てんかんテキスト　New　Version

出版社： 中山書店
著者：
発行日： 2012-05-31
分野： 臨床医学：内科  >  脳神経科学/神経内科学
ISBN： 9784521734408
電子書籍版： 2012-05-31 （初版第2刷）
書籍・雑誌
≪全国送料無料でお届け≫
品切れ

11,000 円(税込)

電子書籍
章別単位で購入
ブラウザ、アプリ閲覧

11,000 円(税込)

購入する

商品紹介

てんかんは中枢神経疾患のなかでも古くから知られる頻度の高い疾患で，理論に合致した治療が実践されている領域である。一方で症例ごとに病態の多様性があることが知られており，治療効果は診断の正しさに依存する。本書は，神経内科・精神科・脳神経外科・小児科・放射線科・神経病理・神経生理など多岐にわたる執筆陣により，この古くて新しい疾患が広く深く正しく理解できるよう解説されている。

目次

  • てんかんテキスト　New Version

    ―目次―

    1．総論
    2．臨床診断のポイント
    3．検査
    4．治療

    Case Study

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

I. 総論

P.8 掲載の参考文献
1) Murray CJL, et al (editors). Global Comparative Assessment in the Health Sector : Disease Burden, Expenditures, and Intervention Packages. Geneva : World Health Organization ; 1994.
 
2) Banerjee PN, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy : A review. Epilepsy Res 2009 ; 85 : 31-45.
PubMed
3) 中田瑞穂. 癲癇 2000年-てんかんに関する史的雑記. 東京 : 社団法人日本てんかん協会, ぶどう社 ; 1984, pp.30-72.
 
4) 酒井シヅ. てんかんの歴史. 秋元波留夫ほか (編), てんかん学. 東京 : 岩崎学術出版社 ; 1984. pp.17-28.
 
5) Critchley M, Critchley EA. John Hughlings Jackson : Father of English Neurology. New York, Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1998, pp.61-71.
 
6) Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981 ; 22 : 489-501.
PubMed
7) Proposal for classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1985 ; 26 : 268-278.
PubMed
8) Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989 ; 30 : 389-399.
PubMed
9) Berg AT, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies : Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 676-685.
PubMed
10) Penfield W, Jasper H. II Introductory definitions and classifications. In : Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain. Boston : Little, Brown and Company ; 1954, pp.20-40.
 
11) Wiebe S, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 : 311-318.
 
12) de Tisi J, et al. The long-term outcome of adult epilepsy surgery, patterns of seizure, remission, and relapse : A cohort study. Lancet 2011 ; 378 : 1388-1395.
 
13) Steinlein OK, Noebels JL. Ion channels and epilepsy in man and mouse. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2000 ; 10 : 286-291.
PubMed
14) Mattson RH. Medical management of epilepsy in adults. Neurology 1998 ; 51 (5 Suppl 4) : S15-20.
 
15) 廣瀬源二郎, 川村哲朗. てんかん包括医療に関する新たな提言. 神経研究の進歩 2005 ; 49 (5) : 729-734.
 
P.17 掲載の参考文献
1) Wallace RH, et al. Febrile seizures and generalized epilepsy associated with a mutation in the Na+ -channel beta 1 subunit gene SCN1B. Nat Genet 1998 ; 19 : 366-370.
 
2) Alekov A, et al. A sodium channel mutation causing epilepsy in man exhibits subtle defects in fast inactivation and activation in vitro. J Physiol 2000 ; 529 : 533-539.
PubMed
3) Lossin C, et al. Epilepsy-associated dysfunction in the voltage-gated neuronal sodium channel SCN1A. J Neurosci 2003 ; 23 : 11289-11295.
PubMed
4) Ogiwara I, et al. Nav1.1 localizes to axons of parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons : A circuit basis for epileptic seizures in mice carrying an Scn1a gene mutation. J Neurosci 2007 ; 27 (22) : 5903-5914.
PubMed
5) Rusconi R, et al. A rescuable folding defective Nav1.1 (SCN1A) sodium channel mutant causes GEFS+ : Common mechanism in Nav1.1 related epilepsies- Hum Mutat 2009 ; 30 (7) : E747-760.
PubMed
6) Sugiura Y, et al. Different degrees of loss of function between GEFS+ and SMEI Nav1.1 missense mutants at the same residue induced by rescuable folding defects. Epilepsia, in press.
 
7) Sugiura Y, et al. Lack of potassium current in W309R mutant KCNQ3 channel causing benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC). Epilepsy Res 2009 ; 84 (1) : 82-85.
PubMed
8) Zuberi SM, et al. A novel mutation in the human voltage-gated potassium channel gene (Kv1.1) associates with episodic ataxia type 1 and sometimes with partial epilepsy. Brain 1999 ; 122 : 817-825.
PubMed
9) Du W, et al. Calcium-sensitive potassium channelopathy in human epilepsy and paroxysmal movement disorder. Nat Genet 2005 ; 37 : 733-738.
PubMed
10) Bockenhauer D, et al. Epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, tubulopathy, and KCNJ10 mutations. N Engl J Med 2009 ; 360 (19) : 1960-1970.
 
11) Olsen ML, Sontheimer H. Functional implications for Kir4.1 channels in glial biology : From K+ buffering to cell differentiation. J Neurochem 2008 ; 107 (3) : 589-601.
 
12) Imbrici P, et al. Dysfunction of the brain calcium channel CaV2.1 in absence epilepsy and episodic ataxia. Brain 2004 ; 127 : 2682-2692.
PubMed
13) Escayg A, et al. Coding and noncoding variation of the human calcium-channel beta4-subunit gene CACNB4 in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and episodic ataxia. Am J Hum Genet 2000 ; 66 : 1531-1539.
PubMed
14) Haug K, et al. Mutations in CLCN2 encoding a voltage-gated chloride channel are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Nat Genet 2003 ; 33 : 527-532.
PubMed
15) Baulac S, et al. First genetic evidence of GABAA receptor dysfunction in epilepsy : A mutation in the gamma2-subunit gene. Nat Genet 2001 ; 28 : 46-48.
PubMed
16) Wallace RH, et al. Mutant GABAA receptor gamma2-subunit in childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures. Nat Genet 2001 ; 28 : 49-52.
PubMed
17) Cossette P, et al. Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Nat Genet 2002 ; 31 : 184-189.
 
18) De Fusco M, et al. The nicotinic receptor beta 2 subunit is mutant in nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Nat Genet 2000 ; 26 : 275-276.
PubMed
19) Matsushima N, et al. Mutation (Ser284Leu) of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 4 subunit associated with frontal lobe epilepsy causes faster desensitization of the rat receptor expressed in oocytes. Epilepsy Res 2002 ; 48 : 181-186.
PubMed
20) Zhu G, et al. Rats harboring S284L Chrna4 mutation show attenuation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAergic transmission and exhibit the nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy phenotype. J Neurosci 2008 ; 28 (47) : 12465-12476.
PubMed
P.23 掲載の参考文献
1) Kaneko S, et al. Development of individualized medicine for epilepsy based on genetic information. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2008 ; 1 : 661-681.
PubMed
2) Patino GA, et al. A functional null mutation of SCN1B in a patient with Dravet syndrome. J Neurosci 2009 ; 29 : 10764-10778.
 
3) Fukuma G, et al. Mutations of neuronal voltage-gated Na+ channel alpha 1 subunit gene SCN1A in core severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI) and in borderline SMEI (SMEB). Epilepsia 2004 ; 45 : 140-148.
PubMed
4) Kamiya K, et al. A nonsense mutation of the sodium channel gene SCN2A in a patient with intractable epilepsy and mental decline. J Neurosci 2004 ; 24 : 2690-2698.
 
5) Chen Y, et al. Association between genetic variation of CACNA1H and childhood absence epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2003 ; 54 : 239-243.
PubMed
6) Singh B, et al. Mutational analysis of CACNA1G in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Hum Mutat 2007 ; 28 : 524-525.
PubMed
7) Hirose S, et al. A novel mutation of KCNQ3 (c.925T-->C) in a Japanese family with benign familial neonatal convulsions. Ann Neurol 2000 ; 47 : 822-826.
 
8) Cossette P, et al. Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Nature Genet 2002 ; 31 : 184-189.
 
9) Audenaert D, et al. A novel GABRG2 mutation associated with febrile seizures. Neurology 2006 ; 67 : 687-690.
PubMed
10) De Fusco M, et al. The nicotinic receptor beta-2 subunit is mutant in nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Nat Genet 2000 ; 26 : 275-276.
PubMed
11) Hirose S, et al. A novel mutation of CHRNA4 responsible for autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 1999 ; 53 : 1749-1753.
PubMed
12) Sharp AJ, et al. A recurrent 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome associated with mental retardation and seizures. Nat Genet 2008 ; 40 : 322-328.
PubMed
13) Kalachikov S, et al. Mutations in LGI1 cause autosomal-dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features. Nat Genet 2002 ; 30 : 335-341.
PubMed
14) Suzuki T, et al. Mutations in EFHC1 cause juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Nat Genet 2004 ; 36 : 842-849.
PubMed
15) Minassian BA, et al. Mutations in a gene encoding a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Nat Genet 1998 ; 20 : 171-174.
 
16) Singh S, et al. Mutations in the NHLRC1 gene are the common cause for Lafora disease in the Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2005 ; 50 : 347-352.
PubMed
17) Kato M, et al. A longer polyalanine expansion mutation in the ARX gene causes early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst pattern (Ohtahara syndrome). Am J Hum Genet 2007 ; 81 : 361-366.
 
18) Saitsu H, et al. De novo mutations in the gene encoding STXBP1 (MUNC18-1) cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Nat Genet 2008 ; 40 : 782-788.
PubMed
19) Zhu G, et al. Rats harboring S284L Chrna4 mutation show attenuation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAergic transmission and exhibit the nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy phenotype. J Neurosci 2008 ; 28 : 12465-12476.
PubMed
P.32 掲載の参考文献
1) Taylor DC, et al. Focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1971 ; 34 : 369-387.
 
2) Palmini A, et al. Terminology and classification of the cortical dysplasias. Neurology 2004 ; 62 (Suppl 3) : S2-S8.
 
3) Blumcke I, et al. The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias : A consensus classification proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic Methods Commission. Epilepsia 2011 ; 52 : 158-174.
 
4) 亀山茂樹, 柿田明美. 連載 てんかんの画像と病理. 1. 限局性皮質形成異常. 2. 内側側頭葉てんかん. 3. DNTと腫瘍性病変. 4. 結節性硬化症. 5. 海綿状血管腫と脳動静脈奇形. 脳神経外科 2007 ; 35 : 623-630, 719-729, 833-841, 1027-1035, 1199-1206.
 
5) Mischel PS, et al. Cerebral cortical dysplasia associated with pediatric epilepsy. Review of neuropathologic features and proposal for a grading system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1995 ; 54 : 137-153.
PubMed
6) Kakita A, et al. Pathologic features of dysplasia and accompanying alterations observed in surgical specimens from patients with intractable epilepsy. J Child Neurol 2005 ; 20 : 341-350.
PubMed
7) Wiebe S, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 : 311-318.
 
8) Watson C, et al. Pathological grading system for hippocampal sclerosis : Correlation with magnetic resonance imaging-based volume measurements of the hippocampus. J Epilepsy 1996 ; 9 : 56-64.
 
9) Meencke HJ, Janz D. Neuropathological findings in primary generalized epilepsy : A study of eight cases. Epilepsia 1984 ; 25 : 8-21.
PubMed
10) 山田光則, 高橋均. ポリグルタミン病の神経病理. 脳と神経 2003 ; 55 : 921-930.
 
・ 柳下章, 新井信隆. 難治性てんかんの画像と病理. 東京 : 秀潤社 ; 2007.
 
・ Lahl R, et al (editors). Neuropathology of focal epilepsies : An atlas. United Kingdom : John Libbey & Co Ltd ; 2003.
 
・ Golden JA, Harding BN (editors). Pathology and Genetics : Developmental Neuropathology. Basel : ISN Neuropath Press ; 2004.
 
P.40 掲載の参考文献
1) Carlen PL, et al. The role of gap junctions in seizures. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000 ; 32 : 235-241.
PubMed
2) Spray DC, et al. Gap junctional conductance is a simple and sensitive function of intracellular pH. Science 1981 ; 211 : 712-715.
PubMed
3) Thiry A, et al. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as anticonvulsant agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2007 ; 7 : 855-864.
PubMed
4) Voss LJ, et al. Excitatory effects of gap junction blockers on cerebral cortex seizurelike activity in rats and mice. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 : 1971-1978.
PubMed
5) 福田孝一. もうひとつの神経細胞ネットワーク-ギャップ結合による大脳皮質GABAニューロン間の直接的コミュニケーション. 福岡医学雑誌 2006 ; 97 : 160-174.
Medical*Online
6) Hamzei-Sichani F, et al. Gap junctions on hippocampal mossy fiber axons demonstrated by thin-section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 ; 104 : 12548-12553.
PubMed
7) Traub RD, et al. High-frequency population oscillations are predicted to occur in hippocampal pyramidal neuronal networks interconnected by axoaxonal gap junctions. Neuroscience 1999 ; 92 : 407-426.
PubMed
8) Bragin A, et al. Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex high-frequency oscillations (100-500 Hz) in human epileptic brain and in kainic acid-treated rats with chronic seizures. Epilepsia 1999 ; 40 : 127-137.
PubMed
9) Behrens CJ, et al. Nonspecific effects of the gap junction blocker mefloquine on fast hippocampal network oscillations in the adult rat in vitro. Neuroscience 2011 ; 192 : 11-19.
PubMed
10) Maier N, et al. Reduction of high-frequency network oscillations (ripples) and pathological network discharges in hippocampal slices from connexin 36-deficient mice. J Physiol 2002 ; 541 (Pt 2) : 521-528.
 
11) Staley KJ, et al. Ionic mechanisms of neuronal excitation by inhibitory GABAA receptors. Science 1995 ; 269 : 977-981.
PubMed
12) Szabadics J, et al. Excitatory effect of GABAergic axo-axonic cell in cortical microcircuits. Science 2006 ; 311 : 233-235.
PubMed
13) Fukuda T, Kosaka T. Gap junctions linking the dendritic network of GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 2000 ; 20 : 1519-1528.
PubMed
14) Hormuzdi SG, et al. Impaired electrical signaling disrupts gamma frequency oscillations in connexin 36-deficient mice. Neuron 2001 ; 31 : 487-495.
PubMed
15) 小泉修一. 細胞外ヌクレオチドを介した中枢神経系の細胞間情報連絡. 山梨医科学誌 2007 ; 22 : 27-38.
 
16) Perea G, et al. Tripartite synapses : Astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trend Neurosci 2009 ; 32 : 421-431.
PubMed
17) WallraffA, et al. The impact of astrocytic gap junctional coupling on potassium buffering in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 2006 ; 26 : 5438-5447.
PubMed
18) Saez JC, et al. Plasma membrane channels formed by connexins : Their regulation and functions. Physiological Reviews 2003 ; 83 : 1359-1400.
PubMed
19) Bedner P, et al. Functional redundancy and compensation among members of gap junction protein families- Biochim Biophys Acta 2011 ; doi : 10.1016/j.bbamem. 2011. 10. 016
 
P.47 掲載の参考文献
1) Okada M, et al. Validation criteria for genetic animal models of epilepsy. Epilepsy & Seizure 2010 ; 3 : 109-120.
 
2) Hirose S, et al. Are some idiopathic epilepsies disorders of ion channels? : A working hypothesis. Epilepsy Res 2000 ; 41 : 191-204.
PubMed
3) McNamara JO. Emerging insights into the genesis of epilepsy. Nature 1999 ; 399 (6738 Suppl) : A15-22.
 
4) Rogawski MA, Porter RJ. Antiepileptic drugs : Pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with consideration of promising developmental stage compounds. Pharmacol Rev 1990 ; 42 : 223-286.
PubMed
5) MacDonald R, Rogowski M. Cellular effects of antiepileptic drugs. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. Vol.2. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2007, pp.1433-1446.
 
6) De Smedt T, et al. Levetiracetam : The profile of a novel anticonvulsant drug-part I : Preclinical data. CNS Drug Rev 2007 ; 13 : 43-56.
PubMed
7) Zhu G, et al. Rats harboring S284L Chrna4 mutation show attenuation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAergic transmission and exhibit the nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy phenotype. J Neurosci 2008 ; 28 : 12465-12476.
PubMed
8) Meldrum B. Molecular targets for novel antiepileptic drugs. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. Vol.2. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007, pp.1457-1468.
 
9) Yamamura S, et al. Topiramate and zonisamide prevent paradoxical intoxication induced by carbamazepine and phenytoin. Epilepsy Res 2009 ; 84 : 172-186.
PubMed
10) Catterall WA, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated sodium channels. Pharmacol Rev 2005 ; 57 : 397-409.
PubMed
11) Catterall WA, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XLVIII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels. Pharmacol Rev 2005 ; 57 : 411-425.
PubMed
12) Gutman GA, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. LIII. Nomenclature and molecular relationships of voltage-gated potassium channels. Pharmacol Rev 2005 ; 57 : 473-508.
PubMed
13) Langan YM, et al. Talampanel, a new antiepileptic drug : Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and initial 1-week experience in patients with chronic intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 2003 ; 44 : 46-53.
PubMed
P.53 掲載の参考文献
1) WHO. Atlas : Epilepsy Care in the World. Geneva : World Health Organization ; 2005.
 
2) Commission on Classification and Terminology of the ILAE. Clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1970 ; 11 : 102-113.
 
3) Merlis JK. Proposal for an international classification of epilepsies. Epilepsia 1970 ; 11 : 114-119.
PubMed
4) Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981 ; 22 : 489-501.
PubMed
5) Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989 ; 30 : 389-399.
PubMed
6) Berg AT, et al. Revised terminology and concepts of organization of seizures and epilepsies : Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 676-685.
PubMed
7) 日本てんかん学会分類委員会 (清野昌一ほか). てんかん発作の臨床・脳波分類 (1981). てんかん研究 1987 ; 5 : 62.
 
8) 日本てんかん学会分類用語委員会 (翻訳). てんかん発作およびてんかんを体系化するための用語と概念の改訂 : ILAE分類・用語委員会報告 (2005～2009年). てんかん研究 2011 ; 28 : 515-525.
 
9) 日本てんかん学会分類・用語委員会 (翻訳). 国際抗てんかん連盟 : てんかん発作とてんかんの診断大要案 : 分類・用語作業部会報告. てんかん研究 2003 ; 21 : 242-251.
 
10) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
11) 重藤寛史. てんかんの初期診療と最近のトピックス. 福岡医誌 2011 ; 102 : 195-202.
Medical*Online
12) 重藤寛史, 飛松省三. てんかんの分類. Clinical Neuroscience 2008 ; 26 : 29-32.
 
13) 木下真幸子, 池田昭夫. てんかん分類の最新の話題-脳波と症状の基軸からの発展をめざして. 医学のあゆみ 2010 ; 232 : 1021-1030.
Medical*Online

II. 臨床診断のポイント

P.60 掲載の参考文献
1) Panayiotopoulos CP. Differential diagnosis of paroxysmal events : Epileptic and nonepileptic seizures. In : Panayiotopoulos CP. The Epilepsies : Seizures, Syndromes and Management. Oxfordshire : Bladon Medical Publishing ; 2005, pp.2-7.
 
2) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010, pp.1-16.
 
3) Wyllie E. Epileptic seizures and syndromes. In : Wyllie's Treatment of Epilepsy : Principles and Practice. 5th edition. Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2011, pp.134-505.
 
P.65 掲載の参考文献
1) Panayiotopoulos CP. Differential diagnosis of paroxysmal events : Epileptic and nonepileptic seizures. In : Panayiotopoulos CP. The Epilepsies : Seizures, Syndromes and Management. Oxfordshire : Bladon Medical Publishing ; 2005, pp.2-7.
 
2) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010, pp.1-16.
 
3) Wyllie E. Epileptic seizures and syndromes, In : Wyllie's Treatment of Epilepsy : Principles and Practice. 5th edition. Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins ; 2011, pp.134-505.
 
P.72 掲載の参考文献
1) 三原忠紘ほか. てんかん外科の適応に関するガイドライン . てんかん研究 2008 ; 26 : 114-118.
 
2) Aicardi J. Clinical approach to the management of intractable epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1988 ; 30 : 429-440.
 
3) Takayama M, et al. Intracarotid propofol test for speech and memory dominance in man. Neurology 2004 ; 63 : 510-515.
PubMed
4) 亀山茂樹, 日本てんかん学会ガイドライン作成委員会. 日本てんかん学会ガイドライン 作成委員会報告-新皮質てんかんの外科治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究 2005 ; 23 : 167-170.
 
5) VNS資格認定委員会. 迷走神経刺激療法と刺激装置植込術に関するガイドライン. てんかん研究 2010 ; 28 : 2.
 
6) Wiebe S, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 : 311-318.
 
7) 渡辺英寿ほか. 内側側頭葉てんかんの診断と手術適応に関するガイドライン. てんかん研究 2010 ; 27 : 412-416.
 
8) 開道貴信ほか. 側頭葉外てんかんにおける切除手術例の発作予後. てんかん研究 2007 ; 25 : 49-57.
 
9) Kameyama S, et al. Minimally invasive magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotactic radiofrequency thermocoagulation for epileptogenic hypothalamic hamartomas. Neurosurgery 2009 ; 65 : 438-449 ; discussion 449.
PubMed
10) Yonekawa T, et al. Effect of corpus callosotomy on attention deficit and behavioral problems in pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2011 ; 22 : 697-704.
PubMed
・ 大槻泰介ほか (編). 難治性てんかんの外科治療. 東京 : 診断と治療社 ; 2007.
 
・日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編), てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
P.79 掲載の参考文献
1) Eriksson KJ, Koivikko MJ. Prevalence, classification, and severity of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes in children. Epilepsia 1997 ; 38 : 1275-1282.
PubMed
2) 高橋幸利 (編). 小児てんかん診療マニュアル. 東京 : 診断と治療社 ; 2006, pp.2-4.
 
3) Berg AT, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies : Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 676-685.
PubMed
4) 鍋倉淳一. 発達期における脳機能回路の再編成. 久保田雅也 (編), ここまでわかった小児の発達. 東京 : 中山書店 ; 2010, pp.15-19.
 
5) Lillywhite LM, et al. Neuropsychological and functional MRI studies provide converging evidence of anterior language dysfunction in BECTS. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 : 2276-2284.
PubMed
6) Monjauze C, et al. Language deficits and altered hemispheric lateralization in young people in remission from BECTS. Epilepsia 2011 ; 52 : e79-83.
PubMed
7) Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. A genetic disorder with heterogeneous clinical phenotypes. Brain 1997 ; 120 : 479-490.
PubMed
8) 大塚頌子ほか. フローチャートでわかる小児てんかん診療ガイド. 東京 : 診断と治療社 ; 2011, pp.10-16, pp.92-196.
 
9) 加藤光弘. 脳形成障害・てんかんのトピックス.年齢依存性てんかん性脳症と介在ニューロン病. 脳と発達 2010 ; 42 : 333-338.
 
10) Saitsu H, et al. De novo mutations in the gene encoding STXBP1 (MUNC18-1) cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Nat Genet 2008 ; 40 : 782-788.
PubMed
11) Echenne B, et al. Monoamine metabolism study in severe, early-onset epilepsy in childhood. Epileptic Disord 2008 ; 10 : 130-135.
PubMed
12) Hayashi M, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of brainstem lesions in infantile spasms. Neuropathology 2000 ; 20 : 297-303.
PubMed
P.86 掲載の参考文献
1) Hauser WA, Banerjee PN. Incidence and prevalence. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. 2nd edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2008, pp.45-56.
 
2) Olafsson E, et al. Incidence of unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in Iceland and assessment of the epilepsy syndrome classification : A prospective study. Lancet Neurol 2005 ; 4 (10) : 627-634.
PubMed
3) 池田昭夫ほか.日本てんかん学会ガイドライン作成委員会報告. 高齢者のてんかんに対する診断・治療ガイドライン . てんかん研究 2011 ; 28 : 509-514.
 
4) Ramsay RE, et al. Diagnosing of epilepsy in the elderly. Int Rev Neurobiol 2007 ; 81 : 129-151.
PubMed
5) World Health Organization, with International Bureau for Epilepsy and International League Against Epilepsy. Atlas : Epilepsy Care in the World 2005. Switzerland : WHO press ; 2005.
 
6) Ramsay RE, et al. Special considerations in treating the elderly patient with epilepsy. Neurology 2004 ; 62 (Suppl 2) : S24-29.
 
7) Hauser WA, Hesdorffer DC. Epilepsy : Frequency, Causes and Consequences. New York : Demos Publications ; 1990, pp.1-51.
 
8) So EL, et al. Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction. Neurology 1996 ; 46 : 350-355.
PubMed
9) Hesdorffer DC. Risk factors. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook, 2nd edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2008, pp.57-64.
 
10) Cloyd J, et al. Epidemiological and medical aspects of epilepsy in the elderly. Epilepsy Res 2006 ; 68 (Suppl 1) : S39-48.
 
11) Loiseau J, et al. Idiopathic generalized epilepsy of late onset. Seizure 1998 ; 7 : 485-487.
PubMed
12) Belafsky MA, et al. Prolonged epileptic twilight states : Continuous recordings with nasopharyngeal electrodes and videotape analysis. Neurology 1978 ; 28 : 239-245.
PubMed
13) Noachtar S, Luders HO. Focal akinetic seizures as documented by electroencephalography and video recordings. Neurology 1999 ; 53 : 427-429.
PubMed
14) Matsumoto R, et al. Ictal monoparesis associated with lesions in the primary somatosensory area. Neurology 2005 ; 65 : 1476-1478.
PubMed
15) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
16) 池田昭夫, 柴崎浩. 痙攣. 杉本恒明ほか (編). 内科鑑別診断学, 第2版. 東京 : 朝倉書店 ; 2003, pp.87-96.
 
17) Lancaster E, et al. Antibodies to the GABA (B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures : Case series and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol 2010 ; 9 : 67-76.
 
18) Dalmau J, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis : Case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol 2008 ; 7 : 1091-1098.
PubMed
19) Cameron H, Macphee GJ. Anticonvulsant therapy in the elderly--a need for placebo controlled trials. Epilepsy Res 1995 ; 21 : 149-157.
PubMed
20) Hauser WA, et al. Risk of recurrent seizures after two unprovoked seizures. N Engl J Med 1998 ; 338 : 429-434.
PubMed
21) Nei M, et al. EKG abnormalities during partial seizures in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000 ; 41 : 542-548.
PubMed
22) Dixit S, et al. Cardiac involvement in patients with acute neurologic disease : Confirmation with cardiac troponin I. Arch Intern Med 2000 ; 160 : 3153-3158.
PubMed
23) Sakuragi S, et al. A case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with epileptic seizure : Reversible left ventricular wall motion abnormality and ST-segment elevation. Heart Vessels 2007 ; 22 : 59-63.
PubMed
24) Chin PS, et al. Myocardial infarction following brief convulsive seizures. Neurology 2004 ; 63 : 2453-2454.
PubMed
25) Rowan AJ, et al. New onset of geriatric epilepsy. A randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology 2005 ; 64 : 1868-1873.
PubMed
26) Saetre E, et al. An international multicenter randomized double-blind controlled trial of lamotrigine and sustained-release carbamazepine in the treatment of newly diagnosed epilepsy in the elderly. Epilepsia 2007 ; 48 : 1292-1302.
PubMed
27) Brodie MJ, et al. Multicentre, double-blind, randomised comparison between lamotrigine and carbamazepine in elderly patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1999 ; 37 : 81-87.
PubMed
28) Ramsay RE, et al. Topiramate in older patients with partial-onset seizures : A pilot double-blind, dose-comparison study. Epilepsia 2008 ; 49 : 1180-1185.
PubMed
29) Werhahn KJ, et al. The safety and efficacy of add-on levetiracetam in elderly patients with focal epilepsy : A one-year observational study. Seizure 2011 ; 20 : 305-311.
PubMed
30) Leppik IE, Cloyd JC. General principles, epilepsy in the elderly. In : Levy RH, et al (editors). Antiepileptic Drugs. 5th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2002, pp.153-158.
 
31) Bohannon AD, et al. Association of race and other potential risk factors with nonvertebral fractures in community-dwelling elderly women. Am J Epidemiol 1999 ; 149 : 1002-1009.
PubMed
32) Mattson RH, et al. A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults. N Engl J Med 1992 ; 327 : 765-771.
PubMed
33) Jamora D, et al. Valproate-induced Parkinsonism in epilepsy patients. Mov Disord 2007 ; 22 : 130-133.
PubMed
34) Ristic- AJ, et al. The frequency of reversible parkinsonism and cognitive decline associated with valproate treatment : A study of 364 patients with different types of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006 ; 47 : 2183-2185.
PubMed
35) Leppik IE, Birnbaum AK. Drug treatment in the elderly. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. 2nd edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2008, pp.1269-1277.
 
36) Patsalos PN. Pharmacokinetic profile of levetiracetam : Toward ideal characteristics. Pharmacol Ther 2000 ; 85 : 77-85.
PubMed
P.96 掲載の参考文献
1) Benbadis SR, Hauser WA. An estimate of the prevalence of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Seizure 2000 ; 9 : 280-281.
 
2) Guberman A. Psychogenic pseudoseizures in non-epileptic patients. Can J Psychiatry 1982 ; 27 : 401-404.
PubMed
3) 伊藤ますみほか. 成人てんかん治療におけるpseudoseizureの特徴と診断. 厚生労働省精神・神経疾患研究委託費 (13 指-1), てんかんの診断・治療ガイドライン作成とその実証的研究, 平成15年度研究報告書. pp.61-66.
 
4) 兼本浩祐ほか. てんかん各症候群の寛解率-国際分類による症候群分けに基づいて. 精神医学 1995 ; 37 : 615-620.
 
5) Krumholz A, Niedermeyer E. Psychogenic seizures : A clinical study with follow-up data. Neurology 1983 ; 33 : 498-502.
PubMed
6) Benbadis SR. The problem of psychogenic symptoms : Is the psychiatric community in denial- Epilepsy Behav 2005 ; 6 : 9-14.
PubMed
7) 兼本浩祐ほか. 心因性非てんかん性発作 (いわゆる偽発作) に関する診断・治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究 2009 ; 26 : 478-482.
 
8) 松浦雅人ほか. 成人てんかんの精神医学的合併症に関する診断・治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究 2006 ; 24 (2) : 74-77.
 
9) World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders : Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva : WHO ; 2004/融道男ほか (訳). ICD-10 精神および行動の障害-臨床的記述と診断ガイドライン, 新訂版. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2005.
 
10) Sigurdardottir KR, Olafsson E. Incidence of psychogenic seizures in adults : A population-based study in Iceland. Epilepsia 1998 ; 39 : 749-752.
PubMed
11) Sperling MR, O'Connor MJ. Auras and subclinical seizures : Characteristics and prognostic significance. Ann Neurol 1990 ; 28 : 320-328.
PubMed
12) Meierkord H, et al. The clinical features and prognosis of pseudoseizures diagnosed using video-EEG telemetry. Neurology 1991 ; 41 : 1643-1646.
PubMed
13) Cohen LM, et al. Provocation of pseudoseizures by psychiatric interview during EEG and video monitoring. Int J Psychiatry Med 1992 ; 22 : 131-140.
PubMed
14) Benbadis SR, et al. Outcome of prolonged video-EEG monitoring at a typical referral epilepsy center. Epilepsia 2004 ; 45 : 1150-1153.
 
15) Desai BT, et al. Psychogenic seizures. A study of 42 attacks in six patients, with intensive monitoring. Arch Neurol 1982 ; 39 : 202-209.
PubMed
16) Gates JR, et al. Ictal characteristics of pseudoseizures. Arch Neurol 1985 ; 42 : 1183-1187.
PubMed
17) Gulick TA, et al. Pseudoseizures : Ictal phenomena. Neurology 1982 ; 32 : 24-30.
PubMed
18) Reuber M, et al. Measuring outcome in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures : How relevant is seizure remission- Epilepsia 2005 ; 46 : 1788-1795.
PubMed
19) Chung SS, et al. Ictal eye closure is a reliable indicator for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology 2006 ; 66 : 1730-1731.
PubMed
20) Bergen D, Ristanovic R. Weeping as a common element of pseudoseizures. Arch Neurol 1993 ; 50 : 1059-1060.
PubMed
21) Benbadis SR, et al. Preictal pseudosleep : A new finding in psychogenic seizures. Neurology 1996 ; 47 (1) : 63-67.
PubMed
22) Brown RJ, et al. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2011 ; 22 : 85-93.
PubMed
P.100 掲載の参考文献
1) 管るみ子ほか. てんかん患者における精神症状の発現率-実態調査を通して. てんかん研究 1994 ; 12 : 142-149.
 
2) Karouni M, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy : A populationbased study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010 ; 66 : 1151-1160.
PubMed
3) FDA News. FDA Alerts Health Care Providers to Risk of Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior with Antiepileptic Medications. 1/31/2008
 
4) Binnie CD. Significance and management of transitory cognitive impairment due to subclinical EEG discharges in children. Brain Dev 1993 ; 15 : 23-30.
PubMed
5) Wolf P. Acute behavioral symptomatology at disappearance of epileptiform EEG abnormality : Paradoxical or "forced" normalization. In : Smith D, et al (editors). Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy : Advances in Neurology Vol.55. New York : Raven Press. Ltd ; 1991, pp.127-142.
PubMed
6) 吉川順. 非けいれん性発作重積の精神症状. 「てんかんの精神症状と行動」研究会 (編), てんかん-その精神症状と行動. 東京 : 新興医学出版社 ; 1993, pp.99-108.
 
7) 兼本浩祐. 発作後精神病-再発見と今後の課題. 「てんかんの精神症状と行動」研究会 (編), てんかん-その精神症状と行動. 東京 : 新興医学出版社 ; 1993, pp.18-27.
 
8) Wrench JM, et al. Profiling the evolution of depression after epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 2011 ; 52 : 900-908.
PubMed
9) World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders : Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva : WHO ; 2005/融道男ほか (訳). ICD-10 精神および行動の障害-臨床的記述と診断ガイドライン , 新訂版. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2009.
 
10) 松浦雅人. 成人てんかんの精神医学的合併症に関する診断・治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究2006 ; 24 : 74-77.
 
11) 兼本浩祐. 大島智弘. てんかんに伴う精神症状・行動障害の治療. Brain and Nerve 2011 ; 63 : 371-377.
 
12) Henning OJ. Nakken KO. Psychiatric comorbidity and use of psychotropic drugs in epilepsy patients. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2010 ; 190 : 18-22.
PubMed
13) Macdrodimitris S, et al. Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with epilepsy and comorbid depression and anxiety. Epilepsy Behav 2010 ; 20 : 83-88.
 
・ Mula M. Monaco F. Antiepileptic drugs and psychopathology of epilepsy : An update.Epileptic Disord 2009 ; 11 : 1-9.
PubMed
・ Eadie MJ, Tyrer JH. Anticonvulsant Therapy : Pharmacological Basis and Practice. Edinburgh, New York : Churchill Livingstone ; 1980/清野昌一ほか (訳). 抗てんかん薬の血中濃度-薬物治療の基礎と臨床. 東京 : 東京医学社 ; 1996.
 

III. 検査

P.115 掲載の参考文献
1) Pedley T, et al. Seizures and epilepsy. In : Ebersole JS, et al (editors). Current Practice of Clinical Electroencephalography. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2003, pp.506-587.
 
2) 池田昭夫. ヒトの大脳機能局在概説-機能局在研究の大航海時代. Clinical Neuroscience 2010 ; 28 (10) : 1096-1103.
 
3) Salinsky M, et al. Effectiveness of multiple EEGs in supporting the diagnosis of epilepsy : An operational curve. Epilepsia 1987 ; 28 (4) : 331-334.
PubMed
4) King MA, et al. Epileptology of the first-seizure presentation : A clinical, electroencephalographic, and magnetic resonance imaging study of 300 consecutive patients. Lancet 1998 ; 352 (9133) : 1007-1011.
PubMed
5) Najm IM, et al. Mesial temporal lobe sclerosis. In : Luders HO, et al (editors). Epilepsy Surgery. 2nd edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2001, pp.95-104.
 
6) Mikuni N, et al. Frontopolar ictal epileptiform discharges on scalp electroencephalogram in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997 ; 14 (6) : 507-512.
PubMed
7) Di Gennaro G, et al. Localizing significance of temporal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (TIRDA) in drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2003 ; 114 (1) : 70-78.
PubMed
8) 松本理器, 池田昭夫. 側頭葉・後頭葉てんかんの脳波. 斉藤延人 (編), ビジュアル脳神経外科 2, 側頭葉・後頭葉. 東京 : メジカルビュー社 ; 2010, pp.86-93.
 
9) Risinger MW, et al. Ictal localization of temporal lobe seizures with scalp/sphenoidal recordings. Neurology 1989 ; 39 (10) : 1288-1293.
PubMed
10) 松本理器, 池田昭夫. 神経内科疾患と脳波 1. てんかん発作. 臨床脳波 2004 ; 46 (7) : 442-449.
 
・ 柳澤信夫, 柴崎浩. 臨床神経生理学. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2008.
 
・日本臨床神経生理学会認定委員会 (編). モノグラフ 臨床脳波を基礎から学ぶ人のために. 東京 :日本臨床神経生理学会 ; 2008.
 
・ Schomer DL, Lopes da Silvia F (editors). Niedermeyer's Electroencephalography : Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2011.
 
P.123 掲載の参考文献
1) Spencer SS, et al. Intracranial electrodes. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. Philadelphia : Lippincott-Raven ; 1997, pp.1719-1747.
 
2) Chatrian GE, Quesney LF. Intraoperative electrocorticography. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. Philadelphia : Lippincott-Raven ; 1997, pp.1749-1766.
 
3) 星田徹, 榊寿右. 硬膜下電極刺激による脳機能マッピング. 脳神経外科 2003 ; 31 : 811-819.
 
4) Luders HO, Awad I. Conceptual considerations. In : Luders HO (editor). Epilepsy Surgery. New York : Raven Press ; 1992, pp.51-62.
 
5) 金澤恭子ほか. てんかんに対する電気生理学的アプローチの新知見-検査と治療. Brain Nerve 2011 ; 63 : 355-364.
 
6) Ikeda A, et al. Focal ictal direct current shifts in human epilepsy as studied by subdural and scalp recording. Brain 1999 ; 122 : 827-838.
PubMed
7) Ochi A, et al. Dynamic changes of ictal high-frequency oscillations in neocortical epilepsy : Using multiple band frequency analysis. Epilepsia 2007 ; 48 : 286-296.
PubMed
8) Jacobs J, et al. Interictal high-frequency oscillations (80-500 Hz) are an indicator of seizure onset areas independent of spikes in the human epileptic brain. Epilepsia 2008 ; 49 : 1893-1907.
PubMed
9) Jacobs J, et al. High-frequency electroencephalographic oscillations correlate with outcome of epilepsy surgery. Ann Neurol 2010 ; 67 : 209-220.
PubMed
10) Bragin A, et al. Further evidence that pathologic high-frequency oscillations are bursts of population spikes derived from recordings of identified cells in dentate gyrus. Epilepsia 2011 ; 52 : 45-52.
PubMed
11) Ren L, et al. Ictal very low frequency oscillation in human epilepsy patients. Ann Neurol 2011 ; 69 : 201-206.
PubMed
12) Tripathi M, et al. Intra-operative electrocorticography in lesional epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2010 ; 89 : 133-141.
PubMed
13) Sullivan LR, et al. Cortical dysplasia : Zones of epileptogenesis. Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol 2005 ; 45 : 49-60.
PubMed
14) Ferrier CH, et al. Electrocorticographic discharge patterns in glioneuronal tumors and focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2006 ; 47 : 1477-1486.
PubMed
15) McKhann GM 2nd, et al. Intraoperative hippocampal electrocorticography to predict the extent of hippocampal resection in temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. J Neurosurg 2000 ; 93 : 44-52.
PubMed
16) Shimizu H, et al. Hippocampal transection for treatment of left temporal lobe epilepsy with preservation of verbal memory. J Clin Neurosci 2006 ; 13 : 322-328.
 
17) Yanagisawa T, et al. Real-time control of a prosthetic hand using human electrocorticography signals. J Neurosurg 2011 ; 114 : 1715-1722.
PubMed
・ Luders HO (editor). Textbook of Epilepsy Surgery. UK : Informa Healthcare ; 2008. SECTION 6 : The Irritative Zone. pp.501-594. SECTION 7 : The Ictal Onset Zone. pp.595-708. SECTION 14 : Surgical Techniques for Placement of Intracranial Electrodes. pp.921-960.
 
P.133 掲載の参考文献
1) 日本臨床神経生理学会脳磁図ガイドライン 作成委員会. 臨床脳磁図検査解析指針. 臨床神経生理学 2005 ; 33 : 69-86.
 
2) Taulu S, et al. Applications of the signal space separation method. IEEE Trans Sign Proc 2005 ; 9 : 3359-3372.
 
3) Nakayama T, et al. Repeat magnetoencephalography and surgeries to eliminate atonic seizures of non-lesional frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2009 ; 84 : 263-267.
PubMed
4) Hamalainen MS, Ilmoniemi RJ. Interpreting magnetic fields of the brain : Minimum norm estimates. Med Biol Eng Comput 1994 ; 32 : 35-42.
PubMed
5) 金子裕, 高倉公朋. MEG によるてんかんの検査. 脳と神経 1992 ; 44 : 307-321.
 
P.141 掲載の参考文献
1) Chugani HT, et al. Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Ann Neurol 1987 ; 22 : 487-497.
PubMed
2) Engel J Jr, et al. Pathological findings underlying focal temporal lobe hypometabolism in partial epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1982 ; 12 : 518-528.
PubMed
3) Swartz BE, et al. Neuroimaging in patients with seizures of probable frontal lobe origin. Eplepsia 1989 ; 30 : 547-558.
 
4) Signorini M, et al. Rapid assessment of regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in single subjects with quantitative and nonquantitative [18F] -FDG PET : A clinical validation of statistical parametric mapping. Neuroimage 1999 ; 9 : 63-80.
PubMed
5) Matsuda H, et al. Automated discrimination between very early Alzheimer disease and controls using an easy Z-score imaging system for multicenter brain perfusion singlephoton emission tomography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007 ; 28 : 731-736.
PubMed
6) Spencer SS. The relative contributions of MRI, SPECT, and PET imaging in epilepsy. Epilepsia 1994 ; 35 (Suppl 6) : S72-S89.
 
7) O'Brien TJ, et al. Subtraction SPECT co-registered to MRI improves postictal SPECT localization of seizure foci. Neurology 1999 ; 52 : 137-146.
PubMed
8) Matsuda H, et al. Contribution of subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to MRI to epilepsy surgery : A multicenter study. Ann Nucl Med 2009 ; 23 : 283-291.
PubMed
9) Tanaka F, et al. Presurgical identification of epileptic foci with iodine-123 iomazenil SPET : Comparison with brain perfusion SPET and FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med 1997 ; 24 : 27-34.
PubMed
P.148 掲載の参考文献
1) 柳下章. 神経内科疾患の画像診断. 東京 : 秀潤社 ; 2011, p.526.
 
2) OECD Health Data 2009.
 
3) 中島康雄ほか. 諸外国における放射線科医の実態調査. JCR News 2007 ; 161 : 12-13.
 
4) 日本医学放射線学会ホームページ http://www.radiology.jp/modules/foryoung/index.php-id=6
 
5) 日本医学放射線学会. MRI設置病院における放射線科医の勤務状況に関する全国調査報告. 2003.
 
6) Barkovich AJ. Pediatric Neuroimaging. 4th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2005.
 
7) Fushimi Y, et al. Gray matter-white matter contrast on spin-echo T1-weighted images at 3 T and 1.5 T : A quantitative comparison study. Eur Radiol 2007 ; 17 : 2921-2925.
 
8) Bronen RA, et al. A systematic approach for interpreting MR images of the seizure patient. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997 ; 169 : 241-247.
PubMed
9) Adachi Y, et al. White matter abnormalities in the anterior temporal lobe suggest the side of the seizure foci in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroradiology 2006 ; 48 : 460-464.
PubMed
・ 柳下章, 新井信隆. 難治性てんかんの画像と病理. 東京 : 秀潤社 ; 2007.
 
P.156 掲載の参考文献
1) 真柳佳昭. 側頭葉てんかんの手術-顕微鏡手術手技を用いた側頭葉切除術. 脳神経外科 1986 ; 14 (6) : 715-722.
 
2) Watanabe E, et al. Ictal SPECT in temporal and extratemporal epilepsy. Epilepsia 1997 ; 38 (Suppl 6) : 48-53.
 
3) Watanabe E, et al. Non-invasive cerebral blood volume measurement during seizures using multi-channel near infrared spectroscopic topography. J Epilepsy 1998 ; 11 : 335-340.
 
4) 渡辺英寿ほか. てんかん外科における頭蓋内脳波記録-側頭葉深部電極による記憶機能の評価. 臨床脳波 2000 ; 42 : 701-704.
 
5) Engel J Jr, et al. Interictal cerebral glucose metabolism in partial epilepsy and its relation to EEG changes. Ann Neurol 1982 ; 12 : 510-517.
PubMed
6) Engel J Jr, et al. Patterns of human local cerebral glucose metabolism during epileptic seizures. Science 1982 ; 218 : 64-66.
PubMed
7) Newton MR, et al. SPECT in the localization of extratemporal and temporal seizure foci. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995 ; 59 : 26-30.
PubMed
8) Rowe CC, et al. Localization of epileptic foci with postictal single photon emission computed tomography. Ann Neurol 1989 ; 26 : 660-668.
PubMed
9) Chance B, et al. Cognition-activated low-frequency modulation of light absorption in human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993 ; 90 : 3770-3774.
PubMed
10) Villringer A, et al. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) : A new tool to study hemodynamic changes during activation of brain function in human adults. Neurosci Lett 1993 ; 154 : 101-104.
PubMed
11) Maki A, et al. Spatial and temporal analysis of human motor activity using noninvasive NIR topography. Med Phys 1995 ; 22 : 1997-2005.
PubMed
12) McCormick PW, et al. Intracerebral penetration of infrared light. Technical note. J Neurosurg 1992 ; 76 : 315-318.
PubMed
13) Watanabe E, et al. Non-invasive functional mapping with multi-channel near infrared spectroscopic topography in humans. Neurosci Lett 1996 ; 205 : 41-44.
PubMed
14) Watanabe E, et al. Focus diagnosis of epilepsy using near-infrared spectroscopy. Epilepsia 2002 ; 43 (Suppl 9) : 50-55.
 
15) Newton MR, et al. Ictal postictal and interictal single-photon emission tomography in the lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy. Eur J Nucl Med 1994 ; 21 : 1067-1071.
PubMed
16) Watanabe E, Mayanagi Y. Ictal SPECT and MEG as preoperative examinations for epilepsy surgery. Koga Y, et al (editors). Brain Topography Today. Elsevier Science BV ; 1998, pp.463-470.
 
P.164 掲載の参考文献
1) Basser PJ, et al. Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J Magn Reson B 1994 ; 103 : 247-254.
 
2) Mori S, et al. Three-dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1999 ; 45 : 265-269.
PubMed
3) 青木茂樹ほか. Tractography と大脳機能局在. Clinical Neuroscience 2010 ; 28 (10) : 1111-1114.
 
4) Maruyama K, et al. Tolerance of pyramidal tract to gamma knife radiosurgery based on diffusion-tensor tractography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008 ; 70 (5) : 1330-1335.
PubMed
5) Maruyama K, et al. Arcuate fasciculus tractography integrated into Gamma Knife surgery. J Neurosurg 2009 ; 111 (3) : 520-526.
PubMed
6) Maruyama K, et al. Optic radiation tractography integrated into simulated treatment planning for Gamma Knife surgery. J Neurosurg 2007 ; 107 (4) : 721-726.
PubMed
7) Kamada K, et al. Visualization of the frontotemporal language fibers by tractography combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography. J Neurosurg 2007 ; 106 (1) : 90-98.
PubMed
8) Behrens TE, et al. Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging. Nat Neurosci 2003 ; 6 (7) : 750-757.
PubMed
9) Saygin ZM, et al. Connectivity-based segmentation of human amygdala nuclei using probabilistic tractography. Neuroimage 2011 ; 56 (3) : 1353-1361.
PubMed
10) Concha L, et al. White-matter diffusion abnormalities in temporal-lobe epilepsy with and without mesial temporal sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009 ; 80 : 312-319.
PubMed
11) Gross DW. Diffusion tensor imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2011 ; 52 (Suppl 4) : 32-34.
 
12) Ivnik RJ, et al. Effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on cognitive function. J Clin Psychol 1987 ; 43 : 128-137.
PubMed
13) Spiers HJ, et al. Unilateral temporal lobectomy patients show lateralized topographical and episodic memory deficits in a virtual town. Brain 2001 ; 124 : 2476-2489.
 
14) Powell HW, et al. Abnormalities of language networks in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage 2007 ; 36 (1) : 209-221.
PubMed
15) Ciccarelli O, et al. Diffusion-based tractography in neurological disorders : Concepts, applications, and future developments. Lancet Neurol 2008 ; 7 (8) : 715-727.
PubMed
16) Concha L, et al. Bilateral limbic diffusion abnormalities in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2005 ; 57 : 188-196.
PubMed
17) Concha L, et al. Bilateral white matter diffusion changes persist after epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 2007 ; 48 (5) : 931-940.
PubMed
18) Concha L, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of time-dependent axonal and myelin degradation after corpus callosotomy in epilepsy patients. Neuroimage 2006 ; 32 (3) : 1090-1099.
PubMed
19) Taoka T, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in cases with visual field defect after anterior temporal lobectomy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005 ; 26 (4) : 797-803.
PubMed
20) Nilsson D, et al. Intersubject variability in the anterior extent of the optic radiation assessed by tractography. Epilepsy Res 2007 ; 77 (1) : 11-16.
PubMed

IV. 治療

P.176 掲載の参考文献
1) Hauser WA. Seizure disorders : The changes with age. Epilepsia 1992 ; 33 (Suppl 4) : S6-S14.
 
2) 日本神経学会 (監修), てんかん治療ガイドライン 作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010, pp.1-154.
 
3) Marson AG, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy : An unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007 ; 369 : 1000-1015.
 
4) Marson AG, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy : An unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007 ; 369 : 1016-1026.
 
5) Wiebe S, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 : 311-318.
 
P.186 掲載の参考文献
1) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
2) Glauser T, et al. ILAE treatment guideline : Evidence-based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia 2006 ; 47 : 1094-1120.
PubMed
3) Hauser WA, et al. Risk of recurrent seizures after two unprovoked seizures. N Engl J Med 1998 ; 338 : 429-434.
PubMed
4) Ramsay RE, et al. Diagnosing epilepsy in the elderly. Int Rev Neurobiol 2007 ; 81 : 129-151.
PubMed
5) Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 314-319.
PubMed
6) Hitiris N, Brodie MJ. Modern antiepileptic drugs : Guidelines and beyond. Curr Opin Neurol 2006 ; 19 : 175-180.
 
7) Andersohn F, et al. Use of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy and the risk of self-harm or suicidal behavior. Neurology 2010 ; 75 : 335-340.
PubMed
8) Karceski S, et al. Treatment of epilepsy in adults : Expert opinion, 2005. Epilepsy Behav 2005 ; 7 (Suppl 1) : S1-64.
 
9) Striano P, et al. Life-threatening status epilepticus following gabapentin administration in a patient with benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2007 ; 48 : 1995-1998.
 
10) Eldridge R, et al. "Baltic" myoclonus epilepsy : Hereditary disorder of childhood made worse by phenytoin. Lancet 1983 ; 2 : 838-842.
PubMed
11) Dhuna A, et al. Exacerbation of partial seizures and onset of nonepileptic myoclonus with carbamazepine. Epilepsia 1991 ; 32 : 275-278.
PubMed
12) Asconape J, et al. Myoclonus associated with the use of gabapentin. Epilepsia 2000 ; 41 : 479-481.
PubMed
13) Harden CJ, et al. Management issues for women with epilepsy-Focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review) : II. Teratogenesis and perinatal outcomes : Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 : 1237-1246.
 
14) Harden CJ, et al. Management issues for women with epilepsy-Focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review) : III. Vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breast-feeding : Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 : 1247-1255.
 
15) Meador KJ, et al. NEAD Study Group. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 2009 ; 360 : 1597-1605.
 
16) Perucca E. An introduction to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 2005 ; 46 (Suppl 4) : 31-37.
 
17) Johnson EK, et al. The relative impact of anxiety, depression, and clinical seizure features on health-related quality of life in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2004 ; 45 : 544-550.
PubMed
18) 粟屋豊ほか. てんかん患者のquality of life (QOL) に関する大規模調査-患者と主治医の認識の差異. てんかん研究 2008 ; 25 : 414-424.
 
19) Rowan AJ, et al. VA Cooperative Study 428 Group. New onset geriatric epilepsy : A randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology 2005 ; 64 : 1868-1873.
PubMed
20) 池田昭夫. 神経・運動器疾患 ; 機能性疾患. 井村裕夫ほか (編), わかりやすい内科学, 第3版. 東京 : 文光堂 ; 2008, pp.826-837.
 
21) 佐藤岳史ほか. その他の症候と治療 ; てんかん. 橋本信夫 (編), 脳神経外科臨床指針. 東京 : 中外医学社 ; 2002, pp.20-33.
 
22) Vincent A, et al. Autoantibodies associated with diseases of the CNS : New developments and future challenges. Lancet Neurol 2011 ; 10 : 759-772.
PubMed
P.196 掲載の参考文献
1) Rho JM, Sankar R. The pharmacologic basis of antiepileptic drug action. Epilepsia 1999 ; 40 : 1471-1483.
PubMed
2) Shorvon SD, et al (editors). The Treatment of Epilepsy, 3rd edition. Singapore : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing ; 2009.
 
3) Meldrum BS. Update on the mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 1996 ; 37 (Suppl 6) : S4-S11.
 
4) Patsalos PN, et al. The importance of drug interactions in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2002 ; 43 : 365-385.
PubMed
5) Patsalos PN, Perucca E. Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy : General features and interactions between antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol 2003 : 2 : 347-356.
PubMed
6) French JA, Gidal BE. Antiepileptic drug interactions. Epilepsia 2000 ; 41 (Suppl 8) : S30-36.
 
7) Leppik IE. Issues in the treatment of Epilepsy. Epilepsia 2001 ; 42 (Suppl 4) : 1-6.
 
・ Patsalos PN, et al. Antiepileptic drugs--Best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring : A position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2008 ; 49 : 1239-1276.
PubMed
・ Patsalos PN. Phenobarbitone to gabapentin : A guide to 82 years of anti-epileptic drug pharmacokinetic interactions. Seizure 1994 ; 3 : 163-170.
PubMed
・ Perucca E. An introduction to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 2005 ; 46 (Suppl 4) : 31-37.
 
・ Perucca E, et al. Antiepileptic drugs as a cause of worsening seizure. Epilepsia 1998 ; 39 : 5-17.
PubMed
P.205 掲載の参考文献
1) Bourgeois BFD. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiepileptic drugs. In : Wyllie E, et al (editors). The Treatment of Epilepsy : Principles and Practice. 4th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2006, pp.655-664.
 
2) 須貝研司. 薬物動態と血中濃度モニター. Clinical Neuroscience 2011 ; 29 : 42-47.
 
3) Levy RH, et al (editors). Antiepileptic Drugs. 5th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2002.
 
4) Wyllie E, et al (editors). The Treatment of Epilepsy : Principles and Practice. 4th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2006.
 
5) Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. 2nd edition. Vol 2. Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2008.
 
6) 須貝研司. 抗てんかん薬. 小児内科 2010 ; 42 : 139-146.
Medical*Online
7) Johannessen SI, Patsalos PN. Laboratory monitoring of antiepileptic drugs. In : Levy RH, et al (editors). Antiepileptic Drugs, 5th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2002, pp.103-111.
 
8) Foldvary-Schaefer N. Treatment of epilepsy during pregnancy. In : Wyllie E, et al (editors). The Treatment of Epilepsy : Principles and Practice. 4th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2006, pp.705-718.
 
9) Johannessen SI, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. 2nd edition. Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2008. pp.1171-1183.
 
P.212 掲載の参考文献
1) Kaneko S, et al. Development of individualized medicine for epilepsy based on genetic information. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2008 ; 1 : 661-681.
PubMed
2) Loscher W, et al. The clinical impact of pharmacogenetics on the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 : 1-23.
PubMed
3) Loscher W, Potschka H. Drug resistance in brain diseases and the role of drug efflux transporters. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005 ; 6 : 591-602.
PubMed
4) Siddiqui A, et al. Association of multidrug resistance in epilepsy with a polymorphism in the drug-transporter gene ABCB1. N Engl J Med 2003 ; 348 : 1442-1448.
PubMed
5) Seo T, et al. ABCB1 polymorphisms influence the response to antiepileptic drugs in Japanese epilepsy patients. Pharmacogenomics 2006 ; 7 : 551-561.
PubMed
6) Nurmohamed L, et al. Predisposition to epilepsy--does the ABCB1 gene play a role-Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 1882-1885.
PubMed
7) Bournissen FG, et al. Polymorphism of the MDR1 / ABCB1 C3435T drug-transporter and resistance to anticonvulsant drugs : A meta-analysis. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 : 898-903.
PubMed
8) Urban TJ, et al. Effects of genetic variation in the novel organic cation transporter, OCTN1, on the renal clearance of gabapentin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008 ; 83 : 416-421.
PubMed
9) Tate SK, et al. Genetic predictors of the maximum doses patients receive during clinical use of the anti-epileptic drugs carbamazepine and phenytoin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 ; 102 : 5507-5512.
PubMed
10) Abe T, et al. Association between SCN1A polymorphism and carbamazepine-resistant epilepsy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008 ; 66 : 304-307.
PubMed
11) Zhu G, et al. Rats harboring S284L Chrna4 mutation show attenuation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAergic transmission and exhibit the nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy phenotype. J Neurosci 2008 ; 28 : 12465-12476.
PubMed
12) Seo T, et al. Effect of CYP3A5*3 on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in Japanese patients with epilepsy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006 ; 79 : 509-510.
PubMed
13) Park PW, et al. Effect of CYP3A5*3 genotype on serum carbamazepine concentrations at steady-state in Korean epileptic patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009 ; 34 : 569-574.
 
14) Seo T, et al. Impact of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on the efficacy of clobazam therapy. Pharmacogenomics 2008 ; 9 : 527-537.
PubMed
15) 猿渡淳二. 臨床薬理学的側面からみた新薬の特徴. 兼子直 (編), てんかんの薬物療法-新たな治療薬の導入後. 東京 : 新興医学出版 ; 2010, pp.20-31.
 
16) Ueda K, et al. Glutathione S-transferase M1 null genotype as a risk factor for carbamazepine-induced mild hepatotoxicity. Pharmacogenomics 2007 ; 8 : 435-442.
PubMed
17) Fukushima Y, et al. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) M1 null genotype and combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes are risk factors for increased serum gammaglutamyltransferase in valproic acid-treated patients. Clin Chim Acta 2008 ; 389 : 98-102.
PubMed
18) 吉田秀一ほか. 遺伝情報に基づいたてんかんの個別化医療. 医学のあゆみ 2010 ; 232 : 951-955.
Medical*Online
19) Kaniwa N, et al. HLA-B*1511 is a risk factor for carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Japanese patients. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 2461-2465.
PubMed
20) Ikeda H, et al. HLA class I markers in Japanese patients with carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse reactions. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 297-300.
 
P.217 掲載の参考文献
1) Marson AG, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy : An unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007 ; 369 : 1000-1015.
 
2) Marson AG, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy : An unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007 ; 369 : 1016-1026.
 
3) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
4) Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 314-319.
PubMed
5) 井上有史ほか. 成人てんかんにおける薬物治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究2005 ; 23 (3) : 249-253.
 
6) Mattson RH, et al. A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults. The Department of Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Cooperative Study No. 264 Group. N Engl J Med 1992 ; 327 : 765-771.
 
7) Kaneko S, et al. Congenital malformations due to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res 1999 ; 33 : 145-158.
PubMed
8) Oleson OV, Dam M. The metabolic conversion of primidone (Mysoline) to phenobarbitone in patients under long-term treatment. An attempt to estimate the independent effect of primidone. Acta Neurol Scand 1967 ; 43 : 348-356.
 
P.223 掲載の参考文献
1) Schulze-Bonhage A. Zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010 ; 11 : 115-126.
PubMed
2) Okada M, Kaneko S. Different mechanisms underlying the antiepileptic and antiparkinsonian effects of zonisamide. In : Foyaca-Sibat H (editor). Novel Treatment of Epilepsy. Rijeka : InTech ; 2011, pp.23-36.
 
3) Miwa H. Zonisamide for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2007 ; 7 : 1077-1083.
PubMed
4) Seino M, Leppik I. Zonisamide. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. Vol.2. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2007, pp. 1695-1701.
 
5) Macdonald R. Zonisamide, Mechanisms of action. In : Levy RH, et al (editors). Antiepileptic Drugs. 5th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2002, pp.867-872.
 
6) Rock DM, et al. Blockade of sustained repetitive action potentials in cultured spinal cord neurons by zonisamide (AD 810, CI 912), a novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsy Res 1989 ; 3 : 138-143.
PubMed
7) Leppik IE. Zonisamide : Chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics. Seizure 2004 ; 13 (Suppl 1) : S5-9 ; discussion S10.
 
8) Kito M, et al. Mechanisms of T-type calcium channel blockade by zonisamide. Seizure 1996 ; 5 : 115-119.
PubMed
9) Yoshida S, et al. Effects of zonisamide on neurotransmitter exocytosis associated with ryanodine receptors. Epilepsy Res 2005 ; 67 : 153-162.
PubMed
10) Yamamura S, et al. Effects of zonisamide on neurotransmitter release associated with inositol triphosphate receptors. Neurosci Lett 2009 ; 454 : 91-96.
PubMed
11) Okada M, et al. Exocytosis mechanism as a new targeting site for mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Life Sci 2002 ; 72 : 465-473.
PubMed
12) Ueda Y, et al. Effect of zonisamide on molecular regulation of glutamate and GABA transporter proteins during epileptogenesis in rats with hippocampal seizures. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2003 ; 116 : 1-6.
PubMed
13) Yamamura S, et al. Zonisamide enhances delta receptor-associated neurotransmitter release in striato-pallidal pathway. Neuropharmacology 2009 ; 57 : 322-331.
PubMed
14) Asanuma M, et al. Neuroprotective effects of zonisamide target astrocyte. Ann Neurol 2010 ; 67 : 239-249.
PubMed
15) Karceski S, et al. Treatment of epilepsy in adults : Expert opinion, 2005. Epilepsy Behav 2005 ; 7 (Suppl 1) : S1-64 ; quiz S65-67.
 
16) Bos M, Bauer J. [Anticonvulsant treatment with zonisamide added to topiramate. A preliminary treatment analysis in 19 patients]. Nervenarzt 2007 ; 78 : 1425-1429.
 
17) Park SP, et al. Long-term cognitive and mood effects of zonisamide monotherapy in epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Behav 2008 ; 12 : 102-108.
PubMed
18) Brodie MJ. Zonisamide clinical trials : European experience. Seizure 2004 ; 13 (Suppl 1) : S66-70 ; discussion S71-62.
 
19) Leppik IE, et al. Efficacy and safety of zonisamide : Results of a multicenter study. Epilepsy Res 1993 ; 14 : 165-173.
 
20) Low PA, et al. Zonisamide and associated oligohidrosis and hyperthermia, Epilepsy Res 2004 ; 62 : 27-34.
PubMed
P.230 掲載の参考文献
1) Klitgaard H, et al. Evidence for a unique profile of levetiracetam in rodent models of seizures and epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 1998 ; 353 : 191-206.
PubMed
2) 笹征史. レベチラセタム. Clinical Neuroscience 2011 ; 29 : 104-106.
 
3) 笹征史. Levetiracetam の薬理作用-そしててんかん原性抑制への期待. 臨床精神薬理 2010 ; 13 : 1671-1683.
 
4) Lynch BA, et al. The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 ; 101 : 9861-9866.
PubMed
5) Kaminski RM, et al. Proepileptic phenotype of SV2A-deficient mice is associated with reduced anticonvulsant efficacy of levetiracetam. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 : 1729-1740.
PubMed
6) Lukyanetz EA, et al. Selective blockade of N-type calcium channels by levetiracetam. Epilepsia 2002 ; 43 : 9-18.
 
7) Nagarkatti N, et al. Levetiracetam inhibits both ryanodine and IP3 receptor activated calcium induced calcium release in hippocampal neurons in culture. Neurosci Lett 2008 ; 436 : 289-293.
PubMed
8) Rigo JM, et al. The anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam reverses the inhibition by negative allosteric modulators of neuronal GABA- and glycine- gated currents. Br J Pharmacol 2002 ; 136 : 659-672.
PubMed
9) Margineanu DG, Klitgaard H. Inhibition of neuronal hypersynchrony in vitro differentiates levetiracetam from classical antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacol Res 2000 ; 42 : 281-285.
PubMed
10) Lyseng-Williamson KA. Levetiracetam : A review of its use in epilepsy. Drugs 2011 ; 71 : 489-514.
PubMed
11) Patsalos PN. Clinical pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004 ; 43 : 707-724.
PubMed
12) Setterborm S, et al. N145 試験 (腎機能低下者における単回/反復投与時の薬物動態). UCB社内資料, 1998.
 
13) Baltes E, et al. N152 (血液透析を受けている末期腎機能障害者における単回投与時の薬物動態). UCB社内資料, 1998.
 
14) Perucca E, et al. Effects of antiepileptic comedication on levetiracetam pharmacokinetics : A pooled analysis of data from randomized adjunctive therapy trials. Epilepsy Res 2003 ; 53 : 47-56.
PubMed
15) 八木和一ほか. 成人難治部分てんかんに対するレベチラセタム併用療法の有効性と安全性-多施設共同プラセボ対照無作為化二重盲検並行群間比較試験. てんかん研究 2010 ; 28 : 3-16.
 
16) Ben-Menachem E, et al. Evidence for sustained efficacy of levetiracetam as ad-on epilepsy therapy. Epilepsy Res 2003 ; 53 : 57-64.
 
17) Berkovic SF, et al. Placebo-controlled study of levetiracetam in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurology 2007 ; 69 : 1751-1760.
PubMed
18) Zaccara G, et al. Central nervous system adverse effects of new antiepileptic drugs : A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Seizure 2008 ; 17 : 405-421.
PubMed
19) Zhou B, et al. Effects of levetiracetam as an add-on therapy on cognitive function and quality of life in patients with refractory partial seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2008 ; 12 : 305-310.
 
20) Sasa M. A new frontier in epilepsy : Novel antiepileptogenic drugs. J Pharmacol Sci 2006 ; 100 : 487-494.
PubMed
P.236 掲載の参考文献
1) 八木和一. 新規抗てんかん薬トピラマート. 新薬と臨牀 2007 ; 56 : 1373-1384.
Medical*Online
2) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
3) 岡田元宏. トピラマート. Clinical Neuroscience 2011 ; 29 : 107-109.
 
4) 岡田元宏, 山村哲史. Topiramateの薬理作用. 臨床精神薬理 2009 ; 12 : 455-462.
 
5) Brodie MJ, Sills GJ. Combining antiepileptic drugs--rational polytherapy- Seizure 2011 ; 20 : 369-375.
PubMed
6) Deckers CL, et al. Selection of antiepileptic drug polytherapy based on mechanisms of action : The evidence reviewed. Epilepsia 2000 ; 41 : 1364-1374.
PubMed
7) 兼本浩祐. 海外データに基づくtopiramateの基礎と臨床. 臨床精神薬理 2007 ; 10 : 1923-1935.
 
8) Topamax(R) (topiramate tablets and sprinkle capsules) : US prescribing information, Titusville (NJ) : (Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) : Physicians' Desk Reference in USA. 2009 (revised July 2011).
 
9) 小出泰道ほか. トピラマートの有効性と安全性についての多施設共同研究. てんかん研究 2011 ; 29 : 3-13.
 
10) Hitiris N, Brodie MJ. Modern antiepileptic drugs : Guidelines and beyond. Curr Opin Neurol 2006 ; 19 : 175-180.
 
11) Jette N, et al. Topiramate add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 ; 3 : CD001417.
PubMed
12) 山内俊雄. Topiramateの副作用と投与方法について. 臨床精神薬理 2009 ; 12 : 491-498.
 
13) Biton V, et al. Topiramate TPS-TR Study Group. Topiramate titration and tolerability. Ann Pharmacother 2001 ; 35 : 173-179.
 
14) Mula M, et al. The role of titration schedule of topiramate for the development of depression in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 : 1072-1076.
PubMed
15) Hunt S, et al. Topiramate in pregnancy : Preliminary experience from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. Neurology 2008 ; 71 : 272-276.
PubMed
16) 坪井貴嗣ほか. Topiramate のてんかん以外への応用. 臨床精神薬理 2009 ; 12 : 479-489.
 
P.241 掲載の参考文献
1) Leach MJ, et al. Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepileptic drug : II. Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action. Epilepsia 1986 ; 27 : 490-497.
PubMed
2) Wang SJ, et al. Inhibition of N-type calcium currents by lamotrigine in rat amygdalar neurones. Neuroreport 1996 ; 7 : 3037-3040.
 
3) Biton V. Pharmacokinetics, toxicology and safety of lamotrigine in epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006 ; 2 : 1009-1018.
PubMed
4) Anderson GD, et al. Bidirectional interaction of valproate and lamotrigine in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 ; 60 : 145-156.
PubMed
5) 村崎光邦ほか. Lamotrigineの成人難治てんかんにおける後期第II相臨床治験-多施設間共同研究による用量比較試験. 臨床精神薬理 2008 ; 11 : 99-115.
 
6) 大田原俊輔ほか. ラモトリギンの難治性てんかんに対する単盲検比較試験-ゾニサミドを対象とした小児第III相比較試験. てんかん研究 2008 ; 25 : 425-440.
 
7) The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The epilepsies : The diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care. NICE website. (http://www.nice.org.uk/CG020NICEguideline)
 
8) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
9) Pressler RM, et al. Effect of lamotrigine on cognition in children with epilepsy. Neurology 2006 ; 66 : 1495-1499.
PubMed
10) Fakhoury TA, et al. Lamotrigine in patients with epilepsy and comorbid depressive symptoms. Epilepsy Behav 2007 ; 10 : 155-162.
PubMed
11) McKee JR, et al. Lamotrigine as adjunctive therapy in patients with refractory epilepsy and mental retardation. Epilepsy Behav 2003 ; 4 : 386-394.
PubMed
12) グラクソ・スミスクライン株式会社. ラミクタール錠添付文書. 2008.
 
13) 兼子直ほか. てんかん患者を対象としたラモトリギン錠の使用成績調査-中間解析結果. 新薬と臨牀 2010 ; 60 : 431-457.
 
14) Morrow J, et al. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy : A prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006 ; 77 : 193-198.
 
15) Meador KJ, et al. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 2009 ; 360 : 1597-1605.
PubMed
・ French JA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I : Treatment of new onset epilepsy : Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2004 ; 62 : 1252-1260.
 
・ Glauser T, et al. ILAE treatment guidelines : Evidence-based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia 2006 ; 47 : 1094-1120.
PubMed
P.249 掲載の参考文献
1) 満留昭久ほか. 小児てんかんの包括的治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究 2005 ; 23 : 244-248.
 
2) Berg AT. Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure. Epilepsia 2008 ; 49 (Suppl 1) : 13-18.
 
3) Hirtz D, et al. Practice parameter : Treatment of the child with a first unprovoked seizure : Report. Neurology 2003 ; 60 : 166-175.
PubMed
4) Shinnar S, et al. Predictors of multiple seizures in a cohort of children prospectively followed from the time of their first unprovoked seizure. Ann Neurol 2000 ; 48 : 140-147.
 
5) Oguni H. Treatment of benign focal epilepsies in children : When and how should be treated. Brain Dev 2011 ; 33 : 207-212.
PubMed
6) Berg AT, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies : Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 676-685.
PubMed
7) Wirrell EC, et al. Incidence and classification of new-onset epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes in children in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1980 to 2004 : A populationbased study. Epilepsy Res 2011 ; 95 : 110-118.
PubMed
8) Matsufuji H, et al. Low-dose carbamazepine therapy for benign infantile convulsions. Brain Dev 2005 ; 27 : 554-557.
PubMed
9) Kivity S, et al. Long-term cognitive outcomes of a cohort of children with cryptogenic infantile spasms treated with high-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone. Epilepsia 2004 ; 45 : 255-262.
PubMed
10) 伊藤正利ほか. ウエスト症候群の診断・治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究 2006 ; 24 : 68-73.
 
11) 平野嘉子ほか. Panayiotopoulos症候群106例の臨床・脳波学的検討.日児誌 2009 ; 113 : 522-527.
 
12) Wheless JW, et al. Treatment of pediatric epilepsy : Expert opinion, 2005. J Child Neurol 2005 ; 20 (Suppl 1) : S1-56.
 
13) Wheless JW, et al. Treatment of pediatric epilepsy : European expert opinion, 2007. Epileptic Disord 2007 ; 9 : 353-412.
PubMed
14) 小国弘量ほか. 小児てんかんの治療- Expert Consensus研究結果の日米欧比較. 脳と発達 2010 ; 42 : 262-266.
Medical*Online
15) Vining EP, et al. A multicenter study of the efficacy of the ketogenic diet. Arch Neurol 1998 ; 55 : 1433-1437.
PubMed
16) Kossoff EH, et al. Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet : Recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia 2009 ; 50 : 304-317.
 
17) 伊藤進, 小国弘量. 小児難治性てんかんに対するケトン食療法-「最後の選択肢」から「早期からの選択肢」へ. Brain and Nerve 2011 ; 63 : 393-400.
 
18) Aarts JH, et al. Selective cognitive impairment during focal and generalized epileptiform EEG activity. Brain 1984 ; 107 : 293-308.
PubMed
19) Binnie CD. Cognitive impairment during epileptiform discharges : Is it ever justifiable to treat the EEG- Lancet Neurol 2003 ; 2 : 725-730.
PubMed
20) Pellock JM, et al. Infantile spasms : A U.S. consensus report. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 2175-2189.
 
・ Roger J, et al (editors). Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. 4th edition. Montrouge : John Libbey Eurotext ; 2005 /井上有史 (監訳). てんかん症候群-乳幼児・小児・青年期のてんかん学. 東京 : 中山書店 ; 2007.
 
P.255 掲載の参考文献
1) Kwan P, et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy : Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 (6) : 1069-1077.
 
2) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010, pp.49-61.
 
3) 三原忠紘ほか. てんかん外科の適応に関するガイドライン. てんかん研究 2008 ; 26 (1) : 114-118.
 
4) Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 (5) : 314-319.
PubMed
5) Leppik IE. How to get patients with epilepsy to take their medication. The problem of noncompliance. Postgrad Med 1990 ; 88 (1) : 253-256.
PubMed
6) Jones RM, et al. Adherence to treatment in patients with epilepsy : Associations with seizure control and illness beliefs. Seizure 2006 ; 15 (7) : 504-508.
PubMed
7) Sillanpaa M, Schmidt D. Predicting antiepileptic drug response in children with epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother 2011 ; 11 (6) : 877-885 ; quiz 886.
PubMed
8) Semah F, et al. Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? Neurology 1998 ; 51 (5) : 1256-1262.
 
9) Stephen LJ, et al. Does the cause of localisation-related epilepsy influence the response to antiepileptic drug treatment? Epilepsia 2001 ; 42 (3) : 357-362.
PubMed
10) Berg AT, et al. How long does it take for epilepsy to become intractable? A prospective investigation. Ann Neurol 2006 ; 60 (1) : 73-79.
PubMed
11) Schiller Y. Seizure relapse and development of drug resistance following long-term seizure remission. Arch Neurol 2009 ; 66 (10) : 1233-1239.
PubMed
12) Takenaka J, et al. Transient seizure remission in intractable localization-related epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2000 ; 23 (4) : 328-331.
PubMed
13) Wiebe S, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 (5) : 311-318.
 
14) Rathore C, et al. How safe is it to withdraw antiepileptic drugs following successful surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy- Epilepsia 2011 ; 52 (3) : 627-635.
PubMed
15) Binnie CD, Polkey CE. Commission on Neurosurgery of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 1993-1997 : Recommended standards. Epilepsia 2000 ; 41 (10) : 1346-1349.
PubMed
P.262 掲載の参考文献
1) Holtkamp M, et al. Predictors and prognosis of refractory status epilepticus treated in a neurological intensive care unit. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 ; 76 : 534-539.
 
2) Scott RC, et al. Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in children and adolescence : A randomized trials. Lancet 1999 ; 353 : 623-626.
PubMed
3) Fischer JH, et al. Fosphenytoin : Clinical pharmacokinetics and comparative advantages in the acute treatment of seizures. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003 ; 42 : 33-58.
PubMed
4) Rossetti AO, et al. Refractory status epileptics : Effect of treatment aggressiveness on prognosis. Arch Neurol 2005 ; 62 : 1698-1702.
PubMed
5) Prasad A, et al. Propofol and midazolam in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2001 ; 42 : 380-386.
PubMed
6) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010, pp.72-85.
 
7) Niebauer M, Gruenthal M. Neuroprotective effects of early vs. late administration of dantrolene in experimental status epilepticus. Neuropharmacology 1999 ; 38 : 1343-1348.
PubMed
8) 日浅厚則ほか. ダントロレンの有用性が示唆されたけいれん重積発作の1例. 臨床神経 2011 ; 51 : 777-780.
 
9) Meierkord H, Holtkamp M. Non-convulsive status epilepticus in adults : Clinical forms and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2007 ; 6 : 329-339.
PubMed
10) Bauer G, Trinka E. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus and coma. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 177-190.
PubMed
P.268 掲載の参考文献
1) 日吉俊雄ほか. 日本てんかん学会ガイドライン作成委員会報告. 成人てんかんの薬物治療終結のガイドライン. てんかん研究 2010 ; 27 : 417-422.
 
2) 須貝研司ほか. 日本てんかん学会ガイドライン作成委員会報告. 小児てんかんの薬物治療終結のガイドライン. てんかん研究 2010 ; 28 : 40-47.
 
3) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
4) Schmidt D, Loscher W. Uncontrolled epilepsy following discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs in seizure-free patients : A review of current clinical experience. Acta Neurol Scand 2005 ; 111 : 291-300.
PubMed
5) Sirven JI, et al. Early versus late antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with epilepsy in remission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001 ; (3) : CD001902.
PubMed
6) Randomised study of antiepileptic drug withdrawal in patients in remission. Medical Research Council Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study Group. Lancet 1991 ; 337 : 1175-1180.
 
7) Shinnar S, et al. Discontinuing antiepileptic drugs in children with epilepsy : A prospective study. Ann Neurol 1994 ; 35 : 534-545.
PubMed
8) 山谷美和ほか. てんかん治療中止における再発特徴-年齢因子の関与について. 脳と発達 2000 ; 32 : 15-20.
 
9) Kudo T, et al. A retrospective study on discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs following seizure remission. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1994 ; 48 : 249-253.
 
10) Shih JJ, Ochoa JG. A systematic review of antiepileptic drug initiation and withdrawal. Neurologist 2009 ; 15 : 122-131.
PubMed
11) 大塚頌子. 小児てんかんにおける断薬過程に関する研究. てんかん研究 1984 ; 2 : 122-133.
 
12) Uesugi H, et al. Discontinuation of antiepileptic drug treatment in controlled seizure patients. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1994 ; 48 : 255-258.
PubMed
13) Berg AT, Shinnar S. Relapse following discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs : A metaanalysis. Neurology 1994 ; 44 : 601-608.
PubMed
14) Lossius MI, et al. Consequences of antiepileptic drug withdrawal : A randomized, double-blind study (Akershus Study). Epilepsia 2008 ; 49 : 455-463.
PubMed
15) Ranganathan LN, Ramaratnam S. Rapid versus slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 ; 2 : CD005003.
PubMed
16) Sugai K. Seizures with clonazepam : Discontinuation and suggestions for safe discontinuation rates in children. Epilepsia 1993 ; 34 : 1089-1097.
PubMed
17) Schmidt D, et al. Seizure recurrence after planned discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs in seizure-free patients after epilepsy surgery : A review of current clinical experience. Epilepsia 2004 ; 45 : 179-186.
PubMed
18) 日本てんかん学会法的問題検討委員会. てんかんをもつ人における運転適性の判定指針 (2001年). てんかん研究 2001 ; 19 : 140-141.
 
P.276 掲載の参考文献
1) Luders HO, et al. General principles. In : Engel J Jr (editor). Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies. 2nd edition. New York : Raven Press ; 1993, pp.137-153.
 
2) Hashiguchi K, et al. Correlation between scalp-recorded electroencephalographic and electrocorticographic activities during ictal period. Seizure 2007 ; 16 : 238-247.
PubMed
3) 三原忠紘, 日本てんかん学会ガイドライン 作成委員会. てんかん外科の適応に関するガイドライン. てんかん研究 2008 ; 26 : 114-118.
 
4) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010, pp.86-97.
 
5) 井上有史, 日本てんかん学会ガイドライン作成委員会. 成人てんかんにおける薬物治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究 2005 ; 23 : 249-253.
 
6) Wiebe S, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 : 311-318.
 
7) Sakai Y, et al. Localization of epileptogenic zone in temporal lobe epilepsy by ictal scalp EEG. Seizure 2002 ; 11 : 163-168.
PubMed
8) 森岡隆人ほか. 側頭葉てんかんの外科治療. 神経治療 2008 ; 25 : 131-138.
Medical*Online
9) 森岡隆人ほか. 側頭葉てんかんの病態と外科的治療. 脳の科学 2001 ; 23 : 983-991.
 
10) Hashiguchi K, et al. Utility of 3-T FLAIR and 3D short tau inversion recovery MR imaging in the preoperative diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis : Direct comparison with 1.5-T FLAIR MR imaging. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 1820-1828.
PubMed
11) Hashiguchi K, et al. Thalamic hypometabolism on 18FDG-positron emission tomography in medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurol Res 2007 ; 29 : 215-222.
PubMed
12) Kaneko K, et al. Pre-surgical identification of epileptogenic areas in temporal lobe epilepsy by 123I-iomazenil SPECT : A comparison with IMP SPECT and FDG PET. Nucl Med Commun 2006 ; 27 : 893-899.
PubMed
13) Schramm J. Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery and the quest for optimal extent of resection : A review. Epilepsia 2008 ; 49 : 1296-1307.
PubMed
14) Shimizu H, et al. Hippocampal transection for treatment of left temporal lobe epilepsy with preservation of verbal memory. J Clin Neurosci 2006 ; 13 : 322-328.
 
15) 森岡隆人ほか. 侵襲的脳波記録法. 臨床神経生理学 2007 ; 35 : 154-161.
Medical*Online
16) Matsumoto R, et al. Functional connectivity in the human language system : A corticocortical evoked potential study. Brain 2004 ; 127 : 2316-2330.
PubMed
17) 亀山茂樹,日本てんかん学会ガイドライン作成委員会. 新皮質てんかんの外科治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究 2005 ; 23 : 167-170.
 
18) Krsek P, et al. Incomplete resection of focal cortical dysplasia is the main predictor of poor postsurgical outcome. Neurology 2009 ; 72 : 217-223.
PubMed
19) Kim DW, et al. Predictors of surgical outcome and pathologic considerations in focal cortical dysplasia. Neurology 2009 ; 72 : 211-216.
PubMed
・ 森岡隆人ほか. 外科治療. Clinical Neuroscience 2011 ; 29 (1) : 71-75.
 
・ 大槻泰介ほか (編). 難治性てんかんの外科治療-プラクティカルガイドブック. 東京 : 診断と治療社 ; 2007.
 
・ 三原忠紘, 松田一己. 外科てんかん学入門-脳の働きをうかがい知る. 東京 : 社会福祉法人新樹会創造出版 ; 2008.
 
P.282 掲載の参考文献
1) Tellez-Zenteno JF, et al. Surgical outcomes in lesional and non-lesional epilepsy : A systematic reveiw and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res 2010 ; 89 : 310-318.
 
2) Kawai K, et al. Clinical outcomes after corpus callosotomy in patients with bihemispheric malformations of cortical development. J Neurosurg 2004 ; 101 : 7-15.
PubMed
3) Nei M, et al. Refractory generalized seizures : Response to corpus callosotomy and vagal nerve stimulation. Epilepsia 2006 ; 47 : 115-122.
PubMed
4) You SJ, et al. Comparison of corpus callosotomy and vagus nerve stimulation in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Brain Dev 2008 ; 30 : 195-199.
PubMed
5) SteinhoffBJ, et al. The SKATE study : An open-label community-based study of levetiracetam as add-on therapy for adults with uncontrolled partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2007 ; 76 : 6-14.
 
6) Elliott RE, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation in 436 consecutive patients with treatmentresistant epilepsy : Long-term outcomes and predictors of response. Epilepsy Behav 2011 ; 20 : 57-63.
PubMed
7) McLachlan RS, et al. Quality of life after vagus nerve stimulation for intractable epilepsy : Is seizure control the only contributing factor- Eur Neurol 2003 ; 50 : 16-19.
PubMed
8) A randomized controlled trial of chronic vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of medically intractable seizures. The Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group. Neurology 1995 ; 45 : 224-230.
 
9) Handforth A, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy for partial-onset seizures : A randomized active-control trial. Neurology 1998 ; 51 : 48-55.
PubMed
10) Elliott RE, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for children with treatment-resistant epilepsy : A consecutive series of 141 cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011 ; 7 : 491-500.
 
11) Ben-Menachem E. Vagus-nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002 ; 1 : 477-482.
PubMed
12) Annegers JF, et al. Epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation by the NCP system, all-cause mortality, and sudden, unexpected, unexplained death. Epilepsia 2000 ; 41 : 549-553.
PubMed
13) Theodore WH, Fisher RS. Brain stimulation for epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2004 ; 3 : 111-118.
PubMed
・ Balabanov A, Rossi MA. Epilepsy surgery and vagal nerve stimulation : What all neurologists should know. Semin Neurol 2008 ; 28 : 355-363.
PubMed
・ Vonck K, et al. Vagal nerve stimulation-A 15year survey of an established treatment modality in epilepsy surgery. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2009 ; 34 : 111-146.
PubMed
・ 川合謙介. てんかんに対する迷走神経刺激療法. Brain and Nerve 2011 ; 63 : 331-346.
 
P.288 掲載の参考文献
1) Tergau F, et al. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves intractable epilepsy. Lancet 1999 ; 353 : 2209.
PubMed
2) Joo EY, et al. Antiepileptic effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation by different stimulation durations and locations. Clin Neurophysiol 2007 ; 118 : 702-708.
PubMed
3) Cantello R, et al. Slow repetitive TMS for drug-resistant epilepsy : Clinical and EEG findings of a placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia 2007 ; 48 : 366-374.
PubMed
4) Theodore WH, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of seizures : A controlled study. Neurology 2002 ; 59 : 560-562.
PubMed
5) Misawa S, et al. Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation for epilepsia partialis continua due to cortical dysplasia. J Neurol Sci 2005 ; 234 : 37-39.
PubMed
6) Santiago-Rodriguez E, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases the number of seizures in patients with focal neocortical epilepsy. Seizure 2008 ; 17 : 677-683.
PubMed
7) Daniele O, et al. Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cortical dysplasia - A preliminary study. J Neurol 2003 ; 250 : 761-762.
PubMed
8) Hsu WY, et al. Antiepileptic effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation : A meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res 2011 ; 96 : 231-240.
PubMed
9) Boex C, et al. High and low frequency electrical stimulation in non-lesional temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 2007 ; 16 : 664-669.
PubMed
10) Rotenberg A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of epilepsia partialis continua. Epilepsy Behav 2009 ; 14 : 253-257.
PubMed
11) Rossi S, et al. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol 2009 ; 120 : 2008-2039.
PubMed
12) Pascual-Leone A, et al. Safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal volunteers. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993 ; 89 : 120-130.
PubMed
13) Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A. Report of seizure induced by continuous theta burst stimulation. Brain Stimul 2009 ; 2 : 246-247.
PubMed
14) Hufnagel A, et al. Activation of the epileptic focus by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain. Ann Neurol 1990 ; 27 : 49-60.
 
15) Schrader LM, et al. Seizure incidence during single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in individuals with epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2004 ; 115 : 2728-2737.
PubMed
・ 眞野行生, 辻貞俊 (編). 磁気刺激法の基礎と応用. 東京 : 医歯薬出版 ; 2005.
 
・ Kobayashi M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. Lancet Neurol 2003 ; 2 : 145-156.
PubMed
・ 水澤英洋ほか (編). Neuroplasticity -脳は実は柔らかい. Clinical Neuroscience 2011 ; 29.
 
P.296 掲載の参考文献
1) Winterbottom J, et al. The effectiveness of preconception counseling to reduce adverse pregnancy outcome in women with epilepsy : What's the evidence- Epilepsy Behav 2009 ; 14 : 273-279.
PubMed
2) Winterbottom JB, et al. Preconception counselling for women with epilepsy to reduce adverse pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 ; 16 : CD006645.
 
3) 兼子直ほか. てんかんを持つ妊娠可能年齢の女性に関する治療ガイドライン. てんかん研究 2008 ; 25 : 27-31.
 
4) Meadora K, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy : A systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res 2008 ; 81 : 1-13.
 
5) Holmes LB, et al. The AED (antiepileptic drug) pregnancy registry : A 6-year experience. Arch Neurol 2004 ; 61 : 673-678.
PubMed
6) Montouris G. Importance of monotherapy in women across the reproductive cycle. Neurology 2007 ; 69 (24 Suppl 3) : S10-S16.
 
7) Vinten J, et al. The behavioral consequences of exposure to antiepileptic drugs in utero. Epilepsy Behav 2009 ; 14 : 197-201.
PubMed
8) 厚生省保健医療局地域保健・健康増進栄養課生活習慣病対策室長. 神経管閉鎖障害の発症リスク低減のための妊娠可能な年齢の女性等に対する葉酸の摂取に係る適切な情報提供の推進について. http://www1.mhlw.go.jp/houdou/1212/h1228-1_18.html
 
9) Morrow J, et al. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy : A prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006 ; 77 : 193-198.
 
10) Roste LS, Tauboll E. Women and epilepsy : Review and practical recommendations. Expert Rev Neurother 2007 ; 7 : 289-300.
PubMed
11) 兼子直, 和田一丸. てんかんと妊娠. 精神科治療学 2003 ; 18 : 123-128.
 
12) Kaplan PW, et al. Obstetric risks for women with epilepsy during pregnancy. Epilepsy Behav 2007 ; 11 : 283-291.
PubMed
13) Meador KJ, et al ; HOPE Work Group. Pregnancy registries in epilepsy : A consensus statement on health outcomes. Neurology 2008 ; 71 : 1109-1117.
PubMed
14) Tomson T, et al ; Collaborative EURAP Study Group. EURAP : An international registry of antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy. Epilepsia 2004 ; 45 : 1463-1464.
 
15) 兼子浩祐, 熊谷幸代. 妊娠時のてんかんの治療. 神経内科 2004 ; 61 : 40-43.
 
16) EURAP Study Group. Seizure control and treatment in pregnancy : Observations from the EURAP epilepsy pregnancy registry. Neurology 2006 ; 66 : 354-360.
 
17) Katz JM, Devinsky O. Primary generalized epilepsy : A risk factor for seizures in labor and delivery - Seizure 2003 ; 12 : 217-219.
PubMed
18) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
P.301 掲載の参考文献
1) 日本てんかん学会法的問題検討委員会. 道路交通法改正にともなう運転適性の判定について. てんかん研究 2002 ; 20 : 135-138.
 
P.308 掲載の参考文献
1) 精神障害者保健福祉手帳の障害等級判定基準の運用に当たって留意すべき事項について. 健医精発第46号, 平成7年9月12日.
 
2) 自立支援医療 (精神通院医療) について. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/shougaihoken/jiritsu/dl/03.pdf
 
3) 国民年金・厚生年金保険診断書 (精神の障害用) の作成医について. 庁文発第1022001号, 平成21年10月22日.
 
4) 国民年金・厚生年金保険障害認定基準の一部改正について. 年発1013 第1号, 平成22年10月13日. (日本てんかん学会法的問題検討委員会. 国民年金・厚生年金保険障害認定基準の改定. てんかん研究 2011 ; 28 : 530-533.)
 
5) 坂本洋一. 図説よくわかる障害者自立支援法. 東京 : 中央法規出版 ; 2006, p.156.
 
6) 寺田一郎ほか. 障害者自立支援法. 精神保健福祉白書編集委員会 (編), 精神保健福祉白書 2008年度版. 東京 : 中央法規出版 ; 2007, pp.35-53.
 

Case Study

P.313 掲載の参考文献
1) Maganti R, et al. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2008 ; 12 : 572-586.
PubMed
2) Ericson EJ, et al. Aphasic status epilepticus : Electroclinical correlation. Epilepsia 2011 ; 52 : 1452-1458.
PubMed
3) Chung PW, et al. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus presenting as a subacute progressive aphasia. Seizure 2002 ; 11 (7) : 449-454.
PubMed
4) Knake S, et al ; Status Epilepticus Study Group Hessen (SESGH). Incidence of status epilepticus in adults in Germany : A prospective, population-based study. Epilepsia 2001 ; 42 : 714-718.
 
5) Profitlich T, et al. Ictal neuropsychological findings in focal nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2008 ; 12 : 269-275.
PubMed
6) Meierkord H, Holtkamp M. Non-convulsive status epilepticus in adults : Clinical forms and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2007 ; 6 : 329-339.
PubMed
P.317 掲載の参考文献
1) 緑川晶ほか. てんかん性健忘. 高次脳機能研究 2000 ; 24 : 139-146.
 
2) Kapur N, et al. Can epilepsy-related phenomena unlock some of the secrets of long-term memory-In : Yamadori A, et al (editors). Frontiers of Human Memory. Sendai : Tohoku University Press ; 2002, pp.137-150.
 
3) Blake RV, et al. Accelerated forgetting in patients with epilepsy : Evidence for an impairment in memory consolidation. Brain 2000 ; 123 : 472-483.
PubMed
4) Benson DF. The Geschwind syndrome. In : Smith DB, et al (editors). Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy. Advances in Neurology. Vol.55. New York : Raven Press ; 1991, pp. 411-421.
 
5) Bear DM. Temporal lobe epilepsy--a syndrome of sensory-limbic hyperconnection. Cortex 1979 ; 15 (3) : 357-384.
PubMed
6) 永山正雄. Q50 非痙攣性てんかん重積状態とは何ですか. 高次脳機能障害を呈するのですか. 河村満 (編). 高次脳機能障害Q&A. 基礎編. 東京 : 新興医学出版社 ; 2011, pp.190-192.
 
P.322 掲載の参考文献
1) Tellez-Zenteno JF, et al. Surgical outcomes in lesional and non-lesional epilepsy : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res 2010 ; 89 : 310-318.
PubMed
2) Wetjen NM, et al. Intracranial electroencephalography seizure onset patterns and surgical outcomes in nonlesional extratemporal epilepsy. J Neurosurg 2009 ; 110 : 1147-1152.
 
3) Abou-Khalil B. An update on determination of language dominance in screening for epilepsy surgery : The Wada test and newer noninvasive alternatives. Epilepsia 2007 ; 48 : 442-455.
PubMed
4) Baxendale S. The Wada test. Curr Opin Neurol 2009 ; 22 : 185-189.
PubMed
5) Sharan A, et al. Intracarotid amobarbital procedure for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Behav 2011 ; 20 : 209-213.
PubMed
6) Kunii N, et al. A detailed analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging in the frontal language area : A comparative study with extraoperative electrocortical stimulation. Neurosurgery 2011 ; 69 : 590-596.
PubMed
7) Binder JR. Functional MRI is a valid noninvasive alternative to Wada testing. Epilepsy Behav 2011 ; 20 : 214-222.
PubMed
8) Kamada K, et al. Expressive and receptive language areas determined by a non-invasive reliable method using functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography. Neurosurgery 2007 ; 60 : 296-305 ; discussion 305-306.
 
9) 川合謙介. 9. MRIによる脳機能マッピング. 大槻泰介ほか (編). 難治性てんかんの外科治療-プラクティカル・ガイドブック. 東京 : 診断と治療社 ; 2007, pp.145-149.
 
10) Tovar-Spinoza ZS, et al. The role of magnetoencephalography in epilepsy surgery. Neurosurg Focus 2008 ; 25 : E16.
PubMed
11) Hirata M, et al. Determination of language dominance with synthetic aperture magnetometry : Comparison with the Wada test. Neuroimage 2004 ; 23 : 46-53.
PubMed
12) Gallagher A, et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy as an alternative to the Wada test for language mapping in children, adults and special populations. Epileptic Disord 2007 ; 9 : 241-255.
 
13) Ota T, et al. Refined analysis of complex language representations by non-invasive neuroimaging techniques. Br J Neurosurg 2011 ; 25 : 197-202.
PubMed
14) Epstein CM, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not replicate the Wada test. Neurology 2000 ; 55 : 1025-1027.
 
P.326 掲載の参考文献
1) Singh N, et al. Immunosuppressive-associated leukoencephalopathy in organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 2000 ; 69 : 467-472.
PubMed
2) Shah AK. Cyclosporine A neurotoxicity among bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Neuropharmacol 1999 ; 22 (2) : 67-73.
PubMed
3) Cowan JM, et al. Electrophysiological and positron emission studies in a patient with cortical myoclonus, epilepsia partialis continua and motor epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986 ; 49 (7) : 796-807.
 
4) Shibasaki H, Hallett M. Electrophysiological studies of myoclonus. Muscle Nerve 2005 ; 31 (2) : 157-174.
PubMed
5) Nakatani-Enomoto S, et al. Motor cortical epilepsia partialis continua in a patient with a localized sensory cortical lesion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2009 ; 111 (9) : 762-765.
 
P.329 掲載の参考文献
1) 青木正彦ほか (監修). Warfarin 適正使用情報 第3版. エーザイ株式会社, 2006.
 
2) 家入一郎. 薬物代謝における遺伝多型と薬物療法. CYP2C9. 医薬ジャーナル 2001 ; 37 (10) : 2902-2909.
 
3) 南畝晋平, 東純一. 医薬品開発におけるチトクロムP450遺伝子多型. 日薬理誌 2009 ; 134 : 212-215.
 
4) 堀正二ほか. 循環器疾患における抗凝固・抗血小板療法に関するガイドライン (2009年改訂版). http://www.j-circ.or.jp/guideline/pdf/JCS2009_hori_d.pdf
 
5) Ansell J, et al. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists : American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008 ; 133 : 160S-198S.
PubMed
P.331 掲載の参考文献
1) 青木正彦ほか (監修). Warfarin適正使用情報 第3版. エーザイ株式会社, 2006.
 
2) Zareh M, et al. Reversal of warfarin-induced hemorrhage in the emergency department. West J Emerg Med 2011 ; 12 (4) : 386-392.
PubMed
3) 矢坂正弘. 抗凝固, 抗血小板療法症例の血圧管理と出血後の対応. The 28th meeing of the Mt. Fuji workshop on CVD. 2009. pp.77-81.
 
4) Elliott J, Smith M. The acute management of intracerebral hemorrhage : A clinical review. Anesth Analg 2010 ; 110 : 1419-1427.
PubMed
5) 篠原幸人ほか, 脳卒中合同ガイドライン委員会 (編). 抗凝固・抗血小板・血栓溶解療法に伴う脳出血 (急性期). 脳卒中治療ガイドライン 2009 : 174-177.
 
6) 田中一郎. 血液製剤の適応と使用法-活性型プロトロンビン複合体製剤. 血栓止血誌 2010 ; 21 : 506-508.
 

付録

P.346 掲載の参考文献
1) Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981 ; 22 : 489-501.
PubMed
2) Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989 ; 30 : 389-399.
PubMed
3) Berg AT, et al. Revised terminology and concepts of organization of seizures and epilepsies : Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2010 ; 51 : 676-685.
PubMed
4) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
5) 重藤寛史, 飛松省三. てんかんの分類. Clinical Neuroscience 2008 ; 26 : 29-32.
 
6) 日本てんかん学会分類委員会 (清野昌一ほか). てんかん発作の臨床・脳波分類 (1981). てんかん研究 1987 ; 5 : 62.
 
7) 日本てんかん学会分類・用語委員会 (翻訳). 国際抗てんかん連盟 : てんかん発作とてんかんの診断大要案 : 分類・用語作業部会報告. てんかん研究 2003 ; 21 : 242-251.
 
8) 兼子直 (監修). てんかんテキスト～はじめの一歩. 大日本住友製薬 HP https://ds-pharma.jp/gakujutsu/contents/tenkan/
 
9) Wilson JVK, Reynolds EH. Texts and documents. Translation and analysis of a cuneiform text forming part of a Babylonian treatise on epilepsy. Med Hist 1990 ; 34 : 185-198.
 
10) 清野昌一. てんかん発作・症候群. 国際分類その後. 大日本製薬 (株) ; 2005.
 
11) 依藤史郎.症候群別の治療ガイド. Clinical Neuroscience 2011 ; 29 : 29-32.
 
12) 奥村彰久ほか. 小児のてんかん. Clinical Neuroscience 2008 ; 26 : 36-39.
 
13) 杉浦嘉泰, 宇川義一. チャネルとてんかん生理. Clinical Neuroscience 2008 ; 26 : 16-20.
 
14) 花島律子. ミオクローヌスてんかん. Clinical Neuroscience 2008 ; 26 : 40-43.
 
P.351 掲載の参考文献
1) Levy RH, et al (editors). Antiepileptic Drugs. 5th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2002.
 
2) Wyllie E, et al (editors). The Treatment of Epilepsy : Principles and Practice. 4th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2006.
 
3) Bourgeois BFD. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiepileptic drugs. In : Wyllie E, et al (editors). The Treatment of Epilepsy : Principles and Practice. 4th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2006, pp.655-664.
 
4) Shorvon S, et al (editors). The Treatment of Epilepsy. 3rd edition. Chichester, UK : Wiley-Blackwell ; 2009.
 
5) 須貝研司. 抗てんかん薬. 小児内科 2010 ; 42 : 139-146.
Medical*Online
6) Levy BH, et al. Drug-drug interactions. In : Engel J Jr, et al (editors). Epilepsy : A Comprehensive Textbook. 2nd edition. Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2008. pp.1235-1248.
 
7) Kyllonen KC, Gupta A. Selected drug interactions between antiepileptic drugs and other type of medications. In : Wyllie E, et al (editors). The Treatment of Epilepsy : Principles and Practice. 4th edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2006, pp.665-669.
 
8) 日本医薬品集フォーラム (監修).日本医薬品集医療薬 2011年版. 東京 : じほう ; 2010.
 
9) Spina E. Drug interactions. In : Shorvon S, et al (editors). The Treatment of Epilepsy. 3rd edition. Chichester, UK : Wiley-Blackwell ; 2009, pp.361-377.
 
P.356 掲載の参考文献
1) Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Combination therapy in epilepsy : When and what to use. Drugs 2006 ; 66 : 1817-1829.
PubMed
2) 下竹昭寛ほか. 難治てんかんの薬物療法. Clinical Neuroscience 2011 ; 29 : 53-57.
 
3) 日本神経学会 (監修), 「てんかん治療ガイドライン」作成委員会 (編). てんかん治療ガイドライン 2010. 東京 : 医学書院 ; 2010.
 
4) 佐藤岳史ほか. その他の症候と治療-てんかん. 橋本信夫 (編). 脳神経外科臨床指針. 東京 : 中外医学社 ; 2002, pp.20-33.
 

書評

最近チェックした商品履歴

Loading...