床検査／菌種同定，培養／画像診断
    　Section 3：治療
    　　抗菌薬

    Part II　股関節・膝関節
    　Section 1：予防
    　　リスクの軽減／抗菌薬（全身投与）／抗菌薬（局所投与）／
    　　手術室環境／人工関節関連因子
    　Section 2：診断
    　　定義／アルゴリズム／臨床検査／細菌の分離と培養／インプラント再置換術
    　Section 3：治療
    　　アルゴリズム／デブリドマンとインプラント温存／一期的再置換術／
    　　二期的再置換術，スペーサー関連／二期的再置換術／手術手技／
    　　人工物の要素／抗菌薬／抗菌薬（二期的）／抗菌抑制

    Part III　肩関節
    　Section 1：予防
    　　抗菌薬／術中／患者背景／皮膚処置
    　Section 2：診断
    　　培養方法／炎症マーカー／サンプリング
    　Section 3：治療
    　　PJI に対する抗菌薬／コンポーネント温存／再手術
    　　
    Part IV　脊椎
    　Section 1：予防
    　　抗菌薬／危険因子／創傷処置
    　Section 2：診断
    　　基本原則／バイオマーカー／画像
    　Section 3：治療
    　　一般原則／抗菌薬／インプラント／創傷処置
    　　
    Part V　外傷
    　Section 1：予防
    　　患者因子／リスクの軽減
    　Section 2：診断
    　Section 3：治療
    　　抗菌薬と保存加療／リスク因子／術式関連／創被覆
    　　
    Part VI　足部・足関節
    　Section 1：診断
    　　人工足関節全置換術／非人工足関節全置換術
    　Section 2：治療
    　　人工足関節全置換術／非人工足関節全置換術
    　　
    Part VII　腫瘍
    　Section 1：予防
    　　化学療法／研究関連事項
    　Section 2：治療
    　　洗浄・デブリドマン／一期的再置換術／研究関連事項／二期的再置換術

    Part VIII　スポーツ
    　Section 1：予防
    　Section 2：診断
    　Section 3：治療
    　　
    Part IX　肘関節
    　Section 1：予防
    　Section 2：診断
    　Section 3：治療
    　　
    Part X　小児
    　Section 1：診断
    　Section 2：治療
    　　
    Part XI　バイオフィルム
    　Section 1：形成

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

Part I 総論

P.3 掲載の参考文献
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P.5 掲載の参考文献
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6) Park CH, et al. Lower urinary tract infection and per prosthetic joint infection after elective primary total hip arthroplasty. Hip Pelvis. 2017;29:30-4. doi:10.5371/hp.2017.29.1.30.
 
7) Singh H, et al. Total knee arthroplasty in women with asymptomatic urinary tract infection. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2015;23:298-300. doi:10.1177/230949901502300307.
 
8) Sousa R, et al. Is asymptomatic bacteriuria a risk factor for prosthetic joint infection? Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:41-7. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu235.
 
9) Wymenga AB, et al. Perioperative factors associated with septic arthritis after arthroplasty. Prospective multicenter study of 362 knee and 2,651 hip operations. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63:665-71.
 
10) Wilson MG, et al. Infection as a complication of total knee-replacement arthroplasty. Risk factors and treatment in sixty-seven cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:878-83.
 
11) Pulido L, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection:the incidence, timing, and predisposing factors. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466:1710-5. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0209-4.
 
12) Kurtz SM, et al. Infection burden for hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:984-91. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2007.10.017.
 
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19) Gou W, et al. Preoperative asymptomatic leucocyturia and early prosthetic joint infections in patients undergoing joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:473-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.07.028.
 
20) Bouvet C, et al. Is there any benefit in pre-operative urinary analysis before elective total joint replacement? Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:390-4. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.96B3.32620.
 
21) Koves B, et al. Benefits and harms of treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria:a systematic review and meta-analysis by the European Association of Urology Urological Infection Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol. 2017;72:865-8. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.07.014.
 
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P.9 掲載の参考文献
1) Chen J, et al. Risk factors for deep infection after total knee arthroplasty:a meta-analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013;133:675-87. doi:10.1007/s00402-013-1723-8.
 
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3) Ridgeway S, et al. Infection of the surgical site after arthroplasty of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:844-50. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B6.15121.
 
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6) Tan TL, et al. Increased risk of periprosthetic joint infections in patients with hypothyroidism undergoing total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:868-71. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.10.028.
 
7) Soohoo NF, et al. Factors that predict short-term complication rates after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:2363-71. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1354-0.
 
8) SooHoo NF, et al. Factors predicting complication rates following total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:480-5. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00629.
 
9) Ibrahim SA, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in surgical outcomes in veterans following knee or hip arthroplasty. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:3143-51. doi:10.1002/art.21304.
 
10) Namba RS, et al. Risk factors associated with deep surgical site infections after primary total knee arthroplasty:an analysis of 56,216 knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:775-82. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.00211.
 
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50) Singh JA, et al. An underlying diagnosis of osteonecrosis of bone is associated with worse outcomes than osteoarthritis after total hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18:8. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1385-0.
 
Part I General Assembly, 1.2. Prevention:Host Related, General Factors, Question 1, p.15-19.
 
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53) Greenky M, et al. Preoperative anemia in total joint arthroplasty:is it associated with periprosthetic joint infection? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:2695-701. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2435-z.
 
54) Maoz G, et al. The Otto Aufranc Award:modifiable versus nonmodifiable risk factors for infection after hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:453-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3780-x.
 
55) Chesney D, et al. Infection after knee arthroplasty a prospective study of 1509 cases. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:355-9. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2007.05.052.
 
56) Wilson MG, et al. Infection as a complication of total knee-replacement arthroplasty. Risk factors and treatment in sixty-seven cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:878-83.
 
57) Kessler B, et al. Risk factors for periprosthetic ankle joint infection:a case-control study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:1871-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.00593.
 
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60) Pugely AJ, et al. The incidence of and risk factors for 30-day surgical site infections following primary and revision total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:47-50. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.01.063.
 
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63) Cancienne JM, et al. Is there a threshold value of hemoglobin a1c that predicts risk of infection following primary total hip arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:S236-40. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.01.022.
 
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68) Huang RC, et al. Aspirin is as effective as and safer than warfarin for patients at higher risk of venous thromboembolism undergoing total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:83-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.02.074.
 
69) Asensio A, et al. Preoperative low molecular weight heparin as venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients at risk for prosthetic infection after knee arthroplasty. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:903-9. doi:10.1086/505451.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.2. Prevention:Host Related, General Factors, Question 5, p.24-25.
 
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7) Truntzer JN, et al. Total joint arthroplasty in patients with chronic infectious liver disease. Arthroplast Today. 2016;2:69-76. doi:10.1016/j.artd.2015.07.001.
 
8) Calore BL, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the veteran population undergoing total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:1772-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.05.016.
 
9) Orozco F, et al. Fibrosis in hepatitis C patients predicts complications after elective total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:7-10. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.03.023.
 
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28) Hsieh PH, et al. Prosthetic hip infection in patients with liver cirrhosis:an outcome analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:e1054-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2010.06.018.
 
29) Moon YW, et al. Perioperative risk of hip arthroplasty in patients with cirrhotic liver disease. J Korean Med Sci. 2007;22:223-6. doi:10.3346/jkms.2007.22.2.223.
 
30) Cheng T, et al. The role of routine screening in blood-borne pathogens in Chinese patients undergoing joint arthroplasty. Bone Joint Res. 2017;6:566-71. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.69.BJR-2017-0066.R2.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.2. Prevention:Host Related, General Factors, Question 9, p.34-35.
 
P.17 掲載の参考文献
Part I General Assembly, 1.3. Prevention:Host Risk Mitigation, Local Factors, Question 1, p.42-44.
 
P.18 掲載の参考文献
1) Berbari EF, et al. The Mayo prosthetic joint infection risk score:implication for surgical site infection reporting and risk stratification. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:774-81. doi:10.1086/666641.
 
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4) Werner BC, et al. Total knee arthroplasty within six months after knee arthroscopy is associated with increased postoperative complications. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:1313-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.02.023.
 
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8) Piedade SR, et al. TKA outcomes after prior bone and soft tissue knee surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:2737-43. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2139-7.
 
9) Haughom BD, et al. Does hip arthroscopy affect the outcomes of a subsequent total hip arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:1516-8. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.01.008.
 
10) Zingg PO, et al. Does previous hip arthroscopy negatively influence the short term clinical result of total hip replacement? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132:299-303. doi:10.1007/s00402-011-1352-z.
 
11) Spencer-Gardner LS, et al. Does prior surgery for femoroacetabular impingement compromise hip arthroplasty outcomes? J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:1899-903. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.02.036.
 
12) Nam D, et al. Does a prior hip arthroscopy affect clinical outcomes in metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty? Am J Orthop. 2014;43:E255-60.
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14) Perets I, et al. Prior arthroscopy leads to inferior outcomes in total hip arthroplasty:a match-controlled study. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:3665-8. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.06.050.
 
15) Hoxie SC, et al Total knee arthroplasty after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:1005-8. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2007.08.017.
 
16) Magnussen RA, et al. Total knee arthroplasty for secondary osteoarthritis following ACL reconstruction:a matched-pair comparative study of intra-operative and early post-operative complications. Knee. 2012;19:275-8. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2011.05.001.
 
17) Watters TS, et al. Total knee arthroplasty after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:not just a routine primary arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:185-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.00524.
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18) Pancio SI, et al. Increased risk of revision, reoperation, and implant constraint in TKA after multiligament knee surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:1618-26. doi:10.1007/s11999-017-5230-z.
 
19) Ito H, et al. Total hip arthroplasty after rotational acetabular osteotomy. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:403-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.10.002.
 
20) Fukui K, et al. Does rotational acetabular osteotomy affect subsequent total hip arthroplasty? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:407-15. doi:10.1007/s00402-015-2154-5.
 
21) George J, et al. Influence of prior hip salvage surgery on outcomes after total hip arthroplasty in young patients. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:1108-12. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.11.008.
 
22) Steinhoff AK, et al. Outcomes of total knee arthroplasty after osteochondral allograft transplantation. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014;2:2325967114550276. doi:10.1177/2325967114550276.
 
23) Morag G, et al. Total knee replacement in previous recipients of fresh osteochondral allograft transplants. J Bone Joint Surg. 2006;88:541-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.02816.
 
24) Suzuki G, et al. Previous fracture surgery is a major risk factor of infection after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19:2040-4. doi:10.1007/s00167-011-1525-x.
 
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27) Klatte TO, et al. Incidence of bacterial contamination in primary THA and combined hardware removal:analysis of preoperative aspiration and intraoperative biopsies. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:1677-80. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.02.017.
 
28) Archibeck MJ, et al. Total hip arthroplasty after failed internal fixation of proximal femoral fractures. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:168-71. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.04.003.
 
29) Lizaur-Utrilla A, et al. Cementless acetabular reconstruction after acetabular fracture:a prospective, matched-cohort study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:232-8. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31824cf39e.
 
30) Jimenez ML, et al. Total hip replacement after acetabular fracture. Orthop Clin North Am. 1997;28:435-46.
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31) Romness DW, et al. Total hip arthroplasty after fracture of the acetabulum. Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72:761-4.
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33) Ranawat A, et al. Total hip arthroplasty for posttraumatic arthritis after acetabular fracture. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:759-67. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2008.04.004.
 
34) Schwarzkopf R, et al. Do conversion total hip arthroplasty yield comparable results to primary total hip arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:862-71. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.08.036.
 
35) Makridis KG, et al. Total hip arthroplasty after acetabular fracture:incidence of complications, reoperation rates and functional outcomes:evidence today. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1983-90. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.06.001.
 
36) Morison Z, et al. Total hip arthroplasty after acetabular fracture is associated with lower survivorship and more complications. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474:392-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4509-1.
 
37) Ahmed M, et al. Epidemiology of acetabular fractures in Qatar. Int Orthop. 2018;42:2211-7. doi:10.1007/s00264-018-3824-z.
 
38) Lizaur-Utrilla A, et al. Total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis secondary to fracture of the tibial plateau. A prospective matched cohort study. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:1328-32. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.02.032.
 
39) Nelson CL, et al. Total knee arthroplasty after varus osteotomy of the distal part of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-a:1062-5.
 
40) Farfalli LA, et al. Complications in total knee arthroplasty after high tibial osteotomy. Orthopedics. 2012;35:e464-8. doi:10.3928/01477447-20120327-21.
 
41) Bergenudd H, et al. Total knee arthroplasty after failed proximal tibial valgus osteotomy. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:635-38. doi:10.1016/S0883-5403(97)90135-2.
 
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7) Jerry GJ, et al. Old sepsis prior to total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988:135-40.
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8) Huang TW, et al. Encouraging outcomes of staged, uncemented arthroplasty with short-term antibiotic therapy for treatment of recalcitrant septic arthritis of the native hip. J Trauma. 2010;68:965-9. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181af6e70.
 
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10) Chen CE, et al. Total hip arthroplasty for primary septic arthritis of the hip in adults. Int Orthop. 2008;32:573-80. doi:10.1007/s00264-007-0366-1.
 
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13) Lee G-C, et al. Total knee arthroplasty after prior bone or joint sepsis about the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002:226-231.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.3. Prevention:Host Risk Mitigation, Local Factors, Question 2, p.44-45.
 
P.21 掲載の参考文献
Part I General Assembly, 1.4. Prevention:Host Risk Mitigation, General Factors, Question 2, p.48-49.
 
P.22 掲載の参考文献
1) 厚生労働省. 平成28年国民健康・栄養調査 結果の概要. (https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/eiyou/dl/h28-houkoku-03.pdf, 2021年5月時点)
 
2) Adams AL, et al. Surgical outcomes of total knee replacement according to diabetes status and glycemic control, 2001 to 2009. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:481-7.
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3) Cancienne JM, et al. Is there an association between hemoglobin A1c and deep postoperative infection after TKA? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:1642-9.
PubMed
4) Iorio R, et al. Diabetes mellitus, hemoglobin A1C, and the incidence of total joint arthroplasty infection. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:726-9.e1.
 
5) O'Keeffe DT, et al. HbA1c in the evaluation of diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2016;315:605-6.
PubMed
6) Cancienne JM, et al. Is there a threshold value of hemoglobin A1c that predicts risk of infection following primary total hip arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:S236-40.
 
7) Chrastil J, et al. Is hemoglobin A1c or perioperative hyperglycemia predictive of periprosthetic joint infection or death following primary total joint arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:1197-202.
 
8) Harris AH, et al. Hemoglobin A1C as a marker for surgical risk in diabetic patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:25-9.
PubMed
9) Kremers HM, et al. Diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, hemoglobin A1C and the risk of prosthetic joint infections in total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:439-43.
 
10) Satake K, et al. Predisposing factors for surgical site infection of spinal instrumentation surgery for diabetes patients. Eur Spine J. 2013;22:1854-8.
PubMed
11) Shohat N, et al. Serum Fructosamine:a simple and inexpensive test for assessing preoperative glycemic control. J Bone Joint Surg. 2017;99:1900-7.
PubMed
12) Cancienne JM, et al. The association of perioperative glycemic control with deep postoperative infection after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in patients with diabetes. World Neurosurg. 2017;102:13-7.
PubMed
13) Domek N, et al. Association between hemoglobin A1c and surgical morbidity in elective foot and ankle surgery. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55:939-43.
PubMed
14) Dronge AS, et al. Long-term glycemic control and postoperative infectious complications. Arch Surg. 2006;141:375-80.
PubMed
15) Han HS, et al. Relations between long-term glycemic control and postoperative wound and infectious complications after total knee arthroplasty in type 2 diabetics. Clin Orthop Surg. 2013;5:118-23.
PubMed
16) Hikata T, et al. High preoperative hemoglobin A1c is a risk factor for surgical site infection after posterior thoracic and lumbar spinal instrumentation surgery. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19:223-8.
 
17) Tarabichi M, et al. Determining the threshold for HbA1c as a predictor for adverse outcomes after total joint arthroplasty:a multicenter, retrospective study. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:S263-7.e1.
 
18) Yang L, et al. Is hemoglobin A1c and perioperative hyperglycemia predictive of periprosthetic joint infection following total joint arthroplasty?:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2017;96:e8805.
PubMed
P.24 掲載の参考文献
1) Adams AL, et al. Surgical outcomes of total knee replacement according to diabetes status and glycemic control, 2001 to 2009. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:481-7.
PubMed
2) Cancienne JM, et al. Is there an association between hemoglobin A1c and deep postoperative infection after TKA? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:1642-9.
PubMed
3) Iorio R, et al. Diabetes mellitus, hemoglobin A1C, and the incidence of total joint arthroplasty infection. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:726-9.e1.
 
4) O'Keeffe DT, et al. HbA1c in the evaluation of diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2016;315:605-6.
PubMed
5) Cancienne JM, et al. Is there a threshold value of hemoglobin A1c that predicts risk of infection following primary total hip arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:S236-40.
 
6) Chrastil J, et al. Is hemoglobin A1c or perioperative hyperglycemia predictive of periprosthetic joint infection or death following primary total joint arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:1197-202.
 
7) Harris AH, et al. Hemoglobin A1C as a marker for surgical risk in diabetic patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:25-9.
PubMed
8) Kremers HM, et al. Diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, hemoglobin A1C and the risk of prosthetic joint infections in total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:439-43.
 
9) Satake K, et al. Predisposing factors for surgical site infection of spinal instrumentation surgery for diabetes patients. Eur Spine J. 2013;22:1854-8.
PubMed
10) Shohat N, et al. Serum Fructosamine:a simple and inexpensive test for assessing preoperative glycemic control. J Bone Joint Surg. 2017;99:1900-7.
PubMed
11) Cancienne JM, et al. Not all patients with diabetes have the same risks:perioperative glycemic control is associated with postoperative infection following knee arthroscopy. Arthroscopy. 2018;24:1561-9.
 
12) Cancienne JM, et al. The association of perioperative glycemic control with deep postoperative infection after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in patients with diabetes. World Neurosurg. 2017;102:13-7.
PubMed
13) Domek N, et al. Association between hemoglobin A1c and surgical morbidity in elective foot and ankle surgery. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55:939-43.
PubMed
14) Dronge AS, et al. Long-term glycemic control and postoperative infectious complications. Arch Surg. 2006;141:375-80.
PubMed
15) Han HS, et al. Relations between long-term glycemic control and postoperative wound and infectious complications after total knee arthroplasty in type 2 diabetics. Clin Orthop Surg. 2013;5:118-23.
PubMed
16) Hikata T, et al. High preoperative hemoglobin A1c is a risk factor for surgical site infection after posterior thoracic and lumbar spinal instrumentation surgery. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19:223-8.
 
17) Hwang JS, et al. Do glycemic markers predict occurrence of complications after total knee arthroplasty in patients with diabetes? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:1726-31.
PubMed
18) Jamsen E, et al. Preoperative hyperglycemia predicts infected total knee replacement. Eur J Intern Med. 2010;21:196-201.
PubMed
19) Stryker LS, et al. Elevated postoperative blood glucose and preoperative hemoglobin A1C are associated with increased wound complications following total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:808-14, S1-2.
 
20) Tarabichi M, et al. Determining the threshold for HbA1c as a predictor for adverse outcomes after total joint arthroplasty:a multicenter, retrospective study. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:S263-7.e1.
 
21) Yang L, et al. Is hemoglobin A1c and perioperative hyperglycemia predictive of periprosthetic joint infection following total joint arthroplasty?:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2017;96:e8805.
PubMed
22) Shohat N, et al. Inadequate glycemic control is associated with increased surgical site infection in total joint arthroplasty:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:2312-21.e3.
 
Part I General Assembly, 1.4. Prevention:Host Risk Mitigation, General Factors, Question 4, p.51-52.
 
P.26 掲載の参考文献
1) Bode LG, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:9-17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808939.
 
2) Sousa RJ, et al. Preoperative Staphylococcus aureus screening/decolonization protocol before total joint arthroplasty-results of a small prospective randomized trial. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:234-9. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.08.003.
 
3) Kalmeijer MD, et al. Surgical site infections in orthopedic surgery:the effect of mupirocin nasal ointment in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:353-8. doi:10.1086/341025.
 
4) Price CS, et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in preoperative orthopaedic outpatients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466:2842-7. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0337-x.
 
5) Walsh AL, et al. Risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in joint arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:1530-3. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.12.038.
 
6) Campbell KA, et al. Risk factors for developing Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in spine and arthroplasty surgery. Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013). 2015;73:276-81.
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7) Lidwell OM, et al. Bacteria isolated from deep joint sepsis after operation for total hip or knee replacement and the sources of the infections with Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect. 1983;4:19-29.
 
8) Berthelot P, et al. Is nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus the main acquisition pathway for surgical-site infection in orthopaedic surgery? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29:373-82. doi:10.1007/s10096-009-0867-5.
 
9) Skramm I, et al. Surgical site infections in orthopaedic surgery demonstrate clones similar to those in orthopaedic Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:882-8. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.00919.
 
10) Matheson A, et al. Nasal swab screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--how well does it perform? A cross-sectional study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:803-8. doi:10.1086/666639.
 
11) Young BC, et al. Multi-site and nasal swabbing for carriage of Staphylococcus aureus:what does a single nose swab predict? J Hosp Infect. 2017;96:232-7. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2017.01.015.
 
12) Andriesse GI, et al. Comparison of two PCR-based methods and conventional culture for the detection of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in pre-operative patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:1223-6. doi:10.1007/s10096-009-0770-0.
 
13) Tsang ST, et al. Underestimation of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA) carriage associated with standard culturing techniques:one third of carriers missed. Bone Joint Res. 2018;7:79-84. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2017-0175.R1.
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14) Wendt C, et al. Value of whole-body washing with chlorhexidine for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus:a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:1036-43. doi:10.1086/519929.
 
15) van Rijen M, et al. Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008:CD006216. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006216.pub2.
 
16) Anderson MJ, et al. Efficacy of skin and nasal povidone-iodine preparation against mupirocin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. aureus within the anterior nares. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:2765-73. doi:10.1128/AAC.04624-14.
 
17) Phillips M, et al. Preventing surgical site infections:a randomized, open-label trial of nasal mupirocin ointment and nasal povidone-iodine solution. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35:826-32. doi:10.1086/676872.
 
18) Baratz MD, et al. Twenty percent of patients may remain colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus despite a decolonization protocol in patients undergoing elective total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:2283-90. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4191-3.
 
19) Chen AF, et al. Preoperative decolonization effective at reducing staphylococcal colonization in total joint arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:18-20. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.03.036.
 
20) Moroski NM, et al. Is preoperative staphylococcal decolonization efficient in total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:444-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.10.017.
 
21) Kim DH, et al. Institutional prescreening for detection and eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:1820-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.01050.
 
22) Economedes DM, et al. Staphylococcus aureus colonization among arthroplasty patients previously treated by a decolonization protocol:a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:3128-32. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-2856-3.
 
23) Immerman I, et al. The persistence of Staphylococcus aureus decolonization after mupirocin and topical chlorhexidine:implications for patients requiring multiple or delayed procedures. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:870-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.01.010.
PubMed
24) Murphy E, et al. MRSA colonisation and subsequent risk of infection despite effective eradication in orthopaedic elective surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93:548-51. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.93B4.24969.
 
25) Ramos N, et al. Prior Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization:a risk factor for surgical site infections following decolonization. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24:880-5. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00165.
 
26) Tandon T, et al. Risk of surgical site infection in elective hip and knee replacements after confirmed eradication of MRSA in chronic carriers. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:3711-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.06.036.
 
27) Rao N, et al. Preoperative screening/decolonization for Staphylococcus aureus to prevent orthopedic surgical site infection:prospective cohort study with 2-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:1501-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2011.03.014.
 
28) Malcolm TL, et al. Predictors of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and results after decolonization. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2016;4367156. doi:10.1155/2016/4367156.
 
29) Sporer SM, et al. Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization to reduce surgical site infection in elective total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:144-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.05.019.
 
30) Stambough JB, et al. Decreased hospital costs and surgical site infection incidence with a universal decolonization protocol in primary total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:728-34.e1. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.09.041.
 
31) Hetem DJ, et al. Prevention of surgical site infections:decontamination with mupirocin based on preoperative screening for Staphylococcus aureus carriers or universal decontamination? Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:631-6. doi:10.1093/cid/civ990.
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Part I General Assembly, 1.5. Prevention:Risk Mitigation, Local Factors, Question 1, p.53-55.
 
P.28 掲載の参考文献
1) Jafari SM, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection:are patients with multiple prosthetic joints at risk? J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:877-80. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.01.002.
 
2) Rezapoor M, et al. Prevention of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:902-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.02.044.
 
3) Bedair H, et al. A history of treated periprosthetic joint infection increases the risk of subsequent different site infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:2300-4. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4174-4.
 
4) Haverstock JP, et al. Multiple per prosthetic joint infections:evidence for decreasing prevalence. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:2862-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.05.013.
 
5) Abblitt WP, et al. Risk of periprosthetic joint infection in patients with multiple arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:840-3. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.10.024.
 
6) Murdoch DR, et al. Infection of orthopedic prostheses after Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:647-9. doi:10.1086/318704.
 
7) Tande AJ, et al. Clinical presentation, risk factors, and outcomes of hematogenous prosthetic joint infection in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Am J Med. 2016;129:221.e11-20. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.09.006.
 
8) Sendi P, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection following Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Infect. 2011;63:17-22. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2011.05.005.
 
9) Murray RP, et al. Metachronous infections in patients who have had more than one total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:1469-74.
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10) Uckay I, et al. Low incidence of haematogenous seeding to total hip and knee prostheses in patients with remote infections. J Infect. 2009;59:337-45. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2009.08.015.
 
11) Swan J, et al. Significance of sentinel infective events in haematogenous prosthetic knee infections. ANZ J Surg. 2011;81:40-5. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05486.x.
 
12) Bedair H, et al. A history of treated periprosthetic joint infection increases the risk of subsequent different site infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4174-4.
 
Part I General Assembly, 1.6. Prevention:Risk Mitigation, General Factors, Question 1, p.58.
 
P.29 掲載の参考文献
1) Peel TN, et al. Microbiological aetiology, epidemiology, and clinical profile of prosthetic joint infections:are current antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines effective? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:2386-91. doi:10.1128/AAC.06246-11.
 
2) Kalra L, et al. Risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection in patients with nasal MRSA colonization. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41:1253-7. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2013.05.021.
 
3) Kalmeijer MD, et al. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is a major risk factor for surgical-site infections in orthopedic surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:319-23. doi:10.1086/501763.
 
4) Maoz G, et al. The Otto Aufranc Award:modifi-able versus nonmodifiable risk factors for infection after hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:453-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3780-x.
 
5) Chen AF, et al. Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization in orthopaedic surgery and reduction of surgical site infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:2383-99. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-2875-0.
 
6) Bode LG, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:9-17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808939.
 
7) Torres EG, et al. Is preoperative nasal povidone-iodine as efficient and cost-effective as standard methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening protocol in total joint arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:215-8. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.09.030.
 
8) Tandon T, et al. Risk of surgical site infection in elective hip and knee replacements after confirmed eradication of MRSA in chronic carriers. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:3711-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.06.036.
 
9) Immerman I, et al. The persistence of Staphylococcus aureus decolonization after mupirocin and topical chlorhexidine:implications for patients requiring multiple or delayed procedures. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:870-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.01.010.
PubMed
10) Hansen E, et al. Perioperative antibiotics. J Orthop Res. 2014;32 Suppl 1:S31-59. doi:10.1002/jor.22549.
 
11) Iqbal HJ, et al. Review of MRSA screening and antibiotics prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma patients;the risk of surgical site infection with inadequate antibiotic prophylaxis in patients colonized with MRSA. Injury. 2017;48:1382-7. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2017.04.012.
 
12) Gupta K, et al. Preoperative nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus status, surgical prophylaxis, and risk-adjusted postoperative outcomes in veterans. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32:791-6. doi:10.1086/660362.
 
13) Kato D, et al. Randomized prospective study on prophylactic antibiotics in clean orthopedic surgery in one ward for 1 year. J Orthop Sci. 2006;11:20-7. doi:10.1007/s00776-005-0970-0.
 
14) Merrer J, et al. Comparison of routine prophylaxis with vancomycin or cefazolin for femoral neck fracture surgery:microbiological and clinical outcomes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:1366-71. doi:10.1086/509846.
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15) Soriano A, et al. Usefulness of teicoplanin for preventing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in orthopedic surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;25:35-8. doi:10.1007/s10096-005-0073-z.
 
16) Kanellakopoulou K, et al. Efficacy of teicoplanin for the prevention of surgical site infections after total hip or knee arthroplasty:a prospective, open-label study. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33:437-40. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.10.019.
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17) Tyllianakis ME, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in primary hip and knee arthroplasty:comparison between cefuroxime and two specific antistaphylococcal agents. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:1078-82. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2010.01.105.
 
18) Sewick A, et al. Does dual antibiotic prophylaxis better prevent surgical site infections in total joint arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:2702-7. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2255-1.
 
19) Smith EB, et al. Is it time to include vancomycin for routine perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in total joint arthroplasty patients? J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:55-60. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.03.040.
 
20) Tornero E, et al. Prophylaxis with teicoplanin and cefuroxime reduces the rate of prosthetic joint infection after primary arthroplasty. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:831-7. doi:10.1128/AAC.03949-14.
 
21) Tan TL, et al. Is vancomycin-only prophylaxis for patients with penicillin allergy associated with increased risk of infection after arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474:1601-6. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4672-4.
 
22) Kheir MM, et al. Vancomycin prophylaxis for total joint arthroplasty:incorrectly dosed and has a higher rate of periprosthetic infection than cefazolin. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:1767-74. doi:10.1007/s11999-017-5302-0.
 
Part I General Assembly, 1.7. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Systemic), Question 3, p.66-67.
 
P.32 掲載の参考文献
1) Bosco JA, et al. Principles of antibiotic prophylaxis in total joint arthroplasty:current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015;23:e27-35. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00017.
 
2) Hansen E, et al. Perioperative antibiotics. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:29-48. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.09.030.
 
3) Sousa RJ, et al. Preoperative Staphylococcus aureus screening/decolonization protocol before total joint arthroplasty-results of a small prospective randomized trial. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:234-9. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.08.003.
 
4) Hadley S, et al. Staphylococcus aureus decolonization protocol decreases surgical site infections for total joint replacement. Arthritis. 2010;924518. doi:10.1155/2010/924518.
 
5) Malcolm TL, et al. Predictors of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and results after decolonization. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2016;4367156. doi:10.1155/2016/4367156.
 
6) Schweizer ML, et al. Association of a bundled intervention with surgical site infections among patients undergoing cardiac, hip, or knee surgery. JAMA. 2015;313:2162-71. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.5387.
PubMed
7) Rao N, et al. Preoperative screening/decolonization for Staphylococcus aureus to prevent orthopedic surgical site infection:prospective cohort study with 2-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:1501-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2011.03.014.
 
8) De Lucas-Villarrubia JC, et al. Strategy to control methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus post-operative infection in orthopaedic surgery. Int Orthop. 2004;28:16-20. doi:10.1007/s00264-003-0460-y.
 
9) Kim DH, et al. Institutional prescreening for detection and eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:1820-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.01050.
 
10) Sharareh B, et al. Effect of body weight on cefazolin and vancomycin trabecular bone concentrations in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2016;17:71-7. doi:10.1089/sur.2015.067.
 
11) Cies JJ, et al. Influence of body mass index and antibiotic dose on the risk of surgical site infections in pediatric clean orthopedic surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2012;13:371-6. doi:10.1089/sur.2011.096.
 
12) Lubbeke A, et al. Body mass and weight thresholds for increased prosthetic joint infection rates after primary total joint arthroplasty. Acta Orthop. 2016;87:132-8. doi:10.3109/17453674.2015.1126157.
 
13) Yeung E, et al. Patient obesity:a growing concern of successful total knee arthroplasty. Seminars in Arthroplasty. 2010;21:87-91. doi:10.1053/j.sart.2010.01.001.
 
14) Lozano LM, et al. Relationship between knee anthropometry and surgical time in total knee arthroplasty in severely and morbidly obese patients:a new prognostic index of surgical difficulty. Obes Surg. 2008;18:1149-53. doi:10.1007/s11695-008-9481-3.
 
15) Catanzano A, et al. The standard one gram dose of vancomycin is not adequate prophylaxis for MRSA. Iowa Orthop J. 2014;34:111-7.
 
16) Kheir MM, et al. Vancomycin prophylaxis for total joint arthroplasty:incorrectly dosed and has a higher rate of periprosthetic infection than cefazolin. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:1767-74. doi:10.1007/s11999-017-5302-0.
 
17) Dash CH. Penicillin allergy and the cephalosporins. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1975;1:107-18.
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18) Petz LD. Immunologic cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins:a review. J Infect Dis. 1978;137 Suppl:S74-9.
 
19) Saxon A, et al. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:204-15.
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20) Kelkar PS, et al. Cephalosporin allergy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:804-9. doi:10.1056/NEJMra993637.
 
21) Romano A, et al. IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to cephalosporins:cross-reactivity and tolerability of alternative cephalosporins. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:685-91.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.012.
 
22) Campagna JD, et al. The use of cephalosporins in penicillin-allergic patients:a literature review. J Emerg Med. 2012;42:612-20. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.05.035.
 
23) Pichichero ME, et al. Safe use of selected cephalosporins in penicillin-allergic patients:a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136:340-7. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.10.007.
 
24) Haslam S, et al. Cefazolin use in patients who report a non-IgE mediated penicillin allergy:a retrospective look at adverse reactions in arthroplasty. Iowa Orthop J. 2012;32:100-3.
 
25) Beltran RJ, et al. Penicillin allergy and surgical prophylaxis:Cephalosporin cross-reactivity risk in a pediatric tertiary care center. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50:856-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.048.
 
26) Young SW, et al. The Mark Coventry Award:higher tissue concentrations of vancomycin with low-dose intraosseous regional versus systemic prophylaxis in TKA:a randomized trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:57-65. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3038-z.
 
27) Polso AK, et al. Impact of hospital guideline for weight-based antimicrobial dosing in morbidly obese adults and comprehensive literature review. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2014;39:584-608. doi:10.1111/jcpt.12200.
 
28) Sewick A, et al. Does dual antibiotic prophylaxis better prevent surgical site infections in total joint arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:2702-7. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2255-1.
 
29) Zywiel MG, et al. Prophylactic oral antibiotics reduce reinfection rates following two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2011;35:37-42. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-0992-x.
 
30) Johnson AJ, et al. Reduced re-infection rates with postoperative oral antibiotics after two-stage revision hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:123. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-123.
 
31) Frank JM, et al. The Mark Coventry, MD, Award:oral antibiotics reduce reinfection after two-stage exchange:a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:56-61. doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4890-4.
 
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35) Durand F, et al. Smoking is a risk factor of organ/space surgical site infection in orthopaedic surgery with implant materials. Int Orthop. 2013;37:723-7. doi:10.1007/s00264-013-1814-8.
 
36) Jafari SM, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection:are patients with multiple prosthetic joints at risk? J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:877-80. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.01.002.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.7. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Systemic), Question 4, p.67-70.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.7. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Systemic), Question 6, p.73-74.
 
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18) Tice AD, et al. Risk factors and treatment outcomes in osteomyelitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51:1261-8. doi:10.1093/jac/dkg186.
 
19) Grayson ML, et al. Once-daily intravenous cefazolin plus oral probenecid is equivalent to once-daily intravenous ceftriaxone plus oral placebo for the treatment of moderate-to-severe cellulitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1440-8. doi:10.1086/340056.
 
20) Paul M, et al. Are all beta-lactams similarly effective in the treatment of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1581-6. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03425.x.
 
21) Tawara S, et al. Effect of protein binding in serum on therapeutic efficacy of cephem antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992;36:17-24.
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24) Coiffier G, et al. Is ceftriaxone 2g once daily a valid treatment option for osteoarticular infections due to Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and gram-negative rods? Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81:200-2. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.02.004.
 
25) Nguyen HM, et al. Treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus osteoarticular and prosthetic joint infections:using the oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration to guide appropriate ceftriaxone use. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:161-2. doi:10.1093/cid/cit188.
 
26) Marschall J, et al. Current management of prosthetic joint infections in adults:results of an Emerging Infections Network survey. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;41:272-7. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.023.
 
Part I General Assembly, 1.7. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Systemic), Question 8, p.75-76.
 
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2) Dennis HH, et al. Is intraoperative local vancomycin powder the answer to surgical site infections in spine surgery? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017;42:267-74.
 
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8) Singh K, et al. Surgical site infection in high-energy peri-articular tibia fractures with intra-wound vancomycin powder:a retrospective pilot study. J Orthop Traumatol. 2015;16:287-91.
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11) Mariappan R, et al. Circulatory collapse after topical application of vancomycin powder during spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;19:381-3. doi:10.3171/2013.6.SPINE1311
 
Part I General Assembly, 1.8. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Local), Question 3, p.83-85.
 
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9) Chang W, et al. Adult osteomyelitis:debridement versus debridement plus Osteoset T pellets. Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73:238-43. doi:10.7748/ns2007.05.21.35.51.c4556.
 
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12) Flierl MA, et al. Poor outcomes of irrigation and debridement in acute periprosthetic joint infection with antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate beads. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:2505-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.03.051.
 
13) Franceschini M, et al. Treatment of a chronic recurrent fistulized tibial osteomyelitis:administration of a novel antibiotic-loaded bone substitute combined with a pedicular muscle flap sealing. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2012;22:245-9. doi:10.1007/s00590-012-0956-5.
 
14) Gitelis S, et al. The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with a biodegradable antibiotic-impregnated implant. J Orthop Surg. 2002;10:53-60. doi:10.1177/230949900201000110.
 
15) Humm G, et al. Adjuvant treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia following exogenous trauma using OSTEOSET(R) -T:a review of 21 patients in a regional trauma centre. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2014;9:157-61. doi:10.1007/s11751-014-0206-y.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.8. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Local), Question 4, p.85-87.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.8. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Local), Question 5, p.88.
 
P.45 掲載の参考文献
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Part I General Assembly, 1.9. Prevention:Surgical Site Preparation, Question 2, p.91-92.
 
P.47 掲載の参考文献
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2) Rezapoor M, et al. Prevention of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:902-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.02.044.
 
3) Markatos K, et al. Perioperative skin preparation and draping in modern total joint arthroplasty:current evidence. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2015;16:221-5. doi:10.1089/sur.2014.097.
 
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5) Parvizi J, et al. Proceedings of the international consensus on periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:1450-2. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B11.33135.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.9. Prevention:Surgical Site Preparation, Question 4, p.91-92.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.9. Prevention:Surgical Site Preparation, Question 8, p.96-97.
 
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5) Liu J, et al. Neuraxial anesthesia decreases postoperative systemic infection risk compared with general anesthesia in knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg. 2013;117:1010-6.
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Part I General Assembly, 1.10. Prevention:Operating Room, Anesthesia, Question 1, p.98-99.
 
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17) Parikh SN, et al. Operating room traffic:is there any role of monitoring it? J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30:617-23. doi:10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181e4f3be.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.11. Prevention:Operating Room, Personnel, Question 1, p.101-103.
 
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4) Roxburgh M, et al. A cover up? Potential risks of wearing theatre clothing outside theatre. J Perioper Pract. 2006;16:30-3, 35-41. doi:10.1177/175045890601600104.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.11. Prevention:Operating Room, Personnel, Question 7, p.108-109.
 
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10) Frisch NB, et al. Intraoperative hypothermia in total hip and knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2017;40:56-63. doi:10.3928/01477447-20161017-04.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.12. Prevention:Operating Room, Environment, Question 4, p.115-116.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.12. Prevention:Operating Room, Environment, Question 8, p.121-122.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.13. Prevention:Operating Room, Surgical Attire, Question 5, p.132.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.13. Prevention:Operating Room, Surgical Attire, Question 6, p.133.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.15. Prevention:Antiseptic Irrigation Solution, Question 2, p.140-142.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.16. Prevention:Operating Room, Surgical Technique, Question 1, p.147-148.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.15. Prevention:Antiseptic Irrigation Solution, Question 2, p.148-149.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.17. Prevention:Blood Conservation, Question 1, p.155-158.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.18. Prevention:Wound Management, Question 1, p.164-165.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 1.18. Prevention:Wound Management, Question 5, p.169-172.
 
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16) Cipriano CA, et al. Serum and synovial fluid analysis for diagnosing chronic periprosthetic infection in patients with inflammatory arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:594-600. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.01318.
 
17) Bedair H, et al. The Mark Coventry Award:diagnosis of early postoperative TKA infection using synovial fluid analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:34-40. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1433-2.
 
18) Toossi N, et al. Serum white blood cell count and differential do not have a role in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:51-54.e1. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.03.021.
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19) Randau TM, et al. Interleukin-6 in serum and in synovial fluid enhances the differentiation between periprosthetic joint infection and aseptic loosening. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89045. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089045.
 
20) Shah K, et al. Circulating cytokines after hip and knee arthroplasty:a preliminary study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:946-51. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0562-3.
 
21) Di Cesare PE, et al. Serum interleukin-6 as a marker of periprosthetic infection following total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1921-7. doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.01803.
 
22) Bottner F, et al. Interleukin-6, procalcitonin and TNF-alpha:markers of peri-prosthetic infection following total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89:94-9. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.89B1.17485.
 
23) Xie K, et al. Serum and synovial fluid interleukin-6 for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1496. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01713-4.
 
24) Simon L, et al. Serum procalcitonin and c-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:206-17. doi:10.1086/421997.
 
25) Yoon JR, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of interleukin-6 and procalcitonin in patients with periprosthetic joint infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop. 2018;42:1213-26. doi:10.1007/s00264-017-3744-3.
 
26) Xie K, et al. Procalcitonin and α-defensin for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1387-94. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.10.001.
 
27) Schwameis M, et al. D-dimer and histamine in early stage bacteremia:a prospective controlled cohort study. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:782-6. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.10.024.
 
28) Gando S. Role of fibrinolysis in sepsis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013;39:392-9. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1334140.
 
29) Michelin E, et al. Procoagulant activity in children with community acquired pneumonia, pleural effusion and empyema. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43:472-5. doi:10.1002/ppul.20795.
 
30) Ribera T, et al. Synovial fluid d-dimer concentration in foals with septic joint disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25:1113-7. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0758.x.
 
31) Shahi A, et al. Serum d-dimer test is promising for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection and timing of reimplantation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:1419-27. doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.01395.
 
32) Massaccesi L, et al. Plasmatic soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products as a new oxidative stress biomarker in patients with prosthetic-joint-associated infections? Dis Markers. 2017;2017:6140896. doi:10.1155/2017/6140896.
 
33) Friedrich MJ, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein:a valuable biomarker in the differentiation between periprosthetic joint infection and aseptic loosening? Int Orthop. 2014;38:2201-7. doi:10.1007/s00264-014-2351-9.
 
34) Galliera E, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 in serum:a potential diagnostic marker of prosthetic joint infection? J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:620-3. doi:10.1128/JCM.02727-13.
 
35) Galliera E, et al. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as new biomarker of the prosthetic joint infection:correlation with inflamatory cytokines. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;441:23-8. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2014.11.029.
 
36) Marazzi MG, et al. Presepsin:A potential biomarker of PJI? A comparative analysis with known and new infection biomarkers. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2017;31:039463201774935. doi:10.1177/0394632017749356.
 
37) Worthington T, et al. Serum procalcitonin, interleukin-6, soluble intercellular adhesin molecule-1 and IgG to short-chain exocellular lipoteichoic acid as predictors of infection in total joint prosthesis revision. Br J Biomed Sci. 2010;67:71-6.
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38) Drago L, et al. Procalcitonin, c-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 as markers of postoperative orthopaedic joint prosthesis infections. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011;24:433-40. doi:10.1177/039463201102400216.
 
39) Ettinger M, et al. Circulating biomarkers for discrimination between aseptic joint failure, low-grade infection, and high-grade septic failure. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:332-41. doi:10.1093/cid/civ286.
 
40) Buttaro MA, et al. Combining C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 may be useful to detect periprosthetic hip infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:3263-7. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1451-0.
 
41) Ghanem E, et al. The use of receiver operating characteristics analysis in determining erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels in diagnosing periprosthetic infection prior to revision total hip arthroplasty. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:e444-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.02.017.
 
42) Shahi A, et al. Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection:and the winner is? J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:S232-5. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.06.005.
 
43) Balato G, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of synovial fluid, blood markers, and microbiological testing in chronic knee prosthetic infections. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2018;138:165-71. doi:10.1007/s00402-017-2832-6.
 
Part I General Assembly, 2.2. Diagnosis:Laboratory Test, Question 1, p.194-196.
 
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1) Patel R, et al. Advancements in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infections after total hip and knee arthroplasty. Open Orthop J. 2016;10:654-61. doi:10.2174/1874325001610010654.
 
2) Lee YS, et al. Synovial fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:2077-84. doi:10.2106/JBJS.17.00123.
 
3) Shahi A, et al. The role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. EFORT Open Rev. 2016;1:275-8. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.1.160019.
 
4) Parvizi J, et al. New definition for periprosthetic joint infection:from the Workgroup of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:2992-4. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-2102-9.
 
5) Parvizi J, et al. Definition of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1331. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.03.009.
 
6) Wyatt MC, et al. The alpha-defensin immunoassay and leukocyte esterase colorimetric strip test for the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:992-1000. doi:10.2106/JBJS.15.01142.
 
7) Tetreault MW, et al. Is synovial C-reactive protein a useful marker for periprosthetic joint infection? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:3997-4003. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3828-y.
 
8) Jacovides CL, et al. Molecular markers for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:99-103.e1. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2011.03.025.
 
9) Erdemli B, et al. Proinflamatory biomarkers' level and functional genetic polymorphisms in periprosthetic joint infection. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2018;52:143-7. doi:10.1016/jaott.2017.11.002.
 
10) Deirmengian C, et al. Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection:has the era of the biomarker arrived? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:3254-62. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3543-8.
 
11) Deirmengian C, et al. Combined measurement of synovial fluid α-defensin and C-reactive protein levels:highly accurate for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:1439-45. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.01316.
 
12) Kawamura M, et al. The usefulness of synovial fluid C-reactive protein for periprosthetic hip joint infection. http://www.ors.org/Transactions/63/2178.pdf 2017.
 
13) Muhlhofer HML, et al. Synovial aspiration and serological testing in two-stage revision arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection:evaluation before reconstruction with a mean follow-up of twenty seven months. Int Orthop. 2018;42:265-71. doi:10.1007/s00264-017-3700-2.
 
14) Lenski M, et al. Synovial IL-6 as inflammatory marker in periprosthetic joint infections. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1105-9. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.01.014.
 
15) Lenski M, et al. Diagnostic potential of inflammatory markers in septic arthritis and periprosthetic joint infections:a clinical study with 719 patients. Infect Dis (Lond). 2015;47:399-409. doi:10.3109/00365548.2015.1006674.
 
16) Cipriano CA, et al. Serum and synovial fluid analysis for diagnosing chronic periprosthetic infection in patients with inflammatory arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:594-600. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.01318.
 
17) Frangiamore SJ, et al. Neer Award 2015:Analysis of cytokine profiles in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections of the shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:186-96. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.07.017.
 
18) Bonanzinga T, et al. How reliable is the alpha-defensin immunoassay test for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection? A prospective study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:408-15. doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4906-0.
 
19) Partridge DG, et al. False-positive synovial fluid alpha-defensin test in a patient with acute gout affecting a prosthetic knee. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2017;27:549-51. doi:10.1007/s00590-017-1942-8.
 
20) Frangiamore SJ, et al. α-defensin accuracy to diagnose periprosthetic joint infection-best available test? J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:456-60. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.09.035.
 
21) Martin E, et al. Synovasure are we really sure? (Presentation). Br Hip Soc Annual Mtg. 2015. https://www.britishhipsociety.com/uploaded/Joint_Hip_2015_Final_Program_x_web.pdf (accessed July 18, 2018).
 
22) Randau TM, et al. Interleukin-6 in serum and in synovial fluid enhances the differentiation between periprosthetic joint infection and aseptic loosening. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89045. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089045.
 
23) Colvin OC, et al. Leukocyte esterase analysis in the diagnosis of joint infection:can we make a diagnosis using a simple urine dipstick? Skeletal Radiol. 2015;44:673-7. doi:10.1007/s00256-015-2097-5.
 
24) Ghanem E, et al. The use of receiver operating characteristics analysis in determining erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels in diagnosing periprosthetic infection prior to revision total hip arthroplasty. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:e444-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.02.017.
 
25) Greidanus NV, et al. Use of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level to diagnose infection before revision total knee arthroplasty. A prospective evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1409-16. doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.02602.
 
26) Berbari E, et al. Inflamatory blood laboratory levels as markers of prosthetic joint infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:2102-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.01199.
 
27) Schinsky MF, et al. Perioperative testing for joint infection in patients undergoing revision total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:1869-75. doi:10.2106/JBJS.G.01255.
 
28) Dizdaveric IA, et al. ESR and CRP serology in inflamatory and non-inflammatory arthritis patients undergoing joint revision surgery. (Presentation). Williamsburg, VA:EOA 42nd Annual Mtg. 2011.
 
29) Galic S, et al. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;316:129-39. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.018.
 
Part I General Assembly, 2.2. Diagnosis:Laboratory Test, Question 2, p.196-199.
 
P.85 掲載の参考文献
1) Shahi A, et al. The role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. EFORT Open Rev. 2016;1:275-278. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.1.160019.
PubMed
2) Berbari EF, et al. Culture-negative prosthetic joint infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1113-9. doi:10.1086/522184.
 
3) Font-Vizcarra L, et al. Blood culture flasks for culturing synovial fluid in prosthetic joint infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:2238-43. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1254-3.
 
4) Pandey R, et al. Histological and microbiological findings in non-infected and infected revision arthroplasty tissues. The OSIRIS Collaborative Study Group. Oxford Skeletal Infection Research and Intervention Service. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000;120:570-4.
 
5) Parvizi J, et al. Periprosthetic infection:what are the diagnostic challenges? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88 Suppl 4:138-47. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00609.
 
6) Parvizi J, et al. The 2018 definition of periprosthetic hip and knee infection:an evidence-based and validated criteria. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:1309-14. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2018.02.078.
 
7) Parvizi J, et al. Culture-negative periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:430-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.01793.
 
8) Shahi A, et al. Premature therapeutic antimicrobial treatments can compromise the diagnosis of late periprosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:2244-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4142-z.
 
9) Shahi A, et al. The alpha-defensin test for periprosthetic joint infections is not affected by prior antibiotic administration. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;47:1610-5. doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4726-2.
 
10) Burnett RSJ, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics do not affect cultures in the treatment of an infected TKA:a prospective trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:127-34. doi:10.1007/s11999-009-1014-4.
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11) Ghanem E, et al. Perioperative antibiotics should not be withheld in proven cases of periprosthetic infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;461:44-7. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e318065b780.
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Part I General Assembly, 2.2. Diagnosis:Laboratory Test, Question 3, p.199-200.
 
P.87 掲載の参考文献
1) Della Valle C, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18:760-70.
 
2) Parvizi J, et al. AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline:diagnosis and treatment of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18:771-2.
 
3) Zmistowski B, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:77-83. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.09.040.
 
4) Saleh A, et al. Serum biomarkers in periprosthetic joint infections. Bone Joint Res. 2018;7:85-93. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2017-0323.
 
5) Lee YS, et al. Synovial fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:2077-84. doi:10.2106/JBJS.17.00123.
 
6) Deirmengian C, et al. Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection:has the era of the biomarker arrived? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:3254-62. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3543-8.
 
7) Saleh A, et al. The diagnostic utility of synovial fluid markers in periprosthetic joint infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017;25:763-72. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00548.
 
8) Deirmengian C, et al. The alpha-defensin test for periprosthetic joint infection responds to a wide spectrum of organisms. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:2229-35. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4152-x.
 
9) Shahi A, et al. Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection:and the winner is? J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:S232-5. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.06.005.
 
10) Casadevall A, et al. The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2003;1:17-24. doi:10.1038/nrmicro732.
 
11) Shahi A, et al. Premature therapeutic antimicrobial treatments can compromise the diagnosis of late periprosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:2244-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4142-z.
 
12) Gomez E, et al. Laboratory Diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection, part I. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 2011;33:55-60. doi:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2011.03.004.
 
13) Deirmengian CA, et al. The c-reactive protein may not detect infections caused by less-virulent organisms. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:152-5. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.01.060.
 
14) McArthur BA, et al. Seronegative infections in hip and knee arthroplasty. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B:939-44. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.97B7.35500.
 
15) Shahi A, et al. The role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. EFORT Open Rev. 2016;1:275-8. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.1.160019.
 
16) Perez-Prieto D, et al. C-reactive protein may misdiagnose prosthetic joint infections, particularly chronic and low-grade infections. Int Orthop. 2017;41:1315-9. doi:10.1007/s00264-017-3430-5.
 
17) McNicholas S, et al. Cytokine responses to Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection differ between patient cohorts that have different clinical courses of infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:580. doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0580-6.
 
18) Alijanipour P, et al. Intraoperative purulence is not reliable for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:1403-6.
 
19) Piper KE, et al. Microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic shoulder infection by use of implant sonication. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:1878-84. doi:10.1128/JCM.01686-08.
 
20) Bingham J, et al. The alpha defensin-1 biomarker assay can be used to evaluate the potentially infected total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:4006-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3900-7.
 
21) Deirmengian C, et al. Combined measurement of synovial fluid α-defensin and C-reactive protein levels:highly accurate for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:1439-45. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.01316.
 
22) Dutronc H, et al. Candida prosthetic infections:case series and literature review. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42:890-5. doi:10.3109/00365548.2010.498023.
 
23) Bracken CD, et al. Systemic inflammatory markers and aspiration cell count may not differentiate bacterial from fungal prosthetic infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:3291-4. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3631-9.
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Part I General Assembly, 2.2. Diagnosis:Laboratory Test, Question 4, p.200-202.
 
P.89 掲載の参考文献
1) Yoon HK, et al. A review of the literature on culture-negative periprosthetic joint infection:epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2017;29:155-64. doi:10.5792/ksrr.16.034.
 
2) Drancourt M, et al. Oral treatment of staphylococcus spp. infected orthopaedic implants with fusidic acid or ofloxacin in combination with rifampicin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;39:235-40.
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3) Aggarwal VK, et al. Swab cultures are not as effective as tissue cultures for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:3196-203. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-2974-y.
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4) Font-Vizcarra L, et al. Blood culture flasks for culturing synovial fluid in prosthetic joint infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:2238-43. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1254-3.
 
5) Larsen LH, et al. Optimizing culture methods for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections:a summary of modifications and improvements reported since 1995. J Med Microbiol. 2012;61:309-16. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.035303-0.
 
6) Drago L, et al. Microbiological diagnosis of implant related infections. In:Drago L, editor. A modern approach to biofilm related orthopaedic implant infections. Springer. 2017:51-68.
 
7) Fink B, et al. High diagnostic value of synovial biopsy in periprosthetic joint infection of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:956-64. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2474-5.
 
8) Bemer P, et al. How many samples and how many culture media to diagnose a prosthetic joint infection:a clinical and microbiological prospective multicenter study. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:385-91. doi:10.1128/JCM.02497-15.
 
9) Atkins BL, et al. Prospective evaluation of criteria for microbiological diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection at revision arthroplasty. The OSIRIS Collaborative Study Group. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:2932-9.
 
10) Kamme C, et al. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in deep infections after total hip arthroplasty:differential diagnosis between infectious and non-infectious loosening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981:201-7.
PubMed
11) DeHaan A, et al. Multiple cultures and extended incubation for hip and knee arthroplasty revision:impact on clinical care. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:59-65. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.03.037.
 
12) Schafer P, et al. Prolonged bacterial culture to identify late periprosthetic joint infection:a promising strategy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1403-9. doi:10.1086/592973.
 
13) Mikkelsen DB, et al. Culture of multiple peroperative biopsies and diagnosis of infected knee arthroplasties. APMIS 2006;114:449-52. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_428.x.
 
14) Peel TN, et al. Optimal periprosthetic tissue specimen number for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:234-43. doi:10.1128/JCM.01914-16.
 
15) Gandhi R, et al. How many cultures are necessary to identify pathogens in the management of total hip and knee arthroplasty infections? J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:2825-8. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.04.009.
 
16) Lee YS, et al. Synovial fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:2077-84. doi:10.2106/JBJS.17.00123.
 
17) Levine BR, et al. Use of blood culture vial specimens in intraoperative detection of infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001:222-31.
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18) Hughes JG, et al. Culture with BACTEC Peds Plus/F bottle compared with conventional methods for detection of bacteria in synovial fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:4468-71. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.12.4468-4471.2001.
 
19) Van Cauter M, et al. The effect of storage delay and storage temperature on orthopaedic surgical samples contaminated by staphylococcus epidermidis. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0192048. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192048.
 
Part I General Assembly, 2.3. Diagnosis:Pathogen Isolation, Culture, Question 1, p.205-206.
 
P.92 掲載の参考文献
1) Della Valle C, et al. AAOS clinical practice guideline on:the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2011;93:1355-7.
 
2) Zmistowski B, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. J Orthop Res. 2014;32 Suppl 1:S98-107. doi:10.1002/jor.22553.
 
3) Parvizi J, et al. Culture-negative periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:430-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.01793.
 
4) Parvizi J, et al. The 2018 definition of periprosthetic hip and knee infection:an evidence-based and validated criteria. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:1309-14.e2. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2018.02.078.
 
5) Berbari EF, et al. Culture-negative prosthetic joint infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1113-9. doi:10.1086/522184.
 
6) Parvizi J, et al. Periprosthetic infection:what are the diagnostic challenges? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88 Suppl 4:138-47. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00609.
 
7) Font-Vizcarra L, et al. Blood culture flasks for culturing synovial fluid in prosthetic joint infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:2238-43. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1254-3.
 
8) Duff GP, et al. Aspiration of the knee joint before revision arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996:132-9.
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9) Pandey V, et al. The role of polymerase chain reaction in the management of osteoarticular tuberculosis. Int Orthop. 2009;33:801-5. doi:10.1007/s00264-007-0485-8.
 
10) Proceedings of the international consensus meeting on periprosthetic joint infection. foreword. J Orthop Res. 2014;32 Suppl 1:S2-3. doi:10.1002/jor.22543.
 
11) Mikkelsen DB, et al. Culture of multiple peroperative biopsies and diagnosis of infected knee arthroplasties. APMIS. 2006;114:449-52. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_428.x.
 
12) Schafer P, et al. Prolonged bacterial culture to identify late periprosthetic joint infection:a promising strategy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1403-9. doi:10.1086/592973.
 
13) Kamme C, et al. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in deep infections after total hip arthroplasty:differential diagnosis between infectious and non-infectious loosening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981:201-7.
PubMed
14) Atkins BL, et al. Prospective evaluation of criteria for microbiological diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection at revision arthroplasty. The OSIRIS Collaborative Study Group. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:2932-9.
 
15) Bemer P, et al. How many samples and how many culture media to diagnose a prosthetic joint infection:a clinical and microbiological prospective multicenter study. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:385-91. doi:10.1128/JCM.02497-15.
 
16) Gandhi R, et al. How many cultures are necessary to identify pathogens in the management of total hip and knee arthroplasty infections? J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:2825-8. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.04.009.
 
17) Peel TN, et al. Optimal periprosthetic tissue specimen number for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:234-43. doi:10.1128/JCM.01914-16.
 
18) Zappe B, et al. Propionibacterium spp. in prosthetic joint infections:a diagnostic challenge. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008;128:1039-46. doi:10.1007/s00402-007-0454-0.
 
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24) McPherson EJ, et al. Infected total knee arthroplasty. Two-stage reimplantation with a gastrocnemius rotational flap. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997:73-81.
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25) Roux AL, et al. Diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection by beadmill processing of a periprosthetic specimen. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:447-50. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03359.x.
 
26) Hughes JG, et al. Culture with BACTEC Peds Plus/F bottle compared with conventional methods for detection of bacteria in synovial fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:4468-71. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.12.4468-4471.2001.
 
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28) Peel TN, et al. Improved diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection by culturing periprosthetic tissue specimens in blood culture bottles. MBio. 2016;7:e01776-15. doi:10.1128/mBio.01776-15.
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Part I General Assembly, 2.3. Diagnosis:Pathogen Isolation, Culture, Question 1, p.206-208.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 2.3. Diagnosis:Pathogen Isolation, Culture, Question 7, p.212-213.
 
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18) Aliprandi A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of painful total hip replacement:detection and characterisation of periprosthetic fluid collection and interobserver reproducibility. Radiol Med. 2012;117:85-95. doi:10.1007/s11547-011-0706-5.
 
19) Jiang MH, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging parameter optimizations for diagnosis of periprosthetic infection and tumor recurrence in artificial joint replacement patients. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36995. doi:10.1038/srep36995.
 
20) Chun CW, et al. Detection of soft-tissue abscess:Comparison of diffusion-weighted imaging to contrast-enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2018;47:60-8. doi:10.1002/jmri.25743.
 
21) Love C, et al. Nuclear medicine imaging of bone infections. Clin Radiol. 2016;71:632-46. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2016.01.003.
 
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25) Trevail C, et al. An evaluation of the role of nuclear medicine imaging in the diagnosis of periprosthetic infections of the hip. Clin Radiol. 2016;71:211-9. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2015.10.026.
 
26) Liberatore M, et al. 99mTc-labeled white blood cell scan as a guide to open biopsy in the management of hip and knee prosthesis infection:preliminary results. Curr Radiopharm. 2017;10:29-34. doi:10.2174/1874471009666161117120358.
 
27) Tam HH, et al. SPECT-CT in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Radiol. 2014;69:82-95. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2013.08.003.
 
28) Palestro CJ. Nuclear medicine and the failed joint replacement:Past, present, and future. World J Radiol. 2014;6:446-58. doi:10.4329/wjr.v6.i7.446.
 
29) Manthey N, et al. The use of [18 F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to differentiate between synovitis, loosening and infection of hip and knee prostheses. Nucl Med Commun. 2002;23:645-53.
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30) Chacko TK, et al. The importance of the location of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in periprosthetic infection in painful hip prostheses. Nucl Med Commun. 2002;23:851-5.
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31) Yilmaz S, et al. The different distribution patterns of FDG and FDG-labelled WBC in inflamatory and infectious lesions. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:1660-1. doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2170-4.
 
32) Aksoy SY, et al. FDG and FDG-labelled leucocyte PET/CT in the imaging of prosthetic joint infection. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:556-64. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2597-2.
 
33) Kwee RM, et al. Added value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnosing infected hip prosthesis. Acta Radiol. 2018;59:569-76. doi:10.1177/0284185117726812.
 
34) Fukui K, et al. Should well-fixed uncemented femoral components be revised in infected hip arthroplasty? Report of five trial cases. J Orthop. 2016;13:437-42. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2015.09.006.
 
Part I General Assembly, 2.5. Diagnosis:Imaging, Question 1, p.224-227.
 
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2) Glaudemans AW, et al. Comment on:"diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection:the role of nuclear medicine may be overestimated" by Claudio Diaz-Ledezma, Courtney Lamberton, Paul Lichtstein and Javad Parvizi. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:551-552. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.07.002.
 
3) Verberne SJ, et al. The accuracy of imaging techniques in the assessment of periprosthetic hip infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:1638-1645. doi:10.2106/JBJS.15.00898.
 
4) Verberne SJ, et al. What is the accuracy of nuclear imaging in the assessment of periprosthetic knee infection? a meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:1395-1410. doi:10.1007/s11999-016-5218-0.
 
5) Ouyang Z, et al. Prosthesis infection:diagnosis after total joint arthroplasty with three-phase bone scintigraphy. Ann Nucl Med. 2014;28:994-1003. doi:10.1007/s12149-014-0899-5.
 
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7) Lima ALL, et al. Periprosthetic joint infections. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2013;2013:542796. doi:10.1155/2013/542796.
 
8) Love C, et al. Nuclear medicine and the infected joint replacement. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39:66-78. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.08.007.
 
9) Temmerman OPP, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver variability of plain radiography, subtraction arthrography, nuclear arthrography, and bone scintigraphy in the assessment of aseptic femoral component loosening. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2006;126:316-323. doi:10.1007/s00402-006-0120-y.
 
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12) Jamar F, et al. EANM/SNMMI guideline for 18F-FDG use in inflammation and infection. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:647-658. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.112524.
 
13) Hochman MG, et al. ACR Appropriateness criteria(R) imaging after total knee arthroplasty. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14:S421-S448. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.08.036.
 
14) Kwee RM, et al. Added value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnosing infected hip prosthesis. Acta Radiol Stockh Swed. 2018;59:569-576. doi:10.1177/0284185117726812.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 2.5. Diagnosis:Imaging, Question 3, p.229-230.
 
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11) Kheir MM, et al. Periprosthetic joint infections caused by enterococci have poor outcomes. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:933-47. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.09.017.
 
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Part I General Assembly, 3.1. Treatment:Antimicrobials, Question 1, p.233-234.
 
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17) Wang G, et al. Increased vancomycin MICs for Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from a university hospital during a 5-year period. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:3883-6. doi:10.1128/JCM.01388-06.
 
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29) Gatin L, et al. Ceftaroline-Fosamil efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a rabbit prosthetic joint infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:6496-500. doi:10.1128/AAC.03600-14.
 
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33) Vouillamoz J, et al. In vitro activities of tigecycline combined with other antimicrobials against multiresistant gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61:371-4. doi:10.1093/jac/dkm459.
 
34) Thompson JM, et al. Oral-only linezolid-rifampin is highly effective compared with other antibiotics for periprosthetic joint infection:study of a mouse model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:656-65. doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.01002.
 
35) Wu WS, et al. Efficacy of combination oral antimicrobial agents against biofilm-embedded methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2013;46:89-95. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2012.03.009.
 
36) Murillo O, et al. Efficacy of linezolid alone and in combination with rifampin in Staphylococcal experimental foreign-body infection. J Infect. 2008;57:229-35. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2008.07.003.
 
37) Gomez J, et al. Linezolid plus rifampin as a salvage therapy in prosthetic joint infections treated without removing the implant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:4308-10. doi:10.1128/AAC.00352-11.
 
38) Morata L, et al. A retrospective review of the clinical experience of linezolid with or without rifampicin in prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and implant retention. Infect Dis Ther. 2014;3:235-43. doi:10.1007/s40121-014-0032-z.
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40) Gandelman K, et al. Unexpected effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid:in silico and in vitro approaches to explain its mechanism. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;51:229-36. doi:10.1177/0091270010366445.
 
41) Nguyen S, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of rifampicin-linezolid compared with rifampicin-cotrimoxazole combinations in prolonged oral therapy for bone and joint infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15:1163-9. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02761.x.
 
42) Stein A, et al. Ambulatory treatment of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus-infected orthopedic implants with high-dose oral co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42:3086-91.
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44) Osmon DR, et al. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection:clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:e1-25. doi:10.1093/cid/cis803.
 
45) Tang HJ, et al. In vitro efficacy of fosfomycin-containing regimens against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:944-50. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr535.
 
46) Brinkman CL, et al. Rifampin-based combination therapy is active in foreign-body osteomyelitis after prior rifampin monotherapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61. doi:10.1128/AAC.01822-16.
 
47) Parra-Ruiz J, et al. Activity of linezolid and high-dose daptomycin, alone or in combination, in an in vitro model of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2682-5. doi:10.1093/jac/dks272.
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48) Soriano A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of prolonged linezolid therapy in the treatment of orthopedic implant infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26:353-6. doi:10.1007/s10096-007-0289-1.
 
49) Rao N, et al. Efficacy and safety of linezolid for gram-positive orthopedic infections:a prospective case series. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;59:173-9. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.04.006.
 
50) Razonable RR, et al. Linezolid therapy for orthopedic infections. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:1137-44. doi:10.4065/79.9.1137.
 
51) Pushkin R, et al. A randomized study evaluating oral fusidic acid (CEM-102) in combination with oral rifampin compared with standard-of-care antibiotics for treatment of prosthetic joint infections:a newly identified drug-drug interaction. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:1599-604. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw665.
 
52) Marsot A, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in adult patients with osteoarticular infections:interaction with fusidic acid. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83:1039-47. doi:10.1111/bcp.13178.
 
53) Curis E, et al. Pharmacokinetic variability of clindamycin and influence of rifampicin on clindamycin concentration in patients with bone and joint infections. Infection. 2015;43:473-81. doi:10.1007/s15010-015-0773-y.
 
54) Zimmerli W, et al. Prosthetic-joint infections. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1645-54. doi:10.1056/NEJMra040181.
 
55) Furustrand Tafin U, et al. Gentamicin improves the activities of daptomycin and vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in an experimental foreign-body infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:4821-7. doi:10.1128/AAC.00141-11.
 
56) Hsieh PH, et al. Gram-negative prosthetic joint infections:risk factors and outcome of treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1036-43. doi:10.1086/605593.
 
57) Tande AJ, et al. Prosthetic joint infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27:302-45. doi:10.1128/CMR.00111-13.
 
58) Widmer AF, et al. Killing of nongrowing and adherent Escherichia coli determines drug effi-cacy in device-related infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:741-6.
 
59) Aboltins CA, et al. Gram-negative prosthetic joint infection treated with debridement, prosthesis retention and antibiotic regimens including a fluoroquinolone. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:862-7. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03361.x.
 
60) Legout L, et al. Treatment of bone and joint infections caused by gram-negative bacilli with a cefepime-fluoroquinolone combination. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:1030-3. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01523.x.
 
61) Brouqui P, et al. Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected orthopedic prostheses with ceftazidime-ciprofloxacin antibiotic combination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39:2423-5.
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62) Rodriguez-Pardo D, et al. Gram-negative prosthetic joint infection:outcome of a debridement, antibiotics and implant retention approach. A large multicentre study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:911-9. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12649.
 
63) de Sanctis J, et al. Complex prosthetic joint infections due to carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae:a unique challenge in the era of untreatable infections. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;25:73-8. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.01.028.
 
64) Michail G, et al. Activity of Tigecycline in combination with Colistin, Meropenem, Rifampin, or Gentamicin against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a murine thigh infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:6028-33. doi:10.1128/AAC.00891-13.
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65) Corvec S, et al. Activities of fosfomycin, tigecycline, colistin, and gentamicin against extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a foreign-body infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:1421-7. doi:10.1128/AAC.01718-12.
 
66) Drago L, et al. In vitro selection of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. by levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with beta-lactams and amikacin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:353-9. doi:10.1093/jac/dki204.
 
67) Burgess DS. Use of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to optimize antimicrobial treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40 Suppl 2:S99-104. doi:10.1086/426189.
 
68) Ribera A, et al. Osteoarticular infection caused by MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa:the benefits of combination therapy with colistin plus β-lactams. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:3357-65. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv281.
 
69) Lora-Tamayo J, et al. Activity of colistin combined with doripenem at clinically relevant concentrations against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro dynamic biofilm model. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:2434-42. doi:10.1093/jac/dku151.
 
70) Liscio JL, et al. Ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam:two novel β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination agents for the treatment of resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;46:266-71. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.05.003.
 
71) Brown TS, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection with fungal pathogens. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:2605-12. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2018.03.003.
 
72) Azzam K, et al. Microbiological, clinical, and surgical features of fungal prosthetic joint infections:a multi-institutional experience. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91 Suppl 6:142-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00574.
 
73) Cunningham B, et al. Liposomal formulation increases local delivery of amphotericin from bone cement:a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:2671-6. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2317-4.
 
74) Miller RB, et al. Voriconazole is delivered from antifungal-loaded bone cement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:195-200. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2463-8.
 
Part I General Assembly, 3.1. Treatment:Antimicrobials, Question 1, p.234-238.
 

Part II 股関節・膝関節

P.113 掲載の参考文献
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2) Bozic, KJ, et al. The epidemiology of revision total hip arthroplasty in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:128-33.
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3) Della Valle C, et al. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guideline on:the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:1355-7.
 
4) Bauer TW, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic infection. J. Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:869-82.
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5) Ting NT, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection-an algorithm-based approach. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:2047-50.
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6) Hansen EN, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection:what is on the horizon? Int J Artif Organs. 2012;35:935-50.
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8) Patel R, et al. Advancements in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infections after total hip and knee arthroplasty. Open Orthop J. 2016;10:654.
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9) Yi PH, et al. Do serologic and synovial tests help diagnose infection in revision hip arthroplasty with metal-on-metal bearings or corrosion? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:498-505.
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10) Austin MS, et al. A simple, cost-effective screening protocol to rule out periprosthetic infection. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:65-8.
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11) Berbari E, et al. Inflammatory blood laboratory levels as markers of prosthetic joint infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:2102-9.
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12) Cipriano CA, et al. Serum and synovial fluid analysis for diagnosing chronic periprosthetic infection in patients with inflammatory arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:594-600.
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13) Della Valle CJ, et al. Preoperative testing for sepsis before revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:90-3.
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14) Diaz-Ledezma C, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection in Medicare patients:multicriteria decision analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:3275-84.
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15) Fernandez-Fairen M, et al. Economical analysis on prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of periprosthetic infections. Open Orthop J. 2013;7:227-42.
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16) Ghanem E, et al. The use of receiver operating characteristics analysis in determining erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels in diagnosing periprosthetic infection prior to revision total hip arthroplasty. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:e444-9.
 
17) Schinsky MF, et al. Perioperative testing for joint infection in patients undergoing revision total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:1869-75.
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18) Spangehl MJ, et al. Prospective analysis of preoperative and intraoperative investigations for the diagnosis of infection at the sites of two hundred and two revision total hip arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:672-83.
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19) Greidanus NV, et al. Use of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level to diagnose infection before revision total knee arthroplasty. A prospective evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1409-16.
 
20) Shahi A, et al. Serum D-dimer test is promising for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection and timing of reimplantation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:1419-27.
 
21) Kanafani ZA, et al. Postoperative joint infections due to Propionibacterium species:a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1083-5.
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22) Di Cesare PE, et al. Serum interleukin-6 as a marker of periprosthetic infection following total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1921-7.
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23) Elgeidi A, et al. Interleukin-6 and other inflammatory markers in diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Int Orthop. 2014;38:2591-5.
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24) Glehr M, et al. Novel biomarkers to detect infection in revision hip and knee arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:2621-8.
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Part II Hip and Knee, 1.2. Prevention:Risk Mitigation, Question 1, p.282-283.
 
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2) Lindgren V, et al. Deep infection after total hip replacement:a method for national incidence surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35:1491-6.
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3) Martin JR, et al. Complex primary total knee arthroplasty:long-term outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:1459-70.
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4) Naranje S, et al. Does operative time affect infection rate in primary total knee arthroplasty? Clin Orthopaedics Related Res. 2015;473:64-9.
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5) Partridge T, et al. Ten-year trends in medical complications following 540,623 primary total hip replacements from a national database. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100:360-7.
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6) Triantafyllopoulos GK, et al. Rate and risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection among 36,494 primary total hip arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:1166-70.
 
7) Anagnostakos K, et al. Two-stage protocol and spacer implantation in the treatment of destructive septic arthritis of the hip joint. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136:899-906.
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8) Anagnostakos K, et al. Complications after hip spacer implantation. Hip Int. 2010;20:356.
 
9) Ashraf MO, et al. Bilateral knee replacements for treatment of acute septic arthritis in both knees. Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2013;23:S247-50.
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10) Bae DK, et al. Total knee arthroplasty in stiff knees after previous infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:333-6.
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11) Bauer T, et al. Arthroplasty following a septic arthritis history:a 53 cases series. Orthop Traumat Surg Res. 2010;96:840-3.
 
12) Chen CE, et al. Total hip arthroplasty for primary septic arthritis of the hip in adults. Int Orthop. 2008;32:573-80.
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13) Chen CM, et al. Surgical treatment for septic arthritis of the knee joint in elderly patients:a 10-year retrospective clinical study. Orthopedics. 2013;36:e434-43.
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14) Cherney DL, et al. Total hip replacement in the previously septic hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:1256-65.
 
15) Cho YJ, et al. Novel antibiotic-loaded cement femoral head spacer for the treatment of advanced pyogenic arthritis in adult hip. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:1899.
 
16) Diwanji SR, et al. Two-stage reconstruction of infected hip joints. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:656-61.
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17) El-Ganzoury I, et al. Two-stage arthroplasty using functional temporary prosthesis to treat infected arthroplasty and septic arthritis of the hip. J Orthopaedics. 2015;12:S86-93.
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18) Farrell MJ, Jr., et al. Total knee arthroplasty after septic arthritis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1975;6:1057-62.
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19) Fleck EE, et al. An articulating antibiotic spacer controls infection and improves pain and function in a degenerative septic hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:3055-64.
 
20) Gao X, et al. Total hip arthroplasty for patients with osteoarthritis secondary to hip pyogenic infection. Chin Med J. 2010;123:156-9.
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21) Hardinge K, et al. Low-friction arthroplasty for healed septic and tuberculous arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61-b:144-7.
 
22) Hochreiter B, et al. Short-interval two-stage approach to primary total knee arthroplasty for acutely septic osteoarthritic knees. Knee Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:3115-21.
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23) Hsu YP, et al. Septic arthritis of adult hip treated by total hip replacement--a case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 1997;13:195-9.
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24) Huang TW, et al. Encouraging outcomes of staged, uncemented arthroplasty with short-term antibiotic therapy for treatment of recalcitrant septic arthritis of the native hip. J Trauma. 2010;68:965-9.
 
25) Jerry GJ, Jr., et al. Old sepsis prior to total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;235:135-40.
 
26) Jupiter JB, et al. Total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of adult hips with current or quiescent sepsis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:194-200.
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27) Kelm J, et al. Treatment of proximal femur infections with antibiotic-loaded cement spacers. Int J Medical Sci. 2009;6:258-64.
 
28) Kim YH. Total arthroplasty of the hip after childhood sepsis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:783-6.
 
29) Kim YH, et al. Total hip arthroplasty for tuberculous coxarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:718-27.
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30) Kim YH, et al. Total hip arthroplasty in adult patients who had childhood infection of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-a:198-204.
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31) Kim YH, et al. Outcomes after THA in patients with high hip dislocation after childhood sepsis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:2371-8.
 
32) Laforgia R, et al. Low friction arthroplasty for old quiescent infection of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70:373-6.
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33) Lee GC, et al. Total knee arthroplasty after prior bone or joint sepsis about the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;404:226-31.
 
34) Li L, et al. Two-stage total hip arthroplasty for patients with advanced active tuberculosis of the hip. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016;11:38.
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35) Lim SJ, et al. Modular cementless total hip arthroplasty for hip infection sequelae. Orthopedics. 2005;28:s1063-8.
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36) McLaughlin RE, et al. Total hip replacement in the previously infected hip. South Medical J. 1977;70:573-5.
 
37) Nazarian DG, et al. A two-stage approach to primary knee arthroplasty in the infected arthritic knee. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:16-21.
 
38) Neogi DS, et al. Total hip arthroplasty in patients with active tuberculosis of the hip with advanced arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:605-12.
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39) Papanna MC, et al. Infection and failure rates following total hip arthroplasty for septic arthritis:a casecontrolled study. Hip Int. 2018;28:63.
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40) Park YS, et al. Prognostic factors influencing the functional outcome of total hip arthroplasty for hip infection sequelae. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20:608-13.
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41) Poignard A, et al. Septic arthritis of the hip in adults with sickle cell anemia. Orthop Rev. 2011;3:e1.
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42) Romano CL, et al. Two-stage revision surgery with preformed spacers and cementless implants for septic hip arthritis:a prospective, non-randomized cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:129.
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43) Seo JG, et al. Primary total knee arthroplasty in infection sequelae about the native knee. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:2271-5.
 
44) Shaikh AA, et al. Two-stage approach to primary TKA in infected arthritic knees using intraoperatively molded articulating cement spacers. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:2201-7.
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45) Shen H, et al. Novel articulating medullary-sparing spacer for the treatment of infectious hip arthritis. Orthopedics. 2013;36:e404-8.
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46) Sidhu AS, et al. Total hip replacement in active advanced tuberculous arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009;91:1301-4.
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47) Su JY, et al. Total knee arthroplasty in tuberculous arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;323:181-7.
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48) Wang JW. Uncemented total arthroplasty in old quiescent infection of the hip. J Formos Med Assoc. 1997;96:634-40.
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49) Zhang L, et al. Mid-term results of total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis secondary to hip sepsis. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2014;28:218-22.
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50) Johnson R, et al. Reactivation of tuberculosis after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61-b:148-50.
 
51) Tiwari A, et al. Total hip replacement in tuberculosis of hip:a systematic review. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2018;9:54-7.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 1.2. Prevention:Risk Mitigation, Question 2, p.283-286.
 
P.118 掲載の参考文献
1) Kim YH, et al. Total hip arthroplasty in adult patients who had childhood infection of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A:198-204.
PubMed
2) Park YS, et al. Prognostic factors influencing the functional outcome of total hip arthroplasty for hip infection sequelae. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20:608-13. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2005.04.003.
 
3) Lustig S, et al. Total hip arthroplasty after hip arthrodesis performed for septic arthritis. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2007;93:828-35.
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4) Chen CE, et al. Total hip arthroplasty for primary septic arthritis of the hip in adults. Int Orthop. 2008;32:573-80. doi:10.1007/s00264-007-0366-1.
 
5) Kim YH, et al. Outcomes after THA in patients with high hip dislocation after childhood sepsis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:2371-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0654-0.
 
6) Yoo MC, et al. Cementless total hip arthroplasty with medial wall osteotomy for the sequelae of septic arthritis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;1:19-26. doi:10.4055/cios.2009.1.1.19.
 
7) Gao X, et al. Total hip arthroplasty for patients with osteoarthritis secondary to hip pyogenic infection. Chin Med J. 2010;123:156-9.
PubMed
8) Bauer T, et al. Arthroplasty following a septic arthritis history:a 53 cases series. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96:840-3. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2010.06.009.
 
9) Huang TW, et al. Encouraging outcomes of staged, uncemented arthroplasty with short-term antibiotic therapy for treatment of recalcitrant septic arthritis of the native hip. J Trauma. 2010;68:965-9. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181af6e70.
 
10) Fleck EE, et al. An articulating antibiotic spacer controls infection and improves pain and function in a degenerative septic hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:3055-64. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1903-1.
 
11) Shen H, et al. Novel articulating medullary-sparing spacer for the treatment of infectious hip arthritis. Orthopedics. 2013;36:e404-8. doi:10.3928/01477447-20130327-13.
 
12) Anagnostakos K, et al. Two-stage protocol and spacer implantation in the treatment of destructive septic arthritis of the hip joint. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136:899-906. doi:10.1007/s00402-016-2455-3.
 
13) Papanna MC, et al. Infection and failure rates following total hip arthroplasty for septic arthritis:a case-controlled study. Hip Int. 2018;28:63-7. doi:10.5301/hipint.5000538.
 
14) Bohler M, et al. Gonarthrosis and empyema in geriatric patients. Combined synovectomy and KTEP implantation procedure. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2000;138:69-73. doi:10.1055/s-2000-10117.
 
15) Lee GC, et al. Total knee arthroplasty after prior bone or joint sepsis about the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;404:226-31.
 
16) Nazarian DG, et al. A two-stage approach to primary knee arthroplasty in the infected arthritic knee. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:16-21.
 
17) Bae DK, et al. Total knee arthroplasty in stiff knees after previous infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:333-6.
PubMed
18) Kirpalani PA, et al. Two-stage total knee arthroplasty for non-salvageable septic arthritis in diabetes mellitus patients. Acta Orthop Belg. 2005;71:315-20.
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19) Ashraf MO, et al. Bilateral knee replacements for treatment of acute septic arthritis in both knees. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2013;23 Suppl 2:S247-50. doi:10.1007/s00590-012-1074-0.
 
20) Chen CM, et al. Surgical treatment for septic arthritis of the knee joint in elderly patients:a 10-year retrospective clinical study. Orthopedics. 2013;36:e434-43. doi:10.3928/01477447-20130327-19.
 
21) Hochreiter B, et al. Short-interval two-stage approach to primary total knee arthroplasty for acutely septic osteoarthritic knees. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:3115-21. doi:10.1007/s00167-016-3982-8.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 1.2. Prevention:Risk Mitigation, Question 2, p.286-288.
 
P.121 掲載の参考文献
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2) Berrios-Torres SI, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:784. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904.
 
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4) Illingworth KD, et al. How to minimize infection and thereby maximize patient outcomes in total joint arthroplasty:a multicenter approach. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95. e50. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.00596.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 1.3. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Systemic), Question 1, p.292-293.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 1.4. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Local), Question 2, p.303-304.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 1.4. Prevention:Antimicrobials (Local), Question 3, p.304-307.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 1.5. Prevention:Operating Room Environment, Question 3, p.309-310.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 1.7. Prevention:Prosthesis Factors, Question 2, p.326-327.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 2.1. Diagnosis:Definitions, Question 1, p.337-339.
 
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9) Choi HR, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection with negative culture results:clinical characteristics and treatment outcome. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:899-903. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.10.022.
 
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14) Portillo ME, et al. Multiplex PCR of sonication fluid accurately differentiates between prosthetic joint infection and aseptic failure. Infection. 2012;65:541-8. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.08.018.
 
15) Mariani BD, et al. The Coventry Award. Polymerase chain reaction detection of bacterial infection in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res.1996:11-22.
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17) Melendez DP, et al. Detection of prosthetic joint infection by use of PCR-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry applied to synovial fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:2202-5. doi:10.1128/JCM.00570-14.
 
18) Bereza PL, et al. Identification of asymptomatic prosthetic joint infection:microbiologic and operative treatment outcomes. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017;18:582-7.
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20) Tarabichi M, et al. Diagnosis of Streptococcus canis periprosthetic joint infection:the utility of next-generation sequencing. Arthroplast Today. 2017;4:20-3. doi:10.1016/j.artd.2017.08.005.
 
21) Tarabichi M, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection:the potential of next-generation sequencing. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100:147-54. doi:10.2106/JBJS.17.00434.
 
22) Tarabichi M, et al. Can next generation sequencing play a role in detecting pathogens in synovial fluid? Bone Joint J. 2018;100-B:127-33. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.100B2.BJJ-2017-0531.R2.
 
23) Thoendel MJ, et al. Identification of prosthetic joint infection pathogens using a shotgun metagenomics approach. Clin Infect Dis. 2018. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy303.
 
24) Frangiamore SJ, et al. α-Defensin accuracy to diagnose priprosthetic joint infection - best available test? J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:456-60. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.09.035.
 
25) De Man FHR, et al. Infectiological, functional, and radiographic outcome after revision for prosthetic hip infection according to a strict algorithm. Acta Orthop. 2011;82:27-34. doi:10.3109/17453674.2010.548025.
 
26) Shahi A, et al. The alpha-defensin test for periprosthetic joint infections is not affected by prior antibiotic administration. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474:1610-5. doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4726-2.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 2.2. Diagnosis:Algorithm, Question 6, p.354-356.
 
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13) Deirmengian C, et al. Combined measurement of synovial fluid α-Defensin and C-reactive protein levels:highly accurate for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:1439-45. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.01316.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 2.3. Diagnosis:Laboratory Tests, Question 1, p.361-362.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 2.3. Diagnosis:Laboratory Tests, Question 1, p.368-369.
 
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2) Tan TL, et al. Positive culture during reimplantation increases the risk of subsequent failure in two-stage exchange arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:1313-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.15.01469.
 
3) Ghanem E, et al. Staged revision for knee arthroplasty infection:what is the role of serologic tests before reimplantation? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:1699-705.
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Part II Hip and Knee, 2.4. Diagnosis:Pathogen Isolation, Cuture Related, Question 4, p.374-375.
 
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3) Ryu SY, et al. Low sensitivity of periprosthetic tissue PCR for prosthetic knee infection diagnosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79:448-53. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.03.021.
 
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20) Janz V, et al. Improvement in the detection rate of PJI in total hip arthroplasty through multiple sonicate fluid cultures. J Orthop Res. 2013;31:2021-4. doi:10.1002/jor.22451.
 
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30) Achermann Y, et al. Improved diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection by multiplex PCR of sonication fluid from removed implants. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1208-14. doi:10.1128/JCM.00006-10.
 
31) Esteban J, et al. PCR-hybridization after sonication improves diagnosis of implant-related infection. Acta Orthop. 2012;83:299-304. doi:10.3109/17453674.2012.693019.
 
32) Bereza P, et al. Comparison of cultures and 16S rRNA sequencing for identification of bacteria in two-stage revision arthroplasties:preliminary report. BMC Musculoskelet Dis. 2016;17:138. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-0991-1.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 2.4. Diagnosis:Pathogen Isolation, Cuture Related, Question 6, p.377-378.
 
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2) Ghanem E, et al. Staged revision for knee arthroplasty infection:what is the role of serologic tests before reimplantation? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:1699-705. doi:10.1007/s11999-009-0742-9.
 
3) Berbari E, et al. Inflamatory blood laboratory levels as markers of prosthetic joint infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:2102-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.01199.
 
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6) Shukla SK, et al. Perioperative testing for persistent sepsis following resection arthroplasty of the hip for periprosthetic infection. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:87-91. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2010.05.006.
 
7) Kusuma SK, et al. What is the role of serological testing between stages of two-stage reconstruction of the infected prosthetic knee? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:1002-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1619-7.
 
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9) Hoell S, et al. Two-stage revision arthroplasty for periprosthetic joint infections:what is the value of cultures and white cell count in synovial fluid and CRP in serum before second stage reimplantation? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136:447-52. doi:10.1007/s00402-015-2404-6.
 
10) Hoell S, et al. Interleukin- 6 in two-stage revision arthroplasty:what is the threshold value to exclude persistent infection before re-implantation? Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B:71-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.97B1.33802.
 
11) Shahi A, et al. Serum D-dimer test is promising for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection and timing of reimplantation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:1419-27. doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.01395.
 
12) Zmistowski BM, et al. Utility of synovial white blood cell count and differential before reimplantation surgery. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:2820-4. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.03.068.
 
13) Newman JM, et al. What is the diagnostic accuracy of aspirations performed on hips with antibiotic cement spacers? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:204-11. doi:10.1007/s11999-016-5093-8.
 
14) Lonner JH, et al. Role of knee aspiration after resection of the infected total knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop. 2001;30:305-9.
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15) Kheir MM, et al. Leukocyte esterase strip test can predict subsequent failure following reimplantation in patients with periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1976-9. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.01.031.
 
16) Frangiamore SJ, et al. Synovial cytokines and the MSIS criteria are not useful for determining infection resolution after periprosthetic joint infection explantation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474:1630-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4710-x.
 
17) George J, et al. Are frozen sections and MSIS criteria reliable at the time of reimplantation of two-stage revision arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474:1619-26. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4673-3.
 
18) Della Valle CJ, et al. Analysis of frozen sections of intraoperative specimens obtained at the time of reoperation after hip or knee resection arthroplasty for the treatment of infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:684-9.
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Part II Hip and Knee, 2.5. Diagnosis:Reimplantation, Question 2, p.380-381.
 
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25) Zmistowski BM, et al. Utility of synovial white blood cell count and differential before reimplantation surgery. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:2820-4. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.03.068.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 2.5. Diagnosis:Reimplantation, Question 3, p.381-383.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 2.5. Diagnosis:Reimplantation, Question 7, p.388-390.
 
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5) Son WS, et al. Efficacy of open debridement and polyethylene exchange in strictly selected patients with infection after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2017;29:172-9. doi:10.5792/ksrr.16.040.
 
6) Rodriguez D, et al. Acute hematogenous prosthetic joint infection:prospective evaluation of medical and surgical management. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:1789-95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03157.x.
 
7) Fink B, et al. A standardized regimen for the treatment of acute postoperative infections and acute hematogenous infections associated with hip and knee arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1255-61. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.10.011.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.1. Treatment:Algorithm, Question 1, p.407-408.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.1. Treatment:Algorithm, Question 1, p.409-410.
 
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30) Lowik CAM, et al. Predicting failure in early acute prosthetic joint infection treated with debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention:external validation of the KLIC Score. J Arthroplasty. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2018.03.041.
 
31) Hsieh PH, et al. Prosthetic joint infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis:an outcome analysis compared with controls. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e71666. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071666.
 
32) Son WS, Shon OJ, Lee DC, et al. Efficacy of open debridement and polyethylene exchange in strictly selected patients with infection after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2017;29:172-9. doi:10.5792/ksrr.16.040.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.2. Treatment:Debridement And Retention of Implant, Question 1, p.412-414.
 
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12) Koh IJ, et al. Open debridement and prosthesis retention is a viable treatment option for acute periprosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:847-55. doi:10.1007/s00402-015-2237-3.
 
13) Klare CM, et al. Prognostic factors for success after irrigation and debridement with modular component exchange for infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2018.02.004.
 
14) Puhto AP, et al. Predictors of treatment outcome in prosthetic joint infections treated with prosthesis retention. Int Orthop. 2015;39:1785-91. doi:10.1007/s00264-015-2819-2.
 
15) Sendi P, et al. Debridement and implant retention in the management of hip periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J. 2017;99B:330-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.99B3.BJJ-2016-0609.R1.
 
16) Anagnostakos K. Can periprosthetic hip joint infections be successfully managed by debridement and prosthesis retention? World J Orthop. 2014;5:218. doi:10.5312/wjo.v5.i3.218.
 
17) Qasim SN, et al. The DAIR (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention) procedure for infected total knee replacement - a literature review. SICOT-J. 2017;3:2. doi:10.1051/sicotj/2016038.
 
18) Choi HR, et al. Retention treatment after periprosthetic total hip arthroplasty infection. Int Orthop. 2012;36:723-9. doi:10.1007/s00264-011-1324-5.
 
19) Kuiper JW. Treatment of acute periprosthetic infections with prosthesis retention:Review of current concepts. World J Orthop. 2014;5:667. doi:10.5312/wjo.v5.i5.667.
 
20) Buller LT, et al. The preoperative prediction of success following irrigation and debridement with polyethylene exchange for hip and knee prosthetic joint infections. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.01.003.
 
21) Marculescu CE, et al. Outcome of prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and retention of components. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:471-8. doi:10.1086/499234.
 
22) Chaussade H, et al. Antibiotic therapy duration for prosthetic joint infections treated by debridement and implant retention (DAIR):similar long-term remission for 6 weeks as compared to 12 weeks. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;63:37-42. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.08.002.
 
23) Lora-Tamayo J, et al. A large multicenter study of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infections managed with implant retention. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:182-94. doi:10.1093/cid/cis746.
 
24) Swenson RD, et al. Preoperative anemia is associated with failure of open debridement polyethylene exchange in acute and acute hematogenous prosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2018.01.042.
 
25) Tornero E, et al. Risk factors for failure in early prosthetic joint infection treated with debridement. Influence of etiology and antibiotic treatment. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2014;12:129-34. doi:10.5301/jabfm.5000209.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.2. Treatment:Debridement And Retention of Implant, Question 2, p.414-415.
 
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2) Choi H-R, et al. Can implant retention be recommended for treatment of infected TKA? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:961-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1679-8.
 
3) Grammatopoulos G, et al. Outcome following debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention in hip periprosthetic joint infection- an 18-year experience. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:2248-55. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.02.066.
 
4) Kim JG, et al. The parameters affecting the success of irrigation and debridement with component retention in the treatment of acutely infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;7:69-76. doi:10.4055/cios.2015.7.1.69.
 
5) Lora-Tamayo J, et al. A large multicenter study of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infections managed with implant retention. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:182-94. doi:10.1093/cid/cis746.
 
6) Lora-Tamayo J, et al. The not-so-good prognosis of streptococcal periprosthetic joint infection managed by implant retention:the results of a large multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:1742-52.
 
7) Tsang STJ, et al. Outcomes following debridement, antibiotics and implant retention in the management of periprosthetic infections of the hip:a review of cohort studies. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B:1458-66. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.99B11.BJJ-2017-0088.R1.
 
8) Qasim SN, et al. The DAIR (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention) procedure for infected total knee replacement - a literature review. SICOT J. 2017;3:2. doi:10.1051/sicotj/2016038.
 
9) Kuiper JW, et al. Treatment of acute periprosthetic infections with prosthesis retention:review of current concepts. World J Orthop. 2014;5:667-76. doi:10.5312/wjo.v5.i5.667.
 
10) Achermann Y, et al. Characteristics and treatment outcomes of 69 cases with early prosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. Infection. 2014;42:511-9. doi:10.1007/s15010-014-0584-6.
 
11) Bryan AJ, et al. Irrigation and debridement with component retention for acute infection after hip arthroplasty:improved results with contemporary management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:2011-8.
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12) Deirmengian C, et al. Limited success with open debridement and retention of components in the treatment of acute Staphylococcus aureus infections after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:22-6.
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13) Koh IJ, et al. Open debridement and prosthesis retention is a viable treatment option for acute periprosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:847-55. doi:10.1007/s00402-015-2237-3.
 
14) Peel TN, et al. Outcome of debridement and retention in prosthetic joint infections by methicillin-resistant staphylococci, with special reference to rifampin and fusidic acid combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:350-5. doi:10.1128/AAC.02061-12.
 
15) Tornero E, et al. KLIC-score for predicting early failure in prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement, implant retention and antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:786.e9-786.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.012.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.2. Treatment:Debridement And Retention of Implant, Question 4, p.417-418.
 
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1) Lass R, et al. Bacterial adherence to different components of total hip prosthesis in patients with prosthetic joint infection. Int Orthop. 2014;38:1597-602. doi:10.1007/s00264-014-2358-2.
 
2) Tsang S-TJ, et al. Outcomes following debridement, antibiotics and implant retention in the management of periprosthetic infections of the hip:a review of cohort studies. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B:1458-66. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.99B11.BJJ-2017-0088.R1.
 
3) Grammatopoulos G, et al. Functional outcome of debridement, antibiotics and implant retention in periprosthetic joint infection involving the hip:a case-control study. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B:614-22. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.99B5.BJJ-2016-0562.R2.
 
4) Zhang C, et al. Polyethylene insert exchange is crucial in debridement for acute periprosthetic infections following total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2017;30:36-41. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1579667.
 
5) Choi H-R, et al. Can implant retention be recommended for treatment of infected TKA? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:961-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1679-8.
 
6) Lora-Tamayo J, et al. A large multicenter study of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infections managed with implant retention. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:182-94. doi:10.1093/cid/cis746.
 
7) Lora-Tamayo J, et al. The not-so-good prognosis of streptococcal periprosthetic joint infection managed by implant retention:the results of a large multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:1742-52.
 
8) Triantafyllopoulos GK, et al. Irrigation and debridement for periprosthetic infections of the hip and factors determining outcome. Int Orthop. 2015;39:1203-9. doi:10.1007/s00264-015-2753-3.
 
9) Triantafyllopoulos GK, et al. Periprosthetic knee infections treated with irrigation and debridement:outcomes and preoperative predictive factors. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:649-57. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.10.026.
 
10) Kuiper JWP, et al. Prosthetic joint-associated infections treated with DAIR (debridement, antibiotics, irrigation, and retention):analysis of risk factors and local antibiotic carriers in 91 patients. Acta Orthop. 2013;84:380-6. doi:10.3109/17453674.2013.823589.
 
11) Marculescu CE, et al. Outcome of prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and retention of components. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:471-8. doi:10.1086/499234.
 
12) Buller LT, et al. The preoperative prediction of success following irrigation and debridement with polyethylene exchange for hip and knee prosthetic joint infections. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:857-64.e1-4. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.01.003.
 
13) Hsieh PH, et al. Gram-negative prosthetic joint infections:risk factors and outcome of treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1036-43. doi:10.1086/605593.
 
14) Urish KL, et al. A multicenter study of irrigation and debridement in total knee arthroplasty periprosthetic joint infection:treatment failure is high. J Arthroplasty 2018;33:1154-9.
 
15) Koh IJ, et al. Open debridement and prosthesis retention is a viable treatment option for acute periprosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:847-55. doi:10.1007/s00402-015-2237-3.
 
16) Zimmerli W, et al. Role of rifampin for treatment of orthopedic implant-related staphylococcal infections:a randomized controlled trial. Foreign-Body Infection (FBI) Study Group. JAMA. 1998;279:1537-41.
 
17) Holmberg A, et al. 75% success rate after open debridement, exchange of tibial insert, and antibiotics in knee prosthetic joint infections. Acta Orthop. 2015;86:457-62. doi:10.3109/17453674.2015.1026756.
 
18) El Helou OC, et al. Efficacy and safety of rifampin containing regimen for staphylococcal prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and retention. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29:961-7. doi:10.1007/s10096-010-0952-9.
 
19) Tornero E, et al. Importance of selection and duration of antibiotic regimen in prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and implant retention. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:1395-401. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv481.
 
20) Puhto AP, et al. Predictors of treatment outcome in prosthetic joint infections treated with prosthesis retention. Int Orthop. 2015;39:1785-91. doi:10.1007/s00264-015-2819-2.
 
21) Senneville E, et al. Outcome and predictors of treatment failure in total hip/knee prosthetic joint infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:334-40. doi:10.1093/cid/cir402.
 
22) Rodriguez-Pardo D, et al. Gram-negative prosthetic joint infection:outcome of a debridement, antibiotics and implant retention approach. A large multicentre study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:O911-9. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12649.
 
23) Martinez-Pastor JC, et al. Outcome of acute prosthetic joint infections due to gramnegative bacilli treated with open debridement and retention of the prosthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:4772-7. doi:10.1128/AAC.00188-09.
 
24) Grossi O, et al. Gramnegative prosthetic joint infections managed according to a multidisciplinary standardized approach:risk factors for failure and outcome with and without fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:2593-7. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw202.
 
25) McPherson EJ, et al. Periprosthetic total hip infection:outcomes using a staging system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002:8-15.
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26) Hsieh PH, et al. Prosthetic joint infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis:an outcome analysis compared with controls. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e71666. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071666.
 
27) Son WS, et al. Efficacy of open debridement and polyethylene exchange in strictly selected patients with infection after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2017;29:172-9.
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28) Lowik CAM, et al. Predicting failure in early acute prosthetic joint infection treated with debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention:external validation of the KLIC Score. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:2582-7.
 
29) Tornero E, et al. KLIC-score for predicting early failure in prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement, implant retention and antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:786.e9-786.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.012.
 
30) Tornero E, et al. Risk factors for failure in early prosthetic joint infection treated with debridement. Influence of etiology and antibiotic treatment. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2014;12:129-34. doi:10.5301/jabfm.5000209.
 
31) Guren E, et al. Prosthetic joint infection-a devastating complication of hemiarthroplasty for hip fracture. Acta Orthop. 2017;88:383-9. doi:10.1080/17453674.2017.1301009.
 
32) Kurtz SM, et al. Infection burden for hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:984-91. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2007.10.017.
 
33) Mortazavi SMJ, et al. Failure following revision total knee arthroplasty:infection is the major cause. Int Orthop. 2011;35:1157-64. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-1134-1.
 
34) Mortazavi SMJ, et al. Revision total knee arthroplasty infection:incidence and predictors. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:2052-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1308-6.
 
35) Bergkvist M, et al. Debridement, antibiotics and implant retention in early periprosthetic joint infection. Hip Int. 2016;26:138-43. doi:10.5301/hipint.5000328.
 
36) Byren I, et al. One hundred and twelve infected arthroplasties treated with "DAIR" (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention):antibiotic duration and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:1264-71. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp107.
 
37) Vilchez F, et al. Outcome and predictors of treatment failure in early post-surgical prosthetic joint infections due to Staphylococcus aureus treated with debridement. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:439-44. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03244.x.
 
38) Vilchez F, et al. Efficacy of debridement in hematogenous and early post-surgical prosthetic joint infections. Int J Artif Organs. 2011;34:863-9. doi:10.5301/ijao.5000029.
 
39) Rodriguez D, et al. Acute hematogenous prosthetic joint infection:prospective evaluation of medical and surgical management. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:1789-95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03157.x.
 
40) Cobo J, et al. Early prosthetic joint infection:outcomes with debridement and implant retention followed by antibiotic therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1632-7. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03333.x.
 
41) Tande AJ, et al. Clinical presentation, risk factors, and outcomes of hematogenous prosthetic joint infection in patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Am J Med. 2016;129:221. e11-e20. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.09.006.
 
42) Letouvet B, et al. Predictors of failure for prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement. Med Mal Infect. 2016;46:39-43. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2015.11.007.
 
43) Soriano A, et al. Treatment of acute post-surgical infection of joint arthroplasty. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:930-3. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01463.x.
 
44) Kheir MM, et al. Periprosthetic joint infections caused by Enterococci have poor outcomes. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:933-47. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.09.017.
 
45) Tornero E, et al. Characteristics of prosthetic joint infections due to Enterococcus sp. and predictors of failure:a multi-national study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:1219-24. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12721.
 
46) Duijf SV, et al. Debridement, antibiotics and implant retention in early postoperative infection with Enterococcus sp. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:e41-2. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.006.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.2. Treatment:Debridement And Retention of Implant, Question 9, p.425-432.
 
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2) Kosters K, et al. Treatment of knee prosthesis infections:evaluation of 15 patients over a 5-year period. Int Orthop. 2009;33:1249-54. doi:10.1007/s00264-008-0638-4.
 
3) Leijtens B, et al. Clindamycin-rifampin combination therapy for staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infections:a retrospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:321. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2429-2.
 
4) Tornero E, et al. Importance of selection and duration of antibiotic regimen in prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and implant retention. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:1395-401. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv481.
 
5) Senneville E, et al. Outcome and predictors of treatment failure in total hip/knee prosthetic joint infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:334-40. doi:10.1093/cid/cir402.
 
6) Peel TN, et al. Outcome of debridement and retention in prosthetic joint infections by methicillin-resistant staphylococci, with special reference to rifampin and fusidic acid combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:350-5. doi:10.1128/AAC.02061-12.
 
7) Berdal J-E, et al. Use of rifampicin and ciprofloxacin combination therapy after surgical debridement in the treatment of early manifestation prosthetic joint infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11:843-5. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01230.x.
 
8) Mont MA, et al. Multiple irrigation, debridement, and retention of components in infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:426-33.
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9) Westberg M, et al. Early prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and implant retention:38 primary hip arthroplasties prospectively recorded and followed for median 4 years. Acta Orthop. 2012;83:227-32. doi:10.3109/17453674.2012.678801.
 
10) Kuiper JWP, et al. Prosthetic joint-associated infections treated with DAIR (debridement, antibiotics, irrigation, and retention):analysis of risk factors and local antibiotic carriers in 91 patients. Acta Orthop. 2013;84:380-6. doi:10.3109/17453674.2013.823589.
 
11) Matsumoto T, et al. Treatment of 50 deep infections after total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2015;38:e529-35. doi:10.3928/01477447-20150603-63.
 
12) Tsukayama DT, et al. Infection after total hip arthroplasty. A study of the treatment of one hundred and six infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:512-23.
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14) Kessler B, et al. The treatment and outcome of peri-prosthetic infection of the ankle:a single cohort-centre experience of 34 cases. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:772-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.96B6.33298.
 
15) Letouvet B, et al. Predictors of failure for prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement. Med Mal Infect. 2016;46:39-43. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2015.11.007.
 
16) Sendi P, et al. Debridement and implant retention in the management of hip periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B:330-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.99B3.BJJ-2016-0609.R1.
 
17) Spormann C, et al. Treatment strategies for periprosthetic infections after primary elbow arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:992-1000. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.007.
 
18) Weenders SGM, et al. Debridement, antibiotics and implant retention in early periprosthetic joint infection after primary total hip arthroplasty:88 percent survival after two years follow-up. Acta Orthop Belg. 2016;82:530-8.
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19) Choi H-R, et al. Retention treatment after periprosthetic total hip arthroplasty infection. Int Orthop. 2012;36:723-9. doi:10.1007/s00264-011-1324-5.
 
20) Corona Perez-Cardona PS, et al. Clinical experience with daptomycin for the treatment of patients with knee and hip periprosthetic joint infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:1749-54. doi:10.1093/jac/dks119.
 
21) Zhang C, et al. Polyethylene insert exchange is crucial in debridement for acute periprosthetic infections following total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2017;30:36-41.
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22) Dennison T, et al. Management of acute or late hematogenous infection after shoulder arthroplasty with irrigation, debridement, and component retention. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:73-8. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.05.018.
 
23) Hyman JL, et al. The arthroscopic drainage, irrigation, and debridement of late, acute total hip arthroplasty infections:average 6-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty.1999;14:903-10.
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24) Osmon DR, et al. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection:clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:e1-25. doi:10.1093/cid/cis803.
 
25) Piso RJ, et al. Antibiotic treatment can be safely stopped in asymptomatic patients with prosthetic joint infections despite persistent elevated C-reactive protein values. Infection. 2010;38:293-6. doi:10.1007/s15010-010-0019-y.
 
26) Byren I, et al. One hundred and twelve infected arthroplasties treated with "DAIR" (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention):antibiotic duration and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:1264-71. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp107.
 
27) Fink B, et al. A standardized regimen for the treatment of acute postoperative infections and acute hematogenous infections associated with hip and knee arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1255-61. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.10.011.
 
28) Triantafyllopoulos GK, et al. Implant retention after acute and hematogenous periprosthetic hip and knee infections:whom, when and how? World J Orthop. 2016;7:546-52. doi:10.5312/wjo.v7.i9.546.
 
29) Lee HD, et al. Management of periprosthetic hip joint infection. Hip Pelvis. 2015;27:63-71. doi:10.5371/hp.2015.27.2.63.
 
30) Van Kleunen JP, et al. Irrigation and debridement and prosthesis retention for treating acute periprosthetic infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:2024-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1291-y.
 
31) Koyonos L, et al. Infection control rate of irrigation and debridement for periprosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:3043-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1910-2.
 
32) Koh IJ, et al. Open debridement and prosthesis retention is a viable treatment option for acute periprosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:847-55. doi:10.1007/s00402-015-2237-3.
 
33) Farhad R, et al. Six weeks antibiotic therapy for all bone infections:results of a cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;29:217-22. doi:10.1007/s10096-009-0842-1.
 
34) Armstrong MD, et al. Tertiary care centre adherence to unified guidelines for management of periprosthetic joint infections:a gap analysis. Can J Surg J Can Chir. 2018;61:34-41.
 
35) Bernard L, et al. Six weeks of antibiotic treatment is sufficient following surgery for septic arthroplasty. J Infect. 2010;61:125-32. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2010.05.005.
 
36) Puhto A-P, et al. Short-course antibiotics for prosthetic joint infections treated with prosthesis retention. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:1143-8. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03693.x.
 
37) Chaussade H, et al. Antibiotic therapy duration for prosthetic joint infections treated by Debridement and Implant Retention (DAIR):Similar long-term remission for 6 weeks as compared to 12 weeks. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;63:37-42. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.08.002.
 
38) Lora-Tamayo J, et al. Short- versus long-duration levofloxacin plus rifampicin for acute staphylococcal prosthetic joint infection managed with implant retention:a randomised clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48:310-6. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.05.021.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.2. Treatment:Debridement And Retention of Implant, Question 12, p.434-436.
 
P.172 掲載の参考文献
1) Osmon DR, et al. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection:clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:e1-25. doi:10.1093/cid/cis803.
 
2) Trampuz A, et al. Antimicrobial agents in orthopaedic surgery:Prophylaxis and treatment. Drugs. 2006;66:1089-105.
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3) Zimmerli W, et al. Prosthetic-joint infections. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1645-54. doi:10.1056/NEJMra040181.
 
4) Leijtens B, et al. Clindamycin-rifampin combination therapy for staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infections:a retrospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:321. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2429-2.
 
5) Peel TN, et al. Outcome of debridement and retention in prosthetic joint infections by methicillin-resistant staphylococci, with special reference to rifampin and fusidic acid combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:350-5. doi:10.1128/AAC.02061-12.
 
6) Lenhard JR, et al. Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus under vancomycin selective pressure:the role of the small-colony variant phenotype. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:1347-51. doi:10.1128/AAC.04508-14.
 
7) Chaussade H, et al. Antibiotic therapy duration for prosthetic joint infections treated by Debridement and Implant Retention (DAIR):Similar long-term remission for 6 weeks as compared to 12 weeks. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;63:37-42. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.08.002.
 
8) Begic D, et al. Daptomycin pharmacodynamics against Staphylococcus aureus hemB mutants displaying the small colony variant phenotype. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:977-81. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp069.
 
9) Mehta S, et al. β-Lactams increase the antibacterial activity of daptomycin against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and prevent selection of daptomycin-resistant derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:6192-200. doi:10.1128/AAC.01525-12.
 
10) Ortwine JK, et al. Reduced glycopeptide and lipopeptide susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus and the "seesaw effect":Taking advantage of the back door left open? Drug Resist Updat. 2013;16:73-9. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2013.10.002.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.2. Treatment:Debridement And Retention of Implant, Question 13, p.436-437
 
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3) Silva M, et al. Results of direct exchange or debridement of the infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002:125-31.
 
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5) Zeller V, et al. One-stage exchange arthroplasty for chronic periprosthetic hip infection:results of a large prospective cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:e1. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.01451.
 
6) Klouche S, et al. Infected total hip arthroplasty revision:one- or two-stage procedure? Orthop Trauma Surg Res. 2012;98:144-50. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2011.08.018.
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7) Hansen E, et al. Outcome of one-stage cementless exchange for acute postoperative periprosthetic hip infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:3214-22. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3079-3.
 
8) Winkler H, et al. One stage uncemented revision of infected total hip replacement using cancellous allograft bone impregnated with antibiotics. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:1580-4. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B12.20742.
 
9) Raut VV, et al. One-stage revision of total hip arthroplasty for deep infection. Long-term followup. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995:202-7.
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12) Choi HR, et al. Comparison of one-stage revision with antibiotic cement versus two-stage revision results for infected total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:66-70. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.02.037.
 
13) Wolf M, et al. Prosthetic joint infection following total hip replacement:results of one-stage versus two-stage exchange. Int Orthop. 2014;38:1363-8. doi:10.1007/s00264-014-2309-y.
 
14) Engesaeter LB, et al. Surgical procedures in the treatment of 784 infected THAs reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop. 2011;82:530-7. doi:10.3109/17453674.2011.623572.
 
15) Cooper HJ, et al. The two-stage standard in revision total hip replacement. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:84-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B11.32906.
 
16) Azzam K, et al. Outcome of a second two-stage reimplantation for periprosthetic knee infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:1706-14. doi:10.1007/s11999-009-0739-4.
 
17) Haleem AA, et al. Mid-term to long-term follow-up of two-stage reimplantation for infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004:35-9.
 
18) Castellani L, et al. Factors associated with choice and success of one- versus two-stage revision arthroplasty for infected hip and knee prostheses. HSS J. 2017;13:224-31. doi:10.1007/s11420-017-9550-z.
 
19) Gehrke T, et al. One-stage exchange. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:77-83. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B11.32646.
 
20) Zahar A, et al. One-stage revision for infected total hip arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am. 2016;47:11-8. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2015.08.004.
 
21) Nagra NS, et al. One-stage versus two-stage exchange arthroplasty for infected total knee arthroplasty:a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:3106-14.
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22) Kunutsor SK, et al. Re-infection outcomes following one- and two-stage surgical revision of infected hip prosthesis:a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0139166. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139166.
 
23) Kunutsor SK, et al. Re-infection outcomes following one- and two-stage surgical revision of infected hip prosthesis:a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0151537. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151537.
 
24) Wolf CF, et al. Comparison of one and two-stage revision of total hip arthroplasty complicated by infection:a Markov expected utility decision analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:631-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.01256.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.3. Treatment:One-Stage Exchange, Question 1, p.440-441.
 
P.176 掲載の参考文献
1) Nagra NS, et al. One-stage versus two-stage exchange arthroplasty for infected total knee arthroplasty:a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:3106-14. doi:10.1007/s00167-015-3780-8.
 
2) Leonard HAC, et al. Single- or two-stage revision for infected total hip arthroplasty? A systematic review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:1036-42. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3294-y.
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3) Haddad FS, et al. Is single-stage revision according to a strict protocol effective in treatment of chronic knee arthroplasty infections? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:8-14.
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4) Klouche S, et al. Total hip arthroplasty revision due to infection:a cost analysis approach. Orthop Trauma Surg Res. 2010;96:124-32. doi:10.1016/J.OTSR.2009.11.004.
 
5) Ibrahim MS, et al. A multidisciplinary team approach to two-stage revision for the infected hip replacement. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:1312-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.96B10.32875.
 
6) Gomez MM, et al. The fate of spacers in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg. 2015;97:1495-502. doi:10.2106/jbjs.n.00958.
 
7) Oussedik SIS, et al. Outcomes of revision total hip replacement for infection after grading according to a standard protocol. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92-B:1222-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.92B9.23663.
 
8) Buchholz HW, et al. Management of deep infection of total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B:342-53.
 
9) Jackson WO, et al. Limited role of direct exchange arthroplasty in the treatment of infected total hip replacements. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;381:101-5.
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11) George DA, et al. Single-stage hip and knee exchange for periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:2264-70. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.05.047.
 
12) Tibrewal S, et al. Single-stage revision for the infected total knee replacement:Results from a single centre. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:759-64. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.96B6.33086.
 
13) Lange J, et al. Cementless one-stage revision in chronic periprosthetic hip joint infection. Ninetyone percent infection free survival in 56 patients at minimum 2-year followup. J Arthroplasty. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.11.024.
 
14) Castellani L, et al. Factors associated with choice and success of one- versus two-stage revision arthroplasty for infected hip and knee prostheses. HSS J. 2017;13:224-31.
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16) Goksan SB, et al. One-stage reimplantation for infected total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:78-82.
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17) Wolf M, et al. Prosthetic joint infection following total hip replacement:results of one-stage versus two-stage exchange. Int Orthop. 2014;38:1363-8. doi:10.1007/s00264-014-2309-y.
 
18) Jenny JY, et al. Routine one-stage exchange for chronic infection after total hip replacement. Int Orthop. 2014;38:2477-81. doi:10.1007/s00264-014-2466-z.
 
19) Jenny JY, et al. High infection control rate and function after routine one-stage exchange for chronically infected TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:238-43. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2480-7.
 
20) Raut VV, et al. One-stage revision of infected total hip replacements with discharging sinuses. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994;76:721-4.
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.3. Treatment:One-Stage Exchange, Question 2, p.441-443.
 
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2) Boddapati V, et al. Revision total knee arthroplasty for periprosthetic joint infection as associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality relative to noninfectious revisions. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:521-6. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.09.021.
 
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4) Beswick AD, et al. What is the evidence base to guide surgical treatment of infected hip prostheses? Systematic review of longitudinal studies in unselected patients. BMC Med. 2012;10:18. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-18.
 
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6) Kunutsor SK, et al. Re-infection outcomes following one- and two-stage surgical revision of infected hip prosthesis:a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0139166.
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7) Masters JP, et al. A systematic review of the evidence for single stage and two stage revision of infected knee replacement. BMC Musculoskelet Dis. 2013;14:222. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-222.
 
8) Nagra NS, et al. One-stage versus two-stage exchange arthroplasty for infected total knee arthroplasty:a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:3106-14. doi:10.1007/s00167-015-3780-8.
 
9) Moore AJ, et al. Deep prosthetic joint infection:a qualitative study of the impact on patients and their experiences of revision surgery. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e009495. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009495.
 
10) Gomez MM, et al. The fate of spacers in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg. 2015;97:1495-502.
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11) De Man FHR, et al. Infectiological, functional, and radiographic outcome after revision for prosthetic hip infection according to a strict algorithm. Acta Orthop. 2011;82:27-34. doi:10.3109/17453674.2010.548025.
 
12) Choi HR, et al. Comparison of one-stage revision with antibiotic cement versus two-stage revision results for infected total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:66-70.
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13) Klouche S, et al. Infected total hip arthroplasty revision:one- or two-stage procedure? Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2012;98:144-50. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2011.08.018.
PubMed
14) Oussedik SIS, et al. Outcomes of revision total hip replacement for infection after grading according to a standard protocol. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92-B:1222-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.92B9.23663.
 
15) Giulieri SG, et al. Management of infection associated with total hip arthroplasty according to a treatment algorithm. Infection. 2004;32:222-8. doi:10.1007/s15010-004-4020-1.
 
16) Raut VV, et al. One-stage revision of total hip arthroplasty for deep infection:long-term follow up. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;202-7.
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17) Wolf CF, et al. Comparison of one and two-stage revision of total hip arthroplasty complicated by infection:a Markov expected utility decision analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:631-9.
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24) Buchholz HW, et al. Management of deep infection of total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B:342-53.
 
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29) Hsieh PH, et al. Two-stage revision of infected hip arthroplasty using an antibiotic-loaded spacer:retrospective comparison between short-term and prolonged antibiotic therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:392-7. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp177.
 
30) Romano CL, et al. Long-stem versus shortstem preformed antibiotic-loaded cement spacers for two-stage revision of infected total hip arthroplasty. Hip Int. 2010;20:26-33.
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31) Toulson C, et al. Treatment of infected total hip arthroplasty with a 2-stage reimplantation protocol:update on "our institution's" experience from 1989 to 2003. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:1051-60. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2008.07.004.
 
32) Ibrahim MS, et al. A multidisciplinary team approach to two-stage revision for the infected hip replacement:a minimum five-year follow-up study. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:1312-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.96B10.32875.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.3. Treatment:One-Stage Exchange, Question 4, p.444-446.
 
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1) Gomez MM, et al. The fate of spacers in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am.2015;97. doi:10.2106/JBJS.N.00958.
 
2) Anagnostakos K, et al. Antibiotic elution from hip and knee acrylic bone cement spacers:asystematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017. doi:10.1155/2017/4657874.
 
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4) George J, et al. Success of two stage revision arthroplasty in patients requiring an interim spacer. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:S228-32.
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5) Goswami K, et al. Fate of spacer exchanges in periprosthetic joint infection. AAOS 2017 Annual Meeting presentation.
 
6) Zmistowski BM, et al. Utility of synovial white blood cell count and differential before reimplantation surgery. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:2820-4. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.03.068.
 
7) Shahi A, et al. Serum D-dimer test is promising for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection and timing of reimplantation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:1419-27. doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.01395.
 
8) Kusuma SK, et al. What is the role of serological testing between stages of two-stage reconstruction of the infected prosthetic knee? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:1002-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1619-7.
 
9) Kheir MM, et al. Leukocyte esterase strip test can predict subsequent failure following reimplantation in patients with periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1976-9.
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10) Janz V, et al. Validation of synovial aspiration in girdle-stone hips for detection of infection persistence in patients undergoing 2-stage revision total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:684-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.09.053.
 
11) Bingham J, et al. The alpha defensin-1 biomarker assay can be used to evaluate the potentially infected total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:4006-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3900-7.
 
12) Cho WS, et al. Polymorphonuclear cell count on frozen section is not an absolute index of reimplantation in infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:1874-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.03.016.
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16) Ghanem E, et al. The use of receiver operating characteristics analysis in determining erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels in diagnosing periprosthetic infection prior to revision total hip arthroplasty. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:e444-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.02.017.
 
17) Parvizi J, et al. Definition of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1331. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.03.009.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.4. Treatment:Two-Stage Exchange, Spacer Related, Question 2, p.448-449.
 
P.184 掲載の参考文献
1) Hsieh PH, et al. Two-stage revision of infected hip arthroplasty using an antibiotic-loaded spacer:retrospective comparison between short-term and prolonged antibiotic therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:392-7. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp177.
 
2) Kini SG, et al. Two-stage revision for periprosthetic hip and knee joint infections. Open Orthop J. 2016;10:579-88. doi:10.2174/1874325001610010579.
 
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9) Janz V, et al. Validation of synovial aspiration in girdlestone hips for detection of infection persistence in patients undergoing 2-stage revision total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:684-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.09.053.
 
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12) Hoad-Reddick DA, et al. Is there a role for extended antibiotic therapy in a two-stage revision of the infected knee arthroplasty? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:171-4.
 
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18) Corona PS, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility in gram-positive chronic joint arthroplasty infections:increased aminoglycoside resistance rate in patients with prior aminoglycoside-impregnated cement spacer use. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1617-21. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.03.029.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.4. Treatment:Two-Stage Exchange, Spacer Related, Question 3, p.449-451
 
P.186 掲載の参考文献
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.4. Treatment:Two-Stage Exchange, Spacer Related, Question 6, p.454-455.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.5. Treatment:Two-Stage Exchange, Question 1, p.459-460.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.5. Treatment:Two-Stage Exchange, Question 2, p.460-461.
 
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28) Bush JL, et al. Management of bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;452:186-92. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000229360.04620.93.
 
29) Backstein D, et al. Management of bone loss:structural grafts in revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;446:104-12. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000214426.52206.2c.
 
30) Lotke PA, et al. Impaction grafting for bone defects in revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;446:99-103. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000214414.06464.00.
 
31) Bezwada HP, et al. Distal femoral allograft reconstruction for massive osteolytic bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21:242-8. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2005.06.005.
 
32) Engh GA, et al. Use of structural allograft in revision total knee arthroplasty in knees with severe tibial bone loss. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:2640-7. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00865.
 
33) Rudelli S, et al. One-stage revision of infected total hip arthroplasty with bone graft. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:1165-77. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2007.08.010.
 
34) Burnett RSJ, et al. Revision total knee arthroplasty for major osteolysis. Iowa Orthop J. 2009;29:28-37.
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36) Bauman RD, et al. Limitations of structural allograft in revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:818-24. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0679-4.
 
37) Lombardi AV, et al. Management of bone loss in revision TKA:it's a changing world. Orthopedics. 2010;33:662. doi:10.3928/01477447-20100722-37.
 
38) Richards CJ, et al. Revision total knee arthroplasty:clinical outcome comparison with and without the use of femoral head structural allograft. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:1299-304. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2010.12.003.
 
39) Wang JW, et al. Reconstruction using femoral head allograft in revision total knee replacement:an experience in Asian patients. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:643-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B5.29915.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.5. Treatment:Two-Stage Exchange, Question 4, p.462-464.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.6. Treatment:Surgical Technique, Question 4, p.468-469.
 
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17) Koo KH, et al. Impregnation of vancomycin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime in a cement spacer for two-stage cementless reconstruction in infected total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16:882-92.
 
18) Hsieh PH, et al. Two-stage revision hip arthroplasty for infection:comparison between the interim use of antibiotic-loaded cement beads and a spacer prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-a:1989-97.
 
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32) Kubista B, et al. Reinfection after two-stage revision for periprosthetic infection of total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2012;36:65-71.
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.7. Treatment:Prosthesis Factors, Question 1, p.472-474.
 
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Part II Hip and Knee, 5.9. Treatment:Antimicrobials, Question 1, p.481-482.
 
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3) Shukla SK, et al. Perioperative testing for persistent sepsis following resection arthroplasty of the hip for periprosthetic infection. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:87-91.
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4) Ghanem E, et al. Staged revision for knee arthroplasty infection:what is the role of serologic test before reimplantation? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:1699-705.
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5) Tornero E, et al. Importance of selection and duration of antibiotic regimen in prosthetic join infections treated with debridement and implant retention. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:1395-401.
 
6) Hoell S, et al. Two-stage revision arthroplasty for periprosthetic joint infections:what is the value of cultures and white cell count in synovial fluid and CRP in serum before second stage reimplantation? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136:447-52.
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7) Kusuma SK, et al. What is the role of serological testing between stages of two-stage reconstruction of the infected prosthetic knee? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:1002-8.
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8) Frangiamore SJ, et al. Synovial cytokines and the MSIS criteria are not useful for determining infection resolution after periprosthetic joint infection explantation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474:1630-9.
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9) Kheir MM, et al. Leukocyte esterase strip test can predict subsequent failure following reimplantation in patients with periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1976-9.
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10) Marazzi MG, et al. Presepsin:a potential biomarker of PJI? A comparative analysis with known and new infection biomarkers. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2018;31:394632017749356. doi:10.1177/0394632017749356.
 
11) Shahi A, et al. Serum D-dimer test is promising for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection and timing of reimplantation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:1419-27.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.9. Treatment:Antimicrobials, Question 2, p.483-484.
 
P.203 掲載の参考文献
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.9. Treatment:Antimicrobials, Question 7, p.489-490.
 
P.204 掲載の参考文献
1) Berbari EF, et al. Culture-negative prosthetic joint infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1113-9. doi:10.1086/522184.
 
2) Parvizi J, et al. Periprosthetic infection:what are the diagnostic challenges? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88 Suppl 4:138-47. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00609.
 
3) Ghanem E, et al. Perioperative antibiotics should not be withheld in proven cases of periprosthetic infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;461:44-7. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e318065b780.
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4) Bejon P, et al. Two-stage revision for prosthetic joint infection:predictors of outcome and the role of reimplantation microbiology. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:569-75. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp469.
 
5) Ibrahim MS, et al. Two-stage revision for the culture-negative infected total hip arthroplasty:a comparative study. Bone Joint J. 2018;100-B:3-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.100B1.BJJ-2017-0626.R1.
 
6) Huang R, et al. Culture-negative periprosthetic joint infection does not preclude infection control. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:2717-23. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2434-0.
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7) Yoon HK, et al. A review of the literature on culture-negative periprosthetic joint infection:epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2017;29:155-64. doi:10.5792/ksrr.16.034.
 
8) Malekzadeh D, et al. Prior use of antimicrobial therapy is a risk factor for culture-negative prosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:2039-45. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1338-0.
 
9) Peel TN, et al. Culture negative prosthetic joint infection - adescription of current treatment and outcomes. Clin Microbiol Open Access. 2013;2. doi:10.4172/2327-5073.1000106.
 
10) Van Cauter M, et al. The effect of storage delay and storage temperature on orthopaedic surgical samples contaminated by Staphylococcus Epidermidis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0192048. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192048.
 
11) Schafer P, et al. Prolonged bacterial culture to identify late periprosthetic joint infection:a promising strategy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1403-9. doi:10.1086/592973.
 
12) Perez-Prieto D, et al. Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in prosthetic joint infections:not a concern for intraoperative cultures. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;86:442-5. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.014.
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13) Choi HR, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection with negative culture results:clinical caracteristics and treatment outcome. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:899-903. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.10.022.
 
14) Kim YH, et al. The outcome of infected total knee arthroplasty:culture-positive versus culture-negative. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:1459-67. doi:10.1007/s00402-015-2286-7.
 
15) Kim YH, et al. Comparison of infection control rates and clinical outcomes in culture-positive and culture-negative infected total-knee arthroplasty. J Orthop. 2015;12:S37-43. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2015.01.020.
 
16) Mortazavi SMJ, et al. Two-stage exchange arthroplasty for infected total knee arthroplasty:predictors of failure. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:3049-54. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-2030-8.
 
17) Wang J, et al. Comparable outcome of culture-negative and culture-positive periprosthetic hip joint infection for patients undergoing two-stage revision. Int Orthop. 2018;42:469-77. doi:10.1007/s00264-018-3783-4.
 
18) Kang JS, et al. Long-term clinical outcome of two-stage revision surgery for infected hip arthroplasty using cement spacer:culture negative versus culture positive. J Orthop Surg Hong Kong. 2018;26:2309499017754095. doi:10.1177/2309499017754095.
 
19) Marschall J, et al. Current management of prosthetic joint infections in adults:results of an Emerging Infections Network survey. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;41:272-7. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.023.
 
20) Tarabichi M, et al. Can next generation sequencing play a role in detecting pathogens in synovial fluid? Bone Joint J. 2018;100-B:127-33. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.100B2.BJJ-2017-0531.R2.
 
21) Parikh MS, et al. A comprehensive review of the diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infections in the absence of positive cultures. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9:545-56. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2015.12.001.
 
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1) Kurtz SM, et al. Infection burden for hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:984-91. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2007.10.017.
 
2) Klouche S, et al. Total hip arthroplasty revision due to infection:a cost analysis approach. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96:124-32. doi:10.1016/j.rcot.2010.02.005.
 
3) Bozic KJ, et al. The impact of infection after total hip arthroplasty on hospital and surgeon resource utilization. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1746-51. doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.02937.
 
4) Hanssen AD. Managing the infected knee:as good as it gets. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:98-101.
 
5) Byren I, et al. One hundred and twelve infected arthroplasties treated with "DAIR" (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention):antibiotic duration and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:1264-71. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp107.
 
6) Darouiche RO. Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1422-9. doi:10.1056/NEJMra035415.
 
7) Zmistowski B, et al. Recurrent periprosthetic joint infection:persistent or new infection? J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:1486-9. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.02.021.
 
8) Zywiel MG, et al. Prophylactic oral antibiotics reduce reinfection rates following two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2011;35:37-42. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-0992-x.
 
9) Johnson AJ, et al. Reduced re-infection rates with postoperative oral antibiotics after two-stage revision hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:123. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-123.
 
10) Frank JM, et al. The Mark Coventry, MD, Award:oral antibiotics reduce reinfection after two-stage exchange:a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:56-61. doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4890-4.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.10. Treatment:Antimicrobials (Two-Stage), Question 2, p.497-498.
 
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2) Berrios-Torres SI, et al. Centers for Disease Control and prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:784-91. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904.
 
3) Williams DN, et al. The use of preventive antibiotics in orthopaedic surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984:83-8.
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4) Garcia S, et al. Prophylaxis against infection. Single-dose cefonicid compared with multiple-dose cefamandole. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:1044-8.
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5) Wymenga AB, et al. Antibiotic use after cefuroxime prophylaxis in hip and knee joint replacement. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1991;50:215-20.
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6) Thornley P, et al. Postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip and knee arthroplasty:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ Open. 2015;3:E338-43. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20150012.
 
7) Campbell R, et al. Length of stay and hospital costs among high-risk patients with hospital-origin Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Med Econ. 2013;16:440-8. doi:10.3111/13696998.2013.770749.
 
Part II Hip and Knee, 5.11. Treatment:Antimicrobial Suppression, Question 1, p.502.
 

Part III 肩関節

P.211 掲載の参考文献
1) Namdari S, et al. Preoperative doxycycline does not decolonize Propionibacterium acnes from the skin of the shoulder:a randomized controlled trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:1495-9. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2017.06.039.
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2) Berrios-Torres SI, et al. Centers for Disease Control and prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:784-91. doi:10.1001/jama-surg.2017.0904.
 
3) Allegranzi B, et al. New WHO recommendations on intraoperative and postoperative measures for surgical site infection prevention:an evidence-based global perspective. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:e288-303. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30402-9.
 
4) Bratzler DW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70:195-283. doi:10.2146/ajhp120568.
 
5) Koh CK, et al. Propionibacterium acnes in primary shoulder arthroplasty:rates of colonization, patient risk factors, and efficacy of perioperative prophylaxis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:846-52. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.09.033.
 
6) Matsen FA, et al. Propionibacterium can be isolated from deep cultures obtained at primary arthroplasty despite intravenous antimicrobial prophylaxis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:844-7. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.10.016.
 
7) Grosso MJ, et al. Performance of implant sonication culture for the diagnosis of periprosthetic shoulder infection. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018;27:211-6. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2017.08.008.
 
8) Richards J, et al. Patient and procedure-specific risk factors for deep infection after primary shoulder arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:2809-15. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3696-5.
 
9) Singh JA, et al. Periprosthetic infections after shoulder hemiarthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:1304-9. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.067.
 
10) Boyle KK, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis and prevention of surgical site infection in shoulder and elbow surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2018;49:241-56. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2017.11.011.
 
11) Kheir MM, et al. Vancomycin prophylaxis for total joint arthroplasty:incorrectly dosed and has a higher rate of periprosthetic infection than cefazolin. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:1767-74. doi:10.1007/s11999-017-5302-0.
 
12) Gupta K, et al. Preoperative nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus status, surgical prophylaxis, and risk-adjusted postoperative outcomes in veterans. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32:791-6. doi:10.1086/660362.
 
13) Blumenthal KG, et al. The Impact of a reported penicillin allergy on surgical site infection risk. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:329-36. doi:10.1093/cid/cix794.
 
14) Branch-Elliman W, et al. Risk of surgical site infection, acute kidney injury, and Clostridium difficile infection following antibiotic prophylaxis with vancomycin plus a beta-lactam versus either drug alone:a national propensity-score-adjusted retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002340. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002340.
 
15) Ponce B, et al. Surgical site infection after arthroplasty:comparative effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics:do surgical care improvement project guidelines need to be updated? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:970-7. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.00663.
 
16) Park M, et al. Safety and effectiveness of a preoperative allergy clinic in decreasing vancomycin use in patients with a history of penicillin allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:681-7. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61100-3.
 
Part III Shoulder, 1.1. Prevention:Antibiotics, Question 1, p.517-518.
 
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1) Bohsali KI, et al. Complications of shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:256-69. doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.00935.
 
2) Nowinski RJ, et al. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement reduces deep infection rates for primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty:a retrospective, cohort study of 501 shoulders. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:324-8. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.072.
 
3) Engesaeter LB, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty:effects of antibiotic prophylaxis systemically and in bone cement on the revision rate of 22,170 primary hip replacements followed 0-14 years in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop Scand. 2003;74:644-51. doi:10.1080/00016470310018135.
 
4) Ince A, et al. One-stage exchange shoulder arthroplasty for peri-prosthetic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:814-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B6.15920.
 
5) Klatte TO, et al. Single-stage revision for fungal peri-prosthetic joint infection:a single centre experience. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:492-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.96B4.32179.
 
Part III Shoulder, 1.2. Prevention:Intraoperative, Question 1, p.523-524.
 
P.214 掲載の参考文献
1) Saltzman MD, et al. Efficacy of surgical preparation solutions in shoulder surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:1949-53. doi:10.2106/JBJS.H.00768.
 
2) Lee MJ, et al. Propionibacterium persists in the skin despite standard surgical preparation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:1447-50. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.01474.
 
3) Falconer TM, et al. Contamination of the surgical field with Propionibacterium acnes in primary shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:1722-8. doi:10.2106/JBJS.15.01133.
 
4) Werner BC, et al. The timing of elective shoulder surgery after shoulder injection affects postoperative infection risk in Medicare patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:390-7. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.039.
 
5) Rashid A, et al. The effects of pre-operative intra-articular glenohumeral corticosteroid injection on infective complications after shoulder arthroplasty. Shoulder Elbow. 2015;7:154-6. doi:10.1177/1758573214557149.
 
6) Mook WR, et al. The incidence of Propionibacterium acnes in open shoulder surgery:a controlled diagnostic study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97:957-63. doi:10.2106/JBJS.N.00784.
 
7) Koh CK, et al. Propionibacterium acnes in primary shoulder arthroplasty:rates of colonization, patient risk factors, and efficacy of perioperative prophylaxis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:846-52. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.09.033.
 
8) McIntosh AL, et al. Recent intra-articular steroid injection may increase infection rates in primary THA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;451:50-4. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000229318.51254.79.
 
9) Meermans G, et al. Is the infection rate in primary THA increased after steroid injection? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:3213-9. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2390-8.
 
10) Pereira LC, et al. Intra-articular steroid injection for osteoarthritis of the hip prior to total hip arthroplasty:is it safe? a systematic review. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B:1027-35. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.98B8.37420.
 
11) Bedard NA, et al. The John N. Insall Award:do intra-articular injections increase the risk of infection after TKA? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:45-52. doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4757-8.
 
12) Cancienne JM, et al. Does timing of previous intra-articular steroid injection affect the post-operative rate of infection in total knee arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:1879-82. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.05.027.
 
Part III Shoulder, 1.3. Prevention:Patient Characteristics, Question 3, p.530-531.
 
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1) Smyth ET, et al. Surgical site infection surveillance. J Hosp Infect. 2000;45:173-84. doi:10.1053/jhin.2000.0736.
 
2) Kaiser AB, et al. Influence of preoperative showers on staphylococcal skin colonization:a comparative trial of antiseptic skin cleansers. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;45:35-8.
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3) Rubin C, et al. Chlorhexidine gluconate:to bathe or not to bathe? Crit Care Nurs Q. 2013;36:233-6. doi:10.1097/CNQ.0b013e31828404d1.
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4) Eiselt D. Presurgical skin preparation with a novel 2% chlorhexidine gluconate cloth reduces rates of surgical site infection in orthopaedic surgical patients. Orthop Nurs. 2009;28:141-5. doi:10.1097/NOR.0b013e3181a469db.
 
5) Johnson AJ, et al. Preoperative chlorhexidine preparation and the incidence of surgical site infections after hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:98-102. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2010.04.012.
 
6) Kapadia BH, et al. Pre-admission cutaneous chlorhexidine preparation reduces surgical site infections in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:490-3. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.07.015.
 
7) Murray MR, et al. Efficacy of preoperative home use of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate cloth before shoulder surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20:928-33. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.02.018.
 
Part III Shoulder, 1.4. Prevention:Skin Preparation, Question 1, p.531-532.
 
P.218 掲載の参考文献
1) Fink B, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection of shoulder arthroplasties:diagnostic and treatment options. BioMed Res Int. 2017;2017:4582756. doi:10.1155/2017/4582756.
 
2) Zappe B, et al. Propionibacterium spp. in prosthetic joint infections:a diagnostic challenge. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008;128:1039-46. doi:10.1007/s00402-007-0454-0.
 
3) Schafer P, et al. Prolonged bacterial culture to identify late periprosthetic joint infection:a promising strategy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1403-9. doi:10.1086/592973.
 
4) Butler-Wu SM, et al. Optimization of periprosthetic culture for diagnosis of Propionibacterium acnes prosthetic joint infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:2490-5. doi:10.1128/JCM.00450-11.
 
5) Parvizi J, et al. Definition of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1331. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.03.009.
 
6) Fink B, et al. The value of synovial biopsy, joint aspiration and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of late peri-prosthetic infection of total knee replacements. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008;90:874-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B7.20417.
 
7) Ince A, et al. Is "aseptic" loosening of the prosthetic cup after total hip replacement due to nonculturable bacterial pathogens in patients with low-grade infection? Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1599-603. doi:10.1086/425303.
 
8) Nodzo SR, et al. Propionibacterium acnes host inflammatory response during periprosthetic infection is joint specific. HSS J. 2017;13:159-64. doi:10.1007/s11420-016-9528-2.
 
9) Pottinger P, et al. Prognostic factors for bacterial cultures positive for Propionibacterium acnes and other organisms in a large series of revision shoulder arthroplasties performed for stiff ness, pain, or loosening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:2075-83. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.00861.
 
10) Frangiamore SJ, et al. Early versus late culture growth of Propionibacterium acnes in revision shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97:1149-58. doi:10.2106/JBJS.N.00881.
 
11) Peel TN, et al. Improved diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection by culturing periprosthetic tissue specimens in blood culture bottles. MBio. 2016;7:e01776-15. doi:10.1128/mBio.01776-15.
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12) Minassian AM, et al. Use of an automated blood culture system (BD BACTECTM) for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections:easy and fast. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:233. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-233.
 
13) Hughes HC, et al. Microbiological diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections:a prospective evaluation of four bacterial culture media in the routine laboratory. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1528-30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03597.x.
 
14) Motwani G, et al. Current trends of microorganisms and their sensitivity pattern in paediatric septic arthritis:a prospective study from tertiary care level hospital. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2017;8:89-92. doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2016.09.001.
 
Part III Shoulder, 2.2. Diagnosis:Culture Technique, Question 1, p.548-550.
 
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2) Kevin Ko JW, et al. The diagnosis and management of periprosthetic joint infections of the shoulder. Oper Tech Orthop. 2016;26. doi:10.1053/j.oto.2015.12.001.
 
3) Ricchetti E, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic infection after shoulder arthroplasty a critical analysis review. JBJS Rev. 2013;1:e3. doi:10.2106/JBJS.
 
4) Ince A, et al. One-stage exchange shoulder arthroplasty for peri-prosthetic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:814-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B6.15920.
 
5) Strickland JP, et al. The results of two-stage re-implantation for infected shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:460-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B4.20002.
 
6) Millett PJ, et al. Propionibacterium acnes infection as an occult cause of postoperative shoulder pain:a case series. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:2824-30. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1767-4.
 
7) Jacquot A, et al. Surgical management of the infected reversed shoulder arthroplasty:a French multicenter study of reoperation in 32 patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:1713-22. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.03.007.
 
8) Klatte TO, et al. Single-stage revision for fungal peri-prosthetic joint infection:a single-centre experience. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:492-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.96B4.32179.
 
9) Dilisio MF, et al. Arthroscopic tissue culture for the evaluation of periprosthetic shoulder infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:1952-8. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.01512.
 
10) Ghijselings S, et al. Surgical treatment algorithm for infected shoulder arthroplasty:a retrospective analysis of 17 cases. Acta Orthop Belg. 2013;79:626-35.
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11) Sabesan VJ, et al. Two-stage reimplantation for treating prosthetic shoulder infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:2538-43. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1774-5.
 
12) Sperling JW, et al. Infection after shoulder arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001:206-16.
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14) Romano CL, et al. What treatment for periprosthetic shoulder infection? Results from a multicentre retrospective series. Int Orthop. 2012;36:1011-7. doi:10.1007/s00264-012-1492-y.
 
15) Coste JS, et al. The management of infection in arthroplasty of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:65-9.
 
16) Hsu JE, et al. What is a "periprosthetic shoulder infection"? A systematic review of two decades of publications. Int Orthop. 2017;41:813-22. doi:10.1007/s00264-017-3421-6.
 
17) Mook WR, et al. Diagnosis and management of periprosthetic shoulder infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:956-65. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.00402.
 
Part III Shoulder, 2.4. Diagnosis:Inflammatory Markers, Question 9, p.576-577.
 
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2) Werthel JD, et al. Is previous nonarthroplasty surgery a risk factor for periprosthetic infection in primary shoulder arthroplasty? J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:635-40. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.10.020.
 
3) Millett PJ, et al. Cutibacterium acnes infection as an occult cause of postoperative shoulder pain:a case series. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:2824-30. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1767-4.
 
4) Klatte TO, et al. Single-stage revision for peri-prosthetic shoulder infection:outcomes and results. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:391-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B3.30134.
 
5) Vasso M, et al. Low-grade periprosthetic knee infection:diagnosis and management. J Orthop Traumatol. 2015;16:1-7. doi:10.1007/s10195-014-0294-y.
 
6) Horneff JG, et al. Cutibacterium acnes infection in shoulder arthroscopy patients with postoperative pain. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:838-43. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.03.008.
 
7) Levy JC, et al. Use of a functional antibiotic spacer in treating infected shoulder arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2015;38:e512-9. doi:10.3928/01477447-20150603-60.
 
8) Maccioni CB, et al. Low rate of Cutibacterium acnes in arthritic shoulders undergoing primary total shoulder replacement surgery using a strict specimen collection technique. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:1206-11. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.12.026.
 
9) Matsen FA, et al. Cutibacterium can be isolated from deep cultures obtained at primary arthroplasty despite intravenous antimicrobial prophylaxis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:844-7. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.10.016.
 
10) Falconer TM, et al. Contamination of the surgical field with Cutibacterium acnes in primary shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:1722-8. doi:10.2106/JBJS.15.01133.
 
11) Koh CK, et al. Cutibacterium acnes in primary shoulder arthroplasty:rates of colonization, patient risk factors, and efficacy of perioperative prophylaxis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:846-52. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.09.033.
 
12) Singh JA, et al. Periprosthetic infections after total shoulder arthroplasty:a 33-year perspective. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:1534-41. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2012.01.006.
 
13) Padegimas EM, et al. Periprosthetic shoulder infection in the United States:incidence and economic burden. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:741-6. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.11.044.
 
Part III Shoulder, 2.5. Diagnosis:Sampling, Question 3, p.579-580.
 
P.225 掲載の参考文献
1) Coste JS, et al. The management of infection in arthroplasty of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:65-9.
 
2) Bohsali KI, et al. Complications of Shoulder Arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:256-69. doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.00935.
 
3) Bohsali KI, et al. Complications of total shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:2279-92. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00125.
 
4) Beekman PDA, et al. One-stage revision for patients with a chronically infected reverse total shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:817-22. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.92B6.23045.
 
5) Strickland JP, et al. The results of two-stage re-implantation for infected shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:460-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B4.20002.
 
6) Romano CL, et al. What treatment for periprosthetic shoulder infection? Results from a multicentre retrospective series. Int Orthop. 2012;36:1011-7. doi:10.1007/s00264-012-1492-y.
 
7) Fink B, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection of Shoulder arthroplasties:diagnostic and treatment options. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:4582756. doi:10.1155/2017/4582756.
 
8) Nelson GN, et al. Outcomes in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection after shoulder arthroplasty:a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:1337-45. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.11.064.
 
9) Cuff DJ, et al. The treatment of deep shoulder infection and glenohumeral instability with debridement, reverse shoulder arthroplasty and postoperative antibiotics. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:336-42. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B3.19408.
 
10) George DA, et al. Does exchange arthroplasty of an infected shoulder prosthesis provide better eradication rate and better functional outcome, compared to a permanent spacer or resection arthroplasty? a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:52. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-0901-6.
PubMed
11) Grosso MJ, et al. Reinfection rates after 1-stage revision shoulder arthroplasty for patients with unexpected positive intraoperative cultures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:754-8.
PubMed
12) Padegimas EM, et al. Future surgery after revision shoulder arthroplasty:the impact of unexpected positive cultures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:975-81. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.10.023.
 
13) Keller SC, et al. Role of suppressive oral antibiotics in orthopedic hardware infections for those not undergoing two-stage replacement surgery. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3:ofw176. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw176.
PubMed
14) Piggott DA, et al. Characteristics and treatment outcomes of Propionibacterium acnes prosthetic shoulder infections in adults. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv191.
 
15) Hsu JE, et al. Single-stage revision is effective for failed shoulder arthroplasty with positive cultures for Propionibacterium. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:2047-51. doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.00149.
 
16) Klatte TO, et al. Single-stage revision for peri-prosthetic shoulder infection:outcomes and results. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:391-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B3.30134.
 
17) Hsu JE, et al. Propionibacterium in shoulder arthroplasty:what we think we Know today. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:597-606. doi:10.2106/JBJS.15.00568.
 
Part III Shoulder, 3.2. Treatment:Antibiotic For Periprosthetic Joint Infection, Question 7, p.597-599.
 
P.227 掲載の参考文献
1) Jacquot A, et al. Surgical management of the infected reversed shoulder arthroplasty:a French multicenter study of reoperation in 32 patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:1713-22. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.03.007.
 
2) Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, et al. Surgical treatment of infected shoulder arthroplasty. A systematic review. Int Orthop. 2017;41:823-30. doi:10.1007/s00264-017-3399-0.
 
3) Hsu JE, et al. Single-stage revision is effective for failed shoulder arthroplasty with positive cultures for Propionibacterium. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:2047-51. doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.00149.
 
4) George DA, et al. Does cemented or cementless single-stage exchange arthroplasty of chronic periprosthetic hip infections provide similar infection rates to a two-stage? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:553. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1869-4.
PubMed
5) Beekman PDA, et al. One-stage revision for patients with a chronically infected reverse total shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:817-22. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.92B6.23045.
 
6) Ince A, et al. One-stage exchange shoulder arthroplasty for peri-prosthetic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;8 7:814-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B6.15920.
 
7) Klatte TO, et al. Single-stage revision for peri-prosthetic shoulder infection:outcomes and results. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:391-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B3.30134.
 
8) Cuff DJ, et al. The treatment of deep shoulder infection and glenohumeral instability with debridement, reverse shoulder arthroplasty and postoperative antibiotics. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:336-42. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B3.19408.
 
Part III Shoulder, 3.2. Treatment:Antibiotic For Periprosthetic Joint Infection, Question 8, p.599-600.
 
P.228 掲載の参考文献
1) Coste JS, et al. The management of infection in arthroplasty of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:65-9.
 
2) Dennison T, et al. Management of acute or late hematogenous infection after shoulder arthroplasty with irrigation, debridement, and component retention. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:73-8. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.05.018.
 
3) Jacquot A, et al. Surgical management of the infected reversed shoulder arthroplasty:a French multicenter study of reoperation in 32 patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:1713-22. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.03.007.
 
4) Ortmaier R, et al. Treatment strategies for infection after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014;24:723-31. doi:10.1007/s00590-013-1251-9.
 
Part III Shoulder, 3.4. Treatment:Component Retention, Question 1, p.604-605.
 
P.229 掲載の参考文献
1) Stone GP, et al. Surgical management of periprosthetic shoulder infections. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:1222-9. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.11.054.
 
2) Jacquot A, et al. Surgical management of the infected reversed shoulder arthroplasty:a French multicenter study of reoperation in 32 patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:1713-22. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.03.007.
 
3) Ortmaier R, et al. Treatment strategies for infection after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014;24:723-31. doi:10.1007/s00590-013-1251-9.
 
4) Boileau P, et al. Revision surgery of reverse shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22:1359-70. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2013.02.004.
 
5) Farshad M, et al. Revision of reversed total shoulder arthroplasty. Indications and outcome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:160. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-160.
 
6) Achermann Y, et al. Characteristics and outcome of 16 periprosthetic shoulder joint infections. Infection. 2013;41:613-20. doi:10.1007/s15010-012-0360-4.
 
7) Zavala JA, et al. Management of deep infection after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty:a case series. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:1310-5. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.047.
 
8) Weber P, et al. Management of the infected shoulder prosthesis:a retrospective analysis and review of the literature. Int Orthop. 2011;35:365-73. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-1019-3.
 
9) Coste JS, et al. The management of infection in arthroplasty of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:65-9.
 
10) Sperling JW, et al. Infection after shoulder arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;382:206.
PubMed
Part III Shoulder, 3.4. Treatment:Component Retention, Question 2, p.605-606.
 
P.232 掲載の参考文献
1) Mook WR, et al. Diagnosis and management of periprosthetic shoulder infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:956-65. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.00402.
 
2) Jawa A, et al. Prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement (PROSTALAC) use for the treatment of infection after shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:2001-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.00833.
 
3) Grubhofer F, et al. Staged revision with antibiotic spacers for shoulder prosthetic joint infections yields high infection control. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018;476:146-52. doi:10.1007/s11999.0000000000000049.
 
4) Coffey MJ, et al. Treatment of glenohumeral sepsis with a commercially produced antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19:868-73. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2010.01.012.
 
5) Mahure SA, et al. Definitive treatment of infected shoulder arthroplasty with a cement spacer. Orthopedics. 2016;39:e924-30. doi:10.3928/01477447-20160623-07.
 
6) Pellegrini A, et al. Management of periprosthetic shoulder infections with the use of a permanent articulating antibiotic spacer. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2018;138:605-9. doi:10.1007/s00402-018-2870-8.
 
7) Levy JC, et al. Use of a functional antibiotic spacer in treating infected shoulder arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2015;38:e512-9. doi:10.3928/01477447-20150603-60.
 
8) Themistocleous G, et al. Prolonged implantation of an antibiotic cement spacer for management of shoulder sepsis in compromised patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007;16:701-5. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2007.02.118.
 
9) Torrens C, et al. Results of cement spacer sonication in the second stage of two-stage treatment of shoulder arthroplasty infection. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018;13:58. doi:10.1186/s13018-018-0763-8.
 
10) Stine IA, et al. Management of chronic shoulder infections utilizing a fixed articulating antibiotic-loaded spacer. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19:739-48. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.10.002.
 
11) Romano CL, et al. What treatment for periprosthetic shoulder infection? Results from a multicentre retrospective series. Int Orthop. 2012;36:1011-7. doi:10.1007/s00264-012-1492-y.
 
12) Lee SH, et al. Two-stage revision of infected shoulder arthroplasty using prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement:minimum three-year follow-up. Int Orthop. 2018;42:867-74. doi:10.1007/s00264-017-3699-4.
 
13) Jerosch J, et al. Management of infected shoulder replacement. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2003;123:209-14. doi:10.1007/s00402-003-0497-9.
 
14) Padegimas EM, et al. Antibiotic spacers in shoulder arthroplasty:comparison of stemmed and stemless implants. Clin Orthop Surg. 2017;9:489-96. doi:10.4055/cios.2017.9.4.489.
 
Part III Shoulder, 3.7. Treatment:Revision, Question 1, p.618-620.
 
P.234 掲載の参考文献
1) Coste JS, et al. The management of infection in arthroplasty of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:65-9.
 
2) Padegimas EM, et al. Periprosthetic shoulder infection in the United States:incidence and economic burden. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:741-6. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.11.044.
 
3) George DA, et al. Does exchange arthroplasty of an infected shoulder prosthesis provide better eradication rate and better functional outcome, compared to a permanent spacer or resection arthroplasty? a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:52. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-0901-6.
PubMed
4) Nelson GN, et al. Outcomes in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection after shoulder arthroplasty:a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:1337-45. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.11.064.
 
5) Beekman PDA, et al. One-stage revision for patients with a chronically infected reverse total shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:817-22. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.92B6.23045.
 
6) Ince A, et al. One-stage exchange shoulder arthroplasty for peri-prosthetic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;8 7:814-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B6.15920.
 
7) Klatte TO, et al. Single-stage revision for peri-prosthetic shoulder infection:outcomes and results. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:391-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B3.30134.
 
8) Sperling JW, et al. Infection after shoulder arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001:206-16.
PubMed
9) Strickland JP, et al. The results of two-stage re-implantation for infected shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:460-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B4.20002.
 
10) Jacquot A, et al. Surgical management of the infected reversed shoulder arthroplasty:a French multicenter study of reoperation in 32 patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:1713-22. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.03.007.
 
11) Mahure SA, et al. Definitive treatment of infected shoulder arthroplasty with a cement spacer. Orthopedics. 2016;39:e924-30. doi:10.3928/01477447-20160623-07.
 
12) Ortmaier R, et al. Treatment strategies for infection after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014;24:723-31. doi:10.1007/s00590-013-1251-9.
 
13) Sabesan VJ, et al. Two-stage reimplantation for treating prosthetic shoulder infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:2538-43. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1774-5.
 
14) Singh JA, et al. Periprosthetic infections after shoulder hemiarthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:1304-9. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.067.
 
15) Weber P, et al. Management of the infected shoulder prosthesis:a retrospective analysis and review of the literature. Int Orthop. 2011;35:365-73. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-1019-3.
 
16) Buchalter DB, et al. Two-stage revision for infected shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:939-47. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.09.056.
 
Part III Shoulder, 3.7. Treatment:Revision, Question 2, p.620-622.
 
P.236 掲載の参考文献
1) George DA, et al. Does exchange arthroplasty of an infected shoulder prosthesis provide better eradication rate and better functional outcome, compared to a permanent spacer or resection arthroplasty? a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:52. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-0901-6.
PubMed
2) Sperling JW, et al. Infection after shoulder arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001:206-16.
PubMed
3) Strickland JP, et al. The results of two-stage re-implantation for infected shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:460-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B4.20002.
 
4) Jacquot A, et al. Surgical management of the infected reversed shoulder arthroplasty:a French multicenter study of reoperation in 32 patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:1713-22. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.03.007.
 
5) Klatte TO, et al. Single-stage revision for peri-prosthetic shoulder infection:outcomes and results. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:391-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B3.30134.
 
6) Mahure SA, et al. Definitive treatment of infected shoulder arthroplasty with a cement spacer. Orthopedics. 2016;39:e924-30. doi:10.3928/01477447-20160623-07.
 
7) Nelson GN, et al. Outcomes in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection after shoulder arthroplasty:a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:1337-45. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.11.064.
 
8) Ortmaier R, et al. Treatment strategies for infection after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014;24:723-31. doi:10.1007/s00590-013-1251-9.
 
9) Padegimas EM, et al. Periprosthetic shoulder infection in the United States:incidence and economic burden. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:741-6. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.11.044.
 
10) Sabesan VJ, et al. Two-stage reimplantation for treating prosthetic shoulder infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:2538-43. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1774-5.
 
11) Singh JA, et al. Periprosthetic infections after shoulder hemiarthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:1304-9. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.067.
 
12) Strickland JP, et al. The results of two-stage re-implantation for infected shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:460-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B4.20002.
 
13) Weber P, et al. Management of the infected shoulder prosthesis:a retrospective analysis and review of the literature. Int Orthop. 2011;35:365-73. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-1019-3.
 
14) Beekman PDA, et al. One-stage revision for patients with a chronically infected reverse total shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:817-22. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.92B6.23045.
 
15) Ince A, et al. One-stage exchange shoulder arthroplasty for peri-prosthetic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;8 7:814-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B6.15920.
 
Part III Shoulder, 3.7. Treatment:Revision, Question 3, p.622-624.
 

Part IV 脊椎

P.240 掲載の参考文献
1) Shaffer WO, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for antibiotic prophylaxis in spine surgery. Spine J. 2013;13:1387-92. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.030.
 
2) Bratzler DW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70:195-283. doi:10.2146/ajhp120568
 
3) Berrios-Torres SI, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:784-91. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904.
 
4) Koopman E, et al. End-of-procedure cefazolin concentrations after administration for prevention of surgical-site infection. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007;64:1927-34. doi:10.2146/ajhp070047.
 
5) Ohge H, et al. An additional dose of cefazolin for intraoperative prophylaxis. Surg Today. 1999;29:1233-6. doi:10.1007/BF02482213.
 
6) Swoboda SM. Does intraoperative blood loss affect antibiotic serum and tissue concentrations? Arch Surg. 1996;131:1165. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1996.01430230047009.
 
7) Zanetti G, et al. Intraoperative redosing of cefazolin and risk for surgical site infection in cardiac surgery. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:828-31.
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8) Scher KS. Studies on the duration of antibiotic administration for surgical prophylaxis. Am Surg. 1997;63:59-62.
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9) Kasatpibal N, et al. Failure to redoes antibiotic prophylaxis in long surgery increases risk of surgical site infection. Surg Infect. 2017;18:474-84. doi:10.1089/sur.2016.164.
 
Part IV Spine, 1.2. Prevention:Antimicrobials, Question 3, p.632.
 
P.241 掲載の参考文献
1) Xie LL, et al. Effect of intra-wound vancomycin for spinal surgery:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop Surg. 2017;9:350-8. doi:10.1111/os.12356.
 
2) Kang DG, et al. Intrasite vancomycin powder for the prevention of surgical site infection in spine surgery:a systematic literature review. Spine J. 2015;15:762-70. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.01.030.
 
3) Xiong L, et al. Topical intra-wound application of vancomycin powder in addition to intravenous administration of antibiotics:a meta-analysis on the deep infection after spinal surgeries. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100:785-9. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2014.05.022.
 
4) Ghobrial GM, et al. Intraoperative vancomycin use in spinal surgery:single institution experience and microbial trends. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39:550-5. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000241.
 
5) Bakhsheshian J, et al. The use of vancomycin powder in modern spine surgery:systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical evidence. World Neurosurg. 2015;83:816-23. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2014.12.033.
 
6) Khan NR, et al. A meta-analysis of spinal surgical site infection and vancomycin powder. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21:974-83. doi:10.3171/2014.8.SPINE1445.
 
7) Ghobrial GM, et al. Complications from the use of intra-wound vancomycin in lumbar spinal surgery:a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 2015;39:E11. doi:10.3171/2015.7.FOCUS15258.
 
8) Adogwa O, et al. Prophylactic use of intraoperative vancomycin powder and postoperative infection:an analysis of microbiological patterns in 1,200 consecutive surgical cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017;27:328-34. doi:10.3171/2017.2.SPINE161310.
 
Part IV Spine, 1.2. Prevention:Antimicrobials, Question 4, p.633.
 
P.243 掲載の参考文献
1) Savage JW, et al. An update on modifiable factors to reduce the risk of surgical site infections. Spine J. 2013;13:1017-29. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.03.051.
 
2) Thakkar V, et al. Nasal MRSA colonization:impact on surgical site infection following spine surgery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014;125:94-7. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.07.018.
 
3) Ramos N, et al. Prior Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization:a risk factor for surgical site infections following decolonization. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24:880-5. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00165.
 
4) Webster J, et al. Preoperative bathing or showering with skin antiseptics to prevent surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015:CD004985. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004985.pub5.
 
5) Perl TM, et al. Intranasal mupirocin to prevent postoperative Staphylococcus aureus Infections. N Engl J Med, 2002;346, 1871-7. doi:10.1056/nejmoa003069.
 
6) Skramm I, et al. Surgical site infections in orthopaedic surgery demonstrate clones similar to those in orthopaedic Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:882-8. doi:10.2106/jbjs.m.00919
 
7) Schweizer M, et al. Effectiveness of a bundled intervention of decolonization and prophylaxis to decrease gram positive surgical site infections after cardiac or orthopedic surgery:systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f2743.
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8) George S, et al. Effectiveness of decolonization with chlorhexidine and mupirocin in reducing surgical site infections:a systematic review. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2016;35:204-22. doi:10.1097/DCC.0000000000000192.
 
9) Mullen A, et al. Perioperative participation of orthopedic patients and surgical staff in a nasal decolonization intervention to reduce Staphylococcus spp surgical site infections. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45:554-6. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.12.021.
 
10) Chen AF, et al. Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization in orthopaedic surgery and reduction of surgical site infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:2383-99. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-2875-0.
 
11) Bode LGM, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:9-17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808939.
 
12) Slover J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization program for highrisk orthopedic patients. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:360-5. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2010.03.009.
 
Part IV Spine, 1.4. Prevention:Risk Factors, Question 3, p.639-640.
 
P.244 掲載の参考文献
1) Pawar AY, et al. Postoperative spine infections. Asian Spine J. 2016;10:176-83.
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2) Pullter Gunne AF, et al. A methodological systematic review on surgical site infections following spinal surgery:part 1:risk factors. Spine. 2012;37:2017-33.
 
3) Xing D, et al. A methodological, systematic review of evidence-based independent risk factors for surgical site infections after spinal surgery. Eur Spine J. 2013;22:605-15.
 
4) Ogihara S, et al. Prospective multicenter surveillance and risk factor analysis of deep surgical site infection after posterior thoracic and/or lumbar spinal surgery in adults. J Orthop Sci. 2015;20:71-7.
 
5) Fei Q, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection after spinal surgery:a meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2016;95:507-15.
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6) Meng F, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections following spinal surgery. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22:1862-6.
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Part IV Spine, 1.4. Prevention:Risk Factors, Question 7, p.644.
 
P.245 掲載の参考文献
Part IV Spine, 1.5. Prevention:Wound Care, Question 2, p.646-647.
 
P.246 掲載の参考文献
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Part IV Spine, 2.1. Diagnosis:General Principles, Question 6, p.653-654.
 
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Part IV Spine, 2.2. Diagnosis:Biomarkers, Question 1, p.657.
 
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Part IV Spine, 2.2. Diagnosis:Biomarkers, Question 4, p.659-660.
 
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Part IV Spine, 2.3. Diagnosis:Imaging, Question 1, p.662-663.
 
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Part IV Spine, 2.3. Diagnosis:Imaging, Question 3, p.664-665.
 
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Part IV Spine, 3.1. Treatment:General Principles, Question 1, p.667.
 
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5) Viola RW, et al. Delayed infection after elective spinal instrumentation and fusion. A retrospective analysis of eight cases. Spine. 1997;22:2444-2450;discussion 2450-2451.
 
6) Kowalski TJ, et al. The management and outcome of spinal implant infections:contemporary retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:913-920. doi:10.1086/512194.
 
7) Mirovsky Y, et al. Management of deep wound infection after posterior lumbar interbody fusion with cages. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2007;20:127-131. doi:10.1097/01.bsd.0000211266.66615.e5.
 
8) Collins I, et al. The diagnosis and management of infection following instrumented spinal fusion. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:445-450. doi:10.1007/s00586-007-0559-8.
 
9) Falavigna A, et al. Effect of deep wound infection following lumbar arthrodesis for degenerative disc disease on long-term outcome:a prospective study:clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;15:399-403. doi:10.3171/2011.5.SPINE10825.
 
10) Sponseller PD, et al. Deep wound infections after neuromuscular scoliosis surgery:a multicenter study of risk factors and treatment outcomes. Spine. 2000;25:2461-2466.
PubMed
11) Chen SH, et al. Postoperative wound infection after posterior spinal instrumentation:analysis of long-term treatment outcomes. Eur Spine J. 2015;24:561-570. doi:10.1007/s00586-014-3636-9.
 
12) Chaichana KL, et al. Risk of infection following posterior instrumented lumbar fusion for degenerative spine disease in 817 consecutive cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;20:45-52. doi:10.3171/2013.10.SPINE1364.
 
13) Maruo K, et al. Outcome and treatment of postoperative spine surgical site infections:predictors of treatment success and failure. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19:398-404. doi:10.1007/s00776-014-0545-z.
 
14) Billieres J, et al. Variables associated with remission in spinal surgical site infections. J Spine Surg. 2016;2:128-34. doi:10.21037/jss.2016.06.06.
 
15) Kowalski TJ, et al. Propionibacterium acnes vertebral osteomyelitis:seek and ye shall find? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;461:25-30. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e318073c25d.
 
Part IV Spine, 3.2. Treatment:Antibiotics, Question 2, p.672-673.
 
P.260 掲載の参考文献
1) Kowalski TJ, et al. The management and outcome of spinal implant infections:contemporary retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:913-20.
PubMed
2) Miyazaki S, et al. Surgical debridement with retention of spinal instrumentation and long-term antimicrobial therapy for multidrug-resistant surgical site infections after spinal surgery:a case series. Int Orthop. 2016;40:1171-7.
PubMed
3) Maruo K, et al. Outcome and treatment of postoperative spine surgical site infections:predictors of treatment success and failure. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19:398-404.
 
Part IV Spine, 3.2. Treatment:Antibiotics, Question 3, p.673.
 
P.262 掲載の参考文献
1) Zimmerli W. Clinical practice. Vertebral osteomyelitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1022-9.
PubMed
2) Roblot F, et al. Optimal duration of antibiotic therapy in vertebral osteomyelitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;36:269-77.
PubMed
3) Bernard L, et al. Six weeks of antibiotic treatment is sufficient following surgery for septic arthroplasty. J Infect. 2010;61:125-32.
PubMed
4) Roehrborn AA, et al. Lipid-based slow-release formulation of amikacin sulfate reduces foreign body-associated infections in mice. Antimicrobi Agents Chemother. 1995;39:1752-5.
 
5) Viola RW, et al. Delayed infection after elective spinal instrumentation and fusion. A retrospective analysis of eight cases. Spine. 1997;22:2444-50;discussion 50-1.
 
6) Kowalski TJ, et al. The management and outcome of spinal implant infections:contemporary retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:913-20.
PubMed
7) Mirovsky Y, et al. Management of deep wound infection after posterior lumbar interbody fusion with cages. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2007;20:127-31.
PubMed
8) Collins I, et al. The diagnosis and management of infection following instrumented spinal fusion. Eur Spine J. 2007;17:445-50.
PubMed
9) Falavigna A, et al. Effect of deep wound infection following lumbar arthrodesis for degenerative disc disease on long-term outcome:a prospective study:clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;15:399-403.
PubMed
10) Sponseller PD, et al. Deep wound infections after neuromuscular scoliosis surgery:a multicenter study of risk factors and treatment outcomes. Spine. 2000;25:2461-6.
PubMed
11) Chen SH, et al. Postoperative wound infection after posterior spinal instrumentation:analysis of long-term treatment outcomes. Eur Spine J. 2014;24:561-70.
PubMed
12) Chaichana KL, et al. Risk of infection following posterior instrumented lumbar fusion for degenerative spine disease in 817 consecutive cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;20:45-52.
 
13) Maruo K, et al. Outcome and treatment of postoperative spine surgical site infections:predictors of treatment success and failure. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19:398-404.
 
14) Billieres J, et al. Variables associated with remission in spinal surgical site infections. J Spine Surg. 2016;2:128-34.
PubMed
15) Kowalski TJ, et al. Propionibacterium acnes vertebral osteomyelitis:seek and ye shall find? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;461:25-30.
PubMed
Part IV Spine, 3.2. Treatment:Antibiotics, Question 5, p.674-675.
 
P.264 掲載の参考文献
1) Falavigna A, et al. Management of deep wound infections in spinal lumbar fusions. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2006;64:1001-4.
PubMed
2) Kowalski TJ, et al. The management and outcome of spinal implant infections:contemporary retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:913-20. doi:10.1086/512194.
 
3) Mirovsky Y, et al. Management of deep wound infection after posterior lumbar interbody fusion with cages. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2007;20:127-31. doi:10.1097/01.bsd.0000211266.66615.e5.
 
4) Hong HS, et al. Is aggressive surgery necessary for acute postoperative deep spinal wound infection? Spine. 2008;33:2473-8. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181894ff0.
 
5) Sierra-Hoffman M, et al. Postoperative instrumented spine infections:a retrospective review. South Med J. 2010;103:25-30. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181c4e00b.
 
6) Dubee V, et al. Three-month antibiotic therapy for early-onset postoperative spinal implant infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:1481-7. doi:10.1093/cid/cis769.
 
7) Ahmed R, et al. Preservation of spinal instrumentation after development of postoperative bacterial infections in patients undergoing spinal arthrodesis. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2012;25:299-302. doi:10.1097/BSD.0b013e31821fbf72.
 
8) Maruo K, et al. Outcome and treatment of postoperative spine surgical site infections:predictors of treatment success and failure. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19:398-404. doi:10.1007/s00776-014-0545-z.
 
9) Messina AF, et al. The management and outcome of spinal implant-related infections in pediatric patients:a retrospective review. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:720-3. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000264.
 
10) Chen SH, et al. Postoperative wound infection after posterior spinal instrumentation:analysis of long-term treatment outcomes. Eur Spine J. 2015;24:561-70. doi:10.1007/s00586-014-3636-9.
 
11) Miyazaki S, et al. Surgical debridement with retention of spinal instrumentation and long-term antimicrobial therapy for multidrug-resistant surgical site infections after spinal surgery:a case series. Int Orthop. 2016;40:1171-7. doi:10.1007/s00264-015-3073-3.
 
12) Billieres J, et al. Variables associated with remission in spinal surgical site infections. J Spine Surg. 2016;2:128-34. doi:10.21037/jss.2016.06.06.
 
13) Wille H, et al. Efficacy of debridement, antibiotic therapy and implant retention within three months during postoperative instrumented spine infections. Infect Dis (Lond). 2017;49:261-7. doi:10.1080/23744235.2016.1255351.
 
14) Takizawa T, et al. Surgical site infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis after spinal instrumentation surgery. Spine. 2017;42:525-30. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001792.
 
15) Collins I, et al. The diagnosis and management of infection following instrumented spinal fusion. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:445-50. doi:10.1007/s00586-007-0559-8.
 
Part IV Spine, 3.2. Treatment:Antibiotics, Question 7, p.676-677.
 
P.267 掲載の参考文献
1) Viola RW, et al. Delayed infection after elective spinal instrumentation and fusion. A retrospective analysis of eight cases. Spine. 1997;22:2444-50;discussion 2450-2451.
 
2) Falavigna A, et al. Effect of deep wound infection following lumbar arthrodesis for degenerative disc disease on long-term outcome:a prospective study:clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;15:399-403. doi:10.3171/2011.5.SPINE10825.
 
3) Chen SH, et al et al. Postoperative wound infection after posterior spinal instrumentation:analysis of long-term treatment outcomes. Eur Spine J. 2015;24:561-70. doi:10.1007/s00586-014-3636-9.
 
4) Chaichana KL, et al. Risk of infection following posterior instrumented lumbar fusion for degenerative spine disease in 817 consecutive cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;20:45-52. doi:10.3171/2013.10.SPINE1364.
 
5) Picada R, et al. Postoperative deep wound infection in adults after posterior lumbosacral spine fusion with instrumentation:incidence and management. J Spinal Disord. 2000;13:42-5.
PubMed
6) Chikawa T, et al. Retrospective study of deep surgical site infections following spinal surgery and the effectiveness of continuous irrigation. Br J Neurosurg. 2011;25:621-4. doi:10.3109/02688697.2010.546902.
 
7) Lian XF, et al. Continuous irrigation and drainage for early postoperative deep wound infection after posterior instrumented spinal fusion. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2014;27:E315-7. doi:10.1097/BSD.0000000000000122.
 
8) Maruo K, et al. Outcome and treatment of postoperative spine surgical site infections:predictors of treatment success and failure. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19:398-404. doi:10.1007/s00776-014-0545-z.
 
9) Hahn F, et al. Late implant infections caused by Propionibacterium acnes in scoliosis surgery. Eur Spine J. 2005;14:783-8. doi:10.1007/s00586-004-0854-6.
 
10) Richards BR, et al. Delayed infections after posterior TSRH spinal instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis:revisited. Spine. 2001;26:1990-6.
PubMed
11) Pull ter Gunne AF, et al. The presentation, incidence, etiology, and treatment of surgical site infections after spinal surgery. Spine. 2010;35:1323-8. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181bcde61.
 
12) Hedequist D, et al. Failure of attempted implant retention in spinal deformity delayed surgical site infections. Spine. 2009;34:60-4. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818ed75e.
 
13) Kim JI, et al. Implant removal for the management of infection after instrumented spinal fusion. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2010;23:258-65. doi:10.1097/BSD.0b013e3181a9452c.
 
14) Lall RR, et al. Evidencebased management of deep wound infection after spinal instrumentation. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22:238-42. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2014.07.010.
 
Part IV Spine, 3.3. Treatment:Implants, Question 4, p.682-683.
 
P.268 掲載の参考文献
Part IV Spine, 3.4. Treatment:Wound Care, Question 3, p.686-687.
 
P.269 掲載の参考文献
1) Kim JH, et al. Particular features of surgical site infection in posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Clin Orthop Surg. 2015;7:337-43. doi:10.4055/cios.2015.7.3.337.
 
2) Zhu RS, et al. Does local lavage influence functional recovery during lumber discectomy of disc herniation?:One year's systematic follow-up of 410 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e5022. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005022.
 
3) Watanabe M, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection following spine surgery:efficacy of intraoperative saline irrigation. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;12:540-6. doi:10.3171/2009.11.SPINE09308.
 
4) Ahn DK, et al. Bulb syringe and pulsed irrigation:which is more effective to remove bacteria in spine surgeries? Clin Spine Surg. 2016;29:34-7. doi:10.1097/BSD.0000000000000068.
 
5) Myung KS, et al. Simple steps to minimize spine infections in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34:29-33. doi:10.1097/BPO.0b013e31829b2d75.
 
6) Chang FY, et al. Can povidoneiodine solution be used safely in a spinal surgery? Eur Spine J. 2006;15:1005-14. doi:10.1007/s00586-005-0975-6.
 
7) Cheng MT, et al. Efficacy of dilute betadine solution irrigation in the prevention of postoperative infection of spinal surgery. Spine. 2005;30:1689-93.
PubMed
8) Tomov M, et al. Reducing surgical site infection in spinal surgery with betadine irrigation and intrawound vancomycin powder. Spine. 2015;40:491-9. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000789.
 
9) Ulivieri S, et al. Prevention of postoperative infections in spine surgery by wound irrigation with a solution of povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131:1203-6. doi:10.1007/s00402-011-1262-0.
 

Part V 外傷

P.273 掲載の参考文献
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2) Casey RG, et al. Young male smokers have altered platelets and endothelium that precedes atherosclerosis. J Surg Res. 2004;116:227-33. doi:10.1016/S0022-4804(03)00343-3.
 
3) Zappacosta B, et al. Morpho-functional modifications of human neutrophils induced by aqueous cigarette smoke extract:comparison with chemiluminescence activity. Luminescence. 2011;26:331-5. doi:10.1002/bio.1233.
 
4) Stringer K, et al. Cigarette smoke extract-induced suppression of caspase-3-like activity impairs human neutrophil phagocytosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mole Physiol. 2007;292:L1572-79. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00325.2006.
 
5) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), et al. How tobacco smoke causes disease:the biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease:a report of the surgeon general. 2010.
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6) Wong LS, et al. Firsthand cigarette smoke alters fibroblast migration and survival:implications for impaired healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2004;12:471-84. doi:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.12403.x.
 
7) Sorensen LT, et al. Acute effects of nicotine and smoking on blood flow, tissue oxygen, and aerobe metabolism of the skin and subcutis. J Surg Res. 2009;152:224-30. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.066.
 
8) Sorensen LT. Wound healing and infection in surgery:the pathophysiological impact of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine replacement therapy:a systematic review. Ann Surg. 2012;255:1069-79. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824f632d.
 
9) Fang C, et al. Infection after fracture osteosynthesis - part I:pathogenesis, diagnosis and classification. J Orthop Surg. 2017;25:1-13. doi:10.1177/2309499017692712.
 
10) Sloan A, et al. The effects of smoking on fracture healing. Surgeon. 2010;8:111-6. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2009.10.014.
 
11) Adams CI, et al. Cigarette smoking and open tibial fractures. Injury. 2001;32:61-5. doi:10.1016/S0020-1383(00)00121-2.
 
12) Castillo RC, et al. Impact of smoking on fracture healing and risk of complications in limb-threatening open tibia fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2005;19:151-7. doi:10.1097/00005131-200503000-00001.
 
13) Nasell H, et al. The impact of smoking on complications after operatively treated ankle fractures-a follow-up study of 906 patients. J Orthop Trauma. 2011;25:748-55. doi:10.1097/BOT.0b013e318213f217.
 
14) Scolaro JA, et al. Cigarette smoking increases complications following fracture:a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:674-81. doi:10.2106/JBJS.M.00081.
 
15) Court-Brown CM, et al. Factors affecting infection after calcaneal fracture fixation. Injury. 2009;40:1313-5. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2009.03.044.
 
16) Nasell H, et al. Effect of smoking cessation intervention on results of acute fracture surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:1335-42. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00627.
 
17) Metsemakers WJ, et al. Individual risk factors for deep infection and compromised fracture healing after intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures:a single centre experience of 480 patients. Injury. 2015;46:740-5. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2014.12.018.
 
18) Molina CS, et al. Risk factors of deep infection in operatively treated pilon fractures (AO/OTA:43). J Orthop. 2015;12:S7-13. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2015.01.026.
 
19) Li Q, et al. Risk factors of surgical site infection after acetabular fracture aurgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2015;16:577-82. doi:10.1089/sur.2014.134.
 
20) Sun Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for surgical site infection after open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fracture. Medicine. 2018;97:e9901. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009901.
 
21) Morris BJ, et al. Risk factors of infection after ORIF of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2013;27:e196-200. doi:10.1097/BOT.0b013e318284704e.
 
22) Ovaska MT, et al. Predictors of poor outcomes following deep infection after internal fixation of ankle fractures. Injury. 2013;44:1002-6. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2013.02.027.
 
23) Ren T, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection of pilon fractures. Clinics. 2015;70:419-22. doi:10.6061/clinics/2015(06)06.
 
24) Belmont PJJ, et al. Patientbased and surgical risk factors for thirty-day post-operative complications and mortality following ankle fracture fixation in hospitalized patients. J Orthop Trauma. 2015;29:476-82. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000328.
 
25) Claessen FMAP, et al. What factors are associated with a surgical site infection after operative treatment of an elbow fracture? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474:562-70. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4523-3.
 
26) Su J, et al. Risk factors of wound infection after open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures. Medicine. 2017;96:e8411. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008411.
 
Part V Trauma, 1.1. Prevention:Host Factors, Question 1, p.691-692.
 
P.276 掲載の参考文献
1) Bode LGM, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:9-17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808939.
 
2) Diekema D, et al. Current practice in Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32:1042-4. doi:10.1086/661917.
 
3) Schweizer M, et al. Effectiveness of a bundled intervention of decolonization and prophylaxis to decrease gram positive surgical site infections after cardiac or orthopedic surgery:systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f2743.
PubMed
4) Taormina DP, et al. Can preoperative nasalcultures of Staphylococcus aureus predict infectious complications or outcomes following repair of fracture nonunion? J Infect Public Health. 2018;11:521-5. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2017.10.007.
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5) Nakamura M, et al. Screening for nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among patients scheduled to undergo orthopedic surgery:Incidence of surgical site infection by nasal carriage. J Orthop Sci. 2017;22:778-2. doi:10.1016/j.jos.2017.03.005.
 
6) Croft CA, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a trauma population:does colonization predict infection? Am Surg. 2009;75:458-61;discussion 461-2.
 
7) Nixon M, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on orthopaedic wards:incidence, spread, mortality, cost and control. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88:812-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.88B6.17544.
 
8) Shukla S, et al. Incidence of MRSA surgical-site infection in MRSA carriers in an orthopaedic trauma unit. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009;91:225-8. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.91B2.21715.
 
9) Khan T, et al. A systematic review of Vancouver B2 and B3 periprosthetic femoral fractures. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B:17-25. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.99B4.BJJ-2016-1311.R1.
 
10) Merrer J, et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among patients with femoral neck fractures:implication for antibiotic prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25:515-7. doi:10.1086/502432.
 
11) Gessmann J, et al. MRSA colonisation in patients with proximal femur fractures in a German trauma centre:incidence, infection rates and outcomes. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2012;397:117-23. doi:10.1007/s00423-011-0847-y.
 
12) Maxwell RA, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a trauma population:does decolonization prevent infection? Am Surg. 2017;83:1407-12.
 
13) Saveli CC, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics in open fractures:a pilot randomized clinical safety study. J Orthop Trauma. 2013;27:552-7. doi:10.1097/BOT.0b013e31828d92ee.
 
14) Metsemakers W-J, et al. Individual risk factors for deep infection and compromised fracture healing after intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures:a single centre experience of 480 patients. Injury. 2015;46:740-5. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2014.12.018.
 
15) Andersson AE, et al. Traffic flow in the operating room:an explorative and descriptive study on air quality during orthopedic trauma implant surgery. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40:750-5. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.09.015.
 
16) Patzakis MJ, et al. Prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing single-agent antibiotic therapy, ciprofloxacin, to combination antibiotic therapy in open fracture wounds. J Orthop Trauma. 2000;14:529-33.
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17) Arciola CR, et al. Etiology of implant orthopedic infections:a survey on 1027 clinical isolates. Int J Artif Organs. 2005;28:1091-100.
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18) Levy PY, et al. Propionibacterium acnes postoperative shoulder arthritis:an emerging clinical entity. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1884-6. doi:10.1086/588477.
 
Part IV Spine, 3.4. Treatment:Wound Care, Question 3, p.686-687.
 
P.278 掲載の参考文献
1) Costa ML, et al. Effect of negative pressure wound therapy vs. standard wound management on 12-month disability among adults with severe open fracture of the lower limb:the WOLLF randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319:2280-8. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.6452.
 
2) Joethy J, et al. Effect of negative-pressure wound therapy on open fractures of the lower limb. Singapore Med J. 2013;54:620-3.
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3) Schlatterer DR, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy in grade IIIB tibial fractures:fewer infections and fewer flap procedures? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:1802-11. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4140-1.
 
4) Stannard JP, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy after severe open fractures:a prospective randomized study. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23:552-7. doi:10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181a2e2b6.
 
5) Blum ML, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy reduces deep infection rate in open tibial fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26:499-505. doi:10.1097/BOT.0b013e31824133e3.
 
6) Liu DSH, et al. Early soft tissue coverage and negative pressure wound therapy optimizes patient outcomes in lower limb trauma. Injury 2012;43:772-8. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2011.09.003.
 
7) Virani SR, et al. Impact of negative pressure wound therapy on open diaphyseal tibial fractures:a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2016;7:256-9. doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2016.05.007.
 
8) Arti H, et al. Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) & conventional wound dressings in the open fracture wounds. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32:65-9. doi:10.12669/pjms.321.8568.
 
9) Krticka M, et al. Effect of negative pressure wound therapy on infectious complications in grade III open fractures. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2016;83:117-22.
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10) Moehring HD, et al. Comparison of antibiotic beads and intravenous antibiotics in open fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000:254-61.
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11) Ostermann PA, et al. The role of local antibiotic therapy in the management of compound fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993:102-11.
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12) Ostermann PA, et al. Local antibiotic therapy for severe open fractures. A review of 1,085 consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77:93-7.
 
13) Henry SL, et al. The prophylactic use of antibiotic impregnated beads in open fractures. J Trauma. 1990;30:1231-8.
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14) Morgenstern M, et al. The effect of local antibiotic prophylaxis when treating open limb fractures:A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Joint Res. 2018;7:447-56.
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15) Rand BCC, et al. Combined local and systemic antibiotic delivery improves eradication of wound contamination:an animal experimental model of contaminated fracture. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B:1423-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.97B10.35651.
 
16) Tennent DJ, et al. Time-dependent effectiveness of locally applied vancomycin powder in a contaminated traumatic orthopaedic wound model. J Orthop Trauma. 2016;30:531-7. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000617.
 
17) Penn-Barwell JG, et al. Local antibiotic delivery by a bioabsorbable gel is superior to PMMA bead depot in reducing infection in an open fracture model. J Orthop Trauma. 2014;28:370-5. doi:10.1097/BOT.0b013e3182a7739e.
 
18) Beardmore AA, et al. Effectiveness of local antibiotic delivery with an osteoinductive and osteoconductive bone-graft substitute. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:107-12. doi:10.2106/JBJS.C.01670.
 
Part V Trauma, 1.2. Prevention:Risk Mitigation, Question 2, p.700-702.
 
P.279 掲載の参考文献
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2) Kim PH, et al. Gustilo-Anderson classification. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:3270-4. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2376-6.
 
3) Gustilo RB, et al. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures:a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma. 1984;24:742-6.
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4) Horn BD, et al. Interobserver reliability in the Gustilo and Anderson classification of open fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 1993;7:357-60.
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5) Brumback RJ, et al. Interobserver agreement in the classification of open fractures of the tibia. The results of a survey of two hundred and forty-five orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:1162-6.
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Part V Trauma, 2. Diagnosis, Question 1, p.705.
 
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Part V Trauma, 2. Diagnosis, Question 1, p.706-707.
 
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Part V Trauma, 3.1. Treatment:Antibiotics and Nonoperative Management, Question 1, p.717-718.
 
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Part V Trauma, 3.1. Treatment:Antibiotics and Nonoperative Management, Question 5, p.723-724.
 
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Part V Trauma, 3.3. Treatment:Risk Factors, Question 2, p.732.
 
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Part V Trauma, 3.4. Treatment:Procedure-Related, Question 4, p.736-737.
 
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Part V Trauma, 3.4. Treatment:Procedure-Related, Question 5, p.738-739.
 
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12) Ueng SW, et al. Semiopen cancellous bone grafting. A 2 step method for closing small infected tibial bone defects. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;306:175-82.
 
13) Patzakis M, et al. Results of bone grafting for infected tibial nonunion. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;315:192-8.
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14) Emami A, et al. Infected tibial nonunion:good results after open cancellous bone grafting in 37 cases. Acta Orthop. 1995;66:447-51. doi:10.3109/17453679508995585.
 
15) Cove JA, et al. The management of femoral diaphyseal nonunions. J Orthop Trauma. 1997;11:513-20.
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16) Chen C-Y, et al. Staged management of infected humeral nonunion. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 1997;43:793-8.
 
17) Ueng SW, et al. Management of femoral diaphyseal infected nonunion with antibiotic beads local therapy, external skeletal fixation, and staged bone grafting. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 1999;46:97-103.
 
18) Tulner SAF, et al. Longterm results of multiple-stage treatment for posttraumatic osteomyelitis of the tibia. J Trauma. 2004;56:633-42. doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000112327.50235.0A.
 
19) Chen CE, et al. Results of vancomycin-impregnated cancellous bone grafting for infected tibial nonunion. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2005;125:369-75. doi:10.1007/s00402-005-0794-6.
 
20) Jain AK, et al. Infected nonunion of the long bones. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005:57-65. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000152868.29134.92.
 
21) Babhulkar SS, et al. Nonunion of the diaphysis of long bones. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005:50-6. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000152369.99312.c5.
 
22) Schottle PB, et al. Two-stage reconstruction with free vascularized soft tissue transfer and conventional bone graft for infected nonunions of the tibia:6 Patients followed for 1.5 to 5 years. Acta Orthop. 2005;76:878-83. doi:10.1080/17453670510045534.
 
23) Chiang CC, et al. Early experience and results of bone graft enriched with autologous platelet gel for recalcitrant nonunions of lower extremity. J Trauma. 2007;63:655-61. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000219937.51190.37.
 
24) Stafford PR, et al. Reamer-irrigator-aspirator bone graft and bi Masquelet technique for segmental bone defect nonunions:a review of 25 cases. Injury. 2010;41:S72-7. doi:10.1016/S0020-1383(10)70014-0.
 
25) Schroter S, et al. First mid-term results after cancellous allograft vitalized with autologous bone marrow for infected femoral non-union. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128:827-36. doi:10.1007/s00508-015-0797-4.
 
26) Scholz AO, et al. Reconstruction of septic diaphyseal bone defects with the induced membrane technique. Injury. 2015;46:S121-4. doi:10.1016/S0020-1383(15)30030-9.
 
27) Olesen UK, et al. The Masquelet technique of induced membrane for healing of bone defects. A review of 8 cases. Injury. 2015;46:S44-7. doi:10.1016/S0020-1383(15)30054-1.
 
28) El-Alfy BS, et al. Management of segmental skeletal defects by the induced membrane technique. Indian J Orthop. 2015;49:643-8. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.168757.
 
29) Canavese F, et al. Successful treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in children with debridement, antibiotic-laden cement spacer and bone graft substitute. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2017;27:221-8. doi:10.1007/s00590-016-1859-7.
 
30) Davis JA, et al. Treatment of infected forearm nonunions with large complete segmental defects using bulk allograft and intramedullary fixation. J Hand Surg. 2016;41:881-7. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.05.021.
 
31) Giannoudis PV, et al. Restoration of long bone defects treated with the induced membrane technique:protocol and outcomes. Injury. 2016;47:S53-61. doi:10.1016/S0020-1383(16)30840-3.
 
32) Pollon T, et al. Persistent non-union of the humeral shaft treated by plating and autologous bone grafting. Int Orthop. 2017;41:367-73. doi:10.1007/s00264-016-3267-3.
 
33) Gupta G, et al. Management of traumatic tibial diaphyseal bone defect by "induced-membrane technique." Indian J Orthop. 2016;50:290-6. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.181780.
 
34) Wang X, et al. Induced membrane technique for the treatment of bone defects due to post-traumatic osteomyelitis. Bone Joint Res. 2016;5:101-5. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.53.2000487.
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35) Muhlhausser J, et al. Infected tibia defect fractures treated with the Masquelet technique. Med U S. 2017;96:1-7. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000006948.
 
36) Ryzewicz M, et al. Central bone grafting for nonunion of fractures of the tibia:a retrospective series. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009;91-B:522-9. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.91B4.21399.
 
Part V Trauma, 3.4. Treatment:Procedure-Related, Question 9, p.746-749.
 
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2) Ivanov PA, et al. Emergency soft tissue reconstruction algorithm in patients with open tibia fractures. Open Orthop J. 2016;10:364-74. doi:10.2174/1874325001610010364.
 
3) Chan JK-K, et al. Soft-tissue reconstruction of open fractures of the lower limb:muscle versus fasciocutaneous flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130:284e-95e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182589e63.
 
4) Townley WA, et al. Management of open tibial fractures - a regional experience. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2010;92:693-96. doi:10.1308/003588410X12699663904592.
 
5) Hertel R, et al. On the timing of soft-tissue reconstruction for open fractures of the lower leg. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1999;119:7-12.
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6) Olesen UK, et al. A review of forty five open tibial fractures covered with free flaps. Analysis of complications, microbiology and prognostic factors. Int Orthop. 2015;39:1159-66. doi:10.1007/s00264-015-2712-z.
 
7) Sofiadellis F, et al. Fasciocutaneous free flaps are more reliable than muscle free flaps in lower limb trauma reconstruction:experience in a single trauma center. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2012;28:333-40. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1313764.
 
8) Yazar S, et al. Outcome comparison between free muscle and free fasciocutaneous flaps for reconstruction of distal third and ankle traumatic open tibial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:2468-75;discussion 2476-2477. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000224304.56885.c2.
 
9) McLean DH, et al. Autotransplant of omentum to a large scalp defect, with microsurgical revascularization. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1972;49:268-74.
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10) Godina M. Early microsurgical reconstruction of complex trauma of the extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78:285-92.
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12) Kolbenschlag J, et al. Impact of timing of admission and microvascular reconstruction on free flap success rates in traumatic upper extremity defects. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2015;31:414-9. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1548550.
 
13) Choudry U, et al. Soft-tissue coverage and outcome of gustilo grade IIIB midshaft tibia fractures:a 15-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122:479-85. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31817d60e0.
 
14) Harrison BL, et al. Timing of traumatic upper extremity free flap reconstruction:a systematic review and progress report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;132:591-6. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31829ad012.
 
15) Theodorakopoulou E, et al. Free-tissue transfer for the reconstruction of war-related extremity injuries:a systematic review of current practice. Mil Med. 2016;181:27-34. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00059.
 
16) Starnes-Roubaud MJ, et al. Microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction in the subacute period:a safe alternative. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2015;3:e449. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000000399.
 
17) Derderian CA, et al. Microvascular free-tissue transfer for traumatic defects of the upper extremity:a 25-year experience. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2003;19:455-62. doi:10.1055/s-2003-44633.
 
18) Karanas YL, et al. The timing of microsurgical reconstruction in lower extremity trauma. Microsurgery. 2008;28:632-4. doi:10.1002/micr.20551.
 
19) Gupta A, et al. Free tissue transfer to the traumatized upper extremity:risk factors for postoperative complications in 282 cases. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015;68:1184-90. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2015.05.009.
 
20) Hill JB, et al. Re-evaluating the paradigm of early free flap coverage in lower extremity trauma. Microsurgery. 2013;33:9-13. doi:10.1002/micr.21994.
 
Part V Trauma, 3.6. Treatment:Wound Coverage, Question 2, p.762-763.
 
P.299 掲載の参考文献
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2) Gustilo RB, et al. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones:retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:453-8.
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3) Torchia ME, et al. Open fractures of the patella. J Orthop Trauma. 1996;10:403-9.
 
4) Cullen MC, et al. Open fracture of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:1039-47.
 
5) Hope PG, et al. Open fractures of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:546-53.
 
6) Swanson TV, et al. Open hand fractures:prognosis and classification. J Hand Surg Am. 1991;16:101-7.
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8) Russell GG, et al. Primary or delayed closure for open tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72:125-8.
 
9) DeLong WG, et al. Aggressive treatment of 119 open fracture wounds. J Trauma. 1999;46:1049-54.
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10) Moola FO, et al. Attempting primary closure for all open fractures:the effectiveness of an institutional protocol. Can J Surg. 2014;57:E82-8.
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11) Benson DR, et al. Treatment of open fractures:a prospective study. J Trauma. 1983;23:25-30.
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12) Hohmann E, et al. Comparison of delayed and primary wound closure in the treatment of open tibial fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127:131-6. doi:10.1007/s00402-006-0222-6.
 
13) Jenkinson RJ, et al. Delayed wound closure increases deep-infection rate associated with lower-grade open fractures:a propensity-matched cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:380-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.00545.
 
14) Scharfenberger AV, et al. Primary wound closure after open fracture:a prospective cohort study examining nonunion and deep infection. J Orthop Trauma. 2017;31:121-6. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000751.
 
Part V Trauma, 3.6. Treatment:Wound Coverage, Question 3, p.763-764.
 
P.301 掲載の参考文献
1) Schlatterer DR, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy in grade IIIB tibial fractures:fewer infections and fewer flap procedures? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:1802-11. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4140-1.
 
2) Parrett BM, et al. Lower extremity trauma:trends in the management of soft-tissue reconstruction of open tibia-fibula fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:1315-22.
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3) Yang R, et al. A suitable option for Gustilo and Anderson grade III injury. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:3018-24.
 
4) Li R, et al. Free flap transplantation combined with skin grafting and vacuum sealing drainage for repair of circumferential or sub-circumferential soft-tissue wounds of the lower leg. Med Sci Monit. 2013;19:510-7.
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5) Leininger BE, et al. Experience with wound VAC and delayed primary closure of contaminated soft tissue injuries in Iraq. J Trauma. 2006;61:1207-11.
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6) Bollero D, et al. Acute complex traumas of the lower limbs:a modern reconstructive approach with negative pressure therapy. Wound Repair Regen 2007;15:589-94.
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7) Brandi C, et al. Treatment with vacuum-assisted closure and cryo-preserved homologous de-epidermalised dermis of complex traumas to the lower limbs with loss of substance, and bones and tendons exposure. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61:1507-11.
 
8) Dedmond BT, et al. The use of negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the temporary treatment of soft-tissue injuries associated with high-energy open tibial shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21:11-7.
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9) Herscovici DJ, et al. Vacuum-assisted wound closure (VAC therapy) for the management of patients with high-energy soft tissue injuries. J Orthop Trauma. 2003;17:683-8.
 
10) Halvorson J, et al. Use of vacuum-assisted closure in pediatric open fractures with a focus on the rate of infection. Orthopedics. 2011;34:e256-60.
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11) Joethy J, et al. Effect of negative-pressure wound therapy on open fractures of the lower limb. Singapore Med J. 2013;54:620-3.
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12) Rezzadeh KS, et al. The use of negative pressure wound therapy in severe open lower extremity fractures:identifying the association between length of therapy and surgical outcomes. J Surg Res. 2015;199:726-31.
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13) Blum ML, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy reduces deep infection rate in open tibial fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26:499-505.
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14) Stannard JP, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy after severe open fractures:a prospective randomized study. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23:552-7.
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15) Virani SR, et al. Impact of negative pressure wound therapy on open diaphyseal tibial fractures:a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2016;7:256-9.
 
16) Arti H, et al. Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) & conventional wound dressings in the open fracture wounds. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32:65-9.
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17) Saaiq M, et al. Vacuum-assisted closure therapy as a pretreatment for split thickness skin grafts. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2010;20:675-9.
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18) Bhattacharyya T, et al. Routine use of wound vacuum-assisted closure does not allow coverage delay for open tibia fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:1263-6.
 
19) Hou Z, et al. Delayed flap reconstruction with vacuum-assisted closure management of the open IIIB tibial fracture. J Trauma. 2011;71:1705-8.
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20) Liu DSH, et al. Early soft tissue coverage and negative pressure wound therapy optimises patient outcomes in lower limb trauma. Injury. 2012;43:772-8.
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21) Steiert AE, et al. Delayed flap coverage of open extremity fractures after previous vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy - worse or worth? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009;62:675-83.
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Part V Trauma, 3.6. Treatment:Wound Coverage, Question 4, p.764-766.
 

Part VI 足部・足関節

P.305 掲載の参考文献
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2) Springer BD. The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:908-11. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.03.042.
 
3) Alrashidi Y, et al. How to diagnose and treat infection in total ankle arthroplasty. Foot Ankle Clin. 2017;22:405-23. doi:10.1016/j.fcl.2017.01.009.
 
4) Kessler B, et al. Risk factors for periprosthetic ankle joint infection:a case-control study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:1871-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.00593.
 
5) Kessler B, et al. The treatment and outcome of peri-prosthetic infection of the ankle:a single cohort-centre experience of 34 cases. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:772-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.96B6.33298.
 
6) Myerson MS, et al. The management of infection following total ankle replacement:demographics and treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35:855-62. doi:10.1177/1071100714543643.
 
7) Patton D, et al. Infected total ankle arthroplasty:risk factors and treatment options. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36:626-34. doi:10.1177/1071100714568869.
 
8) Althoff A, et al. Patient-related risk factors for periprosthetic ankle joint infection:an analysis of 6977 total ankle arthroplasties. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2018;57:269-72. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.09.006.
 
9) Usuelli FG, et al. Infections in primary total ankle replacement:anterior approach versus lateral transfibular approach. Foot Ankle Surg. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2017.07.643.
 
10) Gougoulias N, et al. How successful are current ankle replacements?:a systematic review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:199-208. doi:10.1007/s11999-009-0987-3.
 
11) Zaidi R, et al. The outcome of total ankle replacement:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:1500-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B11.31633.
 
12) Parvizi J, et al. Definition of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1331. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.03.009.
 
Part VI Foot and Ankle, 2.1. Diagnosis:Total Ankle Arthroplasty-Specific, Question 2, p.785.
 
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2) Parvizi J, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection:the utility of a simple yet unappreciated enzyme. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:2242-8. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.01413.
 
3) Wetters NG, et al. Leukocyte esterase reagent strips for the rapid diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:8-11. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.03.037.
 
4) Aggarwal VK, et al. Swab cultures are not as effective as tissue cultures for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:3196-203. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-2974-y.
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5) Mason JB, et al. The value of white blood cell counts before revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:1038-43.
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6) Trampuz A, et al. Synovial fluid leukocyte count and differential for the diagnosis of prosthetic knee infection. Am J Med. 2004;117:556-62. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.06.022.
 
7) Bedair H, et al. The Mark Coventry Award:diagnosis of early postoperative TKA infection using synovial fluid analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:34-40. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1433-2.
 
8) Cipriano CA, et al. Serum and synovial fluid analysis for diagnosing chronic periprosthetic infection in patients with inflammatory arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:594-600. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.01318.
 
9) Zmistowski B, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection diagnosis:a complete understanding of white blood cell count and differential. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:1589-93. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.03.059.
 
10) Dinneen A, et al. Synovial fluid white cell and differential count in the diagnosis or exclusion of prosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:554-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B4.30388.
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11) Deirmengian C, et al. The alpha-defensin test for periprosthetic joint infection outperforms the leukocyte esterase test strip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:198-203. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3722-7.
 
12) Wyatt MC, et al. The alpha-defensin immunoassay and leukocyte esterase colorimetric strip test for the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:992-1000. doi:10.2106/JBJS.15.01142.
 
13) Atkins BL, et al. Prospective evaluation of criteria for microbiological diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection at revision arthroplasty. The OSIRIS Collaborative Study Group. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:2932-9.
 
14) Oethinger M, et al. Diagnosing periprosthetic infection:false-positive intraoperative Gram stains. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:954-60. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1589-9.
 
15) Zywiel MG, et al. Gram stains have limited application in the diagnosis of infected total knee arthroplasty. Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15:e702-5. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2011.05.015.
 
16) Parvizi J, et al. AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline:diagnosis and treatment of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18:771-2.
 
17) Parvizi J, et al. Proceedings of the International Consensus on Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:1450-2. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B11.33135.
 
18) Klement MR, et al. Positive blood cultures in periprosthetic joint infection decrease rate of treatment success. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:200-4.e1. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.08.034.
 
19) Kamme C, et al. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in deep infections after total hip arthroplasty:differential diagnosis between infectious and non-infectious loosening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981:201-7.
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20) Mikkelsen DB, et al. Culture of multiple peroperative biopsies and diagnosis of infected knee arthroplasties. APMIS. 2006;114:449-52. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_428.x.
 
21) Schafer P, et al. Prolonged bacterial culture to identify late periprosthetic joint infection:a promising strategy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1403-9. doi:10.1086/592973.
 
22) Zappe B, et al. Propionibacterium spp. in prosthetic joint infections:a diagnostic challenge. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008;128:1039-46. doi:10.1007/s00402-007-0454-0.
 
23) Burnett RSJ, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics do not affect cultures in the treatment of an infected TKA:a prospective trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:127-34. doi:10.1007/s11999-009-1014-4.
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24) Tetreault MW, et al. The Chitranjan Ranawat Award:should prophylactic antibiotics be withheld before revision surgery to obtain appropriate cultures? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:52-6. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3016-5.
 
25) Morawietz L, et al. Twenty-three neutrophil granulocytes in 10 high-power fields is the best histopathological threshold to differentiate between aseptic and septic endoprosthesis loosening. Histopathology. 2009;54:847-53. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03313.x.
 
26) Stroh DA, et al. How do frozen and permanent histopathologic diagnoses compare for staged revision after periprosthetic hip infections? J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:1663-8.e1. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2012.03.035.
 
27) Tsaras G, et al. Utility of intraoperative frozen section histopathology in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:1700-11. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.00756.
 
28) George J, et al. Are frozen sections and MSIS criteria reliable at the time of reimplantation of two-stage revision arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474:1619-26. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4673-3.
 
29) Nunez LV, et al. Frozen sections of samples taken intra-operatively for diagnosis of infection in revision hip surgery. Acta Orthop. 2007;78:226-30. doi:10.1080/17453670710013726.
 
30) Fehring TK, et al. Frozen histologic section as a guide to sepsis in revision joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994:229-37.
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31) Lonner JH, et al. The reliability of analysis of intraoperative frozen sections for identifying active infection during revision hip or knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:1553-8.
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32) Ko PS, et al. The role of intraoperative frozen section in decision making in revision hip and knee arthroplasties in a local community hospital. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20:189-95.
 
33) Marculescu CE, et al. Fungi, mycobacteria, zoonotic and other organisms in prosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;451:64-72. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000229337.21653.f2.
 
34) Azzam K, et al. Microbiological, clinical, and surgical features of fungal prosthetic joint infections:a multi-institutional experience. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91 Suppl 6:142-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00574.
 
35) Hwang BH, et al. Fungal periprosthetic joint infection after primary total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94:656-9. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.94B5.28125.
 
36) Tokarski AT, et al. The routine use of atypical cultures in presumed aseptic revisions is unnecessary. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:3171-7. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-2917-7.
 
37) Neut D, et al. Detection of biomaterial-associated infections in orthopaedic joint implants. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003:261-8. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000073345.50837.84.
 
38) Butler-Wu SM, et al. Optimization of periprosthetic culture for diagnosis of Propionibacterium acnes prosthetic joint infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:2490-5. doi:10.1128/JCM.00450-11.
 
39) Larsen LH, et al. Optimizing culture methods for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections:a summary of modifications and improvements reported since 1995. J Med Microbiol. 2012;61:309-16. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.035303-0.
 
40) Trampuz A, et al. Sonication of explanted prosthetic components in bags for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection is associated with risk of contamination. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:628-31. doi:10.1128/JCM.44.2.628-631.2006.
 
41) Trampuz A, et al. Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:654-63. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061588.
 
42) Bjerkan G, et al. Sonication is superior to scraping for retrieval of bacteria in biofilm on titanium and steel surfaces in vitro. Acta Orthop. 2009;80:245-50. doi:10.3109/17453670902947457.
 
43) Kobayashi H, et al. Improving clinical significance of PCR:use of propidium monoazide to distinguish viable from dead Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Orthop Res. 2009;27:1243-7. doi:10.1002/jor.20872.
 
44) Monsen T, et al. In vitro effect of ultrasound on bacteria and suggested protocol for sonication and diagnosis of prosthetic infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:2496-501. doi:10.1128/JCM.02316-08.
 
45) Piper KE, et al. Microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic shoulder infection by use of implant sonication. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:1878-84. doi:10.1128/JCM.01686-08.
 
46) Achermann Y, et al. Improved diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection by multiplex PCR of sonication fluid from removed implants. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1208-14. doi:10.1128/JCM.00006-10.
 
47) Holinka J, et al. Sonication cultures of explanted components as an add-on test to routinely conducted microbiological diagnostics improve pathogen detection. J Orthop Res. 2011;29:617-22. doi:10.1002/jor.21286.
 
48) Shen H, et al. Sonication of explanted prosthesis combined with incubation in BD bactec bottles for pathogen-based diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:777-81. doi:10.1128/JCM.02863-14.
 
49) Yano MH, et al. Improved diagnosis of infection associated with osteosynthesis by use of sonication of fracture fixation implants. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:4176-82. doi:10.1128/JCM.02140-14.
 
50) Portillo ME, et al. Improved diagnosis of orthopedic implant-associated infection by inoculation of sonication fluid into blood culture bottles. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:1622-7. doi:10.1128/JCM.03683-14.
 
51) McDowell A, et al. Evaluation of nonculture methods for the detection of prosthetic hip biofilms. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005:74-82.
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52) Tzeng A, et al. Treating periprosthetic joint infections as biofilms:key diagnosis and management strategies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;81:192-200. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.08.018.
 
53) Panousis K, et al. Poor predictive value of broad-range PCR for the detection of arthroplasty infection in 92 cases. Acta Orthop. 2005;76:341-6.
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54) Gomez E, et al. Prosthetic joint infection diagnosis using broadrange PCR of biofilms dislodged from knee and hip arthroplasty surfaces using sonication. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:3501-8. doi:10.1128/JCM.00834-12.
 
Part VI Foot and Ankle, 2.2. Diagnosis:Non-Total Ankle Arthroplasty-Specific, Question 2, p.794-797.
 
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15) Van Asten SA, et al. The value of inflammatory markers to diagnose and monitor diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Int Wound J. 2017;14:40-5. doi:10.1111/iwj.12545.
 
16) Michail M, et al. The performance of serum inflammatory markers for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with osteomyelitis. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2013;12:94-9. doi:10.1177/1534734613486152.
 
17) Ertugrul MB, et al. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes:microbiological examination vs. magnetic resonance imaging and labelled leucocyte scanning. Diabet Med. 2006;23:649-53. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01887.x.
 
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22) Senneville E, et al. Outcome of patients with diabetes with negative percutaneous bone biopsy performed for suspicion of osteomyelitis of the foot. Diabet Med. 2012;29:56-61. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03414.x.
 
23) Ertugrul BM, et al. Osteomyelitis or Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy? Differentiating these disorders in diabetic patients with a foot problem. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2013;4. doi:10.3402/dfa.v4i0.21855.
 
24) Hartemann-Heurtier A, et al. Diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Diabetes Metab. 2008;34:87-95. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2007.09.005.
 
25) Lipsky BA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:885-910. doi:10.1086/424846.
 
26) Shank CF, et al. Osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot:diagnosis and management. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006;11:775-89. doi:10.1016/j.fcl.2006.06.008.
 
27) Tan PL, et al. MRI of the diabetic foot:differentiation of infection from neuropathic change. Br J Radiol. 2007;80:939-48. doi:10.1259/bjr/30036666.
 
28) Peterson N, et al. Diagnostic imaging of diabetic foot disorders. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38:86-95. doi:10.1177/1071100716672660.
 
29) Dinh MT, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the physical examination and imaging tests for osteomyelitis underlying diabetic foot ulcers:meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:519-27. doi:10.1086/590011.
 
30) Kapoor A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing foot osteomyelitis:a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:125-32. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.2.125.
 
31) Ledermann HP, et al. Differential diagnosis of pedal osteomyelitis and diabetic neuroarthropathy:MR imaging. Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology, vol. 9. New York, NY:Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc;2005, p272-83.
 
32) Ledermann HP, et al. MR image analysis of pedal osteomyelitis:distribution, patterns of spread, and frequency of associated ulceration and septic arthritis. Radiology. 2002;223:747-55. doi:10.1148/radiol.2233011279.
 
33) Loredo R, et al. Imaging of the diabetic foot diagnostic dilemmas. Foot & Ankle Specialist. 2010;3:249-64. doi:10.1177/1938640010383154.
 
34) Sanverdi SE, et al. Current challenges in imaging of the diabetic foot. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2012;3. doi:10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18754.
 
35) Low K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of diabetic foot complications. Singapore Med. 2015;56:23-34. doi:10.11622/smedj.2015006.
 
36) Wang G, et al. A meta-analysis of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography versus scintigraphy in the evaluation of suspected osteomyelitis. Nucl Med Commun. 2011;32:1134-42. doi:10.1097/MNM.0b013e32834b455c.
 
37) Capriotti G, et al. Nuclear medicine imaging of diabetic foot infection:results of meta-analysis. Nucl Med Commun. 2006;27:757-64. doi:10.1097/01.mnm.0000230065.85705.b3.
 
38) Basu S, et al. Potential role of FDG PET in the setting of diabetic neuro-osteoarthropathy:can it differentiate uncomplicated Charcot's neuroarthropathy from osteomyelitis and soft-tissue infection? Nucl Med Commun. 2007;28:465-72.
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39) Familiari D, et al. Can sequential 18F-FDG PET/CT replace WBC imaging in the diabetic foot? J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1012-9. doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.082222.
 
40) Schwegler B, et al. Unsuspected osteomyelitis is frequent in persistent diabetic foot ulcer and better diagnosed by MRI than by 18F-FDG PET or 99mTc-MOAB. J Intern Med. 2008;263:99-106. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01877.x.
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41) Rastogi A, et al. Utility of PET/CT with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose-labeled autologous leukocytes for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis in patients with Charcot's neuroarthropathy. Nucl Med Commun. 2016;37:1253-9. doi:10.1097/MNM.0000000000000603.
 
42) Basu S, et al. FDG PET and PET/CT imaging in complicated diabetic foot. PET Clinics. 2012;7:151-60. doi:10.1016/j.cpet.2012.01.003.
 
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Part VI Foot and Ankle, 2.2. Diagnosis:Non-Total Ankle Arthroplasty-Specific, Question 4, p.798-800.
 
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2) Affatato S, et al. Wear behavior in total ankle replacement:a comparison between an in vitro simulation and retrieved prostheses. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009;24:661-9. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.06.006.
 
3) Reuver JM, et al. Total ankle replacement outcome in low volume centers:short-term followup. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31:1064-8. doi:10.3113/FAI.2010.1064.
 
4) Gougoulias N, et al. How successful are current ankle replacements?:a systematic review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:199-208. doi:10.1007/s11999-009-0987-3.
 
5) van der Heide HJL, et al. Total ankle prostheses in rheumatoid ar thropathy:outcome in 52 patients followed for 1-9 years. Acta Orthop. 2009;80:440-4. doi:10.3109/17453670903153568.
 
6) Patton D, et al. Infected total ankle arthroplasty:risk factors and treatment options. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36:626-34. doi:10.1177/1071100714568869.
 
7) Kessler B, et al. Risk factors for periprosthetic ankle joint infection:a case-control study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:1871-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.00593.
 
8) Vulcano E, et al. The painful total ankle arthroplasty:a diagnostic and treatment algorithm. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B:5-11. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.99B1.37536.
 
9) Goldstein JA, et al. The use of negative pressure wound therapy for random local flaps at the ankle region. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;49:513-6. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2010.07.001.
 
10) Mann JA, et al. STARTM ankle:long-term results. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32:S473-84. doi:10.3113/FAI.2011.0473.
 
11) Nodzo SR, et al. Short to midterm clinical and radiographic outcomes of the Salto total ankle prosthesis. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35:22-9. doi:10.1177/1071100713510497.
 
12) Borenstein TR, et al. A review of perioperative complications of outpatient total ankle arthroplasty. Foot Ankle Int. 2018;39:143-8. doi:10.1177/1071100717738748.
 
13) Claridge RJ, et al. Intermediate term outcome of the agility total ankle arthroplasty. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:824-35. doi:10.3113/FAI.2009.0824.
 
14) Myerson MS, et al. The management of infection following total ankle replacement:demographics and treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35:855-62. doi:10.1177/1071100714543643.
 
15) Bai LB, et al. Total ankle arthroplasty outcome comparison for post-traumatic and primary osteoarthritis. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31:1048-56. doi:10.3113/FAI.2010.1048.
 
16) Stoodley P, et al. Characterization of a mixed MRSA/MRSE biofilm in an explanted total ankle arthroplasty. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2011;62:66-74. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00793.x.
 
17) Young JL, et al. Infected total ankle arthroplasty following routine dental procedure. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:252-7. doi:10.3113/FAI.2009.0252.
 
18) Sproule JA, et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of the mobility total ankle arthroplasty system:early results from a prospective multicenter study. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34:491-7. doi:10.1177/1071100713477610.
 
19) Younger ASE, et al. A coding system for reoperations following total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37:1157-64. doi:10.1177/1071100716659037.
 
20) Lee KB, et al. Perioperative complications of HINTEGRA total ankle replacement:our initial 50 cases. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29:978-4. doi:10.3113/FAI.2008.0978.
 
21) Wimmer MD, et al. Aseptic loosening of total ankle replacement and conversion to ankle arthrodesis]. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2017;29:207-19. doi:10.1007/s00064-017-0492-x.
 
22) McCoy TH, et al. Circular external fixator-assisted ankle arthrodesis following failed total ankle arthroplasty. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33:947-55. doi:10.3113/FAI.2012.0947.
 
23) Mulhern JL, et al. Salvage of failed total ankle replacement using a custom titanium truss. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55:868-73. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2015.12.011.
 
24) DeVries JG, et al. Perioperative complications and initial alignment of lateral approach total ankle arthroplasty. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2017;56:996-1000. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.04.016.
 
25) Kotnis R, et al. The management of failed ankle replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88:1039-47. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.88B8.16768
 
Part VI Foot and Ankle, 3.1. Treatment:Total Ankle Arthroplasty-Specific, Question 1, p.801-803.
 
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13) Myers TG, et al. Ankle and hindfoot fusions:comparison of outcomes in patients with and without diabetes. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33:20-8. doi:10.3113/FAI.2012.0020.
 
14) Shibuya N, et al. Factors associated with nonunion, delayed union, and malunion in foot and ankle surgery in diabetic patients. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;52:207-11. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2012.11.012.
 
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22) Kitaoka HB, et al. Revision of ankle arthrodesis with external fixation for non-union. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:1191-200.
 
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24) Bibbo C, et al. Limb salvage:the infected retrograde tibiotalocalcaneal intramedullary nail. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24:420-5. doi:10.1177/107110070302400508.
 
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26) Pawar A, et al. Antibiotic-coated nail for fusion of infected charcot ankles. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34:80-4. doi:10.1177/1071100712460209.
 
27) Dalla Paola L, et al. Limb salvage in Charcot foot and ankle osteomyelitis:combined use single stage/double stage of arthrodesis and external fixation. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:1065-70. doi:10.3113/FAI.2009.1065.
 
Part VI Foot and Ankle, 3.2. Treatment:Non-Total Ankle Arthroplasty-Specific, Question 1, p.816-821.
 

Part VII 腫瘍

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32) Natour RHA, et al. 797 outcomes of abdominal surgery in neutropenic patients. Gastroenterol. 2010;138:S-860. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(10)63966-2.
 
33) Dogar SA, et al. Implantable port devices in paediatric oncology patients:a clinical experience from a tertiary care hospital. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013;63:1248-51.
 
Part VII Oncology, 1.2. Prevention:Chemotherapy, Question 2, p.834-836.
 
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13) Meijer ST, et al. Factors associated with infection after reconstructive shoulder surgery for proximal humerus tumors. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:931-8. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.10.014.
 
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Part VII Oncology, 1.2. Prevention:Chemotherapy, Question 3, p.836-837.
 
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Part VII Oncology, 1.2. Prevention:Chemotherapy, Question 5, p.839-841.
 
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2) Capanna R, et al. Modular uncemented prosthetic reconstruction after resection of tumours of the distal femur. J Bone Joint Surg. Br 1994;76:178-86.
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4) Dhanoa A, et al. Deep infections after endoprosthetic replacement operations in orthopedic oncology patients. Surg Infect. 2015;16:323-32. doi:10.1089/sur.2014.049.
 
5) Mavrogenis AF, et al. Infected prostheses after lower-extremity bone tumor resection:clinical outcomes of 100 patients. Surg Infect. 2015;16:267-75. doi:10.1089/sur.2014.085.
 
6) Capanna R, et al. What was the survival of megaprostheses in lower limb reconstructions after tumor resections? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:820-30. doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3736-1.
 
7) Peel T, et al. Infective complications following tumour endoprosthesis surgery for bone and soft tissue tumours. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2014;40:1087-94. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2014.02.241.
 
8) Cho WH, et al. Cause of infection in proximal tibial endoprosthetic reconstructions. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132:163-9. doi:10.1007/s00402-011-1405-3.
 
9) Funovics PT, et al. Management of septic complications following modular endoprosthetic reconstruction of the proximal femur. Int Orthop. 2011;35:1437-44. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-1054-0.
 
10) Morii T, et al. Postoperative deep infection in tumor endoprosthesis reconstruction around the knee. J Orthop Sci. 2010;15:331-9. doi:10.1007/s00776-010-1467-z.
 
11) Myers GJC, et al. The long-term results of endoprosthetic replacement of the proximal tibia for bone tumours. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89:1632-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.89B12.19481.
 
12) Allison D, et al. Peri-prosthetic infection in the orthopedic tumor patient. Reconstr Rev. 2014;4.
 
13) Jeys LM, et al. The risks and benefits of radiotherapy with massive endoprosthetic replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89:1352-5. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.89B10.19233.
 
14) McDonald DJ, et al. Influence of chemotherapy on perioperative complications in limb salvage surgery for bone tumors. Cancer. 1990;65:1509-16.
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15) Jeys LM, et al. Periprosthetic infection in patients treated for an orthopaedic oncological condition. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:842-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.C.01222.
 
16) Hardes J, et al. Characteristics and outcome of infections associated with tumor endoprostheses. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2006;126:289-96. doi:10.1007/s00402-005-0009-1.
 
17) Meijer ST, et al. Factors associated with infection after reconstructive shoulder surgery for proximal humerus tumors. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:931-8. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.10.014.
 
Part VII Oncology, 1.3. Prevention:Research Caveats, Question 1, p.841-842.
 
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1) Dhanoa A, et al. Deep infections after endoprosthetic replacement operations in orthopedic oncology patients. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2015;16:323-32. doi:10.1089/sur.2014.049.
 
2) Flint M, et al. Two-stage revision of infected uncemented lower extremity tumor endoprostheses. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:859-65. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2006.11.003.
 
3) Grimer R, et al. Two-stage revision for infected endoprostheses used in tumor surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;395:193-203.
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4) Jeys L, et al. Periprosthetic infection in patients treated for an orthopaedic oncological condition. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:842-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.C.01222.
 
5) Lee S, et al. Infection after prosthetic reconstruction in limb salvage surgery. Int Orthop. 2002;26:179-84. doi:10.1007/s00264-001-0328-y.
 
6) Morii T, et al. Deep infection in tumor endoprosthesis around the knee:a multi-institutional study by the Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:1. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-51.
 
7) Funovics P, et al. Management of septic complications following modular endoprosthetic reconstruction of the proximal femur. Int Orthop. 2011;35:1437-44. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-1054-0.
 
8) Hardes J, et al. Characteristics and outcome of infections associated with tumor endoprostheses. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2006;126:289-96. doi:10.1007/s00402-005-0009-1.
 
9) Peel T, et al. Infective complications following tumour endoprosthesis surgery for bone and soft tissue tumours. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2014;40:1087-94. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2014.02.241.
 
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11) Hardes J, et al. Reduction of periprosthetic infection with silver-coated megaprostheses in patients with bone sarcoma. J Surg Oncol. 2010;101:389-95. doi:10.1002/jso.21498.
 
12) Henderson ER, et al. Failure mode classification for tumor endoprostheses:retrospective review of five institutions and a literature review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:418-29. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.00834.
 
13) Donati F, et al. Silvercoated hip megaprosthesis in oncological limb savage surgery. BioMed Res Int. 2016;2016:9079041. doi:10.1155/2016/9079041.
 
14) Morii T, et al. Postoperative deep infection in tumor endoprosthesis reconstruction around the knee. J Orthop Sci. 2010;15:331-9. doi:10.1007/s00776-010-1467-z.
 
15) Gitelis S, et al. Short and long term failure of the modular oncology knee prosthesis. Orthopedics. 2008;31:362.
 
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Part VII Oncology, 2.1. Treatment:Irrigation and Debridement, Question 3, p.857-868.
 
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2) Funovics PT, et al. Management of septic complications following modular endoprosthetic reconstruction of the proximal femur. Int Orthop. 2011;35:1437-44. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-1054-0.
 
3) Morii T, et al. Postoperative deep infection in tumor endoprosthesis reconstruction around the knee. J Orthop Sci. 2010;15:331-9. doi:10.1007/s00776-010-1467-z.
 
4) Morii T, et al. Deep infection in tumor endoprosthesis around the knee:a multi-institutional study by the Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:51. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-51.
 
5) Jeys LM, et al. Periprosthetic infection in patients treated for an orthopaedic oncological condition. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:842-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.C.01222.
 
6) Holzer G, et al. One-stage revision surgery for infected megaprostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79:31-5.
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7) Hardes J, et al. Characteristics and outcome of infections associated with tumor endoprostheses. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2006;126:289-96. doi:10.1007/s00402-005-0009-1.
 
8) Peel T, et al. Infective complications following tumour endoprosthesis surgery for bone and soft tissue tumours. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2014;40:1087-94. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2014.02.241.
 
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Part VII Oncology, 2.2. Treatment:One-Stage Exchange, Question 2, p.870-871.
 
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2) Grimer RJ, et al. Very longterm outcomes after endoprosthetic replacement for malignant tumours of bone. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B:857-64. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.98B6.37417.
 
3) Henderson ER, et al. Failure mode classification for tumor endoprostheses:retrospective review of five institutions and a literature review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:418-29. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.00834.
 
4) Parvizi J, et al. Management of periprosthetic joint infection:the current knowledge:AAOS exhibit selection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:e104. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.01417.
 
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7) Zmistowski B, et al. Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:77-83. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.09.040.
 
8) Maurer TB, et al. Infected knee arthroplasty. A treatment algorithm at the Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland. Orthopade. 2006;35:917-8, 920-8. doi:10.1007/s00132-006-0978-y.
 
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11) Jeys LM, et al. Periprosthetic infection in patients treated for an orthopaedic oncological condition. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:842-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.C.01222.
 
12) Hardes J, et al. Characteristics and outcome of infections associated with tumor endoprostheses. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2006;126:289-96. doi:10.1007/s00402-005-0009-1.
 
13) Funovics PT, et al. Management of septic complications following modular endoprosthetic reconstruction of the proximal femur. Int Orthop. 2011;35:1437-44. doi:10.1007/s00264-010-1054-0.
 
14) Wafa H, et al. Retrospective evaluation of the incidence of early periprosthetic infection with silver-treated endoprostheses in high-risk patients:case-control study. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B:252-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.97B2.34554.
 
Part VII Oncology, 2.3. Treatment:Research Caveats, Question 1, p.872.
 
P.334 掲載の参考文献
1) Jeys LM, et al. Periprosthetic infection in patients treated for an orthopaedic oncological condition. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:842-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.C.01222.
 
2) Morii T, et al. Deep infection in tumor endoprosthesis around the knee:a multi-institutional study by the Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:51. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-51.
 
3) Dhanoa A, et al. Deep infections after endoprosthetic replacement operations in orthopedic oncology patients. Surg Infect. 2015;16:323-32. doi:10.1089/sur.2014.049.
 
4) Grimer RJ, et al. Two-stage revision for infected endoprostheses used in tumor surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002:193-203.
PubMed
5) Holzer G, et al. One-stage revision surgery for infected megaprostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79:31-5.
PubMed
Part VII Oncology, 2.4. Treatment:Two-Stage Exchange, Question 3, p.884.
 

Part VIII スポーツ

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4) Randelli P, et al. Infectious and thromboembolic complications of arthroscopic shoulder surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19:97-101. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.04.009.
 
5) Weber SC, et al. Complications associated with arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Arthroscopy. 2002;18:88-95. doi:10.1053/jars.2002.31801.
 
6) Qi Y, et al. Value of antibiotic prophylaxis in routine knee arthroscopy. Der Orthopade. 2018;47:246-53. doi:10.1007/s00132-017-3486-3.
 
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Part VIII Sports, 1. Prevention, Question 1, p.887-888.
 
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6) Badran M, et al. Hamstring graft bacterial contamination during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:clinical and microbiological study. Int Orthop. 2016;40:1899-903. doi:10.1007/s00264-016-3168-5.
 
7) Plante M, et al. Evaluation of sterilization methods following contamination of hamstring autograft during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:696-701. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2049-8.
 
8) Molina M, et al. Contaminated anterior cruciate ligament grafts:the efficacy of 3 sterilization agents. Arthroscopy. 2000;16:373-8.
PubMed
9) Pasque CB, et al. Intraoperative anterior cruciate ligament graft contamination. Arthroscopy. 2007;23:329-31. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2005.12.010.
 
10) Khan M, et al. Management of the contaminated anterior cruciate ligament graft. Arthroscopy. 2014;30:236-44. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.10.012.
 
11) Cooper DE, et al. Contaminated patellar tendon grafts:incidence of positive cultures and efficacy of an antibiotic solution soak-an in vitro study. Arthroscopy. 1991;7:272-4. doi:10.1016/0749-8063(91)90125-H.
 
12) Stanford R, et al. Sterilization of contaminated bone-tendon autografts using 10% povidone-iodine solution. Orthopedics. 1999;22:601-4.
PubMed
Part VIII Sports, 1. Prevention, Question 6, p.893-894.
 
P.340 掲載の参考文献
1) Judd D, et al. Infections following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:375-84. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2005.12.002.
 
2) Kim S-J, et al. Infection after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthopedics. 2014;37:477-84. doi:10.3928/01477447-20140626-06.
 
3) Maletis GB, et al. Incidence of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction infections:graft choice makes a difference. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:1780-5. doi:10.1177/0363546513490665.
 
4) Torres-Claramunt R, et al. Knee joint infection after ACL reconstruction:prevalence, management and functional outcomes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:2844-9. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2264-3.
 
5) Matava MJ, et al. Septic arthritis of the knee following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:results of a survey of sports medicine fellowship directors. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:717-25.
PubMed
6) Indelli PF, et al. Septic arthritis in postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002:182-8.
PubMed
7) Margheritini F, et al. C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate changes following arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001;9:343-5. doi:10.1007/s001670100232.
 
8) Williams RJ, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Diagnosis and management. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:261-7. doi:10.1177/036354659702500222.
 
9) Burks RT, et al. Treatment of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament infections with graft removal and early reimplantation. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:414-8. doi:10.1177/03635465030310031501.
 
10) McAllister DR, et al. Outcomes of postoperative septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:562-70. doi:10.1177/03635465990270050301.
 
11) Schollin-Borg M, et al. Presentation, outcome, and cause of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a case control study. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:941-7.
 
12) Viola R, et al. An unusual epidemic of Staphylococcusnegative infections involving anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with salvage of the graft and function. Arthroscopy. 2000;16:173-7. doi:10.1016/S0749-8063(00)90032-X.
 
13) Wang C, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a retrospective analysis of incidence, presentation, treatment, and cause. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:243-9. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.10.002.
 
14) Papakonstantinou O, et al. Complications of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:1106-17. doi:10.1007/s00330-002-1622-9.
 
15) Monaco E, et al. Return to sports activity after postoperative septic arthritis in ACL reconstruction. Phys Sportsmed. 2010;38:69-76. doi:10.3810/psm.2010.10.1810.
 
16) Schuster P, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:evaluation of an arthroscopic graft-retaining treatment protocol. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:3005-12. doi:10.1177/0363546515603054.
 
17) Sajovic M, et al. Septic arthritis of the knee following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthopedic Rev (Pavia). 2009;1:e3-e3. doi:10.4081/or.2009.e3.
 
18) Calvisi V, et al. C-reactive protein changes in the uncomplicated course of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2008;21:603-7. doi:10.1177/039463200802100313.
 
19) Wang C, et al. C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate changes after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:guideline to diagnose and monitor postoperative infection. Arthroscopy. 2014;30:1110-5. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2014.03.025.
 
20) Ernst AA, et al. Usefulness of CRP and ESR in predicting septic joints. South Med J. 2010;103:522-6. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181ddd246.
 
21) Stuart J, et al. Tests for detecting and monitoring the acute phase response. Arch Dis Child. 1988;63:115-7. doi:10.1136/adc.63.2.115.
 
22) Van Tongel A, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a retrospective analysis of incidence, management and outcome. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1059-63. doi:10.1177/0363546507299443.
 
23) Metcalf K, et al. Differentiating occult propionibacterium acnes infection from aseptic "biologic" interference screw hydrolysis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:introducing a novel culture protocol for detecting low-virulence organisms. Orthop J Sports Med. 2015;3:2325967115611872. doi:10.1177/2325967115611872.
 
24) Binnet MS, et al. Risk and outcome of infection after different arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques. Arthroscopy. 2007;23:862-8. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2007.02.008.
 
Part VIII Sports, 2. Diagnosis, Question 2, p.900-901.
 
P.342 掲載の参考文献
Part VIII Sports, 3. Treatment, Question 7, p.909-910.
 
P.343 掲載の参考文献
1) Matava MJ, et al. Septic arthritis of the knee following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:results of a survey of sports medicine fellowship directors. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:717-25.
PubMed
2) Judd D, et al. Infections following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:375-84. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2005.12.002.
 
3) Wang C, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a retrospective analysis of incidence, presentation, treatment, and cause. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:243-9. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.10.002.
 
4) Torres-Claramunt R, et al. Managing septic arthritis after knee ligament reconstruction. Int Orthop. 2016;40:607-14. doi:10.1007/s00264-015-2884-6.
 
5) Sonnery-Cottet B, et al. Prevalence of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction among professional athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:2371-6. doi:10.1177/0363546511417567.
 
6) Sechriest VF, et al. Incidence of knee sepsis after ACL reconstruction at one institution:the impact of a clinical pathway. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:843-9, S1-6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.00408.
 
7) Indelli PF, et al. Septic arthritis in postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002:182-8.
PubMed
8) Torres-Claramunt R, et al. Knee joint infection after ACL reconstruction:prevalence, management and functional outcomes. Knee Surg, Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:2844-9. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2264-3.
 
9) Kursumovic K, et al. Graft salvage following infected anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B:608-15. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.98B5.35990.
 
10) Katz LM, et al. A retrospective comparison of the incidence of bacterial infection following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy. 2008;24:1330-5. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.07.015.
 
11) Van Tongel A, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a retrospective analysis of incidence, management and outcome. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1059-63. doi:10.1177/0363546507299443.
 
12) Cadet ER, et al. Management of septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a review of current practices and recommendations. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2013;21:647-56. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-21-11-647.
 
13) Fong SY, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004;33:228-34.
PubMed
14) Saper M, et al. Arthroscopic irrigation and debridement in the treatment of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2014;30:747-54. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2014.02.015.
 
15) Wang C, et al. Recommendations for the management of septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22:2136-44. doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2648-z.
 
16) Williams RJ, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Diagnosis and management. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:261-7. doi:10.1177/036354659702500222.
 
17) Zalavras CG, et al. Treatment of persistent infection after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;439:52-5.
PubMed
18) Burks RT, et al. Treatment of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament infections with graft removal and early reimplantation. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:414-8. doi:10.1177/03635465030310031501.
 
19) Mouzopoulos G, et al. Septic knee arthritis following ACL reconstruction:a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17:1033-42. doi:10.1007/s00167-009-0793-1.
 
20) Gobbi A, et al. Postoperative infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sports Health. 2016;8:187-9. doi:10.1177/1941738115618638.
 
21) Abdel-Aziz A, et al. Multiple arthroscopic debridement and graft retention in septic knee arthritis after ACL reconstruction:a prospective case-control study. Int Orthop. 2014;38:73-82. doi:10.1007/s00264-013-2123-y.
 
22) Binnet MS, et al. Risk and outcome of infection after different arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques. Arthroscopy. 2007;23:862-8. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2007.02.008.
 
23) Schollin-Borg M, et al. Presentation, outcome, and cause of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a case control study. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:941-7.
 
24) Schuster P, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:evaluation of an arthroscopic graft-retaining treatment protocol. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:3005-12. doi:10.1177/0363546515603054.
 
25) Hantes ME, et al. Management of septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a standard surgical protocol. Knee. 2017;24:588-93. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.02.007.
 
P.344 掲載の参考文献
1) Wang C, et al. Recommendations for the management of septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22:2136-44. doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2648-z.
 
2) Kursumovic K, et al. Graft salvage following infected anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B:608-15. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.98B5.35990.
 
3) Schuster P, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:evaluation of an arthroscopic graft-retaining treatment protocol. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:3005-12. doi:10.1177/0363546515603054.
 
4) Makhni EC, et al. Functional outcome and graft retention in patients with septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2015;31:1392-401. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2014.12.026.
 
5) Greenberg DD, et al. Allograft compared with autograft infection rates in primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:2402-8. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00456.
 
6) Matava MJ, et al. Septic arthritis of the knee following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:results of a survey of sports medicine fellowship directors. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:717-25.
PubMed
7) Burks RT, et al. Treatment of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament infections with graft removal and early reimplantation. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:414-8. doi:10.1177/03635465030310031501.
 
8) Kusnezov N, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament graft removal versus retention in the setting of septic arthritis after reconstruction:a systematic review and expected value decision analysis. Arthroscopy. 2018;34:967-75. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.246.
 
9) Gille J, et al. Functional outcome of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Int Orthop. 2015;39:1195-201. doi:10.1007/s00264-014-2600-y.
 
10) Williams RJ, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Diagnosis and management. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:261-7. doi:10.1177/036354659702500222.
 
11) Indelli PF, et al. Septic arthritis in postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002:182-8.
PubMed
12) Kurokouchi K, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2008;24:615-7. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.01.012.
 
13) Zalavras CG, et al. Treatment of persistent infection after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;439:52-5.
PubMed
14) Hantes ME, et al. Management of septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a standard surgical protocol. Knee. 2017;24:588-93. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.02.007.
 
Part VIII Sports, 3. Treatment, Question 9, p.911-912.
 

Part IX 肘関節

P.349 掲載の参考文献
1) Mansat P, et al. Experience with the Coonrad-Morrey total elbow arthroplasty:78 consecutive total elbow arthroplasties reviewed with an average 5 years of follow-up. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22:1461-8. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2013.07.042.
 
2) Morrey BF, et al. Total elbow arthroplasty in primary osteoarthritis. In:Morrey BF, Morrey ME, Sanchez-Sotelo J, editors. The Elbow and its Disorders, 5th Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences;2018. p.902-6.
 
3) Jeon IH, et al. Incidence and implications of early postoperative wound complications after total elbow arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20:857-65. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.03.005.
 
4) Voloshin I, et al. Complications of total elbow replacement:a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20:158-68. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2010.08.026.
 
5) Chiu FY, et al. Antibiotic-impregnated cement in revision total knee arthroplasty. A prospective cohort study of one hundred and eightythree knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:628-33. doi:10.2106/JBJS.G.01570.
 
6) Bistolfi A, et al. Antibiotic-loaded cement in orthopedic surgery:a review. ISRN Orthop. 2011;2011:290851. doi:10.5402/2011/290851.
 
7) Bohm E, et al. Does adding antibiotics to cement reduce the need for early revision in total knee arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:162-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3186-1.
 
8) Hinarejos P, et al. The use of erythromycin and colistin-loaded cement in total knee arthroplasty does not reduce the incidence of infection:a prospective randomized study in 3,000 knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:769-74. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.00901.
PubMed
9) Yi Z, et al. No decreased infection rate when using antibiotic-impregnated cement in primary total joint arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2014;37:839-45. doi:10.3928/01477447-20141124-07.
 
10) Zhou Y, et al. Lack of efficacy of prophylactic application of antibiotic-loaded bone cement for prevention of infection in primary total knee arthroplasty:results of a meta-analysis. Surg Infect. 2015;16:183-7. doi:10.1089/sur.2014.044.
 
11) Nikitovic M. Antibiotic-laden bone cement for primary knee arthroplasty:a rapid review. Toronto ON:Health Quality Ontario;2013;Nov;1-22.
 
12) Cummins JS, et al. Cost-effectiveness of antibiotic-impregnated bone cement used in primary total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:634-41. doi:10.2106/JBJS.G.01029.
 
13) Jiranek WA, et al. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement for infection prophylaxis in total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:2487-500. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.01126.
 
14) Morris AM, et al. Arthroplasty and postoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis. CMAJ. 2016;188:243-4. doi:10.1503/cmaj.150429.
 
15) Namba RS, et al. Risk factors associated with deep surgical site infections after primary total knee arthroplasty:an analysis of 56,216 knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:775-82. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.00211.
 
16) Dale H, et al. Increasing risk of revision due to deep infection after hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop. 2009;80:639-45. doi:10.3109/17453670903506658.
 
17) Malchau H, et al. Prognosis of total hip replacement in Sweden. Follow-up of 92,675 operations performed 1978-1990. Acta Orthop Scand. 1993;64:497-506.
 
18) Parvizi J, et al. Efficacy of antibioticimpregnated cement in total hip replacement. Acta Orthop. 2008;7 9:335-41. doi:10.1080/17453670710015229.
 
19) Parvizi J, et al. Proceedings of the International Consensus on Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:1450-2. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B11.33135.
 
20) Fleischman AN, et al. Rethinking the role of antibiotics in bone cement. Orthopaedics Today. August 2016. https://www.healio.com/orthopedics/infection/news/print/orthopedics-today/%7be06ac19a-61e2-4264-b912-1b73ad-6c4655%7d/rethinking-the-role-of-antibiotics-in-bone-cement. Accessed August 31, 2018.
 
21) Engesaeter LB, et al. Does cement increase the risk of infection in primary total hip arthroplasty? Revision rates in 56,275 cemented and uncemented primary THAs followed for 0-16 years in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop. 2006;77:351-8. doi:10.1080/17453670610046253.
 
22) Engesaeter LB, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty:effects of antibiotic prophylaxis systemically and in bone cement on the revision rate of 22,170 primary hip replacements followed 0-14 years in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop Scand. 2003;74:644-51. doi:10.1080/00016470310018135.
 
23) Espehaug B, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty. Review of 10,905 primary cemented total hip replacements reported to the Norwegian arthroplasty register, 1987 to 1995. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79:590-5.
 
24) Wang J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic-impregnated bone cement use in primary total hip or knee arthroplasty. PloS One. 2013;8:e82745. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082745.
 
25) Sprowson AP, et al. The use of high-dose dual-impregnated antibiotic-laden cement with hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of a fracture of the hip:the fractured hip infection trial. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B:1534-41. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.98B11.34693.
 
26) Kleppel D, et al. Antibiotic bone cement's effect on infection rates in primary and revision total knee arthroplasties. World J Orthop. 2017;8:946-55. doi:10.5312/wjo.v8.i12.946.
 
27) Duquin TR, et al. Triceps insufficiency after the treatment of deep infection following total elbow replacement. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:82-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.96B1.31127.
 
28) Hansen EN, et al. Routine use of antibiotic laden bone cement for primary total knee arthroplasty:impact on infecting microbial patterns and resistance profiles. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1123-7. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.12.004.
 
Part IX Elbow, 1. Prevention, Question 2, p.916-918.
 
P.351 掲載の参考文献
1) Cheung EV, et al. Reimplantation of a total elbow prosthesis following resection arthroplasty for infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:589-94. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00829.
 
2) Peach CA, et al. Two-stage revision for the treatment of the infected total elbow arthroplasty. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:1681-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B12.31336.
 
3) Ahmadi S, et al. The value of intraoperative histology in predicting infection in patients undergoing revision elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:1976-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.00409.
 
4) Gille J, et al. Single-stage revision of periprosthetic infection following total elbow replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88:1341-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.88B10.17952.
 
5) Gutow AP, et al. Infection following total elbow arthroplasty. Hand Clin. 1994;10:521-9.
PubMed
6) Jeon I-H, et al. Incidence and implications of early postoperative wound complications after total elbow arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20:857-65. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.03.005.
 
7) Minami M, et al. Postoperative infection related with the total elbow arthroplasty (Kudo's Prosthesis) in rheumatoid arthritis. J Hand Surg Asian-Pac. Vol 2018;23:58-65. doi:10.1142/S2424835518500078.
 
8) Streubel PN, et al. Infection in total elbow arthroplasty with stable components:outcomes of a staged surgical protocol with retention of the components. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B:976-83. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.98B7.36397.
 
9) Wolfe SW, et al. Management of infection about total elbow prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:198-212.
PubMed
10) Achermann Y, et al. Characteristics and outcome of 27 elbow periprosthetic joint infections:results from a 14-year cohort study of 358 elbow prostheses. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:432-8. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03243.x.
 
11) Rudge WBJ, et al. The management of infected elbow arthroplasty by two-stage revision. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018;27:879-86. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2017.12.033.
 
12) Spormann C, et al. Treatment strategies for periprosthetic infections after primary elbow arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:992-1000. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.007.
 
13) Parvizi J, et al. New definition for periprosthetic joint infection:from the Workgroup of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:2992-4. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-2102-9.
 
14) Wee AT, et al. The fate of elbows with unexpected positive intraoperative cultures during revision elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:109-16. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.00121.
 
15) Morrey BF, et al. Infection after total elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:330-8.
PubMed
16) Portillo ME, et al. Prosthesis failure within 2 years of implantation is highly predictive of infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:3672-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3200-7.
 
Part IX Elbow, 2. Diagnosis, Question 6, p.925-926.
 
P.353 掲載の参考文献
1) Morrey BF, et al. Infection after Total Elbow Arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;4295:330-8.
 
2) Achermann Y, et al. Characteristics and outcome of 27 elbow periprosthetic joint infections:results from a 14-year cohort study of 358 elbow prostheses. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:432-8. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03243.x.
 
3) Peach CA, et al. Two-stage revision for the treatment of the infected total elbow arthroplasty. Bone Joint J. 2013;95 B:1681-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B12.31336.
 
4) Spormann C, et al. Treatment strategies for periprosthetic infections after primary elbow arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:992-1000. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.007.
 
5) Streubel PN, et al. Infection in total elbow arthroplasty with stable components:outcomes of a staged surgical protocol with retention of the components. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B:976-83. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.98B7.36397.
 
6) Yamaguchi K, et al. Infection after total elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:481-91.
PubMed
Part IX Elbow, 3. Treatment, Question 1, p.927.
 
P.355 掲載の参考文献
1) Streubel PN, et al. Infection in total elbow arthroplasty with stable components:outcomes of a staged surgical protocol with retention of the components. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B:976-83. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.98B7.36397.
 
2) Zarkadas PC, et al. Long-term outcome of resection arthroplasty for the failed total elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:2576-82. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00577.
 
3) Gille J, et al. Single-stage revision of periprosthetic infection following total elbow replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88:1341-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.88B10.17952.
 
4) Wolfe SW, et al. Management of infection about total elbow prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:198-212.
PubMed
5) Yamaguchi K, et al. Semiconstrained total elbow arthroplasty in the context of treated previous infection. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1999;8:461-5.
PubMed
6) Cheung EV, et al. Reimplantation of a total elbow prosthesis following resection arthroplasty for infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:589-94. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00829.
 
7) Peach CA, et al. Two-stage revision for the treatment of the infected total elbow arthroplasty. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:1681-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.95B12.31336.
 
8) Spormann C, et al. Treatment strategies for periprosthetic infections after primary elbow arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:992-1000. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.007.
 
9) Achermann Y, et al. Characteristics and outcome of 27 elbow periprosthetic joint infections:results from a 14-year cohort study of 358 elbow prostheses. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:432-8. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03243.x.
 
10) Somerson JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of periprosthetic elbow infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97:1962-71. doi:10.2106/JBJS.O.00170.
 
Part IX Elbow, 3. Treatment, Question 2, p.928.
 

Part X 小児

P.359 掲載の参考文献
1) Kocher MS, et al. Differentiating between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children:an evidence-based clinical prediction algorithm. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:1662-70.
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18) Fottner A, et al. Can serum procalcitonin help to differentiate between septic and nonseptic arthritis? Arthroscopy. 2008;24:229-33. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2007.07.029.
 
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PART X Pediatrics, 2. Diagnostic, Question 1, p.939-940.
 
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10) Paakkonen M, et al. Management of a child with suspected acute septic arthritis. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97:287-92. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-300462.
 
11) Ceroni D, et al. Osteoarticular infections in young children:what has changed over the last years? Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w13971. doi:10.4414/smw.2014.13971.
 
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13) El-Sayed AMM. Treatment of early septic arthritis of the hip in children:comparison of results of open arthrotomy versus arthroscopic drainage. J Child Orthop. 2008;2:229-37. doi:10.1007/s11832-008-0094-0.
 
14) Kocher MS, et al. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for the differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children:J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86A:1629-35. doi:10.2106/00004623-200408000-00005.
 
15) Uzoigwe CE. Another look:is there a flaw to current hip septic arthritis diagnostic algorithms? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:1645-51. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3142-0.
 
16) Peltola H, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of 10 days versus 30 days of antimicrobial treatment, including a short-term course of parenteral therapy, for childhood septic arthritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1201-10. doi:10.1086/597582.
 
17) Caird MS, et al. Factors distinguishing septic arthritis from transient synovitis of the hip in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006:88:1251-7.
 
18) Jung ST, et al. Significance of laboratory and radiologic findings for differentiating between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 2003;23:368-72.
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PART X Pediatrics, 3. Treatment, Question 1, p.947-948.
 
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6) Lane JG, et al. Pyarthrosis of the knee. Treatment considerations. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990:198-204.
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8) Thompson RM, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of septic arthritis in very young children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017;37:e53-7. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000000659.
 
9) Sanpera I, et al. Arthroscopy for hip septic arthritis in children. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2016;102:87-9. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2015.10.008.
 
10) DeAngelis NA, et al. Hip arthroscopy in the pediatric population. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003:60-3. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000043044.84315.90.
 
11) Kim S-J, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of septic arthritis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003:211-214.
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17) Johns B, et al. Arthroscopic versus open treatment for acute septic arthritis of the knee in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018;37:413-8. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001795.
 
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PART X Pediatrics, 3. Treatment, Question 3, p.949-950.
 
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3) Peltola H, et al. Acute osteomyelitis in children. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:352-60. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1213956.
 
4) Paakkonen M, et al. Simplifying the treatment of acute bacterial bone and joint infections in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9:1125-31. doi:10.1586/eri.11.140.
 
5) Arnold SR, et al. Changing patterns of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis:emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26:703-8. doi:10.1097/01.bpo.0000242431.91489.b4.
 
6) Paakkonen M, et al. Treatment of acute septic arthritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32:684-5. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31828e1721.
 
7) Majewski J, et al. Route and length of therapy of acute uncomplicated hematogenous osteomyelitis:do we have the answers yet? Hosp Pediatr. 2014;4:44-7. doi:10.1542/hpeds.2013-0035.
 
8) Paakkonen M, et al. Management of a child with suspected acute septic arthritis. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97:287-92. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-300462.
 
9) Paakkonen M, et al. Antibiotic treatment for acute haematogenous osteomyelitis of childhood:moving towards shorter courses and oral administration. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;38:273-80. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.04.007.
 
10) Jagodzinski NA, et al. Prospective evaluation of a shortened regimen of treatment for acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29:518-25. doi:10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181ab472d.
 
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12) Chou ACC, et al. The use of C-reactive protein as a guide for transitioning to oral antibiotics in pediatric osteoarticular infections. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;36:173-7. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000000427.
 
13) Arnold JC, et al. Acute bacterial osteoarticular infections:eight-year analysis of C-reactive protein for oral step-down therapy. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e821-8. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0220.
 
14) Paakkonen M, et al. Antibiotic treatment and surgery for acute hematogenous calcaneal osteomyelitis of childhood. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54:840-3. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2015.01.006.
 
15) Calvo C, et al. Epidemiology and management of acute, uncomplicated septic arthritis and osteomyelitis:Spanish multicenter study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35:1288-93. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001309.
 
16) Syrogiannopoulos G, et al. Duration of antimicrobial therapy for acute suppurative osteoarticular infections. The Lancet. 1988;331:37-40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91013-6.
 
17) Vinod MB, et al. Duration of antibiotics in children with osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002;38:363-7. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.2002.00007.x.
 
18) Saavedra-Lozano J, et al. Bone and joint infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36:788-99. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001635.
 
19) McMullan BJ, et al. Antibiotic duration and timing of the switch from intravenous to oral route for bacterial infections in children:systematic review and guidelines. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:e139-52. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30024-X.
 
20) Septic Arthritis [revised 2015 Oct.]. Melb Ther Guide Ltd. 2018. https://tgldcdp.tg.org.au/searchAction (accessed August 6, 2018).
 
21) Osteomyelitis [revised 2015 Oct.]. Melb Ther Guide Ltd. 2018. https://tgldcdp.tg.org.au/searchAction (accessed August 6, 2018).
 
PART X Pediatrics, 3. Treatment, Question 4, p.950-951.
 

Part XI バイオフィルム

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Part XI Biofilm, 1. Formation, Question 1, p.959-962.
 
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Part XI Biofilm, 1. Formation, Question 2, p.962-963.
 
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Part XI Biofilm, 1. Formation, Question 3, p.963-964.
 
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Part XI Biofilm, 1. Formation, Question 4, p.965-966.
 
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Part XI Biofilm, 1. Formation, Question 7, p.969-970.
 

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